TAKE HOME EXAMINATION FOR GFPS 3513 Question 1 Propaganda define itself as the organized dissemination of information, allegations,

to assists or damage the cause of a government or could be movement (Collin Engkish Dictionary, 2006). From the dictionary, we dont see the broad meaning of propaganda, we just see it as information sharing and its brought influence. According to Siepmann C. A., propaganda is organized persuasions. Now, new word added into the definition which it relate to persuade people to be influance with the information. Besides, Jowett & ODonnell, propaganda delibrate on the systematic attempt taht colud shape the perceptions, manipulate cognitions, and direct behaviour to achieve response that furthers to desire the intent of propaganda. So, what we could understand is that the propaganda is an information that aim to persue people that could create situation, changes, movement, or even revolution. Also, it could be define as the plan by any party that produced a special communication to affect the minds and emotions. The emotions that wanted to create is not only individual but propaganda meant for specific group and for specific purpose that could be military, economic and politic. To create strong propaganda, one party need to understand the techniques, each techniques represent its own uses and effect. The first technique would be the bandwagon technique. In my understanding, the bandwagon represent group of people that share the same interest, or more like people in a band that we all know a group of music. However in propaganda, bandwagon meaning that jump, climb, or get on the bandwagon to join or give support to a party or movement that seem to be assured of success. Furthermore, bandwagon also has its own persuasion that calling people to join into the group. It seems like an invitation that everybdoy would say yes or no. Somehow, in badwagon everybody are willing to join into the group. The example that might be suitable can be the Epifanio de La Santos Evanue (EDSA), which happened three times in Philippines. Everyone in each EDSA are fighting against their president. The group started with the lower class people then its started to call the middle class people too. Even the middle class plan EDSA, however it is planned for lower class people get their rights. EDSA is one of the largest revolution in South East Asia. For the second technique, it is the testimonial technique. Testimonial is a recommendation of the character or ability of a person or of a product or service, especially by a person whose opinion is valued. Also, it is related with the a formal statement of truth or fact. So, we can understand that testimonial is a statement that approve the idea of product by the

prominent person, that could be very popular and important as presiden of the state, king, or prime minister. From testimonial, it could influence people by spread the trust into the person testimony. The testimonial is not easy as people could think. The word that come out from the important individual valued do much to the people that adore and trust that individual. For example, the Red Line created after Thaksin urged to leave Thailands cabinet, and it also created the Yellow Line that support the King Bhumibhol Adulyadej and the governement. The Yellow Line and Red Line trust their important person to fight and be loyal for each other goal. Besides that celebrity endorsements are a popular tactic in political campaigns. Media mogul Oprah Winfrey keep giving good and posives comment on Barrack Obama had brought such influenced towards American as we see Oprah as the most popular celebrity in America. The third technique would be the transfer technique. Transfer mean delegating or give away on good feeling that wanted on connecting the users of one product, the product can be anything such as the political party. The users need to be convinced by the product owner. The users need to be tell positives as much as owner can do. The product can be tell as beneficial, brought advantages, making life easier or the product had the better quality. For example, the political party will give their 100 percent of effort to come up as number one party. Especially during the elections, each party will promoting their positiveness and try to convince votters that they are better than other political party. Barisan Nasional had rulling Malaysia for almost 54 years which started since independent of Malaysia. However, they need to always delegating the positives and good effort in maintaning their psotion as rulling party because the opponent party that today seen as the very strong wave that could end Barisan Nasionals rulling. The forth technique is the slogan. Slogan carried the words that create a pharase loaded with messages and create its own sound. Slogan can be as the msot simple technique in propaganda that can be done by any party. The slogan loaded with emotions and voiced by people from time to time and some slogan lasting for a long years. The repetition of slogan make it stronger and adding its own followers. Slogan cannot be create just like that. The very sharp mind and intelligent needed in order to create the meaningful slogan. For example, in 1963, Indonesia came out with slogan Ganyang Malaysia that created by Sukarno the President of Indonesia. The Indonesia fighting against the formation of Malaysia not only on its President, but the slogan meaning to every of Indonesian. Even today, the confrontation against Malaysia had end, the Indonesian kept using Ganyang Malaysia if there issues came up between Malaysia and Indonesia. From this example we know that slogan brought such emotions and power to its users that could be last forever and remembered.

The fifth technique is the name calling. This technique gives such title that reminds us to such acting that can be a good way to call one person with other name or it could be humiliation. As its title suggests, name calling involves the use of derogatory language and descriptions to discredit the opposition. The aim is to arouse prejudice among the public by labeling the target something that the public dislikes. This technique is very common in the political realm. It may also be found in writings or cartoons that use humor to ridicule or humiliate the opponent. This technique might see as lame technique. However if this technique used to someone it could destroy his confidence, spirit and his will to fight. This might be become the last arm of one party to propagate other party in a bad way. For example, the words that frequently used for name calling such as backward, outdated, obscurantist, reactionary, uneducated, primitive, narrow-minded, and raw, etc. Nobody would like to get labeled with these words. The sixth technique is the plain folks technique. The plain folks approach relies on appealing to the masses to gain support and power for its argument which similar to bandwagon technique. However, plain folks emphasizes on targeting the average citizen and its presentation of the promoted argument as working for the common benefits. By using this method, the propagandist will often attempt to use the accent of a specific audience to generate the impression of sincerity and spontaneity. The visiting, the social activity or even sports can be seen as plain folks. For example, the open house on each main ethnic celebration that done by government meant to increase the support from citizen. The visiting form local leader considered the leader as very responsible and caring. For instance, a political leader arranges the very strategic appearance on dinner in a restaurant or planning on visiting citizens in the subarea so that they can win the public support. The last but not least is the lesser of two evils. This approach works by presenting a situation as a choice in which one response is destructive, and the other is more positive. That also knew providing the option technique. It is frequently used during wartime to encourage sacrifice or justify potentially unpopular policies, and is often implemented in concurrence with the demonization of the opposing side. For example, the Bush administrations promotion of Homeland Security policies, including controversial wiretapping, applied this strategy by presenting victory for terrorist enemies as the only alternative to the program. In order to fight against terrorist, Bush applied such policies that see as good and bad policy. For the conclusion, propaganda is like a systematic way on influencing people to believe, systematic effort on manipulating people attitudes, behavior and actions. Truly, propaganda will not be success without good arrangement by suitable and strong techniques.

Question 2 a) Overt propaganda Overt propaganda defined as the targeted audience by propagandist. Propagandists identity and interest know the reactor or the target audience. The propaganda that creates is absolutely aimed for the certain people that fix and suit in it. The sources of overt propaganda are clear and trusted. This type of propaganda related to white propaganda based on the known sources. Overt propaganda distinguished between covert propaganda which propaganda is in play when the propagandist is unknown or disguised. For instances, the used of unsigned political advertisements, clandestine radio stations using false names, or statements by officials who have been secretly bribed is type of covert propaganda that absolutely differ with overt propaganda. b) White propaganda The other form of propaganda is the white propaganda. Basically, people see white as clean, pure and clear. For white propaganda, it has the very clear source. The source identified correctly and the information in the messages tends to be accurate. People will easily trust and give positives perception. For example the celebration of Independence Day will show to people the good elements in the states and increasing the patriotism among citizen. The harmony among citizen and the very important is the celebration of Independence Day will give a good image of good government. So, it must be clear that the good sources mentioned just now come from government and straight down to government officers to delegate this information. The officers considered as the spokesperson for government that understand the information first before delegating it to people. c) Black propaganda The third form of propaganda is the black propaganda. Black play as the dark and almost see as dirty. For some culture, black refer to evil, death and sorrow. As well as in propaganda, the black propaganda sees as false and unclear information. The information that shares is credited to be false and in the negatives mode. The information that spread and share can be the actual lies, fabrication and deception. The viewers tend that exposed to black propaganda they are all in the bias position. For people that knew propaganda, they will easily detect which one is white or black propaganda, from that they see black propaganda as big lies

and there are no truth accepts the only lies tell. The lies not telling for nothing but it demand for such attention from public. From the attention, the receivers will accept the credibility of the sources and content of the messages. According to the Encyclopedia of American Foreign Policy, black propaganda is usually prepared by secret agents or intelligence. By this way, the real sources which the originating government will not be discover as the informer. d) Grey propaganda The last form of propaganda is the grey propaganda. Grey is a color that mixes by some black and white. It is same with the meaning of grey propaganda that brought information from sources that somewhat between clear or unclear. The sources it could be known or illusive which not correctly defined. The use of grey propaganda openly happened in government or non-government side. For example, the incident of September 11 gives us such impulsive information. For sometimes it tell us that Afghanistan false in this incident, then next it said that America planning this to frame Afghanistan and all Islamic states as terrorism and lastly we heard that actually Osama is not exist, it is only America plan to create such character to strengthen claim for America war against Afghanistan. From different information on one issue, we will face the disability to understand the real situation and we tend to trust any information from unidentified sources.

Question 3 Public diplomacy is important component in international relation and also important to propaganda. The definition of public diplomacy deals with the influences and attitudes on the formation and execises of foreign policies. It also realted to include entirely or comprehensively the dimention of international relation more than traditionla diplomacy and the cultivation by government of public opinion in other countries. The scenario shown how the interaction had come to cross boundaries and cultures. However, public diplomacy happened well in theory, not in practical. Many countries nowadays doing international relations in aimed to promote each other on business matter and political influences. The sense of sharing information not done so well because it depends on the states will. Still, the propaganda that brought by international relations would create such relations and loyalty towards one another. However, these two terms sometimes cannot be together. When we define public diplomacy in international relations as propaganda, we must define it by see the role of public diplomacy. Public diplomacy play itself as the centre of ideas

and information exchange. The leaders mind set on sharing information not happened so well during world war. The information that brought only for the allience not for all and the information brought its own influence. Today, the situation had change. America put the very big effort on propagating fight against terrorism towards all states, not only to democracy. Now, the ideology is not the story but the issue is a story that need everyone attention. Besides, America had spread the new technology by inventing the microprocessor that need by all states to improve technology. For America, herself is the centre of information, she lead and other states follow. Look like she success even today we knew the reality that America used pheriphery states to become stronger. Besides that, not all of the information are tell by developed states towards other states. There are limitation on the information that hold developing states and third world states from growing that kept them as supply states. Propagate themselves as the most developed to create such notion that defeated other states from growing better. The second reasons of define public diplomacy in international relations as propaganda is because through public diplomacy, the characteristics of democratics society can be inherent. Propaganda need attention and need fast and stong spread. Without democratic society, propaganda cannot be generate well. The acceptance or deny of propaganda comes from open minded society that be able to understand the need for the propaganda. During cold war, the ideology of communism and democraticsm had become the reasons for the torn up of USSR and USA relations. The states that choosen democracy became the west allies and the states that choosen communism become eastern allies. However, the number of communism states collapse and from that democracy has become the main ideology. The barriers of information are not exist in democracy states. In theory it is true, but practically democratic states play some sanctions of information spreading especially in new democratic states. The third reasons would be, through public diplomacy, propaganda can be enhance because public diplomacy is the central of foreign policies. Each foreign policies actually propagate each states stands in doing international relations or in solving international conflitcs. The public diplomacy held exclusive role on generating foreign policies. Besides, diplomacy needed to all states leader to communicate each other and understand the need. Furthermore, the leader can open itself and find the better interest. For example, Malaysias fourth Prime Minister, Tun Dr. Mahathir Mohamed, propagate relations among Asia states and do not rely on west. The Look Eat Policy open Malaysia to doing relation with Japan and South Korea. However, its not stopped there, he even slay the Commonwealth as unequal organizations to Malaysia. He is also promoting South-South relations that had open himself as the very brave

and charismatic leader. He success to transform Malaysia into developing states. Another example would be is the China that open herself to world business. The divison of China make half of china is world trade are and the other part remaining for socialist economies. The resullt shows that today, China has become the most strongest economies. However, some scholars are not agree that propaganda can be together with public diplomacy in generating international relations. The fourth reasons would be that public diplomacy indispensable to national interest, ideals and leadership role in the international relation which need transparency. It involves not only shaping the messages that a country wishes to present abroad, but also analyzing and understanding the ways that the message is interpreted by diverse societies and developing the tools of listening and conversation as well as the tools of persuasion. Though, public diplomacy need to be distinguished from propaganda based on the premise that propaganda is by definition deceptive and manipulative. This is because, public diplomacy maintain that creating a bond of trust between governments and foreign nations can be achieved through honest and open communication about a country's foreign policy goals. Furthermore, the historical application and misuse of propaganda, efforts at influencing public opinion are inextricably linked to deeply embedded associations of propagandist manipulation and deception. In response to these negative connotations, there has been an intensive effort within the field of public diplomacy to disassociate its efforts from propaganda. According to Sikand (2008), 'public diplomacy' is regarded as a crucial propaganda weapon to pursue American 'national interests'. American policy makers now seek for communication with Islamic states with non-state actor such Non-Government Organizations, media and public that protecting Americas interest and protect her from anti-American society. For the conclusion, propaganda can be good as its persuade states to having best relations with its states friends based on specific interest, though the interest still play a deceptive notion that almost see as virus in public diplomacy. The relations between states not only for propaganda, but it need to be clear that public diplomacy enhancing on clean relations. REFERENCES Public Diplomacy. Retrieved from http://publicdiplomacy.wikia.com/wiki/Propaganda on 1st November 2011. William A. Levinson (1999). An Introduction to Propaganda. Retrieved from

http://www.stentorian.com/propagan.html on 1st November 2011.

Propaganda, Covert and Overt. Retrieved from http://www.hempworld.com/MarijuanaStore/html/propaganda01.html Propaganda. Retrieved from http://ics.leeds.ac.uk/papers/pmt/exhibits/727/propaganda.pdf on 2nd November 2011. Analysis of Propaganda Techniques. Retrieved from http://www.brethrenassembly.com/Ebooks/Apol_14A1.pdf on 2nd November 2011.