Académique Documents
Professionnel Documents
Culture Documents
Adam B. Siegel
Copyright CNA Corporation/Scanned October 2003 Approved for distribution: September 1994
''I
MarvinA. Pokrant, Director Fleet Tactics and Capabilities Program Policy, Strategy, and Forces Division
This document represents the best opinion of CNA at the time of issue. It does not necessarily represent the opinion of the Department of the Navy.
'
Contents
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . D e f i n i t i o n s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Humanitarian assistance operations . . . . . . . . . . . . Peace o p e r a t i o n s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . How these definitions relate to the chronology . . . . . . Types o f operations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Location of U.S. Marine Corps responses. . . . . . . . . . Operations in 1994 to date . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Is the historical record relevant? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Sources a n d limitations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other service/national involvement . . . . . . . . . . . . Problems with quantification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Chronology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . R e f e r e n c e s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Glossary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . List o f tables. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Distribution list . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 3 3 13 14 15 18 19 21 23 25 26 27 59 69 73 75
Introduction
Since the end of the Cold War, many pundits have commented on the "new" role for the U.S. military. Large disaster relief operations from Mississippi to Somalia and rapid growth in the number of UN military operations seem to prove the validity of these arguments. Lost amongst the rhetoric, however, is a simple fact: these humanitarian assistance and peace operations are not new to the U.S. military. Designed and trained to operate amidst the chaos and mayhem of warfare, armed forces can also provide governments a means for succor amidst natural or other disasters. Since the formation of organized militaries in ancient societies, military forces have assisted civilians following natural (or man-made) catastrophesfor example, a Roman legion marched to the rescue of Pompeii's survivors. Similarly, despite the seeming novelty of recent events, the U.S. military has a long tradition of providing humanitarian assistance, both within the United States and abroad. This tradition, however, has been poorly documented to date. This information memorandum fills part of that gap by providing a chronology of U.S. Marine Corps (USMC) humanitarian assistance and peace operations (HA/POs). The chronology documents 154 cases of Marine Corps HA/POs from 1811 through 1993. This chronology is limited, as discussed below, by the source material and criteria for selection. This information memorandum is part of a Center for Naval Analyses study on the Marines in humanitarian assistance operations. The study is examining the Marine requirements in the areas of doctrine, organization, training, and equipment to prepare for and conduct HA/POs. These requirements are being identified through a variety of methods including (1) examining past HA/POs, (2) running humanitarian assistance seminar games, and (3) through examination of how other services and other nations approach HA/POs.
The material in this information memorandum supports the study effort in several ways. First, the chronology presents a list of operations from which to choose case studies. Second, the analysis and chronology support the choice of case studies and scenarios by ensuring that the selected case studies and scenarios are representative of past operations and trends in the history of USMC HA/POs. Third, this chronology and analysis should provide one window for understanding what isand is notnew for the USMC in conducting HA/ POs.
Definitions
To catalogue a type of operation, we need a common definitional basis. This chronology deals with two categorieshumanitarian assistance and peace operationsabout which there is much definitional confusion and even controversy. In essence, many people use these terms without a common understanding of their meanings. The discussion below does not provide a set of over-arching definitions, but instead provides an indication of the level of controversy surrounding these definitions. This section also clarifies the criteria for including Marine Corps activities in the chronology.
wounded civilians on the battlefield to the rescue of shipwrecked mariners to the diversion of units for disaster relief amidst an ongoing war. In determining what falls under the rubric of humanitarian assistance operations, are (or when are) these civil affairs issues separate and distinct from the operation for which they are a part? Or, are these issues simply the humanitarian "layer" discussed above? As part of this, we should attempt to differentiate as well between humanitarian assistance operations and activities. For example, many U.S. Navy ships deploy with charitable goods aboard as part of the "Hand Clasp" program (often amphibious ships with Marines involved in the loading and off-loading of the supplies), sailors and Marines typically do charitable work during port calls, and most U.S. military bases have some form of charitable activity ongoing with the local community (the Marine Corps' Toys for Tots program is a prominent example of such community service activities). These activitiesmorally admirable as they may bedo not fall within the rubric of humanitarian assistance operations.
or agencies that may have the primary responsibility for providing humanitarian assistance.1 This Joint Pub 1 definition seems overly restrictive as, for example, it focuses on limitations "in scope and duration," an aspect that has little relevance to the question of what is or is not humanitarian. Does this limitation imply that Operation Provide Promise, the airlift into Bosnia, is not a humanitarian assistance operation because it has lasted over two years (begun in July 1992), with no end in sight? Similarly, the military might not supplement, but rather have the primary responsibility in certain situations. We can, however, take another cut at the JCS Pub 1 definition if we focus on the first sentence. In this case, humanitarian assistance operations involve the use of military forces to alleviate human distress originating from (1) natural disasters (such as storms or earthquakes), (2) disasters incidental to human activity (such as urban firefighting or cleaning up an oil spill), and (3) disasters resulting from purposeful human activity (such as riots or warfare). If we conceptualize humanitarian operations along the lines of this trilogy, it seems that the likelihood of a military unit involved in humanitarian assistance having to employ combat capabilities differs greatly between the first two categories and the third. While military forces require some combat capabilities in the first two categories (such as force security in almost all operations and to help police patrol the streets against looters following a natural disaster), when military forces deploy in response to purposefully destructive activities, in general, the possibility for actual combat operations seems to rise greatly. Table 1 lists the 154 cases included in the chronology for 1811 through 1993 and indicates which of the three categories each operation falls This definition first got wide distribution in the JCS J-7 CD-ROM Joint Electronic Library, 1 April 1993 (Joint Military Terminology Group Memorandum (JMTGM)# 002-1369-93 modifying Joint Chiefs of Staff Pub. 1-02, Department of Defense: Dictionary of Military and Associated Terms, Washington, DC, the Joint Chiefs of Staff, 1 Dec 1989. The 23 March 1994 Joint Pub 1-02 included this definition.
into. In the listed operations, the first and third categories dominate, with 77 and 58 cases, respectively. The first category is generally vise of Marine Corps forces to contain a natural disaster (such as through fire-fighting), to minimize the damage following one (e.g., medical care), or to help reconstruction. The third category principally involves two very traditional Marine Corps activities (police support and the protection of non-combatants, especially Americans) and one of seemingly growing prominencerelief assistance to non-combatants amidst or following conflict. The second category, responses to inadvertent human activity, includes 19 cases, the majority of which are fire-fighting activities in urban areas. The support for oil clean-up following the Exxon Valdez spill falls into this category as does, less definitively, the transportation of eight whooping cranes from one research facility to another.
Title 10 definition
The legal definition for "humanitarian and other assistance" in title 10 of the U.S. Code confuses the issue further. This section focuses on "humanitarian and civic assistance" (H/CA) and transportation of nongovernmental relief supplies. Section 401, Chapter 20, Title 10 of the U.S. Code defines H/CA in four categories: 1. Medical, dental, and veterinary care provided in rural areas of a country 2. Construction of rudimentary surface transportation systems 3. Well drilling and construction of basic sanitation facilities 4. Rudimentary construction and repair of public facilities.
2. Serious problems exist with any quantitative analysis of material such as that in the chronology. Even totaling the number of cases creates a potentially misleading impression. Some of these problems are discussed in the section on sources and limitations.
Table 1. Date
List of operations and categorization by cause of response Location Boston, MA Washington, DC Falkland Islands Type of activity Police Support Police Support Evacuation Natural Incidental Purposeful X
Jan 1832
19 July 1835 Sept 1851 11 Sept 1853 16 June 1858 17-20 6ct 1859 7 July 1866 New York City Pennsylvania China Washington, DC Harpers Ferry, VA Maine Fire Fighting Police Support Police Support Police Support Police Support Police Support, Disaster Relief X X
30 May 1873
Boston, MA
Table 1. Date
List of operations and categorization by cause of response (continued) Location Arctic Bering Sea Type of activity Rescue Environmental Law Enforcement D isaster (Tida I Wave) Relief Fire Fighting
&238&88&&f838fr
Natural
Incidental Purposeful
Apr 1884
2Julyl891
27 Aug 1893
South Carolina
mJan 1901 2
4 Mar 1895
Trinidad
Hl il
Alaska California
Fire Fighting
18 Apr 1906
28 Jan 1922
Washington, DC
11 June 1927
Washington, DC
Police Support
31 Mar 1931
Nicaragua
California
China Haiti
Table 1. Date
List of operations and categorization by cause of response (continued) Location No rth Carol i na Type of activity Fire Fighting Natural Incidental Purposeful
23-30 April
1955
20 Sept 1955 California Fire Fighting X
1955 Cal^^^^
12 July 1958 6 Dec 1958 14 June 1959 5 Nov 1959 29 Feb 1960
Fire Fighting Fire Fighting Fire Fighting Fire Fighting Disaster (Earthquake) Relief X X
23 Sept I960
Connecticut
Congo Turkey
British Honduras
Table 1. List of operations and categorization by cause of response (continued) Date 20 Nov 1962 Guam Location_____Type of activity (Typhoon) Relief Natural Incidental Purpowful
20 Oct 1963
Halt!
Summer 1964
Peru
Medical Aid
Relief
(Typhoon)
27Aprl965
Dominican Republic
Evacuation
1 Nov 1966
California
Fire Fighting
(Flood) Relief X
10
Table 1. Date
Natural
Incidental Purposeful
Police Support
24 June 1982
Sept 1982
Lebanon
Lebanon
Evacuation
Peace Support
X
X
Louisiana Alaska
Oct 1989
California
Evacuation Disaster Relief Police Support Police Support Search and Rescue X
X
Aug 92-Feb 93
Somalia
Relief Aid
11
Aug-Sept 1992
Guam
Somal ia
iS:&8t:;S;SSs5
Relief Aid
Tunisia
Alabama
This restrictive definition resulted from a Congressional desire to limit U.S. military activity in South America under the rubric of "humanitarian assistance" during the early years of the Reagan administration. Interestingly, although Marine Corps forces do conduct such H/CA activities in conjunction with overseas training and deployments, not a single one of the operations listed in this chronology fits within this legal definition .The follow-on section of Chapter 20 of Title 10, Section 402, discusses use of military transportation assets to carry non-governmental relief supplies. Some of the operations in the chronology fall into this category. In general, however, neither part of the Title 10 definition of humanitarian assistance seems to adequately cover what USMC forces have done in the past or what they might have to do in the future. In part, this results from a differing conception. This chronology, in a broad sense, emphasizes why the operation was conductedwhat caused the military actions. The Title 10 definition, on the other hand, seems to focus on what happened, rather than why. Again, even with this differing approach, the Tide 10 definition seems an overly restrictive definition for what constitutes a humanitarian assistance operation.
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Peace operations
Official U.S. and academic definitions for peace operations are in even more flux and open to more interpretations than humanitarian assistance operations. A new, all-encompassing definition is "Peace Support Operations," under which would fall, in addition to humanitarian assistance, peacekeeping and peace enforcement, which are defined as follows:
Q
Peacekeeping1. Operations... at the request of the parties to a dispute to help supervise a cease-fire agreement and/or separate the parties. Peace enforcement: Military intervention to forcefully restore peace between belligerents, who may be engaged in combat. The definition for "Peace-building" is also relevant: Post-conflict diplomatic and military action to identify and support structures which will tend to strengthen and solidify peace in order to avoid a relapse into conflict. The Marine Corps has not conducted many classical "blue-helmet" peacekeeping operations in the past. On the other hand, many of the so-called "banana wars" resemble operations that could occur under peace enforcement missions sanctioned by the United Nations. (These earlier operations are not listed in this chronology because they did not have such international sanctions and were more clearly tied to direct U.S. interests (e.g., commercial) than operations like those in Somalia.) Peace-building operations also do not seem to be a new kind of operation; looking to the past, the Reconstruction Era following the American Civil War provides a prominent example of a similar activity. The USMC presence in China at the end of World War II provides another example. Nevertheless, operations like Provide Comfortthe deliberate deployment of U.S. military forces for relief operations and/or to protect an endangered population amidst an on-going or potential conflictmight represent a new phenomena. 3. Definitions drawn from Joint Pub 3-07.3, Joint Tactics, Techniques, and Procedures (JTTP) far Peacekeeping Operations (Proposed Final), June 1993,
GUI
13
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Types of operations
The operations briefly documented in this chronology cover a wide range of activities, both in terms of the causes of the operations (i.e., natural or man-made as discussed above) and in terms of the demands placed on the Marines involved. Table 2 represents one attempt to break this spectrum of operations into more meaningful conceptual groupings. In essence, this typology falls into six broad groupings: 1. Humanitarian intervention and military peacemaking/enforcement/keeping 2. Movements of people 3. Natural disaster relief 4. Nation-building activities 5. Policing functions 6. Other activities.
15
Table 2.
Humanitarian interventions/military peacemaking, enforcement, keeping (foreign operations) Intervention to protect international humanitarian relief operations Cases include: Operation Restore Hope (Somalia, 1992-3); Operation Provide Comfort I, II (N. Iraq, 1991-3); Operation Provide Promise (Bosnia, 1992-3) Intervention to end conflict/to enforce cease-fires (rather than observe) Cases include: Dominican Republic, 1965 Peacekeeping/cease fire observation Cases include: Support to UN in Palestine/Israel, 1947-9; Lebanon, 1982-4 Movement of people (principally foreign operations) Non-Combatant Evacuation Operations Cases range from: - Operations at the outbreak of major conflict (Korea) or amidst major conflict (Vietnam, 1975) - Evacuating U.S./otrier threatened foreign citizens in times of crisis/internal conflict (intermittent-core mission: examples: Cyprus, July 1974; Lebanon, June 1982; Eastern Exit, Somalia, 1991) - Evacuating from Natural Disasters (Fiery Vigil, Philippines, 1991; Philippines 1972,1974) (Can also occur in domestic disasters.) Population movement (support of treaties/otherwise) Cases include: Korea, 1953 (movement of Koreans from islands above 38th Parallel to South Korea); Vietnam Jan-Feb 1995 (300,000 people from North to South Vietnam under the Geneva Accords); Lebanon, Sept 1982 (12,000 Palestinians from Beirut) Refugee assistance Cases include: S. Vietnamese since 1975; Cubans (Mariel boatlift), 1980 Quarantine Cases include: Protection of Staten Island yellow fever isolation area, 1858; guarding of Sandy Hook, NY, immigrant camp during a cholera outbreak, 1892; Operation GTMO (Haitian refugees, 1991-3; 1993-4) ______________Disaster relief; both domestic and foreign______________ Typhoons, hurricanes, tropical storms, flooding from major storms Foreign cases include: Tampico Flood Relief, Mexico, 1955,1966; Ceylon, 1958; Haiti, I960; Philippines, post-Hurricane Joan, 1970; Tunisia, 1973; Bangladesh (Operation Sea Angel), 1991
16
Table 2.
A typology of U.S. Marine Corps humanitarian assistance and peace operations (continued) Domestic cases include: Mississippi, post-Hurricane Camille, 1969; Louisiana, 1983; South Carolina, post-Hurricane Hugo, 1989; Florida, Louisiana, Hawaii, and Guam, 1992; Mississippi River, 1993 Earthquakes and volcanos: Foreign cases include: Algeria, post-earthquake, 1980; Philippines, post-earthquake, 1990 and post-volcano, 1991; Italy, volcano, 1992 Domestic cases include: Alaska, post-Earthquake (Operation Helping Hand), 1964; California, post-Earthquake, 1906 and 1989 Fire fighting (both urban and rural) Cases include: North Carolina, 1955; Tunisia, Aug 1993; California, Sept. 1970, Nov 1993 Famine relief: Cases include: Somalia (Provide Relief), 1992-3) Drought relief: Cases include: Chuuk Islands, Micronesia, 1992
__________Nation-building (involves the following types of activities)__________ Training police Training military Providing medical care Goodwill (painting school-houses/etc, on port calls) Building infrastructure (U.S. Army in Central/South America, mainly reservists) ____________Police functions (principally a domestic response)____________ Cases include: Guarding Mail Delivery (U.S., 1920s); Operation Garden Plot (L.A., 1992) Other activities Search and rescue Environmental enforcement and clean-up (domestic and foreign activity) Cases include: Bering Sea, 1891 (patrols against seal poaching); Alaska Oil Spill clean-up, 1989
17
Table 3 breaks down the 154 operations in the chronology by operation type and chronological period. Most dominant in the chronology is the third grouping, "disaster relief," with 87 cases. Police functions comes next with 35. The first, second, and sixth groupings have 5,19, and 8 examples, respectively. Due to the definitions used for the chronology, the fourth grouping has no unique cases.
1 11
58 3 4 77
4
4 11 1
5 19 87 35 8 154
2 22
15
Several important points deserve emphasis. First, these types are by no means exclusive. An operation might require a Marine unit to engage in activities across this entire spectrum at the same time. For example, looking to the operations in Somalia in Operation Restore Hope, Marine forces engaged in activities in all six categories even though category 1 dominated (it was the purpose of the operation). Second, it seems that Marine Corps forces have long engaged in operations across this entire spectrum of operations. Only the first grouping does not clearly have USMC precedents before World War II. Even this, however, could be misleading as a number of operations (such as the international coalition sent into China during the Boxer Rebellion, 1900) might logically fall within this conceptual and analytical grouping.
18
and foreign operations. Table 4 breaks the information in table 3 down in terms of domestic and foreign operations. The items in the chronology are about evenly split between domestic (78) and foreign (76) operations. Not surprisingly, this breakdown indicates that the majority of pre-Spanish American War actions occurred inside the United States. These actions were mainly police support operations. Since the end of World War II, however, the vast majority of operations have fallen into the third grouping (disaster relief)69 of 99 total casesand these have been split almost evenly between domestic (34) and foreign (35) actions.
Table 4.
Summary by type and location (domestic /foreign) To 1897 Dom/For 1897-1945 Dom/Fbr
-
Type of Operation 1. Humanitarian intervention; peace operations 2. Population movements 3. Natural disaster relief 5. Policing activities 6. Other Totals: domestic/foreign Grand total
Totals Dom/For
0/5 2/17 41/46 32/3 3/5
1/1 3/6
24/3 0/2 28/12 40
28/30
3/0 2/2
34/43
77
78/76
154
19
as operations related to events in the Former Yugoslavia and Operation Southern Watch (the no-fly zone over southern Iraq)). Marines have deployed or otherwise been alerted for a number of peace operations including deployments off Haiti (with a potential operation in the near future under UN sanction).
Table 5.
Type
Disaster (Earthquake) Relief Peace operation
FebruaryMarch 1994
Somalia
March 1994
New Jersey
April 1994
Rwanda
Evacuation
June 1994
Caribbean
Police Support
July 1994
Georgia
August 1994
Washington
Fire-fighting
Remarks Marines provided Korean linguists and some equipment to aid disaster relief efforts following the 17 January Los Angeles earthquake. Two USMC expeditionary units conducted the final withdrawal of U.S. forces from Somalia. A Marine FAST platoon remained in Somalia to protect U.S. diplomatic personnel. The 11th MEU remained off the coast into April to conduct an evacuation, if required. In June, another MEU moved off the coast as the situation grew tense again. Following an underground pipeline explosion in Edison, New Jersey, 36 Marines from the 6th Motor Transportation Battalion's Emergency Action Platoon assisted local authorities at the disaster scene. USMC KC-130s and CH-53Es moved 330 Marines from the 11th MEU from USS Peleliuto Burundi to support the evacuation of Americans from Rwanda. JTF 160 formed to handle the housing and processing of Haitians picked up at sea by U.S. Coast Guard cutters and U.S. Navy ships. CG 2d FSSG commanded the JTF, which included over 1,000 Marines plus other service personnel. In midAugust, an outflow of Cuban refugees added Cubans to the camps at Guantanamo Bay, Cuba. Amidst major flooding, Marines from Marine Corps Logistics Base Albany, Georgia, aided disaster relief efforts. This included rescuing over 1,700 people stranded by the floods and providing support to the Georgia National Guard and local agencies. With numerous fires stressing fire-fighting assets, two I MEF battalions and Army units deployed to Washington State to aid fire-fighting efforts.
20
21
23
In addition, as with any attempt to provide a historical record, the researcher's bias (whether conscious or not) and/or purpose colors the record. For example, this chronology includes many, but clearly not all non-combatant evacuation operations (NEOs). As seen in the chronology, such NEOs are a long-standing Marine Corps specialty, with the first as early as December 1831/January 1832 when Marines from the sloop Lexington went ashore in the Falkland Islands to protect American lives and property. NEOs resulting from natural disasters or from enforcement of international peace treaties are included. On the other hand, this memorandum does not comprehensively document NEOs resulting from military threats, even though these are clearly humanitarian assistance operations of the third category (responding to purposeful human action). Not included at all are the numerous contingency deployments of USMC (and other U.S. military) units for potential evacuation operations that did not, in the end, get executed.4 This exclusion results from several analytical imperatives. This document has two major purposes: To demonstrate the range of HA/POs which have involved Marine Corps forces To suggest relevant case studies for further research. In terms of the first objective, by including some NEOs, the chronology documents that the national command authority has called on the Marine Corps to conduct these missions. Unlike many other HA/ POs, however, the Marine Corps has long studied and exercised NEOs. Thus, in terms of the second objective, the potential "rate on return" for NEO case studies seems less than that for other HA/POs. Therefore, because the overall study seeks to help the Marine Corps identify potential ways to improve capabilities for HA/POs, areas such as NEOs, which the Marine Corps has long studied and exercised, do not seem logical candidates for examination in this research effort.
24
Also, unlike most other HA/POs, it seems clear that mostNEOs (protecting the lives of American citizens) are primary, rather than secondary, missions for the armed services. Although the chronology includes many exemplary NEOs, the listing does not include any of the hundreds of deployments ashore or off-the-coast to protect American citizens and property amidst internal disorders or international conflicts. (See [28] for numerous examples since World War n.) The chronology does not include interdiction efforts (such as antislave trading patrols or drug interdiction5) and antipiracy operations. Table 6 provides a few early examples of USMC support of maritime interception operations (MIO), which continue to be a USMC mission occasionally to this day (for example, the MIOs against Iraqi shipping from August 1990 to the present and, from September 1993, in the embargo against Haiti).
Marines participated in the capture of five slave schooners by the U.S. corvette Cyane off the west coast of Africa Marines participated in the U.S. brig Enterprises capture of a pirate schooner at Cape Antonio, Cuba Marines participated in the capture of the slave bark Ponsby the U.S. sloop Yarktownoff Kahenda, Africa
25
nation on Army involvement in domestic police operations. See [34] for an excellent history of U.S. Army medicine in disaster relief. See [21] for some information on U.S. Navy operations. This study does not document activities by other U.S. government agencies or similar operations by the armed services of other nations.
6. See [35] for a discussion of USN and USMC activity in China for the years 1925-1928.
26
Chronology
January 1811; New Orleans, LA; Police Support
A detachment of Marines from New Orleans deployed against "Negro insurgents." [1, p. 47; 10, vol. 1, chap. 17, p. 10]
27
28
16 June 1858; Washington, DC; Police Support The Secretary of the Navy (SECNAV) ordered 20 Marines to help restore order at the Washington, DC, jail. [1, p. 80; 39] 2 September 1858; New York City; Police Support Marines from the New York Navy Yard Marine Barracks and from the steamer Safnne occupied government buildings (yellow fever isolation area) on Staten Island and protected them against mobs seeking to burn them. [1, p. 80; 17, p. 188] 17-20 October 1859; Harper's Ferry, Virginia; Police Support First Lieutenant Israel Greene and 56 Marines deployed from Washington, DC, to Harper's Ferry after John Brown had seized the Federal arsenal there. Under orders from the War Department's representative, Brevet Colonel Robert E. Lee, the Marines recaptured the arsenal. [37; 38] 30 April 1866; Caribbean; Police Support In the Caribbean, the Marine guard from the sloop USS St. Marys boarded the Panama mail steamer USS Golden City, at the request of her captain, to quell a riot. [1, p. 91; 40, 23 January 52] 7 July 1866; Maine; Police Support, Disaster Relief Two companies of Marines from the Portsmouth Navy Yard, New Hampshire, arrived in Portland, ME, to aid in restoring order after a fire. [1, p. 91; 16, p. 195] 9 August 1866; China; Fire Fighting One officer and 46 enlisted Marines and seamen from the steamer USS Wachtisett landed at Shanghai, China, to assist in fighting a fire. [1, p. 91; 9, p. 29]
29
April 1867; New York; Police Support Four companies of Marines from the Brooklyn Navy Yard, New York, assisted revenue officers in raids on illegal "Irishtown" distilleries in Brooklyn. [1, p. 91; 11, p. 82] March 1868; New York; Police Support Marines from the Brooklyn Navy Yard, New York, seized and destroyed a number of illicit distilleries in "Irishtown," adjoining the Navy Yard. [1, p. 92; 17, p. 247] 28 March 1870; New York; Police Support 129 Marines from the Brooklyn Navy Yard, New York, and the USS Vermont assisted revenue authorities in seizing and destroying several illicit distilleries in "Irishtown," Brooklyn. [1, p. 92; 11, p. 82] 11 October 1870; Philadelphia, PA; Police Support Marines from the Philadelphia Navy Yard helped quell disturbances in Philadelphia when "negroes" cast their first votes under the 15th Amendment. [1, p. 93; 40,1 Jun 53] 2 November 1870; New York; Police Support Brooklyn Navy Yard Marines (245) assisted revenue agents in raids on illegal distilleries in "Irishtown," Brooklyn. [1, p. 93; 11, p. 83] 14 January 1871; New York; Police Support Marines from Brooklyn Navy Yard occupied 14 legitimate distilleries to protect workmen from attack by workers from illegal distilleries. [1, p. 93; 16, p. 200] 14 July 1871; New York; Police Support Marines from Brooklyn Navy Yard were called out to break up street fighting during raids on illegal distilleries in "Irishtown," Brooklyn.
30
31
guarding the mail during railroad strikes in California. [1, p. 98; 16, pp. 308-310]
32
p. 98; 9, p. 156]
7. Letter to Mr. Ralph A. Miller by LtCol. H.W. Edwards on the history of the USMC in Alaska [40, May 1953, AO3E-gjb, 10 Jun 1953].
33
34
8. [43, p. 346] New York Times, 5,6,9, Sept, 16 November 1930. 9. [1, p. 128; 40, 12Jan53, pp. 17-8; 44; 45] "Managua Earthquake File," Reference Branch, MCHC, Navy Yard, Washington, DC. 10. [20, p. 230] HQ, 1st Marine Brigade, Fleet Marine Force, Marine Barracks, Quantico, Virginia, 4 October 1939, 028/204, Maj. JT Selden, USMC, Package of Tientsin Flood Diary; HQ Marine Det. Tientsin, "Record of Events during the Tientsin Flood of 1939," n.d.; both in the Country file "China 1939: Primary Documents," Reference Branch, MCHC
35
36
13. U.S. Navy Operational Archives Disaster/Catastrophe Relief folder; Op-09B92 coverage; QNCLANTFLT Annual Report FY 55, p. 26f.
37
assisted in relief efforts as well. During these operations, the helicopters rescued 5,439 persons and delivered 183,017 pounds of food and medical supplies.14
38
(LST) and Thuban (AKA) with embarked Marines from the Mediterranean Amphibious Ready Group (MARG). [3; 21; ANAFJournal, 2 Nov57,p.6] January 1958; Ceylon; Disaster (Flood) Relief Navy and Marine Corps helicopters (20 from HMR-162) operating off CVS-37 Princeton engaged in rescue work in Ceylon from 2 to 7 January 1958 following major flooding. Three Royal Air Force helicopters also operated off Princeton, which embarked them in Singapore. The torrential rains of 28 December 1957 had left over 300,000 people homeless and in need of food and medicine. Two destroyers (Eversole and Shelton) from the 7th Fleet and the tender Duxbury Bay from the Middle East Force aided the relief operations.16
39
6 December 1958; North Carolina; Fire Fighting 64 Marines of the 3d Battalion, 8di Marines, joined state forestry service personnel and civilian volunteers in fighting a 3,000-acre forest fire near Pungo Lake, NC. [3, p. 39: Globe, 18 December 1958, p. 3] 1 January 1959; California; Fire Fighting Marines from the 1st Battalion, 1st Marines and the 1st Force Service Regiment at Camp Pendleton assisted civilian fire fighters in putting out forest fires in the Topanga Canyon area about 10 miles north of Santa Monica, CA. [3, p. 39: Scout, 8 January 1959, p. 1] 14 June 1959; North Carolina; Fire Fighting Over 100 Marines from the 2d and 6th Marines, joined by North Carolina Forestry personnel, battled a fire which burned over 700 acres of Camp Lejeune's forests. [3, p. 41: Globe, 18 June 1959, p. 1] 14-20 August 1959; Taiwan; Disaster (Flood) Relief During a major flood in central Taiwan, LPH-6 Thetis Bay provided assistance from 14 to 20 August 1959. Helicopters from Marine Helicopter Squadron (HMR(L)) 261 flew 897 mercy missions from the ship, airlifting 1.6 million pounds of relief supplies and 855 refugees.
[21]
5 November 1959; California; Fire Fighting About 200 Marines from the 5th Marines joined Camp Pendleton firemen, forest service personnel, and civilian volunteers in combating a forest fire in the Roblan Canyon of the Cleveland National Forest in California. [3, p. 42: Scout, 12 November 1959, p. 1] 20 November 1959; California; Fire Fighting About 300 Marines from the 1st Infantry Training Regiment and the 7th and 5th Marines at Camp Pendleton, CA, assisted fire department and forestry service personnel in fighting forest fires in the Las Pulgas and Aliso Canyon areas of California. [3, p. 42: Scout, 25 November 1959, p. 1]
40
29 February 1960; Morocco; Disaster (Earthquake) Relief Marines from Marine Barracks, U.S. Naval Activities, Port Lyautey, Morocco, aided in rescue and relief operations following an earthquake at Agadir. The emergency phase of the disaster relief opera1 *7 dons ended by 5 March. 26 June-15 July 1960; Chile; Disaster (Earthquake) Relief Late May and early June earthquakes injured and killed many Chileans and damaged thousands of buildings. From 26 June through 15 July 1960, USS Catamount (LSD) and an embarked boat group conducted flood-relief operations in the area of Valparaiso, Chile. [21, p. 4; See also, 47.] 23 September 1960; Connecticut; Disaster (Hurricane) Relief Marines Reservists from 3d Truck Company (USMCR) aided hurricane recovery operations in New Haven, CT. [6] November-December 1960; Haiti; Disaster (Flood) Relief Flooding of Lake Miragoane washed out a bridge linking a portion of southwest Haiti with the remainder of the country. Marine Assault Construction Battalion personnel constructed a new bridge and 6.5 miles of improved road in 29 days. [4, 21] 20 January 1961; Congo; Relief Aid Elements of the SOLANT AMITY task force in East African waters assisted in famine relief work at Matadi, Congo. Sub-Unit No. 1, HMR(L)-264 unloaded foodstuffs from USS Hermitage (LSD-34). [3, p. 48; Globe, 9 Feb 1961, p. 2; 16 Feb 1961, pp. 6-7]
17. [3, p. 44] Windsock, 25 March 1960, p. 8; 29 Apr 1960, p. 1; U.S. Navy Archives Disaster/Catastrophe Relief folder; Naval Accomplishments Quarterly, Briefing Items; Briefers Dispatch File: Morocco Disaster.
41
2; 21 Sep 61, p. 3]
42
43
March 1964; Alaska; Disaster (Earthquake) Relief, Police Support On 28 March 1964, a devastating earthquake hit Alaska. Amidst a major relief operation, Marines from the Naval Station aided the police in maintaining order on Kodiak island. [21, p. 5; 50] Summer 1964; Peru; Medical Aid Two helicopters from VMO-1 participated in the rescue of 11 sick, injured, or wounded Peruvian engineers from the Amazon Basin jungle near Iquitos, northern Peru. [3, p. 70, see entry for 11 Dec: Globe, 17 December 1964] August-September 1964; Haiti, Dom. Rep.; Disaster (Hurricane) Relief On 29 August 1964, LPH-4 Boxer and two LSDs with embarked Marines arrived off the coast of Hispaniola to give medical aid and helicopter evacuation services to people in areas of Haiti and the Dominican Republic badly damaged by Hurricane Cleo. [5,21] 14-30 September 1964; Vietnam; Disaster (Typhoon) Relief Marine forces in Vietnam conducted relief operations following Typhoons Violet (14 Sept) and Tilda (21-23 Sept). Amongst other activities, HMM-162 helicopters conducted emergency evacuations of storm victims following Violet (15 Sept). [8, pp. 159-161] 10-23 November 1964; Vietnam; Disaster (Typhoon) Relief Following Typhoons Iris (4-9 Nov) and Kate (16 Nov), USMC forces conducted relief operations in the Da Nang area in Vietnam. On 11 November, for example, HMM-365 helicopters lifted 1,136 flood victims to safety. Additional damage from Kate led to the deployment of the Seventh Fleet's Special Landing Force (SLF) to the area for six days (17-23 Nov) to aid in relief operations. HMM-162, operating from USS Princeton, delivered more than 900 tons of supplies and conducted over 1,000 missions in the largest relief mission to date in Vietnam. [8, p. 162; 3, p. 69; Marine Corps Gazette, January 1965, p. 5]
44
27-30 April 1965; Dominican Republic; Evacuation Amidst a deteriorating political situation and escalating conflict in the Dominican Republic, Marines from BLT 3/6 went ashore on 28 April 1965 to start the fifteen-month U.S. presence in the country. Between 27 and 30 April, U.S. forces evacuated about 2,400 people. 14-16 October 1966; Mexico; Disaster (Hurricane) Relief Ajoint task force of Marine, Army, Navy and Air Force personnel airlifted food and supplies to Tampico, Mexico, to victims of Hurricane Inez in Operation Bold Face. [4, p. 13: Strike,v. V, no. 7, Oct. 1966, p. 1] 1 November 1966; California; Fire Fighting Four Marines from Camp Pendleton, CA, died while fighting a brush fire in the Piedro de Lumbre Canyon area. [4, p. 13: Scout, 4 Nov. 1966, p. 1] 5 April 1968; Washington, D.C.; Police Support When riots broke out in Washington, D.C., following the assassination of Martin Luther King, Jr., two companies of Schools Demonstration Troops from Quantico, VA, and a composite company from the Marine Barracks, Washington, assisted in riot control. The Marines remained until 12 April. [4, p. 25] 25-27 February 1969; California; Disaster (Flood) Relief Approximately 1500 Marines participated in disaster relief operations amidst extensive flooding and snow storms in southern California. These operations included helicopter evacuations, helicopter placement of "junked cars" in a creek for erosion control, other flood control activities, and an LVTP-5 and LVTR-1 on standby for evacuation duty. In total, 3rd MAW helicopters flew over 500 sorties and evacuated over 1500 people from Silverado and Modjeska Canyons.18 18. HQUSMC point paper, "Disaster Relief Operations," A03H15-dnw, 3 Mar 1969, in MCHC reference branch file "Natural Disasters"
45
46
47
[21]
48
Relief
On 1 September 1979, a KC-130 and six CH-53Es from MCAS Cherry Point, with one Coast Guard C-130, evacuated approximately 900 USN personnel, dependents and contractors from Andros Island, in the Bahamas, with the approach of Hurricane David. That same day, an all-service Disaster Assistance Survey Team (DAST) began deployment to Dominica and the Dominican Republic. USMC involvement included two UH-1N Hueys and six CH-53E Super Stallions for reconnaissance and logistical support, a communications detachment, and refueling equipment to support the DAST. In Jamaica, LSD-37 Partland off-loaded units from the 2d Bridge Company (-) to aid in flood relief there. In Florida, Truck Company (-) Reinforced from the 6th Motorized Transport Battalion, Fourth FSSG, provided assistance to the Seminole County Civil Defense Group. This included I&I staff 19. MCHC Archives account 127-80-0028, "HQUSMC Command Center Collection of Serious Incident Reports (SIRs) and Watch Officer Logs," Box 1, File 17, "Fluid Drive-Lebanon, 1976" 20. MCHC Archives account 127-80-0028, "HQUSMC Command Center Collection of Serious Incident Reports (SIRs) and Watch Officer Logs," Box 5, File 1, "Haitians at GTMO." The other seven refugees were granted entry into the United States. 21. MCHC reference branch file "Operations-Humanitarian AssL-Emergency"
49
assistance in running the disaster control center and evacuation of at least 60 civilians via 13 5-ton trucks.
50
Peacekeeping Force (MNF) went ashore in Beirut to provide a neutral party to assist peacemaking efforts. Over the duration of the deployment, the situation of the MNF deteriorated as the force became identified as participants, rather than neutrals, in the ongoing Lebanese civil war.
51
52
53
information on Sea Angel, see: 83; 84,85,86,87,88, and 89. For background information, see: 90; and the other chapters in 84.]
54
[95; 96]
23. LCpl. Daniel Hottle, USMC, "Routine training becomes rescue mission," Sun Journal, New Bern, NC, 9 August 1992.
55
56
capability and medical augmentation to the relief effort. dNCPAC ended the JTF on 6 October. [59]
57
58
References
[ 1 ] Col William M. Miller, USMC, and Maj. John H. Johnston, USMC, A Chronology of the United States Marine Corps, 1775-1934: Volume I, History and Museums Division, Headquarters, U.S. Marine Corps, Washington, D.C., 1965 [2] Carolyn A. Tyson, A Chronology of the United States Marine Corps, 1935-1946: Volume II, History and Museums Division, Headquarters, U.S. Marine Corps, Washington, D.C., 1965 [3] Ralph W. Donnelly, Gabrielle M. Neufeld, and Carolyn A. Tyson, A Chronology of the United States Marine Corps, 1947-1964: Volume III, History and Museums Division, Headquarters, U.S. Marine Corps, Washington, D.C., 1971 Gabrielle M. Neufeld, A Chronology of the United States Marine Corps, 1965-1969 Volume IV, History and Museums Division, Headquarters, U.S. Marine Corps, Washington, D.C., 1971
[4]
[5] Ann Ferrante, "Chronology," published annually in Fortitudine. [6] "Brief Chronology of USMC Humanitarian Assistance Missions," (undated, prepared in 1993), in the file "operationsHumanitarian Assistance. Emergency," Reference Section, USMC Historical Center, Bldg. 58, Washington Navy Yard, Washington, DC
[7] Ann Ferrante, "Chronology of the United States Marine Corps," prepared annually since 1983, unpublished [8] Capt. Robert H. Whitlow, USMCR, U.S. Marines in Vietnam: The Advisory & Combat Assistance Era, 1954-1964, History and Museums Division, HQ, USMC, Washington, DC, 1977
59
[9]
Capt. Harry A, Ellsworth, USMC, One Hundred Eighty Landings of United States Marines, 1800-1934, Washington, Historical Section, Headquarters, U.S. Marine Corps, 1934 (hereafter Ellsworth) Maj. Edwin N. McClellan, History of the United States Marine Corps, 2 vols, Washington, Historical Section, Headquarters, U.S. Marine Corps
[10]
[11] John W. Leonard and Fred F. Chitty, The Story of the United States Marines, 1740-1919, Washington, DC, Historical Division, U.S. Marine Corps, 1919 [12] Kenneth W. Condit and Edwin T. Turnbladh, Hold High the Torch, A History of the 4th Marines, Washington, DC, Historical Branch, G-3 Division, HQUSMC, 1960 [13] LtCol. William R. Fails, USMC, Marines and Helicopters, 19621973, Washington, DC, History and Museums Division, HQ USMC, 1978
[14] Henry I. Shaw, Jr., The United States Marines in North China, 19451949, Washington, DC, Historical Branch, HQUSMC, revised 1962 [15] Benis M. Frank, U.S. Marines in Lebanon, 1982-1984, History and Museums Division, Headquarters, U.S. Marine Corps, Washington, D.C., 1987
[16] Maj. Richard S. Collum, History of the United States Marine Corps, New York, L.R. Hammersly Co., 1903 [17] [18] LtCol. Clyde H. Metcalf, USMC, A History of the United States Marine Corps, New York, G.P. Putnam's Sons, 1939 Robert Debs Heinl, Jr., Soldiers of the Sea: The United States Marine Corps, 1775-1962, Annapolis, MD, USNI, 1962
[19] J. Robert Moskin, The U.S. Marine Corps Story, New York, McGraw-Hill, 1977
60
[20] Allan R. Millett, Semper Fidelis: The History of the United States Marine Corps, Revised edition, New York, Free Press, 1991 [21] Center for Naval Analyses (CNA) Information Manual 132, A Sampling of U.S. Naval Humanitarian Operations, by Adam B. Siegel, November 1990 [22] CHINFO (Navy Chief of Information) Navy News Service messages [23] David M. Cooney, LCdr., USN, A Chronology of the U.S. Navy, New York, NY, Franklin Watts Inc., 1965
[24] Barbara A. Gilmore, Chronology of U.S. Naval Events, Operational Archives, U.S. Navy Historical Center, Building 57, Washington Navy Yard, Washington, DC, 1974-1980 [25] [26] United States Naval Aviation, 1910-1980, NAVAIR 00-80P-1, 1981 USNI Proceedings, Annual Chronology of Naval Events in the May "Naval Review" issues for 1962-1990
[27] Allan R. Millett, In Many a Strife: General Gerald C. Thomas and the U.S. Marine Corps, 1917-1956, Annapolis, MD, 1993 [28] CNA Research Memorandum 90-246, The Use of Naval Forces in thePost-WarEra: U.S. Navy and U.S. Marine Corps Crisis Response Activity, 1946-1990, by Adam B. Siegel, February 1991 [29] Milton Offutt, The Protection of Citizens Abroad by the Armed Forces of the United States, Johns Hopkins University Studies in Historical and Political Science, v. 46, n. 4, Baltimore, MD, 1928 [30] Daniel W. Fitz-Simons, "The Marine Corps' Response to the War on Drugs," Marine Corps Gazette, September 1992, pages 35-36 [31] Office of the Secretary of the Air Force, The United States Air Force and U.S. National Security: A Historical Perspective, 19471990, SAF/OSX, 1991
61
[32] US Army Concepts Analysis Agency Study Report CAA-SR-914, Force Employment Study (FES), by LTC Clifton Headen, Jr., and Maj. Kern C.B. Wilson, USA, February 1991 [33] Robert W. Coakley, The Role of Federal Military Forces in Domestic Disorders, 1789-1878, Washington, DC, Center of Military History, US Army, 1988.
[34] Gaines M. Foster, The Demands of Humanity: Army Medical Disaster Relief, Washington, DC, Center of Military History, US Army, 1983 [35] Bernard D. Cole, Gunboats and Marines: The United States Navy in China, 1925-1928, Newark, University of Delaware Press, 1983
[36] W.V. Hensel, The Christiana Riot and the Treason Trials of 1851: A Historical Sketch, Lancaster, PA, 1911 [37] Bernard C. Nalty, "At All times ready...;" The Marines at Harper's Ferry, Marine Corps Historical Reference Series No. 10, Historical Branch, G-3 Division, HQ, USMC, Washington, DC, May 1959 [38] A. Eric Bubeck, "Colonel Lee and the Marines at Harper's Ferry" Marine Corps Gazette, v. 33, n 12, December 1949 [39] HA. Ellsworth, "Callender of Important Events," Marine Corps Gazette, v. 19, n. 4, Nov. 1935
[40] Logsheet of Historical Marine Corps Dates, Archives, Historical Branch, G-3 Division, Headquarters, U.S. Marine Corps (Located in the reference branch files at the Marine Corps Historical Center, Washington Navy Yard) [41] Francis A. Coghlan, "The United States Navy and the Jamaica Earthquake," Prologue, vol. 8, no. 3, Fall 1976, pp. 163-173 [42] George Corney, "Crime and Postal History," Marine Corps Gazette, October 1993, pp. 50-51
62
[43] [44]
Merle Curti, American Philanthropy Abroad, Second Edition, New Brunswick, NJ, 1988 John Creigh Hendrickson, "'El Terremoto:' Marines in the Managua Earthquake of 1931," Leatherneck, April 1987, vol. 70, no. 4, pp. 22-30
[45] LtCol. Clinton A. Phillips, USMC(Ret), "Earthquake in Managua," Marine Carps Gazette, February 1990, vol. 74, no. 2, pp. 61-67 [46] [47] Admiral Cato D. Glover, On the Crest of the Wave, New York, Vantage Press, 1974 Capt. Timothy A. Fuhrman, USAF, "Humanitarian Airlift: US Response to Natural Calamity, 1960-1974," Student Research Report, Air Command and Staff College, Air University, Maxwell AFB, AL, May 1981
[48] Thomas A. Bryson, "Mission of Mercy," USNI Proceedings, Supplement 1985, pp. 89-96 [49] Mattie E. Treadwell, "Hurricane Carla, 3-14 September 1961," Denton, Texas, Office of Civil Defense, Department of Defense, 1962 [50] [51] [52] Mattie E. Treadwell, Operation Helping Hand: The Armed Forces React to Earthquake Disaster, Alaska, 1964 BGen. William J. Weinstein, USMCR, "Navy Marine Team Aids Peru Quake Victims," Navy Magazine, July-August 1970 Center for Naval Analyses Study 1098, US Marine Corps Participation in the Emergency Evacuations ofPhnom Penh and Saigon, Operations Eagle Pull and Frequent Wind, by UW Patrick, June 1977
[53] Alex Larzelere, Castro's PloyAmerica's Dilemma: The 1980 Cuban Boatlift, Washington, DC, 1988
63
[54] [55]
Capt. Vaughn A. Ary, USMC, "A Disaster Relief Force-inReadiness," Marine Corps Gazette, October 1990, pp. 67-70 CNA Research Memorandum 91-211, The Non-combatant Evacuation Operation (NEO)from Mogadishu, Somalia, January 1991, by Adam B. Siegel, November 1991 Cdr. Donald S. Herip and LCdr. Douglas D. Slaten, USN, "Preventive Medicine at the Haitian Refugee Camps," Navy Medicine, March-April 1992, pp. 3-7 USACOM Special Historical Study, Operation GTMO: 1 October 1991-1 July 1993 (U), by Capt. William R. McClintock and Capt. Alexander G. Monroe, USNR, Headquarters, U.S. Atlantic Command, Secret, March 1994 LtCol. Peter A. Dotto, "Marines in Los Angeles," Marine Corps Gazette, October 1992, pp. 54-8 Major R. Scott Moore, "Special Purpose Task Force Deploys to Kauai," Marine Corps Gazette, February 1993, pp. 30-37
[56]
[57]
[58] [59]
[60] Sgt. Brandon Haught, "Amtrak Disaster," Continental Marine, November 1993, pp. 12-17 [61] SSgt. Scot Jenkins, USMC, "Twentynine Palms Dispatches Team to Help California Fire Fighters," Marines, December 1993, p. 28
[62] Gary A. Warner, "Marines kept from firefights," Orange County Register, 6 Nov 93, p. 1 (Early Bird, 9 Nov 93, p. 1)
64
[64]
James J. Hudson, "The California National Guard in the San Francisco Earthquake and Fire of 1906," California History Quarterly, vol. 55, no. 2,1976, pp. 137-149 "Marines in the San Francisco Fire and Earthquake," Marine Corps Gazette, November 1936
[65]
[66] John E. Pond, "The United States Navy and the San Francisco Fire," USNIProceedings, September 1952, pp. 982-993 [67] William Strobridge, "Soldiers in the Streets," Pacific History, vol. 22, no. 1,1978, pp. 3-8 [68] Gordon Thomas and Max M. Wilts, The San Francisco Earthquake, New York, 1971
[73] Lt.Col. Glen R. Sachtleben, USMC, "Operation SHARP EDGE: The Corps' MEU(SOC) Program in Action," Marine Corps Gazette, November 1991, pp. 77-86 [74] CNA Information Memorandum 168, Operation SHARP EDGE: The Role of Naval Forces in Evacuation Operations (U), by Desmond P. Wilson, Secret/NOFORN, June 1991
65
[82]
66
[84]
M. Mokammel Haque, "Operation Sea Angel," in Hameeda Hossain, et.al., editors, From Crisis to Development: Coping with Disasters in Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh, 1992, pp. 93-98 David R. Klubes, "Bangladesh Relief Effort," Navy Medicine, July-August 1991, pp. 9-13 Paul A McCarthy, Operation Sea Angel: A Case Study, MR-374-A, Santa Monica, CA, Arroyo Center, RAND Corporation, 1994 Col. Donald R. Selvage, "Operation SEA ANGEL: Bangladesh Disaster Relief," Marine Corps Gazette, November 1991, pp. 8797 LtGen H.C. Stackpole m, USMC, "Angels from the Sea," USNI Proceedings, May 1992, pp. 110-116 Captain Shafiq-ur-Rahman, Bangladesh Navy, "Disaster in Bangladesh: A Multinational Relief Effort," Naval War College Review, Winter 1993, pp. 59-72 Prof. A.K.M. Kafiluddin, Disaster Preparedness for Bangladesh floods and Other Natural Calamities, Dhaka, Bangladesh, 1991
[88] [89]
[90]
67
[96] JOG John Johnson, USN, "Operation Water Pitcher," AsiaPacific Defense Forum, vol. 17, no. 2,1993, pp. 35-38
[98] [99]
[100] Research Memorandum 93-140, Military Relations with Humanitarian Relief Organizations: Observations from Restore Hope, by Jonathan T. Dworken, Oct 1993 [101] Research Memorandum 93-120, Rules of Engagement (ROE) for Humanitarian Operations and Low-Intensity Conflict: Lessons From Restore Hope, by Jonathan T. Dworken, Oct 1993 Other articles and studies that have appeared include: [102] Maj. John F. Antal and Capt. Robert L. Dunaway, "Peacemaking in Somalia," Marine Corps Gazette, February 1993, pp. 38-43 [103] "Operation Restore HopeA Logistical Challenge," An interview with MGen. Waldo D. Freeman, USA, Deputy Commander CINCCENT; Patrecia S. Hollis, interviewer, Field Artillery, June 1993, pp. 5-8
68
Glossary
AAV ANGLICO AFS AKA APD BLT CINCPAC CJCS CJTF CNA CSST CVL CVS DAST DDG FSSG HA/PO H/CA HMM Assault Amphibian Vehicle Air and Naval Gunfire Liaison Company Combat Stores Ship Cargo Ship, Attack High-Speed Transport Battalion Landing Team or Battalion Commander-in-Chief, Pacific Chairman, Joint Chiefs of Staff Commander, Joint Task Force Center for Naval Analyses Combat Service Support Team Aircraft Carrier, Small Aircraft Carrier, Support (antisubmarine warfare) Disaster Assessment Survey Team Guided-missile Destroyer Force Service Support Group Humanitarian Assistance and Peace Operation Humanitarian and Civic Assistance Marine Medium Helicopter Squadron
69
HMR HMR(L) HTS IM JCS JTF LPD LPH LSD LST MAG MAGTAF MARDIV MARG
Marine Helicopter Squadron Marine Helicopter Squadron (light) Helicopter Training Squadron (USN) Instructor and Inspector Joint Chiefc of Staff Joint Task Force Amphibious Transport Dock Amphibious Assault Ship (helicopter) Landing Ship, Dock Landing Ship, Tank Marine Air Group Marine Air-Ground Task Force Marine Division Mediterranean Amphibious Ready Group
MARRESFOR Marine Reserve Force MAU MAW MCAF MCAS MCHC MEB MEF Marine Amphibious Unit Marine Air Wing Marine Corps Air Facility Marine Corps Air Station Marine Corps Historical Center Marine Expeditionary Brigade Marine Expeditionary Force
70
MEU MIO MNF MRE MSC MV MWSS NAS NEO PLO ROWPU SAR SLF SMCR SPMAGTF TRANSDIV UNRRA USA USAF USCG USN USMC
Marine Expeditionary Unit Maritime Interception Operation Multi-National Force Meal Ready-to-Eat Military Sealift Command Motor Vessel Marine Wing Support Squadron Naval Air Station Non-combatant Evacuation Operation Palestinian Liberation Organization Reverse Osmosis Water Purification Unit Search and Rescue Special Landing Force Selected Marine Corps Reserve Special Purpose MAGTF Transport Division (USN unit) United Nations Refugee and Rehabilitation Administration United States Army United States Air Force United States Coast Guard United States Navy United States Marine Corps
71
United States Marine Corps Reserve MarineAerial Refueler Transport Squadron Marine Observation Squadron USMC Transport Squadron
72
List of tables
Table 1. Table 2. TableS. Table 4. Table 5. Table 6. List of operations and categorization by cause ofresponse . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A typology of U.S. Marine Corps humanitarian assistance and peace operations . . . . . . . . . . . Summary by type of operation . . . . . . . . . . . . Summary by type and location (domestic / f o r e i g n ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . USMC HA/POs in 1994 (as of early August 1994) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Some early USMC maritime interception activities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 18 19 20 25
73
Distribution list
SNDL 21A1 21A2 21 A3 24J1 24J2 24J3 26A1 26A2 26V1 26V2 26QQ1 26KKK1 26KKK2 28C1 45A2 45A2 45A2 45B 45B 45B 45Q 45Q 45Q 45Q 46B 46B 46B A1B A2A A2A A2A A6 A6 A6 A6 A6 A6 CINCLANTFLT NORFOLK VA CINCPACFLT PEARL HARBOR HI CINCUSNAVEUR LONDON UK COMMARFORLANT COMMARFORPAC HQ FMFEUR DESIGNATE COMPHIBGRU TWO COMPHIBGRU THREE SAN DffiGO CG LFTCLANT NORFOLK VA CG LFTCPAC SAN DIEGO CA COMNAVSPECWARDEVGRU VA TACTRAGRULANT DAM NECK VA TACTRAGRUPAC SAN DffiGO CA COMSURFWARDEVGRU LITTLE CREEK CG I MEF CG II MEF CG III MEF CG FIRST MARDIV CG SECOND MARDIV CG THIRD MARDIV CG FIRST FSSG CG SECOND FSSG CG THIRD FSSG CG FOURTH FSSG CG FIRST MAW CG SECOND MAW CG THIRD MAW UNSECNAV CfflNFO OLA OPA HQMC AVN HQMC OLA HQMC PA HQMC PP&O HQMC, SPECIAL PROJ DIR MC HISTCEN Attn: BGen Simmons, USMC Attn: Dan Crawford Attn: Library NAVHISTCEN WASHINGTON DC Attn: Dr. Dean Allard, Director Attn: Dr. Ed Marolda, Contemporary History Attn: Library FF38 FF42 FF44 Attn: Operational Archives USNA ANNAPOLIS NAVPGSCOL MONTEREY CA Attn: Library NAVWARCOL NEWPORT RI Attn: Don Daniel Attn: Robert Wood Attn: Library COMNAVDOCCOM ONI NAVPfflBSCOL CORONADO CA NAVPfflBSCOL LITTLE CREEK VA CG MCCDC Attn: Commanding General Attn: Studies and Analyses Div. Attn: Training and Education Div. Attn: Warfighting Development Attn: Wargaming Div. Attn: Coalition and Special Warfare Div. MARINE CORPS UNIVERSITY QUANTICO
(Ret)
N311 N312 N312C N51 N511D N512 N513 N8 N81 N855 N863D3 N88W OP-372
FF20
OTHER USCINCCENT MACDILL AFB FL Attn: Historian USCINCEUR VAIfflNGEN GE Attn: Historian USACOM NORFOLK VA
75
SNDL Attn: Historian USCINCSOC MACDILL AFB FL Attn: Historian USCINCPAC HONOLULU HI Attn: Historian USCINCSO QUARRY HEIGHTS PM Attn: Historian SACEUR SHAPE BE Attn: Historian USAF AIR UNIV Attn: Library ARMY WAR COLLEGE Attn: Library PENTAGON LIBRARY ASD(SO/LIC) ASD/ISA OASD - ISP DIA NDU Attn: Library NRL WASHINGTON DC IDA MITRE BEDFORD RAND SANTA MONICA RAND WASHINGTON Attn: Meg C. Harrell APLydHU AID Attn: AID/OFDA CIA JOINT DOCTRINE COMMAND NATIONAL WAR COLLEGE Attn: Col J.S. Cipparone DEFENSE INTELLIGENCE COLLEGE DEPARTMENT OF STATE CONGRESSIONAL RESEARCH SERVICE Attn: Ron O'Rourke AIR-LAND-SEA APPLICATIONS CENTER CENTER FOR LOW INTENSITY CONFLICT AIR MOBILITY COMMAND HISTORIAN ARMED FORCES STAFF COLLEGE Attn: Library ARMY COMMAND & STAFF COLLEGE Attn: Lawrence Yates Attn: Library US ARMY CENTER FOR MILITARY
76
HISTORY USAF CENTER FOR AIR FORCE HISTORY USAF HISTORICAL RESEARCH AGENCY Attn: Dr. Dan Haulman JOINT HISTORY OFFICE Attn: Dr. Poole Attn: BGen Armstrong Attn: Hans Pawlisch INSTITUTE FOR INTERNATIONAL STUDIES BROWN UNIVERSITY Attn: Thomas G. Weiss
95 033400.00
03-14-94