Resource Guide in:

Sport Psychology

INTRODUCTION Sport Psychology is a science in which the principles of psychology are specifically applied in a sporting environment. The major aim of the sport psychologist is to help sports participants reach their sporting potential. Indeed, according to the Association for the Advancement of Applied Sport Psychology (AAASP) sport psychology is (a) the study of the psychological and mental factors that influence and are influenced by participation and performance in sport, exercise and physical activity, and (b) the application of knowledge gained through this study to everyday settings. An understanding of psychological principles is not only essential to sport psychologists, but is also invaluable to athletes, coaches, teachers, managers, support service providers and parents. In the United Kingdom the recognised body regulating and accrediting exercise and sports psychologists in the British Association of Sport and Exercise Sciences (BASES) http://www.bases.org.uk. Sport Psychologists are qualified professionals within the discipline of sport psychology who essentially engage in three interrelated tasks: research, education and application. Research Function conducting various kinds of research in order to find answers to questions related to sport. Research also provides the underpinning for the applied interventions used with sports teams and individuals. It is usually, but not exclusively, conducted within a higher education setting. Education Function teaching students and informing coaches, athletes, parents and others about the disciple of sport psychology. Application function assessing personality-performance relationships; using a range of intervention techniques to improve performance; often working on a one-to-one basis with sports teams and individual sports performers.

Resource Guide: Sport Psychology

Within the discipline of sport psychology there are a range of specific areas which focus on different aspects of sports performance. These areas have been grouped around four major headings: Motor learning and performance Psychological preparation for sport Social issues in sports behaviour Professional issues in sport psychology

There are numerous books and journals, which specialise in or contain information on sport psychology, only some of which have been presented in this guide. For a more comprehensive summary of book chapters, journal articles and correspondences please consult either the Sports Discus or Medline searchable databases (subscription required). Sports Discus http://www.ovid.com/site/catalog/DataBase/153.jsp?top=2&mid=3&bottom=7&subsec tion=10 Medline http://research.bmn.com/medline

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Resource Guide: Sport Psychology

MOTOR LEARNING AND PERFORMANCE A prominent feature of human existence is the capability to perform a range of skills. Without this capability it would be impossible for us to produce skilled performance such as writing, typing and reading. In a sporting context, the execution of a range of sport specific skills is critical to produce high levels of performance. Due to the wide and varied nature of skills in sport it is essential to understand how we perform, and how we learn to be able to develop motor performance. Everyone is born with a range of skills some we master very quickly, others require far more practice. Central to our understanding in this environment is to understand what a skill and motor skill are, and their importance in sports performance. A grasp of how we learn and develop and store information is also essential. Understanding the different types of feedback and the roles they play in developing skilled performance is of particular interest to coaches and sports practitioners. Key areas include: Classification of skills and motor abilities Skill acquisition Measurement of motor skills Theories of motor control Performing complex skills Proprioception and visions role in motor movement Preparing for action Information processing Resources / capacity / allocation of attention Memory structure and its components Progression of learning and its various stages Retention and transfer of learning Skill presentation and performance Benefits and hindrances of feedback Degrees of freedom Pattern formation, stability and multi-stability Motor development Dynamical systems perspective Biological basis of human behaviour

Key Texts Include: Rose, D J (1997) A multilevel approach to the study of motor control and learning. Boston, MA: Allyn and Bacon.
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Resource Guide: Sport Psychology

Kelso, J A S (1995) Learning dynamics. In Dynamic Patterns. Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press, 159-185. Magill, R (1997) Motor Control and Learning: Concepts and Applications. Dubuque, IA: Brown & Benchmark. Newell, K M and Corcos, D (1993) Variability and Motor Control. Champaign, Ill: Human Kinetics. Sage, G H (1984) Motor Learning and Control: A neuropsychological approach. Dubuque, IA: Wm C Brown. Schmidt , R A (1988) Motor Control and Learning. Champaign, Ill: Human Kinetics. Schmidt, R (1991) Motor Learning and Performance: From principles to practice. Champaign, Ill: Human Kinetics. Schmidt, R A and Lee, T D (1999) Motor Control and Learning: A behavioural emphasis. Champaign, Ill: Human Kinetics. Schmidt, R A and Wrisberg, C A (2000) Motor Learning and Control. A problembased learning approach. Champaign, Ill: Human Kinetics. Shea, C H, Shebilske, W L and Worchel, S (1993) Motor Learning and Control. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall. Shumway-Cook, A and Woollacott, M H (1995) Motor Control: Theory and practical applications. Baltimore, MD: Williams & Wilkins. Wallace, S A (1996) Dynamic pattern perspective of rhythmic movement: An introduction. In H N Zelaznik (ed.) Advances in Motor Learning and C. Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics, 155-194. Williams, A M, Davids, K and Williams, J G (1999) Visual Perception and Action in Sport. London: Routledge. Williams, M, Hodges, N, Scott, M and Court, M (2003) Skill Acquisition in Sport: Research, Theory & Practice. London: Routledge.

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Resource Guide: Sport Psychology

PSYCHOLOGICAL PREPARATION FOR SPORT Psychological preparation for sport is an essential aspect of successful sports performance at all levels. Elite sports performers make great use of psychological techniques before, during and after sports performance, both consciously and unconsciously. The higher the level of competition, the greater the psychological demands on the performer(s). Indeed many sport psychologists would argue that psychological preparation for sports performance is the most important part of sports performance. To effectively prescribe strategies to improve the performers psychological mindset an in-depth understanding of the theories and models underpinning psychological strategies is essential. Psychological preparation for sport is dependent on a wide range of factors, which differ for each individual sports performer. Therefore, understanding the underlying psychological principles and models will enable strategies to be adapted for a wide range of specific situations. Key areas include: Relaxation Motivation, commitment and goal setting Self-confidence and self-efficacy Arousal and activation Stress and anxiety Coping with injuries and self-healing Focusing and improving concentration Attention Distraction control Mental practice Psychological preparation for peak performance Integration of skills

Key Texts Include: Bull, S J (2000) Sport Psychology, A self-help guide. Marlborough: Crowood Press Ltd. Butler, R J (2000) Sport Psychology in Performance. NY: Oxford University Press. Duda, J L (1998) Advances in Sport & Exercise Psychology Measurement. Morgantown, WV: Fitness Information Technology Inc. Hardy, L, Jones, G and Gould, D (1996) Understanding Psychological Preparation for Sport: Theory and practice of elite athletes. Chichester: Wiley.

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Resource Guide: Sport Psychology

Lavellee, D, Kremer, J, Moran, A and Williams, M (2003) Sport Psychology: Contemporary Themes. Basingstoke: Palgrave MacMillan. Moran, A (1996) The Psychology of Concentration in Sports Performers: A cognitive analysis. Hove: Psychological Press. Williams, J M (2001) Applied Sport Psychology: Personal growth to peak performance. Maidenhead: McGraw-Hill.

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Resource Guide: Sport Psychology

SOCIAL ISSUES IN SPORTS BEHAVIOUR The sociology of sport focuses upon social relations, group interactions and sportrelated social phenomena. Due to the nature of groups, which are essentially composed of individuals, it is sometimes difficult to determine where psychology ends and sociology begins. The main focus of social issues in sports behaviour is exploring the social psychological issues relating to sports performance. Both internal and external factors are prevalent here including, group cohesion, social loafing, leadership, audience effects on sports performance and the impacts of the mass media on the individual. Key areas include: Gender issues in sport and exercise Socialisation and group dynamics in sports Group cohesion in sports Leadership in sports Communication Adherence in sport and exercise Social loafing Sport and social deviance Audience effects on sports performance Aggression and violence sports Sport and the mass media The impact of sport on children's development Withdrawal, dropout and burnout Personality and individual differences Team building

Key Texts Include: Carron, A V (1980) Social Psychology of Sport. Ithaca, NY: Mouvement Publications. Carron, A V (1988) Group Dynamics in Sport. London: ON: Spodym. Carron, A V, Hausenblas (1998) Group Dynamics in Sport. Morgantown, WV: Fitness Information Technology. Coakley, J (2001) Sport in Society: Issues and controversies. New York: McGrawHill.

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Resource Guide: Sport Psychology

Gill, D L (2000) Psychological Dynamics of Sport and Exercise. Champaign, Ill: Human Kinetics. Singer, R N, Murphey, M and Tennant, L K (1993) Handbook of Research on Sport Psychology. New York: Macmillan.

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Resource Guide: Sport Psychology

PROFESSIONAL ISSUES IN SPORT PSYCHOLOGY Sport psychology as a profession is continually evolving in the UK. With the changes in social and ethical values in society the role of the sport psychologist continues to change. Legal and ethical issues have been pushed to the forefront with professional practice, accreditation, insurance and ethical issues, including abuse and child protection, being viewed with utmost importance. An understanding of sport psychology in the modern world needs to be viewed in conjunction with all of these contemporary and professional issues. The three major organisations involved in the regulation, development and professionalism of sports psychologists in the UK are: British Association for Sport & Exercise Science (BASES) http://www.bases.org.uk British Psychological Society (BPS) http://www.bps.org.uk British Olympic Association (BOA) http://www.boa.org.uk

Key areas include: Professional accreditation Professional practice Legal issues Codes of conduct Working as a sport psychologist. Ethical issues Counselling

Key Texts include: Anderson, M B (2000) Doing Sport Psychology. Champaign, Ill: Human Kinetics. Lavalle, D and Cockerill, I (2002) Counselling in Sport and Exercise Contexts. The British Psychological Society, Sport & Exercise Psychology Section. Leicester. BASES Accreditation Guidelines: http://www.bases.org.uk/bases-prof-dev/index.html BASES Code of Conduct: http://www.bases.org.uk/bases-protocol/codecond.html BPS code of conduct: http://www.bps.org.uk/documents/Code.pdf

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Resource Guide: Sport Psychology

KEY TEXTS IN SPORT PSYCHOLOGY There is an extensive range of literature addressing aspects of sport psychology. Further historical and contemporary texts in the discipline of sport psychology include: Introductory / Intermediate (undergraduate Certificate / Intermediate level) Cashmore, E (2002) Sport Psychology: The key concepts. London: Routledge. Cox, R H (1998) Sport Psychology: Concepts and applications. WCB, Maidenhead: McGraw-Hill. Orlick, T (2000) In Pursuit of Excellence: how to win in sport and life through mental training. Champaign, Ill: Human Kinetics. Singer, R A, Haugenblas, H A and Janelle, C (2001) Handbook of Sport Psychology. Indianapolis, IN: John Wiley & Sons.

Intermediate / Advanced (undergraduate Higher level / postgraduate) Biddle, S (1995) European Perspectives on Exercise and Sports Psychology. Champaign, Ill: Human Kinetics. Davids, K, Savelsbergh, G, Bennett, S J, and Vanderkamp, J (2002) Interceptive Actions in Sport: Information movement. London: Routledge. Greenlees, I and Moran, A P (2003) Concentration Skills Training in Sport. The British Psychological Society, Sport and Exercise Psychology Section. Leicester. Horn, H (2002) Advances in Sport Psychology. Champaign, Ill: Human Kinetics. Jackson, S and Csikszentmihalyi (1999) Flow in Sports: The Key to Optimal Experiences and Performances. Leeds: Human Kinetics. LeUnes, A and Nation, J R (2002) Sport Psychology. Pacific Grove, CA: Wadsworth, Thomson Learning. Moran, A (2003) Exploring Sport Psychology. London: Routledge. Roberts, G (2001) Advances in Motivation in Sport and Exercise. Leeds: Human Kinetics. Weinberg, R and Gould, D (2000) Foundations of Sport and Exercise Psychology. Champaign, Ill: Human Kinetics.
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Resource Guide: Sport Psychology

Woods, B and McIveen, R (1998) Applying Psychology to Sport. London: Hodder and Stoughton Educational.

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Resource Guide: Sport Psychology

SPORT-SPECIFIC TEXTS Athletics Miller, T S (2001) Programmed to Run: A Biomechanical and Psychological System for Peak Running Efficiency. Champaign, Ill: Human Kinetics. Baseball Cluck, B (2002) Thinking Better Baseball: Secrets from major league coaches and players for mastering the mental game. New York, NY: Contemporary Books Inc. Dorfman, H A and Kuehl, K (1994) The Mental Game of Baseball: A Guide to Peak Performance. South Bend, IN: Diamond Communications. Basketball Burle, K L and Brown, D (2003) Basketball (Sport Psychology Library). Morgantown, WV: Fitness Information Technology Inc. Hill, G (1997) Change the Game. London: Warner Books. Cricket Roberts, D (2000) The Cricket Coaches Guide to Man Management. Van Nuys, CA: Castle Publications. Cycling Miller, S and Maass-Hill, P (1999) Sport Psychology for Cyclists. VeloPress. Extreme Sports Gutman, B and Fredrick, S (2003) Being Extreme. Sacramento, CA: Citadel Press. Fencing Evangelista, N (2000) The Inner Game of Fencing. Paul H London: McGraw-Hill / Crompton Press. Football Beswick, B (2000) Focused for Soccer. Leeds: Human Kinetics. Golf Rotella, R (1996) Golf is a Game of Confidence. Glasgow: Simon and Schuster Inc. Graham, D and Stabler, J (2001) The 8 Traits of Champion Golfers: How to Develop the Mental Game of a Pro. Glasgow: Simon Schuster Inc Gymnastics Cogan, K D and Vidmar, P (2000) Sport Psychology Library: Gymnastics. Morgantown, WV: Fitness Information Technology Inc.

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Resource Guide: Sport Psychology

Hockey Messier, M and Millu, S L (2003) Hockey Tough: A Winning Mental Game. Champaign, Ill: Human Kinetics. Miller, S (2001) The Complete Player: The Psychology of Winning Hockey. York: Stoddart Pub. Horse Riding Reilly, A S (2000) A Sport Psychology Workbook for Riders. London: J A Allen & Co Ltd. Martial Arts Jordon, J (1995) Total Mind-body Training: A Guide to Peak Athletic Performance. Turtle Press. Ming, S and Weija, S (1994) Mind over Matter: Higher Martial Arts. Berkerly, CA: Frog Ltd. MotorSport Bentley, P (2000) Inner Speed Secrets: Race Driving Skills, Techniques and Strategies. London: Motor Books International. Rugby Hale, B D and Collins, D J (2003) Tough Rugby. Champaign, Ill: Human Kinetics. Sailing Bess, A, Derbyshire, J and Whitmore, J (1993) Mental and Physical Fitness for Sailing (Sailing to Win). Littlehampton: Fernhurst Books. Skiing Muller, E (1997) Science and Skiing. London: Spon Press. Surfing Guisado, R (2003) The Art of Surfing. Guilford, CT: Globe Pequot Press. Swimming Bell, K F (1989) The Nuts and Bolts of Psychology for Swimmers. Keel Publishers. Tennis Yandell, J (1999) Visual Tennis: Using Mental Imagery to Perfect Your Stroke Technique. Leeds: Human Kinetics. Murray, J F (1999) Smart Tennis: How to Play and Win the Mental Game. San Francisco, CA: Jossey Bass Wiley.

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Resource Guide: Sport Psychology

JOURNALS AND PERIODICALS IN SPORT PSYCHOLOGY Sport Psychologists have tended to publish research in a wide range of sport and psychology specific journals. More recently there has been the development of a range of Sport Psychology specific journals. These journals cover a range of research and applied based issues, along with reporting recent advances in the discipline along with carrying ongoing debate regarding the major issues in Sport Psychology. The major journals specifically addressing Sport Psychology include: Peer reviewed journals Human Movement Science Human Movement Science provides a forum for bringing together psychological, (neuro) physiological and biophysical research on human movement. Published six times annually by Elsevier Science. http://www.elsevier.com/locate/inca/505584 International Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology International Journal of Sport Psychology publishes empirical and theoretical contributions in the science of physical activity, human movement, exercise, and sport. It is aimed at enhancing the knowledge (theoretical and practical) in these fields. The journal is published by Meyer & Meyer Sport Publishing Group. http://www.issponline.org/isspjournal.tpl Journal of Applied Sport Psychology The Journal of Applied Sport Psychology is designed to advance thought, theory and research on applied aspects of sport psychology. The journal is a quarterly journal which is published by Taylor & Francis Ltd. http://www.aaasponline.org/journal.html Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology Publishes research articles that explore the interactions between psychology and exercise and sport performance, editorials about contemporary issues in the field, abstracts of current research on sport and exercise psychology, and book reviews. JSEP is an official publication of the North American Society for the Psychology of Sport and Physical Activity (NASPSPA). The journal is produces quarterly and published by Human Kinetics. http://www.humankinetics.com/products/journals/index.cfm Journal of Sport Sciences The Journal of Sports Sciences publishes articles on various aspects of the sports sciences covering a number of disciplinary bases, including anatomy, biochemistry, biomechanics, psychology, sociology, as well as ergonomics, kinanthropometry and

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Resource Guide: Sport Psychology

other interdisciplinary perspectives. The journal is produced monthly and is published by Taylor & Francis Ltd. http://www.tandf.co.uk/journals/titles/02640414.html Motor Control Motor Control provides a multidisciplinary examination of human movement across the life span. Produced quarterly and published by Human Kinetics. http://www.humankinetics.com/products/journals/journal.cfm?id=MC Psychology of Sport and Exercise This is the official journal of the European Federation of Sport Psychology (FEPSAC). The journal is produced quarterly and is published by Elsevier Science. http://www.elsevier.com/inca/publications/store/6/2/0/7/9/2/index.htt Research Quarterly in Exercise and Sport This comprehensive professional journal features articles and research notes encompassing such topic areas as biomechanics, epidemiology, growth and motor development, motor control and learning, measurement and evaluation, physiology, pedagogy, psychology, history and philosophy, and sociology / cultural anthropology. Produced quarterly. http://www.aahperd.org/aahperd/rqes_main.html The Sport Psychologist The Sport Psychologist (TSP) focuses on applied research and its application in providing psychological services to coaches and athletes. The journal is produces quarterly and is published by Human Kinetics. http://www.humankinetics.com/products/journals/index.cfm

Non peer reviewed journals Athletic Insight Athletic Insight - The Online Journal of Sport Psychology is a non-proprietary journal that is intended to provide a forum for discussion of topics that are relevant to the field of sport psychology through quarterly online publications. http://www.athleticinsight.com Sport Psych Unpublished Is an electronic form of information dissemination. It is primarily designed for students who are studying sport and exercise psychology units, modules, courses or degrees that wish for a simple and efficient method of sharing with others the 'fruits' of their hard work. These include the results of empirical investigations and 'first attempts' at constructing research papers. http://www.geocities.com/CollegePark/5686/journal.html

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Resource Guide: Sport Psychology

Generic Journals As well as publishing in journals specific to sport psychology, sport psychologists also publish articles in a range of mainstream psychology journals. These include: Anxiety, Stress and Coping http://www.tandf.co.uk/journals/titles/10615806.html Journal of Personality and Social Psychology http://www.apa.org/journals/psp.html Memory & Cognition http://www.psychonomic.org/MC/ Journal of Experimental Psychology http://www.apa.org/journals/xge.html Cognitive Therapy and Research http://www.kluweronline.com/issn/0147-5916 Psychological Review http://www.apa.org/journals/rev.html Psychological Bulletin http://www.apa.org/journals/bul.html

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Resource Guide: Sport Psychology

WEB-BASED RESOURCES IN SPORT PSYCHOLOGY

Organisations American Psychological Association (APA) Division 47 http://www.apa.org/about/division/div47.html The APA brings together psychologists, as well as exercise and sport scientists, interested in research, teaching, and service in the area. Association for the Advancement of Applied Sport Psychology (AAASP) http://www.aaasponline.org/index2.html The aim of the AAASP is the development of psychological theory, research and intervention strategies in Sport Psychology. British Association for Sport & Exercise Sciences (BASES) http://www.bases.org.uk BASES has a specific section dedicated to Exercise and Sport Psychology. Formal accreditation in the UK for Sport Psychologists is provided through this organisation. British Olympic Association (BOA) http://www.boa.org.uk A multi-sport organisation which oversees Olympic interest in the United Kingdom. British Psycholoigcal Society (BPS) Sport & Exercise Psychology Section http://www.bps.org The BPS is the major psychological society within the UK. Within the society is the Sport and Exercise Psychology Section, which specifically addresses psychological issues related to sport. European Federation of Sport Psychology. http://www.psychology.lu.se/FEPSAC/ FEPSAC is a European organisation who bring together sport psychologists from across Europe to further develop the discipline across the region. German Association of Sport Psychology http://www.uni-leipzig.de/~asp/english/index.html The official German Sport Psychology Association have a range of online information sources on the English version of their site. International Society of Sport Psychology http://www.issponline.org/ The ISSP is committed to continually initiating and upgrading standards related to sport psychology research, information, services, programmes, and guidelines.

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Resource Guide: Sport Psychology

North American Society for the Psychology of Sport & Physical Activity (NASPSPA) http://www.naspspa.org NASPSPA is a multidisciplinary association of scholars from the behavioural sciences and related professions.

Additional Resources Some of the major centres and institutions for advanced research and study into sport psychology Include: Australian Institute for Sport Sports Science and Sports Medicine http://www.ais.org.au/sssm.htm Australian Association for Exercise and Sport Science http://www.aaess.com.au/ University of Birmingham, School of Sport and Exercise Sciences http://www.sportex.bham.ac.uk/ Bangor University, School of Sport, Health and Exercise Sciences http://www.shes.bangor.ac.uk/home.html University College Chichester, School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences http://www.ucc.ac.uk/ University of Edinburgh, Department of Physical Education, Sport & Leisure Studies http://www.education.ed.ac.uk/pesls/index.html European College of Sport Science http://www.ecss.de/ Leeds Metropolitan University, School of Health and Human Sciences http://www.lmu.ac.uk/hen/hs/index.htm Liverpool John Moores University, School of Sport and Exercise Science http://cwis.livjm.ac.uk/sps/ Loughborough University, Sport Science Department http://www.lboro.ac.uk/departments/sses/ Manchester Metropolitan University, Department of Exercise and Sport Science http://www.mmu.ac.uk/c-a/exspsci/welcome.html
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Resource Guide: Sport Psychology

Sport Science New Zealand http://www.sportscience.org.nz/ University of Portsmouth, Department of Sport and Exercise Science http://www.sci.port.ac.uk/~sportwww/index.html Sheffield Hallam University, Centre for Sport and Exercise Science http://www.thecentreforsport.com/ UK Sports Institute http://www.uksport.gov.uk/generic_template.asp?id=11764 Victoria University (Australia) School of Human Movement, Recreation and Performance http://www.vu.edu.au/Faculties/Human%20Development/Schools/Human%20Movem ent%20-%20Recreation%20&%20Performance.asp University of Wales Institute, Cardiff (UWIC), School of Sport, Physical Education and Recreation http://www.uwic.ac.uk/new/sport/index.asp

General Sport Information Resource Centre (SIRC) http://www.sirc.ca/ Mental Skills http://mentalskills.co.uk/index.php The Mental Edge http://users.rcn.com/dupcak/mntledge.html Mind Tools http://www.mindtools.com/page11.html American Board of Sport Psychology http://www.americanboardofsportpsychology.org/ Psych Watch Sport Psychology Resources http://www.psychwatch.com/sport_psychology.htm

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Sport Psychology Information Gateway http://www.humankinetics.com/products/subjectareas.cfm?section=sportsci&style=4 &suic=0PS Sport Psych http://www.geocities.com/CollegePark/5686/ Sport Psychology Over Site http://www-personal.umich.edu/~bing/oversite/sportpsych.html

Video and CD-Rom Sports Discus http://www.ovid.com/site/catalog/DataBase/153.jsp?top=2&mid=3&bottom=7&subsec tion=10 Medline http://research.bmn.com/medline The Sport Psychology Movie Database http://www.geocities.com/sportsmovies/

ABOUT THE AUTHOR Stewart Cotterill is a Senior Lecturer in Sport Psychology in the Centre for Sports Management at Bournemouth University. He is a member of both the British Association of Sport and Exercise Sciences (BASES) and the British Psychological Society (BPS).

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