Numerical Computations of Dynamic PitchPitch-Damping Derivatives using TimeTime-Accurate CFD Techniques

Dr. Jubaraj Sahu, Aerodynamics Branch U.S. Army Research Laboratory

24th International Symposium on Ballistics New Orleans, Louisiana 22 26 September, 2008

Projectile Aerodynamics
l Wind Tunnel testing l Actual flight testing t Experimental facilities (Aero Range, Transonic Range) t Measure the positions and orientations; get Aero from 6-DOF fits l Empirical codes (AP, DATCOM, PRODAS etc.) l Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) t Steady-State Aerodynamics t Unsteady Aerodynamics for Magnus, Roll Damping, Pitch Damping using unsteady rolling and imposed pitching motions (Virtual Wind-Tunnel Method) l CFD and 6-DOF Rigid Body Dynamics Coupling for Virtual Fly-Outs t Simulate actual free flight (integrated unsteady aero/flight dynamics) t Extraction of aerodynamic coefficients (both static and dynamic) from virtual fly-outs t Easily extended for computation of dynamic pitch damping moment coefficient using imposed pitching motion a special case of the virtual fly-out procedure t Roll damping and Magnus moment coefficients also are obtained from time-accurate computations of rolling motion, inherently an integral part of the virtual fly-out method

Role of HPC in the Development of the Digital Virtual Aerodynamic Range

Aerodynamics Experimental Facility Digital Virtual Aerodynamic Range

Measures projectile orientation and position only Pitch, Roll, Yaw X, Y, Z 6DOF fit of range data Limited visualization at a few stations Aerodynamic coefficients determined Characterize observed flight dynamics

Computes entire projectile state Pitch, Roll, Yaw X, Y, Z Linear velocities Pitch, Roll, and Yaw Rates Unlimited flow visualization Integrated Aerodynamics and Flight Dynamics Predictive capability for new geometries Outputs wake and pressure contours

Multidisciplinary Computational Technique

CFD Computational Technique
l 3-D Unsteady Navier-Stokes equations l Higher order turbulence modeling including hybrid RANS/LES l Dual Time-Stepping for transient flow computations l Two time-steps l First (outer) global or physical step usually set to 1/100th of the period of oscillation l Second (inner) step inner iterations l Grid Motion and BC: l Grid moves and rotates as the projectile moves and rotates l Free stream is preserved for arbitrary mesh and arbitrary mesh velocity 5 to 10 l l l l l l l l

CFD/RBD COUPLING PROCEDURE

6-DOF equations solved at every CFD timestep CFD provides aerodynamic forces and moments 6-DOF provides the response of the body to the forces and moments The response is converted to translational and rotational accelerations Integrate the accelerations to obtain translational and rotational velocities Integrate once more to obtain linear position and angular orientations 6-DOF uses quaternions to define angular orientations From the dynamic response, grid point locations and velocities are set

TimeTime-Accurate CFD Procedures

Complete Virtual Fly-Out Procedure
STEP 1: Steady-state mode Grid velocities account only for translational motion Initial conditions also include the angular orientations STEP 2: Uncoupled mode (Kinematics) Add rotational component in X (spin, p) Compute for a few spin cycles until solution converges STEP 3: Coupled mode Add the other rotational components (q and r) Full dynamic calculations

Time-Accurate CFD Procedure for Dynamic Derivatives

STEP 1: Steady-state mode No translation motion STEP 2: Uncoupled mode (Rolling Motion) Add rotational component (spin, p) Compute for a few spin cycles until solution converges STEP 2: Uncoupled mode (Pitching Motion) Add the other rotational component (q) i.e. impose pitching motion Pitching motion can be sinusoidal

Virtual Fly-out of a Finned Projectile

Initial Velocity, Mach = 3 (Supersonic)

f
q

X
y

Y
8.00 7.00 6.00 5.00 4.00 3.00 2.00 1.00 0.00 -1.00 0.0 -2.00 -3.00 -4.00 -5.00 -6.00 -7.00 -8.00

r JI

r KI

Z 6-DOF system
Experimental Data CFD
0.40 0.35 0.30

Z-distance

Theta, deg

Z-Coord, m

10.0

20.0

30.0

40.0

50.0

60.0

70.0

80.0

0.25 0.20 0.15 0.10

Experim ental Data CFD CFD (Muz)

Range, m

0.0

10.0

20.0

30.0

40.0

50.0

60.0

70.0

80.0

Computed positions and orientations (Euler angles) of the projectile match very well with the data measured in actual free flight tests.

Range, m

Another Example: Spinning Projectile Initial Mach = 0.4 (Subsonic Flight)

Z Y X

0.40

0.35

10.00

0.30
Z-Coord, m

Experiment CFD
8.00 6.00

0.25

ARFDAS Fit Experimental Data CFD CFD (SM_DT)

4.00

Theta-FP, deg

0.20

2.00 0.00 -10.0 -8.0 -6.0 -4.0 -2.0 -2.00 -4.00 0.0 2.0 4.0 6.0 8.0 10.0

0.15

Z-distance
0.0 10.0 20.0 30.0 Range, m 40.0 50.0 60.0

0.10
-6.00 -8.00 -10.00

Virtual fly-out technique computes the trajectory of an in-flight spinning projectile; computed results match well with the flight test data
Psi, deg

Virtual Fly-Out of a Spinning Projectile Initial Mach = 1.1 (Transonic Flight)

Z Y X Z-distance

Virtual fly-out technique computes the trajectory of an in-flight spinning projectile; computed results match well with the flight test data.

Extraction of Aerodynamic Coefficients from Virtual Fly-Out Simulations

Spinning Projectile

Extraction of All Aerodynamic Coefficients Pitch-Damping Moment Coeff.

Virtual fly-outs simulations require only the total aerodynamic forces and moments to fly the projectile. How do we extract the aerodynamic force and moment coefficients from the virtual fly-out simulations? How good are they? Different Approaches: 1. Aerodynamic coefficients extracted from CFD/RBD virtual fly-out solutions using range reduction software (ARFDAS, for example). 2. PACE - Simple fitting procedure that require a set of short time-histories (virtual fly-outs) at different Mach numbers.

ARFDAS Fit of CFD Generated data Initial M = 1.1

1. 2. Aerodynamic coefficients extracted from CFD using range reduction software, ARFDAS using the virtual fly-out solutions Position (x,y,z) and the orientation (three Euler angles) of the projectile, obtained from the virtual fly-out simulations were provided as input to ARFDAS. Same procedure is used for actual flight measured data.
Y vs X
10 8

Psi vs X

3.74 3.72 3.70 3.68 3.66 3.64 3.62 0 10 20

6 4 2 0 -2 -4 -6 -8 -10 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

30

40

50

60

70

80

Xm

Xm

Y-distance

Euler roll angle

Extracted force and moment coefficients (static and dynamic) from virtual fly-out simulation

Data Source

Zero-Yaw Normal Pitching Pitch Magnus Roll Axial Force Moment Damping moment Damping Force Coeff. Coeff. Moment Coeff. Moment Coeff., Deriv., Deriv, Coeff., Deriv., Coeff., Cmq C D0 Cma Cnpa Clp CN
a

Spark Range CFD

0.359 0.335

2.081 2.362

4.209 4.283

-25.3 -22.9

1.05 0.93

-0.019 -0.019

Aerodynamic coefficients extracted from the virtual fly-out method Validate using separate matches very well with those unsteady CFD obtained from free flight tests. (Virtual wind tunnel method)

Pitch Damping Moment

qd 1 2 Pitch Damping Moment = r V S d 2 V ( C mq + C ma& ) 2
Pitching motion imposed:

a = a m + a 0 sin(w t )
Here,

C mq = pitch damping moment coefficient due to q & C ma& = pitch damping moment coefficient due to a

a am a0 w

= = = =

instantaneous angle of attack mean angle of attack pitch amplitude pitch frequency, related to reduced frequency (k =qd/2V) Virtual wind tunnel method (Imposed pitching motion)

Time-Histories of Normal Force and Pitching Moment coefficients

Mach = 1.1 0 = 1.0, k = 0.1
0.06 0.10

0.04 0.05 +q 0.02 -q +q

CN

CM

0.00 -1.50 -1.00 -0.50 0.00 -0.02 -q 0.50 1.00 1.50

-1.50

-1.00

-0.50

0.00 0.00

0.50

1.00

1.50

CFD - CY1
-0.04

-0.05

CFD - CY1 CFD - CY2

CFD - CY2
-0.10

-0.06

a (degrees)

a (degrees)

Normal force

Pitching moment

Pitch damping moment is obtained directly from the time-history plot of the pitching moment coefficient resulting from the imposed pitching motion.

Extracted force and moment coefficients from virtual fly-out

Data Source

Zero-Yaw Normal Pitching Pitch Magnus Roll Axial Force Moment Damping moment Damping Force Coeff. Coeff. Moment Coeff. Moment Coeff., Deriv., Deriv, Coeff., Deriv., Coeff., Cmq C D0 Cma Cnpa Clp CN
a

Spark Range CFD

0.359 0.335

2.081 2.362

4.209 4.283

-25.3 -22.9

1.05 0.93

-0.019 -0.019

Pitch damping moment extracted from the virtual fly-out method matches very well with that obtained by a separate unsteady CFD approach with prescribed pitching motion.

Computed CMq= -24.0 using virtual wind-tunnel approach

Extraction of Aerodynamic Coefficients from Virtual Fly-Out Simulations

Finned Projectile

Virtual Fly-out of a Finned Projectile

Initial Velocity, Mach = 3 (Supersonic)

ARFDAS Fit of CFD Generated data Initial M = 3.0

1. 2. Aerodynamic coefficients extracted from CFD using range reduction software, ARFDAS using the virtual fly-out solutions Position (x,y,z) and the orientation (three Euler angles) of the projectile, obtained from the virtual fly-out simulations, were provided as input to ARFDAS. Same procedure is used for actual flight measured data.
5000

0.4

0.35

4000

0.3

3000

CFD ARFDAS Result ARFDAS Data Input

0.25

Psi, deg
CFD ARFDAS Result ARFDAS Data Input

Z, deg

2000

0.2

1000

0.15

0 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

0.1 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

-1000

Range, m

Range, m

Z-distance

Euler roll angle

Extracted Aerodynamic Coefficients from Virtual Fly-Out Simulation

Data Source Spark Range

Mach No.

CXo

CNa

Cma

Cmq

Clp

3.0

0.221

5.83

-12.60

-196

-2.71

CFD

3.0

0.253

5.88

-12.46

-172

-3.24

Pitch-Damping Moment Coefficient

Time-history of the Pitching Moment with Angle of Attack

Mach = 3.0 Virtual Wind Tunnel Method
0.30

0.20

CFD - CY1 CFD - CY2

0.10

Cm

0.00 -1.0 -0.8 -0.6 -0.4 -0.2 -0.10 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0

-0.20

-0.30

Alpha (degrees)

Pitch damping moment is obtained directly from the time-history plot of the pitching moment coefficient resulting from the imposed pitching motion.

Computed Pitch-Damping Moment Coefficient as a function of Mach number

0

Pitch Damping Moment Coefficient, Cmq

-100

-200

-300

-400

-500

AR Test - Single Fit AR Test - Multiple Fit CFD (virtual wind-tunnel) CFD (virtual fly-out)

-600

-700

-800 1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2.0 2.2 2.4 2.6 2.8 3.0 3.2 3.4 3.6 3.8 4.0

Mach Number

Computed pitch-damping moment coefficients match fairly well with the data obtained from free flight tests. Almost identical prediction by both virtual fly-out and virtual wind-tunnel techniques.

Concluding Remarks

l Multidisciplinary CFD/Rigid Body Dynamics Coupling for Virtual Fly-Outs Integrated unsteady aerodynamics and flight dynamics All aerodynamic coefficients (static and dynamic) can be easily extracted from the same virtual fly-out solution Technique easily reduces to the virtual wind tunnel approach for computation of dynamic pitch damping derivatives l Aerodynamic coefficients extracted (both static and dynamic) match fairly well with the data obtained from free flight tests l Both virtual fly-out and virtual wind-tunnel methods essentially predict the same dynamic pitch damping moment coefficients