Chapter 3: What will I do to help students practice and deepen their understanding of new knowledge?

In the Classroom Students must have opportunities to practice. The next day he briefly summarizes the content from the video. Discusses metaphor with students. Introduces students to a metaphor activity reading. Next day he reviews the homework by students presenting his or her metaphor. Whole- Class discussion. Students must have a sound foundation on which to build new awareness. Repeated exposure to the knowledge. Multiple exposures over time facilitate the assimilation (gradually integrating new knowledge into a learners existing knowledge base) process. For accommodation (changing existing knowledge structures), interaction with content must challenge existing perceptions. Schemata are packets in which knowledge is organized and stored. Schemata are shared by and created by groups as they interact around a common topic. There are three types: -Accretion: The accumulation or addition of new knowledge than we can add to the old one over time. -Tuning: A transition between accretion and restructuring. -Restructuring: reorganizing knowledge so that it might produce new insights. Is oriented towards skills, strategies or processes. Is shaped by the learner. Automaticity: Executed the process without consciously thinking about the parts of the process. Controlled processing: He must typically think about the process to execute the steps effectively. Fluency: describes the development of a skill or process to the level of automaticity or controlled processing. It must be practiced. Small amount of material at time. Engage in the cognitive processing activities of organizing, reviewing, rehearsing, summarizing, comparing, and contrasting. Effective practice involves students examining and shaping the initial steps (mentioned above). Informational in nature. Review and revision. Students need about four exposures to new informational knowledge to adequately integrate it into their knowledge base. Three activities that qualify as useful ways to deepen students understanding of declarative knowledge. -Revision: It needs to have structure and guidance, and requires from students to add new information to the topic being revised as well as correct errors and clarify distinctions. -Error analysis: Faulty logic (if something occur once, it will occur systematically); attack (disprove a point by discrediting the other person); weak references (using sources that have no credibility); and misinformation (confusing the facts). -Identifying similarities and differences: comparing (identifying similarities); contrast (identifying differences); classifying (grouping those which are alike); creating metaphors (identifying a general or basic pattern); and creating analogies (identifying the relationship between two sets of items).

Research and Theory Schemata Development

Developing Procedural Knowledge

Developing Declarative Knowledge

Homework

Teacher - assigned task intended for students to perform outside school hours. Doing homework causes improve academic achievement. Homework for young children should help them develop good study habits (long term developmental effect). Time spent Homework must be realistic in length and difficulty given the students abilities to work independently. 10 minutes per night, per grade level (including all subject areas). Too much homework may diminish its effectiveness, or even become counterproductive. It is the proportion of homework completed that appears to produce the strongest achievement gains. Parent Such assignments cause students and their parents or other family members to involvement become engaged in conversations that relate to the academic curriculum and thus extend the students learning. Interactive homework. Conclusions The most defensible purposes for homework are practice, preparation, and about parent child relations. homework Overall: positive effect of homework. The amount of time should be carefully considered as well as the grade levels. Homework should be structured to ensure high completion rates. Identify learning goals. Homework is meant to be done by students without the help of a teacher overseeing the process. Parents and guardians should be provided with guidelines regarding how to help without homework. Comparing: identifying similarities and differences among or between things and ideas. e. g. Sentence stem for comparing, diagramming, double bubble, and comparison matrix (easily expanded to include added elements to compare and more characteristics on which elements are compared. Classifying: grouping things that are alike into categories based on their characteristics (sort content into categories). e.g. using a chart Categories can be chosen by the students. Creating metaphors: identifying a general or basic pattern that connects information that is not related on the literal or surface level (abstract level). General characteristics that unite the two seemingly unrelated elements. Creating analogies: identifying the relationship between two sets of items (A is to B as C is to D). e.g. graphic representation. Faulty logic -Contradiction: presenting conflicting information. -Accident: failing to recognize that an argument is based on an exception to a rule. - False cause: confusing a temporal (time) order of events with causality or oversimplifying the reasons behind some event or occurrence. -Begging the question: using statements that are simply the equivalent of the original claim. -Evading the issue: changing the topic. -Arguing from ignorance: Justified simply because its opposite has not been proven true. -Composition/ division: asserting something about a whole that is really only

Action Steps. Action step 1. Provide students with tasks that require them to examine similarities and differences. (Declarative knowledge)

Action step 2. Help students identifying errors in thinking. (Declarative knowledge)

Action step 3. Provide opportunities for students to practice skills, strategies, and processes. (Procedural knowledge)

Action step 4. Determine the extent to which cooperative groups will be used. Action step 5. Assigned purposeful homework that involves appropriate participation from the home.

Action step 6. Have students systematically revise and make corrections in their academic notebooks.

true of its parts is composition. Attacks -Poisoning the well: a persons unwillingness to consider anything that may contradict his or her opinion. -Arguing against the person: rejecting a claim using derogatory facts. -Appealing to force: threats to establish the validity of a claim. Weak references -Sources that reflect biases: accepting information we already believe to be true or consistently rejecting information that goes against what we believe. -Sources that lack credibility: using a source that is not reputable for a given topic. -Appealing to authority: using a source that is not reputable for a given topic. -Appealing to the people: based on its popularity. -Appealing to emotion: sob story as a proof for a claim. Misinformation -Confusing the facts: using information that seems to be factual but that has been changed in such a way that It is no longer accurate. -Misapplying a concept or generalization: wrongly applying a concept. These types of errors must be directly taught to students and exemplified in concrete terms. It also helps students to construct valid support for their own conclusions. Initially provide structured practice sessions spaced close together. Students should be provided a clear model of the procedure and even a chance or two to try it themselves. Structured means that the practice tasks are designed in such a way as to maximize students success rates. Volunteers are asked to describe how they used the strategy with the target words. Provide practice sessions that are gradually less structured and more varied. Teacher has presented a clear model and allowed students brief chances to try the model (simple versions). In later practice sessions, more complex aspects are required. Share their new awareness regarding the strategy. When appropriate, providing practice sessions that help develop fluency. If a procedure is necessary for students future success in school or in life, enough practice must be provided for students to develop the procedure to a level of fluency. The teacher might have students keep track of their progress. To see their progress over time and helps them pinpoint whether they need to focus on accuracy, speed, or both. Using cooperative learning techniques (small groups). Small groups to check their work for accuracy and describe their personal approaches. Homework helps students deepen their knowledge. Homework enhances students fluency with procedural knowledge by keeping students track of their accuracy and speed. Homework introduces new content. Some basic understanding or sections of something Periodically students are asked to review what they have recorded in their notebooks with an emphasis on identifying those things about which they were accurate initially and those things about which they were inaccurate initially.

Summary What will I do to help students practice and deepen their understanding of new knowledge?

New knowledge

Procedural knowledge

Declarative knowledge

Practice Use of

Error analysis

Identify similarities & differences

Cooperative work

Homework

Revision activities