P123Lecture317Sept2010

M ti i 2 d 3 Di i Motionin2 and3Dimensions
REVIEW OF 1-D MOTION
;
1 2
x x x = A ;
t
x
av
x
v
A
A
=
dt
dx
t
x
t
x
v = =
A
A
A 0
lim
dt
dv
t
v
t
x
x x
a = =
A
A
A 0
lim
t
v
x
x
av
a
A
A
=
For CONSTANT acceleration in 1-D
2
2
1
at t v x x
x
o o
+ + =
2
;
x
o x
x
o
x
v v
av
t
x x
av
v v
+

= =
v v
x o x
x x
2 2
) (

=
Free Fall: replace with
a
o
x x
2
) ( =
{ }
x
a
{ }
y
g
1
{ }
{ }
g
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2
MOTION IN 2 AND 3 DIMENSIONS
Recall: Displacement is a vector !
Has magnitude and direction
So are velocity and acceleration
Represent vector by arrow:
A

Here:
(Same magnitude and direction)
Do not need to lie on top of each other
A B

=
Furthermore:
(Same Magnitude Opposite Direction)
A C

= | | B

=
(Same Magnitude, Opposite Direction)
Notation: = Magnitude of vector
| | A

Write: = A
NOTE: For vectors above:
| | B A
| | A
B

3
| | = B = A
and | | = C = A !
( - sign indicates direction)
B
C

VECTOR ALGEBRA

Given:
What is ?
B A

+
A

What is ?
Consider displacement, first by then by :
B A+
A

Net displacement is

R
R B A

= +
A

B
R

Geometrical addition by head to tail method.

Consider parallelogram: R

is the diagonal
But we can also do:
B A R

+ =
A

R
B

But we can also do:

A B R

+ =
A

4
Vector addition is commutative:
B A A B

+ = +
B

) ( B A B A

+ =
Subtraction: ? = B A

A

Notice:
is vector from tip of to tip of !
A C B B A C

= + =
C

Adding parallel vectors:

B A C

+ =
A

B
C

If vectors parallel: C = A + B
If vectors anti parallel: C = | A B |
C
A
If vectors anti parallel: C = | A B |
In general: | A B | s C s A+ B
Vector multiplied by scalar is a vector
5
Vector multiplied by scalar is a vector
Same direction
different magnitude
kA C A k C = =

VECTOR ANALYSIS
Any point in plane
located by a vector
from origin to point
u always
ccw
from x-axis
r

g p
In 2-D: (x, y) or (r, u)
origin
Cartesian
Polar
Quadrants:
In 3-D:
6
But: system must be right handed
(x y z)
COMPONENTS AND COMPONENT VECTORS
Clearly:
y x
A A A

+ =
are component vectors of
y x
A A

,
A A
A

are components of
Notice:
y x
A A ,
sin sin u u A A
A
A
y
y
= => =
A

and
A
y
u u cos cos A A
A
A
x
x
= => =
2 2 2
; tan
sin
A A A
A
A
y
= + = = u
u
and
EXAMPLE: You are driving east on Canal Street.
The Empire State building is 5km at 53
o
N of E.
; tan
cos
A A A
A A
y x
x
= + = = u
u
A
E
= Acos(53) = (5km)(0.6) = 3 km
A
E
How many km E and then N must you drive?
7
A
N
= Asin(53) = (5 km)(0.8) = 4 km
A
N
A
E
A
N
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B
R
8
A
B
UNIT VECTORS
Consider vectors of
unit length in
x- and y-directions
1 |

| ;

= i i | | ;
1 |

| ;

= j j
=> = =

j A A i A A

j A i A A

+ =

B A C

+
Unit vectors make vector addition very easy!
> ; j A A i A A
y y x x
j A i A A
y x
+
j i C

y x
C C + =

y y y
B A C + =
B A C + =
y
C
x x x
B A C + =
x
C
j i j i C

) (

) (

y y y x x y x
C B A B A C C B A + + + = + = + =

j j ) ( ) (
y y y x x y x
9
DISPLACEMENT
8
r r r

= A +

A
1 2
r r r

= A
2 1
r r r = A +
is displacement
Suppose this displacement occurred in interval (t
2
t
1
)
r

A
Average velocity
av
v
t t
r r
t
r

=

=
A
A
1 2
1 2
2
v

INSTANTANEOUS VELOCITY
Particle
path
1
v

In analogy with 1-D case:

r d r
v

=
A
= lim 1
is tangent to
particle path
dt t
v
t
A
A 0
lim
x
v

10
k j i r

z y x + + =

k j i k j i v

z y x
v v v
dt
dz
dt
dy
dt
dx
+ + = + + =

EXAMPLE:InoneplayduringtheRUfootballgamelastSaturday,
theballwassnappedtothequarterbackwhodroppedback1yd
in 0 5 s he then ran 5 yds parallel to the line of scrimmage in 1 s in0.5s,hethenran5ydsparalleltothelineofscrimmagein1s,
thenhethrewtheball5ydsatanangleof37 fromtheforward
directionin0.5s.
Whatwastheaveragevelocity,,oftheballduringthisplay?
av
v

x
y
2
r

1 2
1 2
av
t t

=
r r
v

0
1
= r

C j i r

+ + =

) yd 5 (

) yd 1 (
2
?
2
= r

2
r
C

C
j ) y ( ) y (
2
37
C
x
C
y
C
x
=Ccos(37) = (5 yds)(0.8) = 4 yds
C
y
=Csin(37) = (5 yds)(0.6) = 3 yds
j i
j i r

) yd 3 (

) yd 4 (

) yd 5 (

) yd 1 (
2
+ +
+ =

j i

) yd 2 (

) yd 3 (
2
+ = r

At = 2 s
11
av av
v v j i
j i
= =

)
s
yd
1 (

)
s
yd
5 . 1 (
s 2

) yd 2 (

) yd 3 (
EXAMPLE: Suppose you drive on a curved road. Your
position is given by:
(Note: car at origin when t = 0)
3 2
; kt y ct t v x
o
= + =
(Note: car at origin when t = 0)
What is v(t = 0) ?
What is v(t = 3s) ?

j kt i ct t v r
o

) (

) (
3 2
+ + =

j kt i ct v v
o

) 3 (

) 2 (
2
+ + =

i v t v
o

) 0 ( = = =>


What is for the interval 0 3s ?
v

j k i c v t v
o

) 27 (

) 6 ( ) 3 ( + + = =

What is for the interval 0 3s ?

av
v
;
1 2
t
r r
av
v
A

0 ) 0 (

) 27 (

) 9 3 ( ) 3 (
= =
+ + = =
t r
j k i c v t r

) 27 ( ) 9 3 ( ) 3 ( + + j k i c v t r
o
j k i c v v

) 9 (

) 3 ( + + = =>

12
j k i c v v
o av
) 9 ( ) 3 ( + + = =>
iClicker!!
Atacertaininstantintime,thelocationairplaneisgivenby:
k j i r

km 10

km 10

km 10
1
+ + =

Onehourlater,theplaneislocatedat:
k j i r

km 10

km 20

km 10
2
+ + =

Theaveragevelocity oftheplaneduringthathouris:
A:
km/hr )

20

30

0 ( k j i v + + =
av

B:
C:Cannottell.Needtoknowpositionduring thathour.
km/hr )

20

30

0 ( k j i v =
av

D:
E:
km/hr )

10

0 2 ( k j i v + + =
av

km/hr )

10

0 2 ( k j i v + =
av

1 2
av
t t

=
r r
v

13
1 2
t t
ACCELERATION VECTOR
Consider previous example: Consider previous example:
changes direction
v

changes magnitude
Average acceleration:
v

a || v

A
t
v
t t
v v
a
av
A
A
=

1 2
1 2
Instantaneous acceleration
) || ( v a
av

A
dt
v d
t
v
a
o t

=
A
A
=
A
lim
for any curved path
if changes: magnitude
or
0 = a

0 = a

14
direction
or
both
k
d
dy
d

k z j y i x r

+ + =

k j i a
dt
t d
dt
y d
dt
x d

2
2
2
2
2
2
+ + =

k j i v
dt
dz
dt
dy
dt
dx
+ + =

EXAMPLE: Consider car again:

j kt i ct t v j y i x r
o

) (

) (

3 2
+ + = + =

j i

) 3 (

) 2 (
2
kt ct v
o
+ +
j i

) 6 (

) 2 ( kt c +
j j y
o
) ( ) (
= v

= a

h it d
Parallel and perpendicular components of
: a

changes magnitude,
changes direction of
v

:
||
a
:

v
only changes direction
v

v increases same direction as v

||
a

= 0
||
a If:
15
v decreases opposite (anti parallel) to v

||
a