2006 Early Fall Tournament Packet by Jerry Vinokurov (5) Tossups 1.

The last of them contains a section accusing a certain group of having their "interests sold at every favorable opportunity" and of partaking of "idleness and ease... while other persons get the reward." The second of these reminds those addressed that their target holds them in higher honor than the Messenians or the Argives. The first of them begins by reminding the listeners of their triumph over the Lacadaemonians at the battle of Naxos, while the third and most famous notes that Athens is at war with the speech's target because that man had violated the Peace of Philocrates. The model for Cicero's orations against Marc Antony, for ten points, identify this series of four speeches given by Demosthenes against a certain Macedonian king. Answer: Phillippics 2. The title character's downfall occurs at the end of this work when a mountain is deposited on top of him, resulting in his having to wait 500 years to be freed. That character's favorite weapon is an iron bar that can expand or shrink on command, and the attempt to destroy him in a furnace results in his obtaining crystal eyes with X-ray vision. Accompanied by a pig transmigrated from a general who assaulted a heavenly being and the man who freed him, the monk Xuanzang, the alternately titular endeavor requires 14 years to complete, and results in the retrieval of Buddhist scriptures from India for return to China. For ten points, identify this comic novel by Wu Cheng-en, frequently known by the name of its primate protagonist, Sun Wukong. Answer: Record of a Journey to the West or Monkey or Hsi-yu chi 3. He divided science into two categories, physics and dialectics, and proposed that a "mechanism be judged by its fruits" in his work entitled Reason and Science. He discounted the idea of rationalising the life of Jesus in The Idea of Christ in the Gospels and cautioned against taking the superiority of aesthetic experience to be the explanation of aesthetics in The Sense of Beauty. In his most famous work, this man noted the compatibility of its two title subjects, and declared that his materialism was not metaphysical. Most famous for his system of philosophy outlined in Scepticism and Animal Faith, for ten points identify this Harvard philosopher of Spanish extraction whose best known dictum is that "those who cannot learn from history are doomed to repeat it." Answer: Jorge (George)Agustin Nicolas Ruiz de Santayana 4. At one point in this film, following the giving of instructions to keep the press out, one of the main characters rebuffs the cuddling advances of an Asian homosexual, telling him, "Cuddle? What a fag." Ron Jeremy makes a brief appearance as Vincenzo Lipazzi, who tells a bad joke to a mob boss and who is the "fat man" on whose eyes Detective Paul Smecker finds a pair of silver coins. Rocco kills Donna's cat to bring closure to their relationship in this film, which ends with the titular characters reuniting with their father, Il Duce, after he sees them reciting the prayer he taught them as children, and executing Yakavetta in the court room. Featuring Sean Flannery and Norman Reedus as Connor and Murphy McManus and Willem Defoe as Smecker, for ten points, identify this Troy Duffy movie about a pair of Irish vigilantes. Answer: The Boondock Saints 5. A nested version of this process employs successive primer runs, while another variant of this process is known as "asymmetric," which can also be modified to the linear-after-the-exponential form. One famous thermostable molecule used in this process lacks the 3-prime to 5-prime activity, resulting in an error rate of about 1 in 10,000. Using a fluorescent dye like SYBR [cyber] green in the reaction mixture can make it quantitative and real-time, with the appropriate detection apparatus. DMSO can be used for G-C rich templates to pry them apart more easily, while reverse transcriptase can be used instead of Taq for RNA templates. FTP, name this common molecular biology procedure, created by Kary Mullis and used to amplify a strand of nucleic acid. Answer: Polymerase Chain Reaction 6. He longs to get revenge on Dalton Ames, and in the end of the novel in which he most famously appears, his

neice, named after him, steals his brother's money and escapes the family home. He accuses Herbert Head of cheating at cards, and in 1909, he tells the story of Thomas Sutpen to his Harvard roommate Shreve. The son of Jason III and Caroline, on June 28, 1910, he drowns himself in the river, overcome by guilt at his incestuous feelings towards his sister Caddy. For ten points, identify this brother of Jason, Benjy, and Caddy, a member of the Compson family whose story is partially told in The Sound and the Fury. Answer: Quentin Compson (accept Quentin but prompt on "Compson") 7. It was the subject of the Augusta Project begun by Mansell Pattison in 1980, and an early version of it was observed in the 1860s and dubbed Da Costa's syndrome. Imaging studies on people suffering from it found an 8 percent decrease in hippocampal volume relative to controls, and it is unique in the DSM as being the only disorder that focuses not on personality features but on external circumstances. It is suspected that some of the "hysterical" woman treated by Joseph Breuer and Sigmund Freud might have been suffering from it due to sexual abuse. Most famously brought to national attention with returning Vietnam veterans, for ten points, identify this psychological anxiety disorder which may develop in response to extreme threats to a person's safety. Answer: post-traumatic stress disorder or PTSD 8. Some minor reactions of this type include the Bouveault-Blanc Reaction and the Luche Reaction, which utilizes cerium chloride. Another reaction of this type is the Fukuyama Reaction, which is a useful alternative to the similar Rosenmund Reaction. The Birch Reaction of this type will result in 1,4 cyclo-hexadienes. More famous examples of these reactions use hydrazine in basic conditions and zinc in acidic conditions to achieve their result. These are the Wolff-Kishner and Clemmensen reactions. FTP, name this type of reaction which adds hydrogen and removes double bonds, the opposite of oxidation. Answer: reduction 9. The familial spurning of a poor suitor, who is initially interested in Arabella, in favor of the wealthy Solmes sets in motion this novel's plot, and in a communication to the title character, Anna Howe tells her that "I am fitter for this world than you; you for the next than me." After raping the title character, Lovelace writes, "And now, Belford, I can go no farther. The affair is over," and following the title character's death, Lovelace is killed in a duel by her cousin, Colonel Morden. Subtitled The History of a Young Lady, for ten points, identify this lengthy epistolary novel, the most famous work of Samuel Richardson. Answer: Clarissa or the History of a Young Lady 10. For some time, this work was believed to be complementary to the Apollo Belvedere, and a replica of this statue is located outside the Archeological Museum in Odessa. One of the individuals depicted in this sculptural work lends his name to a Gotthold Lessing work subtitled An Essay on the Limits of Painting and Poetry. Found in Rome in 1506, this Hellenistic work's subject matter was also depicted by El Greco on a hillside with three naked men observing the tragedy from the right. Originally created by Agesander, Athenodorus, and Polydorus of Rhodes, for ten points, identify this sculpture group which depicts a Trojan priest and his sons strangled by serpents. Answer: Laocoon group 11. One ruler of these people conquered Dalmatia from the Venetian republic in the early 11th century, while another, Andrew II, was forced to promulgate a Golden Bull granting privileges to the nobility. Party to the Peace of Nagyvarad and pushed westward by the Pechenegs in the 10th century, these initially nomadic peoples were led by Arpad, who founded a dynasty of which the greatest ruler was probably St. Steven. Otto the Great defeated them at Lechfeld in 955, and they attempted to establish their own state following the passage of the March Laws of 1848 at the urgings of patriots like Lajos Kossuth. For ten points, identify these people, the natives of modern-day Hungary. Answer: Magyars or Hungarians (before "Hungary" is mentioned) 12. Its fifth section provided for representation by no fewer than two and no more than seven members, while a complex process for conflict resolution involving the selection of arbitrators by lots was described in the ninth

section. During recesses, executive power was vested in a committee of nine states, and states were also authorized to appoint all officers under the rank of colonel if the militia were raised. The Annapolis Convention, which grew out of questions of navigation rights on the Potomac, was the last serious movement to revise this document, which lacked the enforcement provisions of its successor. Samuel Huntington was the first "president" under, for ten points, what first constitution of the United States? Answer: Articles of the Confederation and Perpetual Union 13. Enrico Fermi attempted to construct an early model of it, but failed because it was not renormalizable, and its coupling constant is sometimes called by his name. Yang and Lee hypothesized that it might violate parity symmetry, a result that was experimentally confirmed by C.S. Wu in 1957, while a 1983 discovery at CERN confirmed that it was mediated by the heavy charged W and neutral Z gauge bosons. Most famously unified with the electromagnetic force by Weinberg, Glashow, and Salaam, for ten points, identify this nuclear force which regulates beta decay and is not as strong as the strong nuclear force. Answer: weak force 14. A pupil of Gian Giorgio Trissino, this man got his start working in monuments and decorative sculpture under Michele Sanmicheli of Verona. His first palazzo, designed for Giovanni Civena, was followed by such constructions as the Palazzo Thiene and the Palazzo Iseppo Porto, a reconstruction of a Roman house. This man's late period includes work in Venice like the facades for San Francesco dela Vigna San Giorgio Maggiore, and his theories are expressed in his Four Books on Architecture. Best known for a symmetric building topped with a dome on the outskirts of Vicenza, for ten points, identify this Renaissance architect whose most famous building is the Villa Rotunda and whose nickname comes from Pallas Athena. Answer: Andrea di Pietro Della Gondola or Andrea Palladio 15. They divided themselves into six tribes, one of which was known as the Magi, and the first mention of these people dates from the reign of Shalmaneser III. Zoroaster first introduced his reforms among these people, and Herodotus wrote of a "Scythian Interregnum" in this people's history, but around 625 B.C.E., these people revolted under Cyaxares and overthrew the Scythians, establishing a kingdom that allied itself with Babylon and lasted until around 550 B.C.E. Supposedly founded by Deioces and having its capital at Ecbatana, for ten points, identify these peoples of ancient Iran whose last king, Astyages, was overthrown by Cyrus II the Great of Persia. Answer: Medes or Median Kingdom or Media 16. Placing two of these elements in parallel with opposite polarity in the inverting feedback loop of an op-ampt provides a mechanism for trimming the corners from a square wave. One variety of this device is often used in precision voltage references due to its well-defined breakdown voltage upon reverse biasing, while the Esaki variety operates on the principle of quantum tunneling and the Gunn type is used in high-frequency oscillators. Consisting of a single PN-junction and existing in such varieties as Schottky and Zener, for ten points, identify this circuit element which allows the passage of current in one direction, but not the other, and which also exist in light-emitting varities. Answer: diode 17. Its eastern limit is roughly considered to be the connecting pass between the Konar and Gilgit rivers, while its central section contains a high concentration of summits, a phenomenon known as Gipfelflur or "summit plain." Other passes through this chain include the Karambar and the Shebar, which separates the regions of Badakshan and Nurestan in one of the countries on whose border it sits. Its highest peak is Mount Tirich Mir, and it divides the valley of the Amu Darya to the north from the Indus River valley to the south. With the Dorah Pass through this range connecting Afghanistan and Pakistan, for ten points, identify this great mountain system of Central Asia. Answer: Hindu-Kush range 18. Her early influences at the New School for social research included Elsie Clews Parsons and Alexander

Goldenweiser, and in 1940, she published a book dedicated to the refutation of racism, Race: Science and Politics. In addition to publishing poetry under the pseudonym Ann Singleton, her research in Native American mythology produced her dissertation, The Concept of the Guardian Spirit in North America, while a study of death rituals based on the works of Reo Fortune and Franz Boas led her to classify the Pueblo as Apollonian and the Plains Indians as Dinoysian in her masterwork, Patterns of Culture. For ten points, identify this American sociologist whose comission from the Office of War Information culminated in her study of Japanese culture, The Chrysanthemum and the Sword. Answer: Ruth Benedict 19. Its last section is devoted to the "Doctrine of Method," and in that section, the author treats a "discipline, a canon, an architectonic, and... a history," of the titular concept. Its penultimate section explores the antinomy of the titular subject, while the first chapter focuses on the transcendental exposition of space and time. Noting in the introduction that "all attempts to extend our knowledge of objects by establishing something in regard to them a priori" have ended in failure, this philosophical texts purports to apply the methods of Copernicus to metaphysics. Famously outlining the categories of perception and putting forth the claim that we cannot directly perceive the noumena, for ten points, identify this 1781 work, the first of three major critiques of Immanuel Kant. Answer: Critique of Pure Reason or Kritik der reinen Vernunft 20. Robert Hunter, better known as one of the main lyricists for the Grateful Dead, published a 1989 translation of this poetic work. Addressing an "attentive girl" in the third section, the poet asks whether she expects he "gentle step to shake the ground" her lover stands upon. Noting that "every angel is terror," the poet longs for the days of Tobias, while its last section, the tenth, imagines the Lament family in the City of Grief, ending the collection with the lines, "And we, who think of ascending joy, would feel the emotion that almost dismays us when a joyful thing falls." Beginning with the phrase, "Who, if I cried out, would hear me among the angelic orders?" for ten points, identify this collection of ten poems named after a castle and written by Rainer Maria Rilke. Answer: Duino Elegies or Duineser Elegien 21. Stephanie Brown and Carrie Kelly are the only two women to use this name; the former died due to her impulsiveness, and the latter exists in an alternate, dystopic future. Timothy Drake currently holds the title, and struggled to keep his secret life hidden from his father, and Jason Todd was the second to use this name, until he was killed. He was recently resurrected due to the changes in reality during "Infinite Crisis," and for a time used the alias "Red Hood." Dick Grayson was the first to hold this title until he "graduated" and became Nightwing. For ten points, identify this character portrayed by Chris ODonnell in the 1995 movie Batman Forever, Batman's sidekick. Answer: Robin

Bonuses 1. Answer some questions related to an American river, for ten points each. [10] Rising in the plains of eastern New Mexico, this river flows southwest through Texas and Louisiana, entering via the Old River into the Mississippi. It was the center of a Civil War campaign led by Nathaniel Banks and David Dixon Porter. Answer: Red River [10] This man organized boats to clear out a logjam known as the Great Raft, opening the Red River for transport. His workcamp became a permanent settlement in Louisiana known as his "port." Answer: Henry Miller Shreve [10] The Red River was also the site of a namesake Indian war launched by Big Tree and Satanta as a rebellion against the Treaty of Medicine Lodge, and was put down by 3,000 men under the command of this general. Answer: William Tecumseh Sherman 2. Solving them would win you $1,000,000 from the Clay Institute. For ten points each: [10] Identify these nonlinear partial differential equations which give a macroscopic description of fluid flow. Answer: Navier-Stokes equations [10] The Navier-Stokes equations simplify somewhat for this class of fluids, in which, as in water, the shear stress is proportional to the velocity gradient. Answer: Newtonian fluid [10] The laminar flow of a Newtonian fluid through a cylindrical pipe further simplifies the Navier-Stokes equations into this equation. Answer: Poiseille's law or equation or flow 3. His name derived from the cloak that he wore, and upon his accession, his domain consisted of little more than the Ile de France. For ten points each: [10] Identify this 10-th century French nobleman who founded a long-lasting dynasty of French kings. Answer: Hugh Capet [10] Capet's son, Robert II, was known by this epithet reminiscent of an earlier Carolingian king; he temporarily conquered Burgundy and was a supporter of the Cluniac reform movement. Answer: the Pious [10] This man, who succeeded his father Phillip II Augustus, was the first Capetian not to be crowned during his father's lifetime. His brief rule from 1223 to 1226 saw the renewal of the Albigensian Crusade, and his successor was canonized. Answer: Louis VIII 4. His autobiography is entitled Speak, Memory, itself a revision of an earlier memoir entitled Other Shores. For ten points each: [10] Identify this writer, famous for creating such characters as Charles Kinbote and Aleksandr Luzhin. Answer: Vladimir Vladimirovich Nabokov [10] This Nabokov novel, set against the backdrop of intrigues in Zembla, tells through the narrator, Charles Kinbote, the story of the titular poem composed by John Shade. Answer: Pale Fire [10] Nabokov also created this character, a professor of Russian at Waindell College who, in the end of the book which is titled with his name, is replaced in his appointment by the narrator himself. Answer: Timofey Pnin (accept either) 5. Answer some questions about a gland, for ten points each. [10] Located in the third cerebral ventricle, this small, pine-cone shaped gland is visible on x-rays due to calcium deposits. Answer: pineal gland or epiphysis cerebri [10] The pineal gland is responsible for the production of this hormone, which plays a role in sleep cycle regulation and may provide mating cues in mammals other than humans. Answer: melatonin [10] This essential amino acid is a precursor of melatonin, as well as of niacin and serotonin. Frederick Hopkins

isolated it from casein in 1901. Answer: tryptophan 6. Identify the Pink Floyd albums from clues, for ten points each. [10] Probably Pink Floyd's most famous album, it holds the record for the most weeks on the Billboard 200 and includes such songs as "Time," "Money," and "Us and Them." Answer: (The) Dark Side of the Moon [10] Including the tracks "Mother" and "Comfortably Numb," this album is best remembered among non-fans for the song whose lyrics state "we don't need no education, we don't need no thought control." Answer: The Wall [10] Released with the 20-minute "Echoes" on the B side, this album also includes the song "Seamus," which was played in the beginning of the film version of Rosencranz and Guildenstern are Dead, as well as "One of These Days." Answer: Meddle 7. Examples include Swift's Tale of a Tub, and Orwell's Animal Farm, though a more famous one is probably Rememberance of Things Past. For ten points each: [10] Identify this type of work, translated from the French as "novel with a key." Answer: romans a clef [10] This author represented the critic John Murray as Denis Burlap and D.H. Lawrence as Mark Rampion in his Point Counter Point. His other notable works include Crome Yellow. Answer: Aldous Leonard Huxley [10] Perhaps the most famous roman a clef is this 1939 work, in which the initials HCE and ALP reoccur frequently, and which was partly inspired by the cyclic theory of history of Giambatista Vico. Answer: Finnegan's Wake 8. Translating literally as "upcountry march," its first part was written at Scillus in 386 B.C.E., and published under the pseudonym of Themistocles of Syracuse. For ten points each: [10] Identify this work, which features the famous "march of the 10,000" from around Babylon to the Black Sea. Answer: Anabasis Kyrou [10] This man, a historian and the leader of the 10,000, authored the Anabasis. Answer: Xenophon [10] The mercenaries whose march is recounted in the Anabasis were fighting for Cyrus the Younger against Artaxerxes II, and had to retreat to the Black Sea following defeat in this 401 B.C.E. battle. Answer: Battle of Cunaxa 9. In this work, Attila is represented as Etzel, and at its end, Kriemhilde meets her death at the hands of Hildebrand. For ten points each: [10] Identify this Middle High German epic poem, written circa 1200, whose title refers both to the lineage of its hero and to the Burgundians. Answer: the Nibelungenlied or Song of the Nibelungs [10] This man is the central hero of the Nibelungenlied. He enters into a scheme with Gunther to trick Brunhild into accepting him as her husband, but is killed at Brunhild's behest when she discovers the deception. Answer: Siegfried [10] The second half of the epic is concerned with the struggles between Kriemhilde and this man, Siegfried's killer. In the end, he is tricked into appearing at Etzel's court, where he is killed by Kriemhilde. Answer: Hagen 10. Identify these war poems from lines for ten points each. [10] Perhaps the most famous of any war poem, it begins with a description of soldiers "bent double like old beggars under sacks," and ends with the admonition not to "tell with such high zest, to children ardent for some desperate glory, the old lie." Answer: Dulce et Decorum Est [10] The last poem in Rupert Brooke's sonnet sequence titled 1914, it opens "If I should die, think only this of me, that there's a corner in some foreign field that is forever England." Answer: The Soldier

[10] Though Randall Jarrell was never in combat himself, he did write this poem in which the title character recalls how "From my mother's sleep I fell into the state, and I hunched in its belly till my wet fur froze." Answer: The Death of the Ball-Turret Gunner 11. Answer some questions about American foreign policy, for ten points each. [10] This most famous statement of American foreign policy, issued by its namesake president, declared that the Western Hemisphere was off-limits to any future colonization. Answer: Monroe Doctrine [10] This corollary to the Monroe Doctrine, formulated by Cleveland's secretary of State, maintained the right of the United States to intervene in any international disputes in the Western Hemisphere. Answer: Olney Corollary [10] Growing out of the Pan-American conferences, this international compact was established in 1948 in Bogota and was formed to promote co-operation among its members, drawn from independent states in the Western Hemisphere. Answer: Organization of American States 12. Identify these eponymous rules from organic chemistry, for ten points each. [10] Formulated in 1870 and based on the formation of stable carbocations, this rule can be generalized to the statement that a carbon with many substituents will acquire additional substituents while the carbon with more hydrogens will acquire additional hydrogens. Answer: Markovninkov's rule [10] This rule states that a cyclic compound is aromatic when it has 4n + 2 pi electrons, where n is a non-negative integer. Answer: Huckel's rule [10] This rule states that a double bond cannot exist at the bridgehead carbon atom due to ring and angle strain, unless the molecule is large enough. Answer: Bredt's rule 13. This man's posthumous publications include On the Fourfold Root, and he spent the last 28 years of his life in Hamburg because he thought it was free from cholera. For ten points each: [10] Identify this "philosopher of pessimism." Answer: Arthur Schopenhauer [10] Schopenhauer is best known for this 1819 work which contains his theory of knowledge, nature, and ethics. Answer: The World as Will and Idea (or Representation) or Die Welt als Wille und Vorstellung [10] This collection of "minor works" and "remnants" includes such classic Schopenhauer pieces as "Essay on Ghost-seeing and Its Related Aspects." It was published posthumously by Julius Frauenstadt. Answer: Parerga and Paralipomena (or und instead of and) 14. This artists paintings include a Portrait of Johann Christian Fischer. FTPE: [10] Name this artist who also painted Robert Andrews and His Wife. ANSWER: Thomas Gainsborough [10] Gainsboroughs best-known work is probably this portrait showing the young Jonathan Buttall dressed in a fancy, outdated costume of the title color. ANSWER: The Blue Boy [10] The Blue Boy is paired in the Huntington Gallery with this portrait by Thomas Lawrence of an aunt of Elizabeth Barrett Browning. ANSWER: Pinkie or Portrait of Sarah Barrett Moulton 15. Identify these works of Karl Marx, for ten points each. [10] Probably Marx's most famous work, this unfinished treatise published in three volumes employed the labor theory of value to demonstrate the contradictions inherent in capitalism. Answer: Das Kapital [10] This 1844 work, written partly as a response to Bruno Bauer, analyzes the conditions necessary for the emancipation of the titular group as well as the reasons for that group's success in capitalist society. Answer: On the Jewish Question or Zur Judenfrage [10] Marx criticized Proudhon in this 1847 work, which transposes the two title concepts of a Proudhon essay and

argues that no compromise is possible between the tensions existing in an economic system. Answer: The Poverty of Philosophy or La Misere de la Philosophie 16. They may be described as confined or unconfined, depending on whether the material that overlays them is permeable or not. For ten points each: [10] Identify these permeable rock layers which contain water. Answer: aquifers [10] This is the upper level of an aquifer. It separates the groundwater from the capillary fringe directly above it. Answer: water table [10] This is the region above the water table that includes the capillary fringe. Answer: zone of aeration or vadose zone 17. It came to an end in 1940, and its leading statesmen included Raymond Poincare, Edouard Daladier, and Aristide Briand. For ten points each: [10] Identify this period of French history bounded by the Franco-Prussian and the Second World Wars. Answer: the Third Republic [10] The first Popular Front ministry was led by this Socialist, who succeeded Pierre Laval in 1936 and resolved a great wave of strikes through the Matignon Agreement. He was the first Jew to become premiere of France. Answer: Leon Blum [10] Together with Millerand, Poincare, and Briand, this man formed the Right Bloc, though he may be better known for leading France through the end of World War I during his second ministry. Answer: Georges Clemenceau 18. Among this group's compositions was the ballet The Sailors, and their name was coined by critic Henri Collet. For ten points each: [10] Identify this group of early 20th century French composers. Answer: The Six [10] The Six drew their influence from this mentor, whose works include Three Pieces in the Shape of a Pear and Dessicated Embryos. Answer: Erik-alfred-leslie Satie [10] Among the more famous compositions of the Six was this 1956 opera by Francis Poulenc concerns nuns martyred during the French Revolution. Answer: Dialogues of the Carmelites or Les Dialogues des Carmelites 19. Identify these concepts from game theory that appear in economics, for ten points each. [10] This game, usually played iteratively, gives two players the option to either co-operate or defect. Anatol Rapoport's "Tit for Tat" is the most succesful strategy, and real-life applications include the arms race. Answer: Prisoner's Dilemma [10] This condition, discovered by its namesake, refers to a situation where no player can improve his outcome by unilaterally changing his strategy. Answer: Nash equilibrium [10] This paradox states that a player should be willing to pay any finite sum for the privilege of entering a lottery, held in the titular city, in which coin flips exponentially increase the player's winnings when they land on heads. Daniel Bernoulli solved it by introducing a marginal utility function, and it's the basis of martingale betting systems. Answer: St. Petersburg paradox or lottery 20. Diocletian dedicated a temple to him in 307, and he was the god of soldiers, kings, and contracts. For ten points each: [10] Identify this Persian deity, whose most important rite was the sacrifice of a bull, and who was also a sun god. Answer: Mithras [10] Adherents of this religion were highly critical of the bull sacrifice, but the unwillingness of the Achaemenid kings to spark religious unrest led to it being contaminated by Mithraism, and one of its hymns, or Yashts, is dedicated to Mithras. Answer: Zoroastrianism [10] Mithras was equated with the demiurge in this Platonic dialogue, which contains Plato's cosmogony as well as a discussion of Atlantis.

Answer: Timaeus