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APPLIANCES CODE
Australian Standard 

SAA INDUSTRIAL FUEL-FIRED


AS 1375—1985
This Australian standard was prepared by Committee ME/21, Industrial Fuel-fired
Equipment. It was approved on behalf of the Council of the Standards Association of
Australia on 10 September 1984 and published on 4 April 1985.

The following interests are represented on Committee ME/21:


Australian Gas Association
Australian Institute of Energy
Australian Institute of Petroleum Ltd
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Bureau of Steel Manufacturers of Australia


Confederation of Australian Industry
Department of Labour and Industry, Vic.
Department of Mines and Energy, N.T.
Department of Transport and Construction
Heating and Cooling Industry Association of Victoria
Insurance Council of Australian Ltd
Metal Trades Industry Association of Australia
University of Melbourne

Review of Australian Standards. To keep abreast of progress in industry, Australian Standards are subject
to periodic review and are kept up to date by the issue of amendments or new editions as necessary. It is
important therefore that Standards users ensure that they are in possession of the latest ed ition, and any
amendments thereto.
Full details of all Australian Standards and related publications will be found in the Standards Australia
Catalogue of Publications; this information is supplemented each month by the magazine ‘The Australian
Standard’, which subscribing members receive, and which gives details of new publications, new editions
and amendments, and of withdrawn Standards.
Suggestions for improvements to Australian Standards, addressed to the head office of Standards Australia,
are welcomed. Notification of any inaccuracy or ambiguity found in an Australian Standard should be made
without delay in order that the matter may be investigated and appropriate action taken.

This standard was issued in draft form for comment as DR 83129.


AS 1375—1985

Australian Standard 
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SAA INDUSTRIAL FUEL-FIRED


APPLIANCES CODE

First published . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1973


Revised edition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1979
Second edition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1985

PUBLISHED BY STANDARDS AUSTRALIA


(STANDARDS ASSOCIATION OF AUSTRALIA)
1 THE CRESCENT, HOMEBUSH, NSW 2140
ISBN 0 7262 1641 0
AS 1375—1985 2

PREFACE
This edition of this standard was prepared by the Association’s Committee on Industrial Fuel-fired
Equipment, to supersede AS 1375—1979.
The standard was first issued in 1973, and was revised in 1979 to incorporate amendments and to update
it generally; it has now been completely reviewed to expand it in detail and make it generally more
comprehensive.
In the main the amendments in preceding years had concentrated on the appendices which are a vital
feature of this standard because of the importance of the design guidance which they provide. In a
succession of amendments, the appendices dealing with explosion relief, with ventilation rates for ovens,
and with data tables were clarified, adjusted, and modified.
The 1979 edition was fundamentally a reprinting to bring a degree of order to these various amendments,
and did not constitute a general review.
This edition represents a general revision, the main features of which are as follows:
(a) Broadly, the alterations represent the result of further experience with the standard, developments in
thinking arising from the publication and revision of AS 1853, Automotive Oil and Gas
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Burners—Mechanical Draught, and input from Committee ME/1, Boilers and Unfired Pressure
Vessels.
(b) More attention is paid to the appliance management system, as distinct from the burner management
system.
(c) The general subject of shutdown in the event of malfunction has received more detailed attention.
(d) It is made clearer in a number of places that the link between critical time and supervision response
time applies only at the ignition phase.
(e) The treatment of flame failure during operation is expanded, to explain exemptions more clearly.
(f) A number of adjustments and clarifications have been made to the clauses on purging, without
making any fundamental change of direction.
(g) Installation requirements have been expanded in detail, with the assistance of Committee ME/1.
(h) The commissioning clauses have been supported by a new appendix recommending a procedure.
(j) Flues and chimneys have been expanded considerably to cater mainly for the needs of very large
appliances, boilers, and the like. No attempt has been made to touch on structural design, this being
a specialist subject well covered in standards available elsewhere. The variable usage of words such
as flue, chimney, stack, smokestack or funnel to mean the same thing, or sometimes different things,
has caused an as yet unresolved difficulty. This edition uses the language of the industrial appliance
industry, i.e. flue is used as a generic term to mean the same as the alternative words.
(k) Appendix B and Appendix C have been made more comprehensive.
(l) Appendix D has been expanded, mainly to include an additional option, i.e. using excess air to
achieve infinity critical time. This technique has many attractions, notably it avoids the need to
depend on very fast-reacting protective systems. Appendix D therefore reflects some change of
emphasis.
(m) Appendix E and Appendix F remain unchanged, both being in regular use, and satisfactory, so there
is no need for alteration.
(n) Appendix H has been added to give guidelines for a procedure for commissioning new equipment.
In addition, there has been considerable editorial change.

 Copyright STANDARDS AUSTRALIA


Users of Standards are reminded that copyright subsists in all Standards Australia publications and software. Except where the Copyright Act
allows and except where provided for below no publications or software produced by Standards Australia may be reproduced, stored in a
retrieval system in any form or transmitted by any means without prior permission in writing from Standards Australia. Permission may be
conditional on an appropriate royalty payment. Requests for permission and information on commercial software royalties should be directed
to the head office of Standards Australia.
Standards Australia will permit up to 10 percent of the technical content pages of a Standard to be copied for use exclusively in-
house by purchasers of the Standard without payment of a royalty or advice to Standards Australia.
Standards Australia will also permit the inclusion of its copyright material in computer software programs for no royalty payment
provided such programs are used exclusively in-house by the creators of the programs.
Care should be taken to ensure that material used is from the current edition of the Standard and that it is updated whenever the Standard is
amended or revised. The number and date of the Standard should therefore be clearly identified.
The use of material in print form or in computer software programs to be used commercially, with or without payment, or in commercial
contracts is subject to the payment of a royalty. This policy may be varied by Standards Australia at any time.
3 AS 1375—1985

CONTENTS
Page

FOREWORD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5

SECTION 1. SCOPE AND GENERAL

1.1 Scope . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
1.2 Application . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
1.3 New Designs and Innovations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
1.4 Interpretations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
1.5 Referenced Documents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
1.6 Definitions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7

SECTION 2. APPLIANCE DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION


2.1 General Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 9
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2.2 Materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 9
2.3 Safety of Personnel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
2.4 Operating and Maintenance Provisions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
2.5 Explosion Damage Protection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
2.6 Temperature Hazards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
2.7 Instructions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
2.8 Marking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12

SECTION 3. COMBUSTION SYSTEM


3.1 General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
3.2 Ignition System Construction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
3.3 Supervision, Control, and Safe Procedures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
3.4 Starting and Ignition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
3.5 Flame Failure During Operation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
3.6 Multifuel Firing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
3.7 Shutdown Procedures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
3.8 Purging . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16

SECTION 4. CONTROL OF N ON-FUEL COMBUSTIBLE ATMOSPHERES


4.1 Scope of Section . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........... . . . . . . . 17
4.2 Prevention or Relief of Explosions . . . . . ........... . . . . . . . 17
4.3 Air Dilution and Purging . . . . . . . . . . . . ........... . . . . . . . 17
4.4 Vapour and Dust Removal . . . . . . . . . . . ........... . . . . . . . 17

SECTION 5. INSTALLATION , COMMISSIONING , AND OPERATION


5.1 Installer’s Responsibility . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
5.2 Standards for Workmanship and Good Practice . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
5.3 Location and Access . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
5.4 Fresh Air Supply . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
5.5 Fuel Supply System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
5.6 Commissioning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20

SECTION 6. FLUES (CHIMNEYS), EXHAUST SYSTEMS , AND D UCTS


6.1 General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ................ . . . . . . . . 21
6.2 Flue Design and Construction . . . ................ . . . . . . . . 21
6.3 Flue Supports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ................ . . . . . . . . 22
6.4 Earthing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ................ . . . . . . . . 22
6.5 Flue Dampers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ................ . . . . . . . . 22
6.6 Ducts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ................ . . . . . . . . 22

APPENDICES
A Operating Data, Special Purpose Ovens . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
B Regular Testing of Safety Devices and Procedures . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
AS 1375—1985 4

Page
C Typical Ignition Procedures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
D Critical Energy and Critical Time . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
E Relief of Explosions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
F Dilution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
G Characteristics Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
H Model Commissioning Procedure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48

ANNEX . L IST OF REFERENCED DOCUMENTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50


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5 AS 1375—1985

STANDARDS ASSOCIATION OF AUSTRALIA

Australian Standard
for
INDUSTRIAL FUEL-FIRED APPLIANCES

FOREWORD
Safety, which is an essential in all industrial activity, can Where the critical time is shorter than the reaction time
be achieved in even the most sensitive processes by of the ignition-failure protection system, and cannot be
adequate equipment design and operating procedures. extended, the speed and efficiency and reliability of the
Not only do fuel-fired appliances generate fuel/air mix- ignition system becomes vital, and facilities for relieving
tures, they may also contain or operate in atmospheres excessive explosion pressures become essential.
which include finely divided combustible materials. In This standard is based on the view that the hazard during
such conditions, hazards are always a possibility and this the starting up phase is considerably greater than that at
standard gives principles for designing such appliances any other part of the operating cycle. Thus attention is
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to operate with safety. concentrated on protection and supervision during


The most common accidents in heated industrial equip- ignition, and critical time considerations are applied only
ment are internal explosions that result from the during this period. Lighting-off from a pilot, or turn-up
accidental ignition of accumulations of fuel/air mixtures, after a low-fire start, or flame failure during operation,
volatile solvents, other vapours, or combustible dusts. An are not considered to be sufficiently problematical to
explosion becomes damaging when the internal pressure warrant the application of critical time considerations.
created exceeds the ability of the appliance to contain it, Combustible vapours or dusts have essentially the same
and, since few appliances are of sufficient strength to characteristics as fuel, i.e. they possess upper and lower
withstand pressures of a high order, it is necessary firstly combustible limits, stoichiometric ratios and charac-
to prevent the accumulation of combustible mixtures, teristic flame speeds. Any material that will oxidize is
secondly to avoid their ignition wherever possible, and potentially explosive if it is in a finely divided state and
thirdly, depending on the operating characteristics and mixed with air. Since it is never possible to guarantee
reliability of these preventive measures, to provide means the absolute elimination of all possible sources of
of relieving or mitigating the effect of an explosion. accidental ignition, first attention should be given to
When a finely divided fuel is introduced into an enclosed preventing the formation of combustible mixtures, the
space, it is potentially unsafe until it is ignited; if the usual method being by dilution with air, but sometimes
ignition attempt fails, or if the flame is extinguished at inert gases or products of combustion are used. Since
any time after initial ignition, unburnt fuel can accumu- these measures also cannot be guaranteed to be abso-
late in the enclosure, and may quickly reach potentially lutely reliable, it is necessary to provide explosion-
dangerous proportions. relieving facilities whenever such combustibles are
Therefore, the principal and most important of all the present, unless the appliance can withstand any possible
safety devices on an appliance is its ignition system; all explosion pressure.
other protective measures should be considered as Some types of appliance make use of atmospheres that
secondary provisions, i.e. back-up systems for which the are rich in combustible materials, often well above the
need arises only when the primary protection, the upper combustible limit, and at temperatures that are
ignition system, has failed. above the normal auto-ignition temperatures. For these
Given a known fuel flow rate and a known combustion appliances the same basic rules apply, i.e. the simul-
chamber volume, it is possible to calculate how long it taneous occurrence of combustible mixtures and igniting
would take for accumulated fuel to become dangerous if temperatures must be prevented unless in strictly
not ignited. This is called the critical time, and is a controlled circumstances.
characteristic of each individual appliance. It indicates Certain priorities should be kept clearly in mind when
the maximum allowable delay in ignition, and also the the protection needs of an appliance are being decided.
maximum safe response time for any ignition failure The first priority should be that no injury to personnel
protection system. results. The minimizing or containment of damage to the
It is always preferable to extend the critical time to the appliance or its surroundings, while important, is a
greatest possible extent, rather than depend too much on secondary consideration.
sensitive flame-monitoring equipment. The use of pilot Certain essential safety rules have widespread application
ignition, or low-fire starting, or the providing of high irrespective of wide varieties of configuration, methods
levels of dilution by excess air, all have the effect of of heating, or types of control. For example a reaction to
extending the critical time, and in the period since this a fault or to a danger must be equally effective whether
standard was first published the emphasis has developed it is the reaction of an attendant or of an automatic
in the direction of encouraging designers to extend device; adherence to a certain sequence of events may be
critical time to infinity. Another alternative is to ensure equally important irrespective of whether the timing is
that the structure is strong enough to be explosion proof. provided manually or mechanically. The safety of an
industrial appliance is a function of the features peculiar

COPYRIGHT
AS 1375—1985 6

to that individual appliance, and the functions of any rules for such burners independently of the whole
accessories often cannot be specified independently, but appliance. When this standard is used to check individual
must be derived from and be suitable for the needs of appliances, it will be necessary to decide whether the
the individual application. controls provided for the operating techniques specified
Thus it will be noticed that this standard in general are capable of providing, with a sufficient degree of
avoids giving mandatory lists of precisely what types of reliability, the functional characteristics that are
hardware should be fitted to particular appliances. In necessary for the safety of the particular appliance. The
particular it makes little mention of ‘automatic burners’ intent of this standard is to describe how to determine
or ‘package burners’ and makes no attempt to provide these critical appliance characteristics.
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COPYRIGHT
7 AS 1375—1985

SECTION 1. SCOPE AND GENERAL


1.1 SCOPE. This standard sets out the safety principles 1.6.5 Burner management system—a system or an
relating to the design, installation, and operation of operating procedure that controls the normal or
industrial appliances that involve the combustion of gas emergency functions of a burner.
or oil, or other fuel in air suspension, or the generation 1.6.6 Chimney—the final vertical portion of a flue,
of combustible vapours in such appliances. which discharges to atmosphere. The term is usually
NOTE: Although the rules for combustion safety given in this reserved for larger free-standing flues, e.g. as used on
standard are applicable in principle to very high energy release large boilers, brick kilns, or the like.
appliances such as large land boilers for electricity generation and
for solid fuel and pulverized coal firing, it should be recognized that 1.6.7 Critical time—the time required for unignited fuel
appliances of such a size present unique problems, often requiring to accumulate in such quantity and proportions that, if
comparatively sophisticated control systems. Each such case should
be studied individually and its safety evaluated in relation to its own ignited, the pressure of the resultant explosion would
particular conditions. constitute a hazard. (See Appendix D for further
1.2 APPLICATION. The requirements of this standard explanation and methods of determination.)
may be read in conjunction with, but do not take 1.6.8 Dilution—the supply of fresh air, or other suitable
precedence over, any Statutory Regulations that may diluent, and its circulation, distribution and exhaust to
apply in any area. outside atmosphere, in a quantity sufficient to dilute the
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NOTE: It should be noted that an installation may come under the concentration of a flammable vapour or dust to such an
jurisdiction of several authorities with differing areas of extent that it cannot be ignited.
responsibility, and that an approval from one does not necessarily
constitute an approval from others. Thus the construction of any 1.6.9 Duct—a closed conduit whose primary purpose is
plant may require separate approvals from authorities interested in to conduct gaseous fluid from one place to another. It is
flammable and combustible liquids, factory or machinery safety, taken to include any conduit that—
electricity, gas, health, environment, water supply, sewerage and
drainage, or the training and licensing of personnel. (a) leads gases from an external combustion chamber to
the appliance;
1.3 NEW DESIGNS AND INNOVATIONS. Any
novel materials, designs, methods of assembly, proce- (b) introduces ventilating air;
dures, etc, which do not comply with a specific require- (c) recirculates air or gases either external to or as an
ment of this standard, or are not mentioned in it, but integral part of the appliance; or
which give equivalent results to those specified, are not
necessarily prohibited. The responsible committee (d) exhausts process products, vapours or dusts.
(ME/21, Industrial Fuel-Fired Equipment) can act in an 1.6.10 Flame simulation—a false signal, indicating that
advisory capacity concerning equivalent suitability, but flame is present when in fact no flame is present.
specific approval remains the prerogative of the
Authority. 1.6.11 Flue—a duct or a system of ducts used to
remove products of combustion from the appliance to the
1.4 INTERPRETATIONS. Questions concerning the outside atmosphere.
meaning, application or effect of any part of this
standard, may be referred to SAA Committee ME/21 for 1.6.12 Fresh air—air which, at the point of usage, is
explanation. The authority of the committee is limited to essentially free from solid particles, fibres, liquid
matters of interpretations and it will not adjudicate in droplets, or gaseous contaminants.
disputes. 1.6.13 Installer—a person or organization who under-
1.5 REFERENCED DOCUMENTS. A list with titles takes the responsibility of making the installation, but not
of the standards referred to in this standard is given in an individual tradesman employed by the installer.
the Annex. 1.6.14 Interlock—a device which makes the operation
1.6 DEFINITIONS. For the purpose of this standard, of an item of equipment dependent on the fulfilment of
the following definitions apply: predetermined conditions by another item of equipment.
1.6.1 Appliance—industrial-typeequipment, irrespective 1.6.15 Lockout—a condition in which the device under
of application or location, used to apply heat to objects consideration has been turned off and can be restarted
or materials or to produce a special atmosphere. only after an initial manual action.
1.6.2 Appliance management system—a system or an 1.6.16 May—the word ‘may’ implies the right to use
operating procedure that controls the overall operation of discretion.
the appliance and which initiates and executes such 1.6.17 Power flue—a flue system which incorporates a
actions as are necessary to the normal operation of the fan downstream of a draught diverter or atmospheric
appliance and its protection from actually or potentially break to overcome potential reverse draught in the flue.
unsafe conditions. 1.6.18 Proved—means that the relevant condition has
1.6.3 Approval, approved—with the approval of, been sensed and registered as being correct. The term
acceptable to, and meeting the prescribed standards of, applies to both sensing by automatic control equipment
the Authority. and to visual or other personal verification by an
1.6.4 Authority—the Authority having jurisdiction operator.
concerning the installation.

COPYRIGHT
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AS 1375-1985, Industrial fuel-fired appliances


(known as the SAA Industrial Fuel-fired Appliances
Code)
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