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ENGC 6353
Done By: Eng. Mahmoud M. Jahjouh Submitted to: Prof. Mohammed H. Arafa Submission Date: November 30th, 2010 Eng. Mahmoud Jahjouh 120100099 ENGC 6353
Table of Content
TOPIC NAME 1. INTRODUCTION TO SHELLS 1.1. SHELLS IN ENGINEERING 1.2. ADVANTAGES OF USING SHELLS 1.3. DISADVANTAGES OF USING SHELLS 1.4. MAIN SHELL TYPES 2. THE CYLINDRICAL SHELL 2.1. FORMING OF CYLINDRICAL SHELL 2.2. DIMENSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS 2.3. TYPES OF CYLINDRICAL SHELLS 3. STRESSES IN A CYLINDRICAL SHELL 3.1. THE MEMBRANE THEORY 3.1.1. THE MEMBRANE THEORY 3.1.2. STRESSES DUE TO LOAD 3.1.3. THE PROBLEM OF MEMBRANE THEORY 3.2. THE BEAM THEORY 4. DIAPHRAGM ANALYSIS 5. APPENDIX: GRAPHS FOR CURVED BEAM CROSS SECTIONAL CHARACTERISTICS.
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1. Introduction to Shells
1.1 Shells in Engineering: 1.2
1) 2) 3) 4) 5) 6)
Thin Shells as structural elements occupy a leadership position in engineering and especially in civil engineering, since they can be used in the construction of large span roofs, liquid retaining structures, domes folded plates and so on.
1.3
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Disadvantages:
Its impossible to build a story above the story that has a shell roof, thus shells are always used as a terminating roof.
1.4
Toroidal Shells
A Cylindrical Shell can be thought of a surface generated by a straight line (generator) moving over a plane curve (directrix)
2.2
h = L/(8 to 10) be = (2 to 4) t1
2.3
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Long Cylindrical Shells o L/R >= 5 for Unstiffened Circular Shells (no stiff edge beams) o L/R >= 3 for Stiffened Circular Shells (with stiff edge beams) o OR n < 3 where n = B/(L2 R t )0.5 o Main Characteristics: Deformation of cross section is small Both Membrane Theory and Beam Analysis Applies Short Cylindrical Shells o L/R < 5 for Unstiffened Circular Shells (no stiff edge beams) o L/R < 3 for Stiffened Circular Shells (with stiff edge beams) o OR n > 3 where n = B/(L2 R t )0.5 o Main Characteristics: Deformation of cross section is large Membrane Theory Applies
The Membrane Theory: o Thin shells are assumed to work as a membrane for its low bending rigidity, thus no bending moments develop and the force is resisted entirely by both membrane and ring forces acting on the shell. o For a shell to be classified as thin it must satisfy the following criteria: max(h/R) <= 1/20, where: h shell thickness R shell radius of curvature o For practical considerations, the ratio h/R should be between 1/1000 to 1/20 and preferably 8-12 cm
Schematic of a Shell
L = Length of Span of Shell. x = Distance Along the Span. Nx = shear forces along the element.
The Following Figure shows the variation of forces along a cylindrical shell:
4. Diaphragm Analysis
The Diaphragm is considered the support of a cylindrical shell and is subjected to its shear and gravity loads. To analyze it, we need to consider two loads: 1) The direct gravity loads: consists of the loads transferred from the shell to the diaphragm as well as the diaphragms self weight. 2) The indirect Loads that are transferred due to shear stresses. These loads are transferred in the form of Horizontal Components and Vertical Components. And are obtained by dividing the diaphragm into small elements as shown in the next figure.
F = Shear . ds V = F sin H = F cos The Moment is calculated by adding the normal static moment and the moment induced by the additional V and H forces. Once all forces are obtained, the diaphragm is treated as a beam (or beam column).
5. References
1) Reinforced Concrete Halls 2) Concrete Shell Roofs 3) Thin Plates and Shells
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