Design a Planar Band-Pass Filter in Hairpin Conguration

Mohammad Ismail Hossain May 13, 2012

Design a Planar Band-Pass Filter in Hairpin Conguration

Report Submitted By

Mohammad Ismail Hossain

Communications, Systems and Electronics School of Engineering and Science Jacobs University Bremen m.hossain@jacobs-university.de May 13, 2012

Course: RF and Microwave Component and System Design (Lab).

Course Instructor: Prof. Dr. Sren Peik

Abstract In this report, we address to design a planer band-pass lter in hairpin conguration. The scope of this project presented analyze, simulation, fabricate and measurement for microwave hairpin lter design. As we know hairpin lter is one of the most popular microwave frequency lters because it is compact and does not require grounding. A combination of ve pole hairpin resonators is designed to operate at center frequency of 2.40 GHz with a bandwidth of 200 MHz and 2.35 2.45 GHz frequency band, respectively. This frequency is presenting for wireless LAN application and operates in the ISM band (Industrial, Scientic and Medical) application. In order to design hairpin lter several steps are considered that including by determining lter specication, order of lter, low pass lter prototype elements, low pass to band-pass transformation, physical dimension (width, spacing, length) and wavelength guide. All simulations are performed by using Advanced design System (ADS) software. The Rogers RO4003 substrate with dielectric constant 3.55 and 32 mil of thickness is used to fabricate by using etching process. Improvement technique is introduced to get better response for scattering parameter. Finally, the results from the implemented lter are analysed by using Network Vector Analyzer.

Contents
Abstract . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 Introduction 1.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . 1.2 Objectives . . . . . . . . . 1.3 Prior to work . . . . . . . 1.4 Project Methodology . . . 1.4.1 Filter Specications 1 3 3 4 4 4 6 7 7 7 7 9 9 11 13 14 14 16 16 16 16 17 19 20 23 24 25

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2 Theoretical Background 2.1 Background Study . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.2 Filter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.2.1 Basic Filter Types . . . . . . . . . . . 2.2.2 Applications of Filters . . . . . . . . . 2.2.3 Classications by Response Type . . . 2.3 Microstrip Line . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.3.1 Coupled Microstrip Lines . . . . . . . . 2.4 Filter Prototype and Transformations . . . . . 2.4.1 Low-Pass to Band-Pass Transformation

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3 Practical Procedures 3.1 Scope of the work . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.2 Design Procedures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.2.1 Low-pass prototype design with lumped elements . . . . . . . 3.2.2 Impedance and Frequency Transformations . . . . . . . . . . . 3.2.3 Low-Pass to Band-Pass Transformation . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.2.4 Lumped to Coupled-Line Transformations . . . . . . . . . . . 3.2.5 Coupled-Line to Hairpin Conguration/ Planar Circuit Design 3.2.6 Designed Layout . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 Results

5 Conclusion 26 Bibliography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27

Chapter 1 Introduction
1.1 Introduction

A band-pass lter is an electronic device that allows signals between two specic frequencies to pass through, and discriminates any unwanted signals out of the desired frequencies. The Advance of telecommunication system has enhanced the need of more sophisticated devices in order to support the variety of the applications. In order to meet the consumers need, a microwave band-pass lter with a compact size, high quality in performance together with a low cost is required. Since lter is the most important device in communication system as well as band-pass lters. Band-pass lters are used as frequency selective devices in many RF and microwave applications. Filters are realized using lumped or distributed circuit elements. However with the advent of advanced materials and new fabrication techniques, microstrip lters have become very attractive for microwave applications because of their small size, low cost and better performance. There are various topologies to implement microstrip band-pass lters such as end-coupled, parallel coupled, hairpin, inter-digital and combline lters. This project represents the design of a hairpin microstrip band-pass lter. The hairpin resonator lter is one of the most popular microstrip lter congurations used in the lower microwave frequencies. It is easy to manufacture because it has open-circuited ends that require no grounding. Its form is derived from the edge-coupled resonator lter by folding back the ends of the resonators into a U shape. This reduces the length and improves the aspect ratio of the microstrip signicantly as compared to that of the edge-coupled conguration. There are many substrates with various dielectric constants that are used in wireless applications. Those with high dielectric constants are more suitable for lower frequency applications in order to help minimize the size [1]. In order to increase the band-width of end-coupled microstrip band-pass lter parallel coupled microstrip band-pass lter (PCM-BPF) is considered and resonators are positioned so that adjacent resonators are parallel to each other along half of their length. This parallel arrangement gives relatively large coupling for a given spacing between resonators [2]. But this new conguration was too long considering the frequency and the order of the lter. To solve this problem hairpin-line lter is developed. Digital broadcasting is a set of transmission standards that aim to broadcast

signals in digital form with a specic slant. The mode of distributions can be through a medium of satellite, terrestrial or cables. Recently, many countries worldwide are moving towards a revolutionary change to digital broadcasting. The digital signal broadcasting begins from a transmitter located at Simple Hairpin Band-pass Filter. In our case, we need to design, built and measure a typical microwave circuit and all components will be connected together to accomplish our job, we can nd below the block diagram of RF communication system.

Figure- 01: Block diagram of RF communication system. Hence, microwave band-pass lter used in many RF/microwave applications is the fundamental component that contributes the overall performance of a communication system.

1.2

Objectives

The objectives of this project are:1. To design and simulation hairpin band-pass lter at 2.40 GHz operating frequency, 5th order Chebychev 0.5 dB ripple and 200 MHz of bandwidth using ADS simulation software. 2. To fabricate and measurement the microstrip lter fabricated on the Rogers RO4003c with thickness of 32 mil by using etching technique. 3. To compare between simulation and measurement result.

1.3

Prior to work

Nowadays lters in the market are more complex. The hairpin lter is better than other lters because it is compact and does not require grounding. This lter also produces high frequency a wide band lter and comparatively low cost.

1.4

Project Methodology

In order to design, built and measure the 5th order chebychev band-pass lter in hairpin conguration following steps are considered.

Figure-02: Design owchart of hairpin band-pass lter.

In this project mainly number of four major steps are required:1 Literature Review Gather the information about the project via Internet, journals, magazines, published work and reference books. Study of the software implementation (ADS). Make research to know more detail about designing hairpin lter according all parameters. 2. Calculation, Analysis and Simulation Analyzed and calculated all parameters that related to design the step impedance hairpin resonance. Using ADS software to observe the frequency and scattering response for hairpin lter. 3. Hardware Development and Implementation Then proceed to designing microstrip lter using etching technique and measure using spectrum analyzed. Lastly, compare between simulation and measurement results.

1.4.1

Filter Specications

The lter is specied as follows: Parameter Symbol Value Frequency Band f 2.35-2.45 Bandwidth BW 200 Type 5 order Chebychev Insertion Loss IL 3 Return Loss RL 12 Unit GHz MHz 0.5dB Ripple dB dB Tolerance Remarks 0.5dB Bandwidth max min in Pass Band in Pass Band

Chapter 2 Theoretical Background

2.1 Background Study

The use of microstrip in the design of microwave components and integrated circuits has gained tremendous popularity since the last decades because microstrips can operate in a wide range of frequencies. Furthermore, microstrip is lightweight, easier fabrication and integration, and cost eective. Many researchers have presented numerous equations for the analysis and synthesis of microstrip. However, along with the sophistication comes with a high price tag, copy protection schemes and training requirements that create diculties for exploratory usage in an academic environment. Therefore, a low cost, user-friendly, open source system software package is needed that can be used as an eective training aid on microstrip lters design.

2.2

Filter

A microwave lter is a two-port network used to control the frequency response at a certain point in a microwave system by providing transmission at frequencies within the pass-band of the lter and attenuation in the stop-band of the lter [6]. Filters may be classied in a number of ways. An example of one such classication is reective versus dissipative. In a reective lter, signal rejection is achieved by reection the incident power, while in a dissipative lters are used in most applications. The most conventional description of a lter is by its frequency characteristic such as low-pass, high-pass, band-pass or band-reject (notch).

2.2.1

Basic Filter Types

In microwave communications, there are mainly ve types of lter are used which are briey described in the following [4]: 2.2.1.1 Low-Pass Filter

Low-pass lter networks transmit all signals between DC and some upper limit wc , and attenuate all signals with frequencies above wc . They are realized by using a cascade of series inductors and shunt capacitors. The frequency range of the lter

specication has been divided into three areas. The passband extends from zero frequency (dc) to the passband edge frequency fpass , and the stop-band extends from the stop-band edge frequency fstop to innity. These two bands are separated by the transition band that extends from fpass to fstop . 2.2.1.2 High-Pass Filter

High-pass lter pass all signals with frequencies above the cut-o value wc to the load with minimum loss and reject signal with frequencies below wc . High-pass lter networks are realized by using a cascade of series capacitors and shunt inductors. In this case the passband extends from fpass to innity and is located at a higher frequency than the stop-band which extends from zero to fstop . High-pass lters are used when it is important to eliminate low frequencies from a signal. 2.2.1.3 Band-Pass Filter

The band-pass lter shows the signal is transferred to the load in a band of frequencies between the lower cut-o frequency, wc1 , and the upper cut-o frequency, wc2 . Between the lower and upper cut-o frequency is the centre frequency, w0 , dened by the geometric mean of wc1 and wc2 [3]. A band-pass lter will pass a band of frequencies while attenuating frequencies above or below that band. In this case the passband exists between the lower passband edge frequency fpass1 and the upper passband edge frequency fpass2 . A band-pass lter has two stop-bands. The lower stop-band extends from zero to fstop1 , while the upper stop-band extends from fstop2 to innity . 2.2.1.4 Band-Reject (Stop) Filter

The band-reject lter is a complement of the band-pass lter. The signal experiences high loss between wc1 to wc2 , hence the name band-stop or band-reject. In this case the band of frequencies being rejected is located between the two pass-bands. The stop-band exists between the lower stop-band edge frequency fstop1 and the upper stop-band edge frequency fstop2 . The band-stop lter has two pass-bands, the lower passband extends from zero to fpass1 , while the upper passband extends from fpass2 to innity . 2.2.1.5 All-Pass Filter

The all-pass lter allows the signal amplitude for all frequencies to pass through the network without any signicant loss. This network has no frequency selective pass band or stop band. Typically frequency and amplitude responses for these dierence types are shown in gure-3. In additional, an ideal lter displays zero insertion loss, constant group delay over the desire pass-band and innite rejection elsewhere. However, in practical lters deviate from these characteristics and the parameters in the introduction above are a good measured of performance.

Figure-3: Amplitude response of dierent lter types.

(http://www.cs.sfu.ca/~tamaras/lters/Magnitude_Response_Basic.html)

The cut-o frequency is typically dened as the frequency at which the power transmitted by the lter drops to one-half (by -3 dB) of the maximum power transmitted in the passband.

2.2.2

Applications of Filters

As mentioned above, virtually all microwave receivers, transmitters and so fth required lters. Typically commonly used circuits that require lters include mixers, transmitters, multiplexers and the like. Multiplexers are essential for channelized receivers. Therefore, system application of lters include radar, communications, surveillance, EMS receiver, Satellite Communication (SATCOM), mobile communications, direct broadcast, satellite systems, personal communication system (PCS) and microwave FM multiplexer. In many instances, such as PCS, miniature lter are a key to realizing require reduction in size. There is, however, a signicant reduction in power handling capacity and an increase in the insertion loss. The former is not a severe limitation in such system, however, and the latter can be compensated for by subsequent power application.

2.2.3

Classications by Response Type

Based on designing signal processing lters, there are several important classes of lter such as Butterworth lter, Chebyshev lter, Elliptic (Cauer) lter, Bessel lter, Gaussian lter, Optimum "L" (Legendre) lter, Linkwitz-Riley lter. It was originally intended to be applied to the design of passive linear analogue lters but its results can also be applied to implementations in active lters and digital lters. The class of a lter refers to the class of polynomials from which the lter is mathematically derived. The order of the lter is the number of lter elements

present in the lters ladder implementation. Generally speaking, the higher the order of the lter, the steeper the cut-o transition between passband and stopband. In the following some of lters are described shortly.In the following some of lters are described shortly. 2.2.3.1 Butterworth Filter

The Butterworth lter has essentially at amplitude versus frequency response up to the cut-o frequency. Butterworth lters are also known as maximally at type lters and have the attest possible pass-band magnitude response. This class of lters approximates the ideal lter well in the pass band. It has a monotonic decrease in gain with frequency in the cut-o region and a maximally at response below cuto. Attenuation is -3 dB at the design cut-o frequency. Attenuation beyond the cut-o frequency is a moderately steep -20 dB/decade/pole. The pulse response of the Butterworth lter has moderate overshoot and ringing. The Butterworth lter has characteristic somewhere between Chebychev and Bessel lter. Advantages: Maximally at magnitude response in the pass-band. Good all-around performance. Pulse response better than Chebyhev. Rate of attenuation better than Bessel. Disadvantages: Some overshoot and ringing in step response. 2.2.3.2 Chebychev Filter

The Chebychev lter, also called the equal ripple lter, gives a shaper cut-o than the Butterworth lter in the pass-band. Both Butterworth and Chebychev lters exhibit large phase shift near the cuto frequency. This lter response has the steeper initial rate of attenuation beyond the cut-o frequency than Butterworth. This advantage comes at the penalty of amplitude variation (ripple) in the passband. Unlike Butterworth and Bessel response, which have 3 dB attenuation at the cut-o frequency, Chebychev cut-o frequency is dened as the frequency at which the response falls below the ripple band. For even-order lters, all ripples are above the dc-normalized pass-band gain response, so cut-o is at 0 dB. For odd-order lters, all ripple is below the dc-normalized pass-band gain response, so cut-o is at - (ripple) dB. The Chebychev has more ringing in its pulse response than the Butterworth - especially for high-ripple designs. Advantage: Better rate of attenuation beyond the pass-band than Butterworth. Disadvantage: Ripple in pass-band. Considerably more ringing in step response than Butterworth.

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2.2.3.3

Bessel Filter

For application where the phase is important, the Bessel lter, which is minimal phase shift lter, is used even though its cut o characteristic is not very sharp. The Bessel lter provides ideals phase characteristic with an approximately linear phase response up to nearly cut-o frequency. The Bessel lter has a very liner phase response but a fairly gentle skirt slope. Due to its linear phase response, this lter has excellent pulse response (minimal overshoot and ringing). Advantage: Best step response-very little overshoot or ringing. Disadvantage: Slower initial rate of attenuation beyond the pass-band than Butterworth. Comparison between Buttherworth, Chebyshev and Bessel lters can be seen in the below gure.

Magnitude and Phase comparison for diffrent types of filter 0 1 Magnitude (dB) 2 3 4 5 6 0 Butterworth Chebyshev Bessel Butterworth Chebyshev Bessel

Phase (deg)

180

360

540 10
1

10

10 Frequency (rad/sec)

10

10

Figure-4: Comparison of amplitude response of Butterworth, Chebyshev and Bessel lters. In order to see the dierence between dierent types of lter a matlab code is implemented where center frequency is 2.4 GHz and for Chebyshev 0.5 dB ripple is considered. From the gure-4 we see that ripple for chebyshev lter.

2.3

Microstrip Line

As circuits have been reduced in size with integrated semiconductor electron devices, a transmission structure was required that was compatible with circuit construction

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techniques to provide guided waves over limited distances. This was realized with a planar form of single wire transmission line over a ground plane, called microstrip1. Microstrip employs a at strip conductor suspended above a ground plane by a lowloss dielectric material. The size of the circuit can be reduced through judicious use of a dielectric constant some 2-10 times that of free space (or air), with a penalty that the existence of two dierent dielectric constants (below and above the strip) makes the circuit dicult to analyze in closed form (and also introduces a variability of propagation velocity with frequency that can be a limitation on some applications). The advantages of microstrip have been well established, and it is a convenient form of transmission line structure for probe measurements of voltage, current and waves. Microstrip structures are also used in integrated semiconductor form, directly interconnected in microwave integrated circuits. Microstrip has a very simple geometric structure the electromagnetic eld involved are actually complex.

Figure-5: Single microstrip transmission line (http://qucs.sourceforge.net). where l = Length of the element. w =Width of the element. h = Height of the dielectric element. t = Thickness of the element. The microstrip has their own advantages compare to other microwave transmission like waveguide, coaxial cable, strip line etc. and it has also some disadvantages as well. Its advantages and disadvantages as mention as below:Advantages a) To make easier fabricate of circuit complex. b) Smaller size and light. c) Wide bandwidth. d) Good reliability. e) Good reproducibility. Disadvantages a) High attenuation. b) Low power.

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2.3.1

Coupled Microstrip Lines

When two transmission lines are close together, because of the interaction of the electromagnetic elds of each line, power can be coupled between the lines. Those coupled lines are used to construct directional couplers. Generally, in design of directional couplers microstrip and stripline forms are used. Although microstrip transmission lines do not support TEM and named as quasi-TEM, usually they are assumed to operate in TEM mode. It is important that whether true TEM or not, all parallel line couplers have odd and even mode, and resulting Z0e and Z0o (even and odd mode impedances respectively). In the analysis of the directional couplers we will use also even-odd mode analysis. Coupled microstrip lines are shown in gure-6.

Figure-6: Coupled microstrip line (http://qucs.sourceforge.net). The equations for the coupled microstrip lines are shown in the below which are used in our project as well. Z0 J1 = , 2g1 (2.1)

Z0 Jn = , 2 gn1 gn Z0 JN +1 = , 2gN gN +1

(2.2)

(2.3)

From above equations we can obtaineven and odd mode characteristic impedances. Z0e = Z0 [1 + JZ0 + (JZ0 )2 ], Z0o = Z0 [1 JZ0 + (JZ0 )2 ]. (2.4)

(2.5)

where, Z0 = characteristic Impedance of the line, J = admittance inverter, = relative bandwidth, g = lter prototype and n = 2,3,4.....N.

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2.4

Filter Prototype and Transformations

Prototype lters are electronic lter designs that are used as a template to produce a modied lter design for a particular application. They are an example of a non dimensionality design from which the desired lter can be scaled or transformed. They are most often seen in regards to electronic lters and especially linear analogue passive lters. However, in principle, the method can be applied to any kind of linear lter or signal processing, including mechanical, acoustic and optical lters. Filters are required to operate at many dierent frequencies, impedances and bandwidths. The utility of a prototype lter comes from the property that all these other lters can be derived from it by applying a scaling factor to the components of the prototype. The lter design need thus only be carried out once in full, with other lters being obtained by simply applying a scaling factor. Especially useful is the ability to transform from one band form to another. In this case, the transform is more than a simple scale factor. Band form here is meant to indicate the category of passband that the lter possesses. The usual band forms are low-pass, high-pass, bandpass and bandstop, but others are possible. In particular, it is possible for a lter to have multiple pass bands. In fact, in some treatments, the bandstop lter is considered to be a type of multiple passband lter having two pass bands. Most commonly, the prototype lter is expressed as a low-pass lter, but other techniques are possible. For the specic purpose of this project 0.5 dB Chebyshev lter, lter prototypes are considered from the following table: Table-1: 0.5-dB Chebyshev LC Element Values. Order Rs g1 g2 g3 g4 g5 5 1.0 1.8068 1.3025 2.6914 1.3025 1.8068 These prototype values are applicable for 1 rad/sec cut-o frequency and when source and load impedance are 1 ohms. From these prototypes LC value it is possible to switch other lters like high-pass, band-pass, band-stop etc.. In order to achieve low-pass lter scaled to 50 ohms and specic cut-o frequency then below these equations are necessary. L = C = R0 L , c C . R0 c (2.6) (2.7)

2.4.1

Low-Pass to Band-Pass Transformation

In order to convert low-pass lter to band-pass lter numbers of two conditions are maintained. All capacitors become parallel resonators and All inductors become series resonators.

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Figure-6: Low-pass to band-pass conversion. For this conversion two equations are considered in the below. For L, R0 L , L = c BW C = And for C, L = C = R0 BW , c C (2.10) (2.11) BW . R0 Lc

(2.8) (2.9)

C . R0 BW c where, BW is the relative bandwidth.

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Chapter 3 Practical Procedures

3.1 Scope of the work

Our main goal is to design a 5th order Chebyshev band-pass lter in hairpin conguration with a cut-o frequency of 2.4 GHz, 0.5dB ripple and an impedance of 50 for both source and load.

3.2

Design Procedures

In order to design the lter with the specications mentioned above, the following procedures are followed: 1. Low-pass prototype design with lumped elements. 2. Impedance and frequency transformations. 3. Low-pass to band-pass transformations. 4. Lumped elements to coupled-line transformations. 5. Coupled-line to hairpin conguration/ planar circuit design. 6. Layout, etching, and testing. In the following, each of these steps are discussed with some details and diculties while the implementation.

3.2.1

Low-pass prototype design with lumped elements

Using table-1, low-pass prototype lter is designed where the cut-o frequency is 1 rad/sec. For this design source and load impedances are 1 ohm. This is applicable for the 5th order low-pass Chebyshev lter with 0.5 dB ripple. Designed circuit can be seen as following gure-7:

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Figure-7: Low-pass prototype lter with lumped elements. Note that number of L-C components equals the order of the lter (in our case, we have 5 L-C elements for the 5th order lter) and g1=g5 and g2=g4. From here we are interested to perform simulation for scattering parameters. After running the simulation, we get the following response in the gure below.

Figure-8: Frequency response for low-pass prototype lter. Simulations are performed for frequency range 0 Hz to 2 Hz and here value of c is 1 rad/sec. So, from here we get the cut-o frequency 160 mHz and we are getting same response in the gure-8. For 160 mHz cut-o frequency we obtain value of S(1,1) is -2.701 dB. we can also see the equal ripple in the beginning for S(1,1).

3.2.2

Impedance and Frequency Transformations

By using the impedance and frequency transformation equations no. 2.6 and 2.7 mentioned in chapter 2. Therefore, new values of the L-C elements of the lowpass prototype can be calculated such that the low pass lter matches the required

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specications of the cut-o frequency of 2.4 GHz and RL = RS = 50 with the same design structure of the low-pass prototype. Table with the new parameters values are shown below. Table-2: New values after impedance and frequency transformation. Order 5 C1 2.398 pF C1 1.8068 L1 4.322 nH L1 1.3025 C2 3.57 pF C2 2.6914 L2 4.322 nH L2 1.3025 C3 2.398 pF C3 1.8068 R0 50

After assigned new parameters value our low-pass lter look like in the below circuit.

Figure-9: Lumped low-pass 5th order Chebyshev lter. After performing simulation we see the same response like before and for cut-o frequency 2.4 GHz we obtain value of S(1,1) is -2.99 dB. We see the eect of response in the gure below.

Figure-10: Lumped low-pass frequency response. Simulations are performed for frequency range 0 to 10 GHz. We observe that the marker on the graph indicates the intersection of the S11 and S12 which represents the value of the cut-o frequency. It can be seen that the cut-o frequency is 2.4 GHz as required.

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3.2.3

Low-Pass to Band-Pass Transformation

The low-pass to band-pass transformation illustrated in gure-6 and we can see that C elements become parallel resonators and L elements become series resonators. By using equations no. 2.8, 2.9, 2.10 and 2.11 we achieved lumped elements for 5th order Chebyschev band-pass lter. Values of lumped elements can be found in the below table as well as circuit diagram. Table-3: Elements value of 5th order band-pass lter. C1(pF) L1(nH) C2(pF) L2(nH) C3(pF) 28.7894 0.153 0.0849 51.885 42.885 L3(nH) C4(pF) L4(nH) C5(pF) L5(nH) 0.1027 0.0849 51.885 28.7894 0.153 From the above table we see value C1=C5, L1=L5, C2=C4 and L2=L5. Here we use 50 ohms for both load and source impedance.

Figure-11: 5th order Chebyshev band-pass lter. Simulations are performed from 2 GHz to 2.9 GHz and after performing simulations we see the nice response for designed band-pass lter. In order to see the bandwidth we marked the position with dierent marker where S(1,1) and S(1,2) are intercept and we see for marker one 2.301 GHz and for marker 2 its 2.501 GHz. For 2.3 GHz frequency we have value of S(1,1) is -3.787 dB and for 2.5 GHz it is -2.696 dB, and we are getting 0.5 dB ripple as well.

Figure-12: Filter response for 5th order band-pass with lumped elements.

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3.2.4

Lumped to Coupled-Line Transformations

We know for microwave circuits, lumped elements do not work properly. Therefore, instead of using lumped element it is replaced by coupled or parallel transmission line for parallel resonators. For the rst step we consider ideal transmission line then we shifted to misrostrip line where we use l/4 transmission lines. So, by using equations no. 2.1 to 2.5 we obtain the values of coupled transmission lines which can be found from the table below. Table-4: Elements Value of coupled-transmission lines. n 1 2 3 4 5 6 gn 1.8068 1.3025 2.6914 1.3025 1.8068 1.8068 Z0 Jn Z0e (ohms) Z0o (ohms) 0.2690 67.0681 40.1681 0.08525 54.6259 46.1009 0.0699 53.7393 46.7493 0.06985 53.7393 46.7493 0.08525 54.6259 46.1009 0.08525 67.0681 40.1681

After getting required values of even and odd impedance for coupled transmission line we designed our circuit which is in the following.

Figure-13: Band-pass lter with ideal transmission line. After performing simulations we still get the nice response using ideal transmission line. We marked the positions too see the values of scattering responses and for 2.3 GHz we get -2.921 dB and for 2.5 GHz it is -2.428 dB of S(1,1) which is quite reasonable. These responses can be seen in the below gure.

Figure-14: Filter response for band-pass lter with using ideal transmission lines.

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3.2.4.1

Ideal line to Microstrip line transformations

In order to implement lter we know in reality ideal lters doesnt exist so, we need to convert ideal line to microstrip line. Therefore, to achieve required parameters which are applicable for microstrip line we use line calculator tool from ADS software which is shown in the table below. Table-5: Required parameters value of microstrip line. Z0e (ohms) Z0o (ohms) W (mm) 67.0681 40.1681 1.53 54.6259 46.1009 1.7 53.7393 46.7493 1.8 53.7393 46.7493 1.8 54.6259 46.1009 1.7 67.0681 40.1681 1.53 S (mm) 0.35 1.3 1.4 1.4 1.3 0.35 L (mm) 18.3 18.6 18.32 18.32 18.6 18.3

At rst we used MCLIN and we seen that our required bandwidth was reduced after that we use MCFIL and we still get nice response with this conguration. Circuit is illustrated in the following.

Figure-15: Band-pass lter using microstrip line. After doing simulations we see the quite nice response as before and our case its reasonable. For this case we marked the positions and also performed momentum to see the magnitudes and phases for every scattering parameters, these responses are shown in the below. In the below gure-16 we see band width still 200 MHz which is from 2.3 GHz to 2.5 GHz, ~0.5 dB ripple.

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Figure-16: Filter response using microstrip line. After generating layout we tried to perform the momentum simulation and we observe the scattering parameters and losses. Simulation result for momentum is performed and we can nd the result in the below.

Figure-17: Momentum response for dierent scattering parameters. If we see the momentum gure, we see the nice required responses for all of scattering parameters for both magnitudes and phases. As shown clearly from the responses, we still have the required lter response.

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3.2.5

Coupled-Line to Hairpin Conguration/ Planar Circuit Design

Our ultimate goal to design 5th order band-pass lter in hairpin conguration so, we need to convert coupled-line conguration to hairpin conguration. The advantages of hairpin lter are discussed earlier. For manufacturing and fabrication purposes together with technical advantages, the planar circuit design is used. In his step, we will design the planar circuit by transforming into planar microstrip lines with ports are connected at the end. Using transmission line tool, the parameters of the microstrip line (width and length) are calculated given the characteristic impedance and the dielectric constant ( r = 3.55 ) for our material. The T-junction is used for fabrication purpose and design as follows.

Figure-18: Planar design circuit in hairpin conguration. After performing simulation for the rst time we observed that our frequency response unlikely shifted. So, we varied the lengths in the schematic hairpin lter design until we get our desired lter response using tuning option. After that we have the quite nice response for our band-pass lter and we marked the positions for 2.3 GHz and 2.5 GHZ. For these frequency points we get values of S(1,1) -2.167 dB and -3.193 dB respectively. It can be seen that some of the microstrip lines have widths less than 0.05 mm which is not accepted in our design since the etching machine will be used for manufacturing the circuit can deal with lines with widths not less than 0.05 mm. So, the widths of these lines should be increased, no specic methods will be used for this, just try and error! such that we should still have the same performance. After observing the circuit simulation we get still 0.5 dB ripple which is marked by m1.

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Figure-19: Filter response in hairpin conguration.

3.2.6

Designed Layout

In order to manufacture our designed lter we have generated lter layout. We have generated layout for coupled-line conguration and hairpin conguration. We observe that our designed layout is most likely similar what we expected which as follows.

Figure-20: Generated layout for coupled-line lter.

Figure-21: Generated layout for lter in hairpin conguration. Finally, our desired layout is created for preparing the circuit for etching and manufacturing, in the above layout is created. We also see the 3D view of our designed lter and it is quite good what we expected.

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Chapter 4 Results
After implementing and manufacturing our designed 5th order Chebyshev band-pass lter now we have the hardware view which as follows. We measured our lter with Vector Network Analyzer and we see quite nice frequency response like before.

Figure-22: (a) Implemented real view of BPF, and (b) simulation result from VNA. From the above gure we can see our implemented device that means real manufactured view of our designed microstrip band pass lter in hair conguration and simulation result which is taken from Vector Network Analyzer (VNA). In order to have test and result we see from VNA our resonant frequency is shifted but we are satised because we get nice response for chebychev band pass lter and we are getting some kind of loss for measuring S12 and S21 due to lossy device. In order to manufacture this device we see our manufactured device is connected with two coupled microstrip line which was unexpected, for this reason we disconnected to each other to have better performance. After the board was milled to the desired pattern, connectors were attached and the lter was measured using Rohde and Schwarz network analyzer. Figure-22 (b) is the through performance (S21) and return loss (S11) of the prototype lter. The measurements show very good agreement with the models. The passband is slightly shifted than predicted by ADS.

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Chapter 5 Conclusion
In this project, a band-pass 5th order Chebyshev microwave lter with a cut-o frequency of 2.4 GHz is designed, fabricated and tested. The circuit is designed using distributed elements and then planar microstrip lines are used.We have seen the coupled-line band-pass lter and hairpin band-pass lter respectively. The detailed steps are shown, discussed and analyzed. The performance of the circuit is discussed basing on the simulations performed for the response of the design. We get nice results after that if we give more time on this circuit output would more better than before. The lter was designed using ADS software with a resulting layout shown in above gures. This is the familiar hairpin conguration consisting of microstrip circuit RF components such as microstrip lines, TEE- sections and coupled lines. To perform optimization runs geometrical parameters were assigned to the individual RF-components. This project reports hairpin lters with improved characteristics over conventional structures using standard design equations. The line widths and spacing can be easily etched using standard fabrication techniques. Narrower bandwidths have been achieved without additional components. The structures are validated having close match between the simulated and practical results. This approach can be extended to much higher frequency range without compromising the lter performance. Although we dont get appropriate output due to etch and common problems happened by us during simulation layout. Finally, we can say that we have the total idea to implement RF lter using ADS simulation software and fabrication technique. In our case we used Rogers RO4003 substrate with dielectric constant 3.55 and 32 mil of thickness to fabricate our lter by using etching process.

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Bibliography
[1] S. Peik, Lecture Notes Microwave Filter Design, 2009. [2] D. Pozar, Microwave Engineering, second edition. [3] Electronic Filter Design Handbook [4] Noyan Kinayman, M. I. Aksun,Modern Microwave Circuits [5] Ian Hunter,Theory and Design of Microwave Filters [6] Les Thede,Practical Analog and Digital Filter Design,Artech House, Inc. 2004

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