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The problems caused by solid and liquid wastes can be significantly mitigated through the adoption of environment-friendly wasteto-energy technologies
Solid Waste Management for Chichawatni Town
SWM Thermal Processes a range of processes where temperature is Thermal used to reduce the volume of waste and to treatment render it harmless.
Waste to Energy (WTE) Conventional WTE
as above, with the recovery of heat energy to produce steam and/or generate electricity
mass burn, fluidized bed, modular, rotary kiln, refuse derived fuel: low risk, adequately tested, therefore considered as PREFERRED OPTION
gasification, pyrolysis, plasma
Advanced WTE
114
94
82 85
60
40 20 0 Landfill System RDF and Combustion
57
Gasification
Alternative Energy Sources Green Energy With increase in electricity demand over the period, there is no choice except to explore other sources including Waste To Energy The option not only provides green energy but also adopts ZERO WASTE concept; a preferred option
Town of Chichawatni Selected for Model WTE The town is located in Sahiwal District at a distance of about 50 km from it. The construction of WTE will act as a Role Model for other urban centres
The population of the town as per Census-98 was 72,732 and present population is estimated as about 98,000. The generation of MSW as per TMAs assessment is about 40 tons out of which Waste Management for Chichawatni disposed in open dumps. about 50% is collected and Town Solid
Waste to Energy Option- Structuring on PPP Modality
The territory of TMA is adopted for the purposes of collection and disposal of MSW; area under the town is about 1,861 acres
Solid Waste Management for Chichawatni Town
Establishment 86%
2010-2011
2011-2012 (Budgeted)
The annual O&M is about Rs.45 million per year, establishment is the major contributor which is about 86%, other miscellaneous expenses are about 14%.
Solid Waste Management for Chichawatni Town
Planning Horizon
Year 2040 will be used as planning horizon, however, WTE is proposed to be staggered over the period, preferably in three stages as under:
# Stage-1, 2012
# Stage-2, 2030 # Stage-3, 2040
100 80
60
60
109
40 20 -
45
2012
2015
2020
It is noted from the exhibit that: the present generation of about 45 tons will increase to about 109 tons by the Year2040.
Solid Waste Management for Chichawatni Town
2025 Year
2030
2035
2040
60 MSW Composition - %
50 40 30 20 10 0 Paper Metal Glass Plastic 15 3 3 6
34.46
15
10 5
13
Organic matter
Others
As per UNEP, the expected composition in the future will be about 70% combustible material, whereas assessment made by different agencies for Karachi city, it exhibits about 75% as combustible material
Solid Waste Management for Chichawatni Town
35 MSW Composition - %
30 25 20 15 10 5 0 4.625 0.5 5.65 18 14.175
2.675 1.85
1.4
2.4
4.275 1.45
4.6
Assessment made by Pak-EPA for cities in the country is exhibited; Combustible material is estimated as about 68%
Solid Waste Management for Chichawatni Town
Combustible 68%
433
600
400 200 0 6000
7000
11000
12000
The average of the situation for various cities in the World, is 433 kWh/ton of combustible MSW
Hyderabad-India Garbage(MSW) generation MSW Generation RDF Power Projects 11MW Venkateshwara RDF Power Project-12MW
Based on calorific Value of about 6,500 Kj/kg, the generation rate works out as about 450 kWh/ton of MSW
700 tons/day
700 tons/day
1.22
0.80
1.11 0.968
1.00
0.80 0.60 0.40 0.20 Hyderabad(India)-Min
Chennai(India)-Min
WTEs Elsewhere(EuropeAsia)
MSW-Urban Pakistan
2.3
Calorific Value
2.3
Calorific Value
Potential Energy
Potential Energy
1.09
Quantity 79.34 0.20 16 2,500 10,467 2.91 2,908 2.91 166,081,982 6,920,083.00
MW
1.40
Quantity 108.94
0.20 22 2,500 10,467 2.91 2,908 2.91 228,059,183
2.3
Calorific Value
2.3
Calorific Value
Potential Energy
Potential Energy
KJ/hr
9,502,466.00
MW
1.92
MW
2.64
Power Generation over the Period is in the order of 1.09-2.64 MW (present & Year-2040)
Solid Waste Management for Chichawatni Town
2.64
2.00 1.50
1.00 0.50 2012 2020 Year 2030 2040
1.09
Power Generation over the Period: present generation of slightly above 1 MW will be above 2.5 MW by the end of planning horizon
Solid Waste Management for Chichawatni Town
Year-2012
1-MW
Year-2030
1+1=2 MW
Year-2040
1+1+0.5=2.5 MW
Using Coal
Using RDF
48%
53%
Obviously with the use of RDF, the boil efficiency is higher than that by coal.
The initial recycling process begins with the shredding of the incoming waste and magnetic separation and removal of ferrous material.
High density plastics, in the form of bottles, are separated via a gravity method
The light combustible materials are compacted to form the RDF Fuel Pellets which are:
Transported to a Boiler Operation where steam is generated to drive turbines for electricity generation.
The material, remaining in the process flow, is segregated utilizing a series of airseparators and screeners to categorize light combustibles and heavy generally noncombustible material
Non-Combustibles such comprise glass, sand, ceramics, heavy plastics and fly ash. The method enables the processing of Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) resulting in the conversion of 90% into recyclable materials: fuel, metals, glass, sand, and plastics.
Process Diagram
Secondary Shredding
Electricity to Grid or Industries-Homes
Capital Cost
Nr. 1 2 3 4 Description WTE EquipmentMachinery Land Cost(Lease value/year) Consultants' Fee Contingencies Unit L.S. Sq.M. % % Quanti ty 1 6,000 1 1 100 3 10 Unit Rate Amount, Rs. Nr. 246,706,020 600,000 7,401,181 24,670,602 1 2 3 4
O&M Cost
Description Amount, Rs. 4,830,000 7,128,000 5,613,300 4,934,120 22,505,420
Total
279,377,803
The capital cost of WTE facility as Rs.279 million whereas annual O&M cost works out as Rs.22.5 million
Solid Waste Management for Chichawatni Town
300
200
100
1 (100) 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
(200)
(300)
Year
The Monte Carlo Simulation has been established; the exhibit provides variation of NPV under different variables considered for the sensitivity analysis. Evidently, the quality of MSW should provide CV above 2,500 Kcal/Kg, discount rate shall not exceed 14% and Tipping fee in the order of Rs.100-150 per household per month be levied to ensure financial viability of the proposed WTE
Solid Waste Management for Chichawatni Town
Installed
1 Stage-I, Year-2012 2 Stage-2, Year-2030 3 Stage-6, Year-2040 MW MW MW 1 1 0.5
Cumulative
1
2 2.5
Project Cost
Rs.39.5 million Procurement ManufacturerSuppliers
WTE
Project Cost
Rs.279 million
Construction Contractors
EPC Contract
Engineering
Procurement
Construction