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What is Nanobiotechnology?
Nanobiotechnology usually refers to the use of nanotechnology for biological purpose. An area of scientific technology that applies the tools and processes of Nanotech to build devices for studying biosystems. Nanobiotechnology incorporates biotechnology on the nanoscale.

SCIENCE OF ULTRA SMALL

Generally nanotechnology deals with structures sized between 1 to 100 nanometre. It involves developing or modifying materials or devices within that size. Nanomaterials are commonly defined as materials with an average grain size less than 100 nanometres.
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Why Do Properties Change?

Three important ways in which nanoscale materials may differ from macroscale materials : 1 Gravitational forces become negligible and electromagnetic forces begin to dominate . 2. Greater surface to volume ratios 3. Random molecular motion.

Note: By patterning matter on the nano scale, it is

possible to vary fundamental properties of materials without changing the chemical

Composition:

NANOPARTICLE
Nanoparticle usually forms the core of nano biomaterial. It can be used as a convenient surface for molecular assembly, and may be composed of inorganic or polymeric materials. Nanoparticles are of great scientific interest as they are effectively forming a bridge between bulk materials and atomic and molecular structures.
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Hybrid Nanoparticles
They are composed of two or more kinds of materials in
nanoscale (1nm=10-9m), that are visible only with an electron

microscope and prepared for a specific function.

One example is lipid polymer hybrid Nanoparticles where the positive attributes of both liposome's and polymeric

Nanoparticles are combined into a single delivery system.

Sometimes they are nanostructuresin which tiny magnetic

particles are stuck to other particles to form complexes that resemble dumb bells or flowers shaped.

Nanoscale devices smaller than

50 nm can easily enter most cells, and 20 nm can move out of blood vessels ,as they circulate through the body.

They can be in the form of Nanospheres - matrix systems in which drugs are dispersed throughout the particle, Nanocapsules - drug is confined in an aqueous or oily cavity surrounded by a single polymeric membrane. Other example: Gold and iron oxide hybrid nanoparticles (HNPs)

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NANOPARTICLE HYBRID (Lipid polymer hybrid Nanoparticles)

Thistype of nanoparticles is typically comprised of three distinct functional components: 1. A hydrophobic polymeric core where poorly water soluble drugs are

incorporated with high loading yields. 2. A lipid layer surrounding the core that acts as a molecular fence to promote d t ti i id th l i 3. A hydrophilic polymer layer outside the lipid shell to enhance nanoparticle stability and systemic circulation lifetime.

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ADVANTAGE OF USING NANOPARTICLE HYBRID

Nanoparticles with a size range of 10150 nm are highly beneficial and favourable for systemic drug delivery. The morphology and the core shell structure of the hybrid nanoparticles can be measured by electron microscopy. Steric repulsive force in hybrid nanoparticles is provided by PEG molecules on the nanoparticle surface. Both PEG chain length and lipid/lipid PEG molar ratio have significant impact on nanoparticle stability.

The lipid shell is expected to prevent small drug

molecules from freely diffusing out of the polymer core, thereby improving drug loading yield.
It also reduce water penetration rate into the polymer core, thereby decreasing the rate of polymer degradation

and slowing down drug release from the particles.

A shell around the core particle enable a controlled

release of drug or may protect from a toxic impact.

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Hybrid nanoparticles offer numerous advantages:

a) Drug delivery platform including simple fabrication process, b) Tunable size and surface, c) High loading capacity of poorly watersoluble drugs, d) Sustained and controllable release profile of the drugs, e) High in vitro stability, and f) Excellent in vivo properties. g) Targeted drug delivery.
h) Deliver two or more drugs simultaneously for

combination therapy to generate synergistic effects.

Some other examples of Hybrid nanopartiles:

1.Nano-flowers , so named because of their petal-like arrangement of odd-shaped iron oxide particles around a core of spherical shaped gold particles. 2 Nano-olives Spherical nanoparticles, with basically the same shape, and composed of an inner core of one material and an outer core of another, Composed of iron, platinum, and oxygen have slightly different internal compositions that are impossible to detect under a microscope.

Nano-flower

Nano-olives

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3.Gold-nanoparticleCaCO hybrid material (AuNPCaCO )

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Gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) were assembled on the surface of porous calcium carbonate microspheres(CaCO ) in a neutral aqueous
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solution through electrostatic interaction. Characteristics a. Size at nano scale 1-100nm range, b. Encapsulation efficiency, c. Surface charge, and d. Release characteristics. Special formulations like albumin-based, carbohydrate-enhanced, or fatty acid targeting have also been used.
AuNPCaCO
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Gold Material key to fight cancer in smart therapies. Is biocompatible, inert and relatively easy to weak chemically. By changing the size and shape of the gold particle, it can be tuned to respond to different wavelengths of energy. Cells can take up gold nanoparticles without cytotoxic effects.
Advantage that when are exposed to infrared light, they melt and

release Iron oxide

drug

payloads

attached

to

their

surfaces.

Is basically rust
Allow to track the progress of cancer treatments using magnetic resonance imaging by taking advantage of the particles' magnetic

properties.

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Nanotechnology in medicine
Nanotechnology in Medicine has these thrust areas: 1. Drug Delivery 2 Therapy techniques 3. Diagnostic and Imaging Techniques 4. AntiMicrobial Techniques

Nanotechnology in medicine
The use of nanotechnology in medicine offers some exciting
possibilities. Some techniques are only imagined, while others are at

various stages of testing, or actually being used today.

Nanotechnology in medicine involves applications of nanoparticles currently under development, as well as longer range research that involves the use of manufactured nano-robots to make repairs at the

cellular level (sometimes referred to as nanomedicine).

Nanotechnology is already being used as the basis for new, more effective drug delivery systems and is in early stage development as

scaffolding in nerve regeneration research.

In Cancer area also there is a hope that investments in this branch of nanomedicine could lead to breakthroughs in terms of detecting,

diagnosing, and treating various forms of cancer.

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How nano particles delivery can become specific? In various approaches, nanoparticles systems are linked
with materials that respond to stimuli such as temperature, pH, light, electromagnetic waves, enzymatic activity or

other biological markers as Stimuli-responsive materials

They have been created by using biological, physical and chemical properties of materials for heat-activated, light-

activated or pH-activated delivery.

What are the problems in using nano particles?

Hybrid particles are especially challenging because the methods that are used to make them often leave impurities that are not easily detected or removed. Impurities can change the properties of a sample, for example, by making them toxic, so it is a big challenge to find ways to remove such impurities. Other challenges - specifically to use within biological systems. Smaller nanoparticles may be cleared by body too rapidly that it cant be effective in detection or imaging. Larger nanoparticles may accumulate in vital organs, creating a toxicity problem.

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Smart Drug Delivery (Targeted drug delivery)

Is a method of delivering medication to a patient in a manner that helps to
concentrate the medication in the tissues of interest while reducing the relative

concentration in the remaining tissues.

It aims to deliver the active therapeutic ingredients to the disease site in stable

compartments as an encapsulated nanoparticle system , by facing challenges as Stabilization Extended Circulation Targeting The goal of a targeted drug delivery system is More specific drug targeting and delivery, Greater safety and biocompatibility, No higher dose than needed, Reduction in toxicity while maintaining therapeutic effects Prolong and a protected drug interaction with the diseased tissue.

Traditional drug delivery systems involves: Oral ingestion or intravascular injection of drug, Drug is distributed throughout the body through the systemic blood circulation, Only a small portion of the medication reaches the organ to be affected and Absorption of the drug across a biological membrane takes place. Therapeutic drug administration : At high concentration Repeated amounts when the distribution is non-selective Prolonged period of time to a targeted diseased area within the body Drawback - Side-effects

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There are different types of drug delivery vehicles, such as polymeric micelles, liposome, nano-particle drug carriers ,dendrimers etc. An ideal drug delivery vehicle must be a. Non-toxic, b. Biocompatible, c. Non-immunogenic and d. Biodegradable. Nanoparticles have properties such as a. Large surface area, b. High drug loading efficiency and c. Potential combination with other organic/inorganic materials.

Nanoparticles can be designed by attaching to polyethylene glycol (PEG) or other types of polymers to provide a hydrophilic environment, thereby shielding them from immune recognition . Surface functionalization of nanoparticles with PEG resulted in efficient internalization in endosomes and cytosol, and localized in the nuclear region. Nanodevices are suitable to serve as customized, targeted drug delivery
vehicles to carry of chemotherapeutic agents into malignant cells while sparing healthy cells, greatly reducing or eliminating the side effects that

accompany many current cancer therapies.

Its an excellent candidate for imaging guided therapy, in medical

applications .

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Nanoparticle-based delivery systems offer the following Advantages Site-specific delivery of drugs, peptides, and genes , Improved in vitro and in vivo stability Reduction in the frequency of the dosages , More uniform effect of the drug, Reduction of drug side effects, and Reduced fluctuation in circulating drug levels. Disadvantage High cost which makes productivity more difficult and Reduced ability to adjust the dosages.

'Smart' nanoparticles used in cancer

A gold hybrid nanoparticle that, identify, target and kill specific cancer cells while leaving healthy cells alone. Shaped something like a dumbbell -- made of gold sandwiched between two pieces of iron oxide They then attached antibodies that target a molecule found only in cancer cells to the particles. Once bound, the nanoparticles are engulfed by the cancer cells. To kill the cells the researchers use a near-infrared laser which is a

wavelength that doesn't harm normal tissue at the levels used, but the radiation

is absorbed by the gold in the nanoparticles. This causes the cancer cells to heat up and die. This is a so-called smart' therapy.

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Nanotechnology in Medicine Application: Therapy Techniques

Buckyballs may be used to trap free radicals generated during an allergic reaction and block the inflammation.

Nanoshells may be used to concentrate the heat from infrared light to destroy cancer cells with minimal damage to surrounding healthy cells

Nanoparticles, when activated by x-rays, that generate electrons that cause the destruction of cancer cells to which they have attached themselves. This is intended to be used in place of radiation therapy with hl d t h lth ti

Aluminosilicate nanoparticles can more quickly reduce bleeding in trauma patients by absorbing water, causing blood in a wound to clot quickly.

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Nanotechnology in Medicine Application: Diagnostic and Imaging Techniques

Quantum Dots (qdots) may be used in the future for locating cancer tumors in
patients and in the near term for performing diagnostic tests in samples,

although at this time the use "in vivo" (in a living creature) is limited to experiments with lab animals. Concerns about the toxicity of the material that quantum dots are made from is one of the reasons restricting the use of quantum dots in human patients. However, work is being done with quantum dots composed of silicon, which is believed to be less toxic than the cadmium contained in many quantum dots.

Iron oxide nanoparticles can used to improve MRI images of cancer tumors. The nanoparticle is coated with a peptide that binds to a cancer tumor, once the

nanoparticles are attached to the tumor the magnetic property of the iron oxide enhances the images from the Magnetic Resonance Imagining scan.

Application of nanoparticles of biological origin in their natural or in a modified form as antibacterials.

The first example involves an additional application of electrospun the nanofiber mats; however in this case they were spun from the polysaccharide chitosan. Polymers with intrinsic bacteriostatic and/or bactericidal activity and, in particular, polysaccharides are considered as promising for wound healing and dressing applications. The natural polysaccharide chitosan was reported to possess
advantageous biological properties, such as hemostatic activity, nontoxicity,

biodegradability, intrinsic antibacterial properties and the ability to affect macrophage function, which contributes to faster wound healing

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