Vous êtes sur la page 1sur 11

Division of labor by sex

The kinds of works that men do consistent pretty much across all cultures the same with women All societies have some sex differences in the way they assign labor Refers to the patterned way in which these productive economics activities are divided between men and women.

Labor is divided into Primary and Secondary Subsistence categories. Subsistence is the primary way you make a living. For ex. In Belize agriculture or farming is their primary mode of subsistence.

Secondary subsistence activities includes processing that stuff and grinding it ect. Across all cultures these primary and secondary subsistences are common in all cultures

For men almost always to hunt and trap animals. Large game. In addition almost always they hunt for lumber always. Mining also, boats, and a big thing is that they engage in combat.

Strength explanation - men are stronger in so that they need to slaughter large Animals and do more physical work which is in turn pertained to the stronger men.

Efe men in Zaire collect honey by climbing up trees. Very dangerous.

Chill are compatibility explanations- women are available to performe tasks that enable them to effectively combine child and nursing.

Economy of effort explanation - if you are gathering resources or performing a task then it is economical to performe a second task. Ex. If your collecting materials to make a boat you might as well use your knowledge of working that material to make musical instruments. If your going to be doing one task you might as well do the second thing.

Expendability - men can do more dangerous work because they are expendable. Males are considered to be more expandable then the women.

From Evernote:

Note
Anthrogroup notes 4/26 Sexual dimorphism: physical differences between males and females of the same species Sexual dichromatism: color differences between males and females of the same species. . (differences in color between males and females) - Men are about 10% larger than women and have longer legs relative to their trunk - Men have a higher proportion if bone and muscle and women more fat - men have higher concentrations of hemoglobin than women. Amenorrhea - menstruation stops due to not enough fat body contentI

Are Asian me. More comfortable with their bodies than caucasian Muscle dismorphia - a condition in which people never think they're big or muscular enough is much more common among men or European than Asian ancestry Ideal body type is 13 kilograms more muscle then the men had They also thought that women would find it more attractive In Taiwan chose a ideal body with only 2 kg more muscle World of Warcraft shows extreme sexual dimorphism hyper femininity and hyper masculinity Key features on the face that relate to sexual dimorphism is shape of face eyebrows JAW nose eyes. Sexual selection - a kind of selection that occurs when it comes to mating and sexual reproduction Natural selection : deals with the evolution of characteristics due to survival (some individuals within a species are better suited to survive and reproduce thank others. Survival and reproduction are not random : individuals with the most favorable variations survive or produce the most young. Sexual selections: deals with the evolution of characteristics due to mating rather than survival Intrasexual selection: members of one sex engage in competitive battles with each other(often male) Inter sexual selection: deals with the preferences of members of one sex for members of one sex for members of the opposite sex who posses certain qualities. Differential reproductive success, some individuals reproduce more then others of the species

Intrasexual selection : what heritable qualities lead to success in Intrasexual competition: Physical strength Ability to acquire territory Skills such s hierarchy negotiation Uniheir- the way gorillas are with one male and have many women When you have Intrasexual competition going you find more sexual dimorphism in the species Yananamo- Shagnon discovered them. The yanamao fight over females Can the theory of sexual selection explain the many ways in which men and women different psychologically and behaviorally Evolutionary psychology: is a biologically informed approach to the study of human behavior. It argues that much if not all of our behavior can be explained by appeal to internal psychological mechanisms. That these are adaptations (products of natural selection) that helped our ancestors to survive and reproduce. Book definition: evolutionary psychology is the new science of human nature and together with behavior genetics is currently the bes theoretical perspective with which to understand the biological and evolutionary influences on human preferences, values, emotions, cognition, and behavior.

5/1/12 Intrasexual selection: what heritable qualities lead to success in Intrasexualual competition: Darwin notices there is something different in those who have Differential reproductive success reproduce more then others Successful mating requires solutions to adaptive problems. Selecting a fertile mate Out competing same sex rivals in attracting a mate Fend off mate poachers Prevent the mate from leaving Engage in sexual and social behaviors that are required for successful conception,child birth and childrearing These all relate to mating problems. Mating preferences Like selects for like - positive assortative mating Opposites attract - negative assortative mating Marriage preferences Endogamy - marry someone from inside your group however the group is defined Exogamy - Mary someone outside the group however it is defined Need successful mate retention tactics

Parental investment and sexual selection Intrasexual selection: members of one s ex engage in competitive battles with each other Intersexual selection : deals with the preferences of members of one sex for members of the opposite sex who possess certain qualities. Desires in the qualities in a mate camp bring about evolutionary change. Parental investment ties in with sexual selection Females tend to be choosy males tend to be competitive. What women desire in a marriage partner Women are predicted to desire characteristics that reliably lead to an increase in women's reproductive success. These include selecting a mate who Is able to invest resources in her and her children Is able to physically protect her and her children Shows promise as a good parent Will be sufficiently compatible in goals and values to enable strategic alignment without inflicting too many costs on her and her children.

Many characteristics are universally desired by both sexes Mates who are intelligent, kind, understanding, dependable and health Mutual attractions/love Spouses similair to themselves in political orientation and religious beliefs were valued Intelligence is linked with many positive qualities, including skill and parenting longevity Kindness linked with a cooperative disposition, interest in long term relationships, ability to form social alliances and empathy in rearing children Dependability linked with reliability, sustained cooperation, and willingness tonhelpna mate consistently through times of trouble Good health linked its longevity and lack of transmissible diseases

Conclusions Women more than men desire good financial prospects in a mate but women also tend to value qualities that are known to be linked to resource acquisition such as ambition, industriousness, social status and somewhat older age Men value physical appearance because it provides a wealth of clues to a womans health, fertility and reproductive value Men universally wanted mates who were younger than themselves How does this relate to behavioral tactics that men and woman use to attract mates, retain mates, and derogate their rivals Behaviors correspond to expressed desires of the opposite sex Women tend to put more effort into appearance enhancement in mate attractin and mate retention When women derogate their rivals, they focus on the rivals physical flaws "she has fat thighs" Mend tend too display and bestow resources on the women they are trying to attract and retain

Men tend to denigrate their rivals by criticizing the rivals professional prospects "he's lazy he lacks ambition he doesn't know what he wants to do in his life

How does this relate to the mates we actually get A persons own limited "mate value" or level of desirability, will limit their ability to attract the most desirable mates. Most people must settle for someone who is less than what they ideally want

Anthrogroup notes 5/03


Sexual selection Evolutionary psychology and standards of beauty are linked with fertility. False eyelashes and eye makeup increase the apparent size of the eyes and increase cuteness. Cues to youth, like full lips. Low ratio of hips to waist. Health also signaled by white teeth. Symmetrical features of face. Men universally want women younger then themselves and ignites that cue or wanting fertility. These are involved in adaptations of sexual selection. The significance of sexual dimorphism The genetic and hormonal basis of human sexual dimorphism. Xx= female Xy= male Sex hormones Estrogens Androgens (testosterone) Androge s are responsible for differentiation of sex phenotype Female = without androgen Male= with androgen Genetic males can become e phenotypically female if exposed to certain chemicals at critical times during their development Testosterone Causes prenatal differential of male genetelia In adolescence causes for muscular development, laryngeal development, balding acne. Estrogens Stimulate development of female secondary sexual characteristics at puberty Progesterone is important in regulating ovulation and the menstruation Relaxin: a hormone that causes the cervix and pelvic ligaments to relax during pregnancy and delivery Overlapping distributions of sex hormones in men and women. Secular trend is for a drop in age of menarche

At 24 % fat girls have enough fat to produce menstration Natural selection as a cause of sexual dimorphism Evolution - A change in the gene frequencies of a population over time. Sex differences in the human pelvis Natural selection favored a pelvic outlet large enough to give birth to large headed babies Sexual selection may have reinforced this: males may have preferred mates with wider hips Wide hips: present mechanical difficulties during running (loss of energy through angular momentum. This would counterbalance their obstetrical advantage Narrow hips: women may have preferred males with narrower be sure of its association within running ability and hunting prowess. The energetic basis of sex differences Sperm are cheap, eggs are very expensive Pregnancy is inherently expensive for females, but inherently inexpensive for males Lactation drains the energy of females, in the past ales couldn't do it Child care: can be charged but often isn't

Sexual selection as a cause of sexual dimorphism Are the breasts and buttocks of women an advertisement of reproductive potential? It has been suggested that female breast development is a change associated with the shift in signaling of reproduction status from the perineal to area to the chest associated with the change from quadrupedalism (walk on all fours) to bipedalism. When she is in estrous female genitals of chimpanzees swell and males pick on it. Estrous and sexual swelling Concealed ovulation Sexual dimorphism in the head Besides the pelvis, the head is one of the most sexually dinorphic areas of the body Males have - heavier jaws, larger faces, proportionally smaller eyes, lower foreheads Why do males have facial hair and females lack it. Because males have more testosterone the females Why do males have big chin? Why do males have deeper voices? All has to do with testosterone The spearman and the archer Anthropologist called Alice Brird, hypothesized that population differences in. Ale body form evolved owing to the different mechanical requirements of weapons. Use of spears would favor long linear build (long arms impart greater velocity) Use of the bow and arrow would favor broad shoulders and upper body strength

Sex differences in behavior How much of the gender differences we observe in behavior are the result of cultural influences? How much of the gender differences we observe in behavior are the result of genetic differences between the sexes? Is Roid rage real? Do testosterone supplements increase the angry behavior of normal males?

Studies of normal men how little effect of supra physiological doses of testosterone on levels of aggression or sexual activity.

Midterm review and readings 5/03


Read chapter 1 all the way through again.

Know naturalistic fallacy and moralistic fallacy pg. 4

Evolutionary psychology know what it is.

Standard social science model. They are giving false models.

Pg. 14 need to know what Adaptation is. Adaptation is a product of evolution by natural and sexual selection, and it allows an organism to solver particular problems.

Cuckoldry on pg. 16 know what that is. That is when his wife has sex with another man and that wife has children and he raises this child who he believes to be his as his own. When it is not his.

13-20% of children in the u.s. are not the genetic offspring of e male.

Men who are in cuckhold end up waisting their resources as that their genes will ot be transferred into the next generation.

Men guard their mates. There are clear sex differences in what causes jealousy. Pg.17

Pg.18 goes back to standard social science model

Know the savanna prince that starts on pg. 20 . The ancestral environment where humans lived millions of years ago started was in the grassland and this caused evolutionary psychology to the humans.

Pg. 20-22-24-25

Human evolution stopped, this is not true and it is still going on. 25-28

Culture is patterns of behavior we see across populations.

She would agree there is not only one human culture but many.

No three cultures.

Chapter 3. Whole thing.

Know what interse is.

Juevo doses ambitious genitals . Anatomically ambiguous , definitely know intersex conditions

Know natural selection and sexual selection and how they are different.

Will talk about mate poaching and guarding after midterm.

Gender identity lecture part 2 Transgender people, and usage it constantly changing across on how everyone uses it. Use of the word transgender changes repeatedly and constantly Zuni Berdache We'wha - berdaches wore women's clothes and Carrie Doug women's activities You don't laugh at the berdache, these people were leaders and held with high esteem. Treated with complete respect. Berdaches are not transvestites , berdaches are a Third sex. Authentic member of the tribe. They work and have social status of both Key features if make and female Berdaches (will roscoe) 1. Productive specialization - crafts and domestic work,hunting warfare lead 2. Supernatural sanction - something. Contacted them supernaturally that directed them to become a berdache 3. Gender variation - there was variation in

Berdaches had sex with males, you cannot have sex with the same type. And get married to a male Emic viewpoint - native or inside viewpoint Etic viewpoint - outsider or anthropologist Manly hearted woman; Blackfoot Indians. Could speak their minds. These were sexually aggressive and in charge Docile, submissive Guevedoces - from dominican republic born as females and change into boys at 12 . about how boys balls drop at age 12 and voice changes Dihydrotestosterone - responsible for male appearance at birth, normally when males in uterus there is a burst of dihydrotest so can see penis by 8 weeks in uterus. This testosterone comes in burst one in uterus then next At age 12 voices deepened and develop masculture, Melvin knner the tangled wing: biological constraints on the human spirit New guinea kwolu - aatmwol Ambiguous genetelia Eunuch Hijras - no ambitious genetelia they are strictly born male. They are a true third gender. Neither men nor women but Hijra. Found in northern part of Italy. Dress as women, hyper feminine. They can curse people and blessings. The. You give the money to bless your event, even if they are not invited. Live on the outskirts of the town or village. Marginalized , new member into community through kidnap or runaway boys to join Sunflowers - 1975 Performing in drag autonomically males hyperfem Santa Cruzan festival that celebrates the discovery of st. Ellen Men can have sex with them, sunflowers are third gender. Masculine man who has sex with sunflowers are it considered gay. Maybe married and have kids and have no interest in other me.

Sent from my iPad

Human biological diversity

. sex and gender most human beings are unambigiously either biologically male or female As these two real categories of sex male and female are incorporate The identity place and role of males and females under different cultural systems vary according to the nature of those systems. Their economies, politics, family organizations, and abstract beliefs Thus males and females of the human species become the men and women of a particular society practicing a particular culture. Enculturation- unwritten cultural rules, a lot of culture especially with gender differences is unwritten Summary- human societies need to find order in and make sense of the environments in which they live. Cultural systems there fore translate objective reality into categories that have meaning to them. Sexual dimorphism- differences in sizes and shapes of the members of species between males and females. We are members to a evolutionary group called primates Sexual dimorphism which refers to size and shape differences of the species Di-chromotism - differences in color of the species Sexual dimorphism: physical differences between males and females of the same species. Sex: the biological categories and characteristics of males and females. Distinguishes biologically maleness and femaleness Gender: the cultural categories and characteristics of men and women. Designates psychological, social, and cultural constructions of maleness and femalesness. Sexual orientation - an individuals preference for sexual partners for the same or other sex. Hetero means different homo means same Gender Identity - Individuals private experiences of themselves

Gender expression - referes to the way people communicate their gender identity across, gender excretion It can be through clothing stykes hair styles, voice, body charactersistics Trans shirt for wkrd transgender

Vous aimerez peut-être aussi