Thermal Transfer A. Conduction Conduction is heat transfer in solid.

Based on the ability to conduct heat, solids can be distinguished into conductors and isolators. Metals are good conductors of heat and electricity. Gases and liquids are poor thermal conductors, in general, compared with metals. Conductors are substances which are easy to conduct heat. For example, iron, copper, steel, and aluminum. Isolators are substances which are difficult or able to conduct heat. For example, wood, paper, plastic and stone. Look at the following bar!

T1

Q L

T2

The heat energy per second passing any position along the bar is the same. The change of temperature per unit distance along the bar is called the temperature gradient. The temperature gradients is constant , and given by

The heat flow along an insulated uniform bar depends on 1. the temperature gradient a long the bar 2. the area of cross-section of the bar 3. the material of the bar. We can write an equation for the heat flow in terms of material.

T1 T2 , where L is the bar length. L

Q kAT = t L
Where, Q : heat energy conducted in time(J) A : cross-section area (m2) L : length (m) T : temperature difference between the ends of the bar(K) t : time (s) k : thermal conductivity( Watt.m-1K-1 Thermal conductivity is the constant which expresses the ability of substance to conduct the heat. B. Convection Convection is heat transfer in liquids and gases. The heat transfer by convection occurs because there is the fluid flow that is different in density. The speed of heat convection when a hot object transfers heat to the fluids surrounding it can be determine by the following equation.

Q = hAT t

Where, h : coefficient of convection( Watt.m-2K-1) C. Radiation Radiation is heat transfer in the electromagnetic wave without passing through a medium. For example, the heat of sun. Heat radiation complies the Stefan-Boltzmanns law, that is Energy emmited by blackbody surface in the form of heat radiation per unit time (

Q ) is proportional t

to the surface area(A) and proportional to four degree of absolute temperature of the surface (T4). Stefan-Boltzmanns law can be expressed by the equation as follows.

Q = eAT 4 t

: Stefan-Boltzmanns constant ( 5.67 x 10-8watt.m-2K-4)

Exercise :

1. The stems of steel and brass have the same length and section area and one
of their ends are connected each other. If the other end of steel has temperature of 250oC and the other end of brass has temperature of 100oC, while the thermal conductivity of the steel and brass continuously are 0.12 cal/s cmoC and 0.24 cal/s cmoC, then calculate the temperature of the conjunction.

2. The skin temperature of a person without clothes is about 28oC, if the person
is in the room with temperature of 20oC and the body area is assumed 2 m2, then calculate the heat released by the person per minute by convection if h = 7.1 waat.m-2K-1.

3. The wolfram wire has the emissivity of 0.5 in a light bulb at temperature of
1000K. If the glowing surface area is 10-6m2 and glows in 4 s, what is the amount of radiation energy transmitted?

4. Tembaga mempunyai koefisien konduksi termal 92 kal/msoC, panjangnya 2

meter. Kemudian disambung dengan logam lain yang mempunyai koefisien koduksi termal 0,5 kali dari koefisien koduksi termal tembaga dan sama panjang. Bila luas penampang kedua logam yang T2 disambungkan itu adalah sama, tentukan besarnya suhu pada titik sambungan bila diketahui T1=100oC dan T2=40oC!
T1

tembaga

Logam lain

5. Pada saat pemanasan air dengan menggunakan panci yang mempunyai luas
penampang A, beda suhu antara air dengan alas panci dengan dipermukaan adalah 10oC. Kecepatan laju aliran kalornya adalah H. Kemudian panci diganti

dengan panci lain yang mempunyai luas penampang 0,5A. Untuk beda suhu yang sama 10oC, berapakah laju aliran kalornya? 6. Sebatang logam pada suhu T memancarkan kalor ke lingkungan sebesar W. Apab ila suhu logam itu diduakalikan berapakah kalor radiasi yang di pancarkan?

7. Sebuah benda hitam sempurna memiliki luas penampang 0,5m2dan suhu

27oC. Berapakah besarnya kalor persatuan waktu persatuan luas. a. yang dipancarkan bila suhu sekelilingnya 0oC b. yang diserap bila suhu sekelilingnya 30oC? c. tentukan pula energi total yang dipancarkan selama 1 jam bila 8 sekelilingnya bersuhu 0oC( dalam satuan Joule), = 5,672 x10 watt/m2K4

Worksheet 1.4 Thermal Transfer Thermal Conduction. 1. a. What is the meaning of conduction? b. The solids can be distinguished into conductors and isolators. Why? c. The metal is good conductors of heat and electricity. Why ? 2. Look at the following bar!

T1

T2

a. What do you know about the temperature gradient? L b. Mentions factors affecting the heat flow along an insulated uniform bar. c. Write an equation for the heat flow in terms of material. Thermal Convection 4. a. What is the meaning of convection? b. Why occurs the heat transfer by convection? Explain. c. The speed of heat convection when a hot object transfers heat to the fluids surrounding depends on. d. Write the equation of heat convection speed when a hot object transfers heat to the fluids surrounding. Radiation 5. a. What is the meaning of radiation? b. The heat radiation complies the Stefan-Boltzmanns law, write the StefanBoltzmanns law. d.write the equation of the energy per second radiated. 6. The stems of steel and brass have the same length and section area and one of their ends are connected each other. If the other end of steel has temperature of 250oC and the other end of brass has temperature of 100oC, while the thermal conductivity of the steel and brass continuously are 0.12 cal/s cmoC and 0.24 cal/s cmoC, then calculate the temperature of the conjunction. 7.The skin temperature of a person without clothes is about 28oC, if the person is in the room with temperature of 20oC and the body area is assumed 2 m2, then calculate the heat released by the person per minute by convection if h = 7.1 waat.m-2K-1. 8.The wolfram wire has the emissivity of 0.5 in a light bulb at temperature of 1000K. If the glowing surface area is 10-6m2 and glows in 4 s, what is the amount of radiation energy transmitted? The wolfram wire has the emissivity of 0.5 in a light bulb at temperature of 1000K. If the glowing surface area is 10-6m2 and glows in 4 s, what is the amount of radiation energy transmitted?