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46. n = Number of Moles P = Pressure V = Volume T = Temperature R = Universal Gas Constant, 8.

314J/mol-K

P = Pressure V = Volume T = Temperature 47.

48.

R = Universal Gas Constant, 8.314J/mol-K 49. n = Number of Moles For cases with P = Pressure V = Volume P = Pressure T = Temperature V = Volume

T = Temperature 50. For cases with

51. Density of air in terms of densities of nitrogen and oxygen

P = Pressure V = Volume T = Temperature

Relation of number density of air N/V.

= Mass of Nitrogen = Mass of Oxygen n = Number of Moles ( ) P = Pressure V = Volume = Density of Oxygen T = Temperature = Density of R = Universal Gas Nitrogen Constant, 8.314J/mol-K

52. Solving for the volume of the bubble just before it breaks the surface

Pressure at the bottom of the lake P = Pressure V = Volume T = Temperature = 101.3kPa 2 g = 9.81m/s

h = depth 53.

Using the Archimedes Substituting to the first principle equation

mass, and Avogrados Number: ( )

) Expressing the densities B = Buoyant Force of the air molecules in w = weight terms of their number 54. density, molecular

Applying the ideal-gas Using Archimedes principle to express the law buoyant force: Relating the net force to its weight: Kinetic Theory of Gases 55.

Expressing the rms speed of an atom as a function of temperature 56. From the ideal gas law

Substituting:

Relating the total translational Kinetic

energy of translation to temperature of the gas.

function of its temperature:

57. 58. Expressing the average Expressing the average kinetic energy of the energy per atom in the hydrogen atom as a solid in terms of temperature and

number of degrees of freedom ( )

59. Expressing the mean Relating the total energy of one mole to free path of a molecule in an ideal gas: its temperature and the number of degrees of freedom:

Where = Substituting the expression for nv for the mean free path:

60. Collision time in terms of the mean free path:

61.

Expressing the change in potential energy of a molecule: 62. Differentiating with Expressing the ratio of K respect to v: to

Setting df/dv = 0 for extrema: [ ( ) ( 63. ) ]

( )

Showing that f(v) is normalized: ( ) ( ) we

( ) ( )

Letting obtain:

f(v) is normalized. 64.

Expressing the average speed of the molecules in the gas ( ) 65.

Substituting the:

Using a constantacceleration equation, to relate the fall distance to the initial velocity of a molecule, the

acceleration due to gravity, and the fall time:

to

Letting the solve t. Expressing the rms General Problems speed of the atom to its 66. temperature and mass

Relating the rms speed of the molecule to its temperature 67. Applying the ideal-gas law to express the temperature of the gas: Solving for the temperature

Using the ideal-gas law Expressing the net force for a fixed amount of on each wall of a box: gas to relate the temperatures and ( volumes: ) 69. Express the electrolysis of water into H2 and O2:

68.

) ( ( ) )

Apply on the first Expressing the number formula. of moles in X Liter of water: 70. Express the distance the cylinder will move

in terms of the movement of the center of mass when the membrane is removed:

Applying the ideal-gas law to both collections of molecules to obtain: ( ) and ( )

Expressing the center of mass before the membrane is removed: 71. Applying the ideal-gas law to the first case: ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) [ ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ( ) )] Substitute to obtain:

Applying the ideal gas number in each vessel law to the second case: when the pressure is P: [ ( ) ( )] Relating the final 72. pressure on each vessel: Relating the number of moles of gas in the system in the three vessels initially to the

of the boiling substance to its pressure and the pressure at triple point 73. Using the ideal-gas temperature scale, relate the temperature ( )

Assuming a linear Expressing the area relationship between of two circles of diameter d that touches : each other: ( Where a is the ratio for =0. 74. )

Solving for d:

Solving for A and Relating the mean free substituting to the first path of the molecules equation: to their number density and cross sectional area: 75.

Expressing the effective cross-sectional area of H2 molecule: Expressing the volume of a sphere: Relating the available volume per molecule to the number density nv:

Solving for d:

Solving for h: 76. Expressing two equations for the pressure of the gas inside the cylinder: Relating the frequency of vibration of the piston to its mass and stiffness constant:

Letting y be the displacement from equilibrium:

The Maxwell-Boltzmann speed distribution f(x) is given by: ( ) ( )

77.

Changing the integration variables by letting :

Chapter 18: Heat and First Law of Thermodynamics

Conceptual Problems: 1. Express the change in Divide the change in temperature of body A temperature of body B by body A to obtain: in terms of its mass, specific heat and the amount of heat supplied to it: Simplifying yields:

2. Equating the temperature changes to Express the energy absorbed by element X: obtain: Express the energy absorbed by element Y: 3.

Solve for

4. Some examples of Because the objects systems in which masses are the same internal energy is and they experience converted into the same change in mechanical energy are: a steam turbine, an temperature: internal combustion engine, and a person performing mechanical

work, e.g., climbing a internal energy of the system is equal to the hill. heat that enters the 5. Yes, if the heat absorbed by the system system plus the work done on the system. is equal to the work 7. . done by the system. 6. According to the first For an ideal gas, law of thermodynamics, is a function of T only. Because the change in the

in a free expansion, these forces expansion, reduce the average and T is constant. For a kinetic energy of the real gas, depends molecules and, on the density of the consequently, the gas because the temperature. molecules exert weak 8. Because the attractive forces on container is insulated, each other. In a free no energy is exchanged

with the surroundings during the expansion of the gas. Neither any work done on or by the gas during this process. Hence, the internal energy of the gas does not change and we can conclude that the

equilibrium temperature will be the same as the initial temperature. Applying the ideal-gas law for a fixed amount of gas we see that the pressure at equilibrium must be half an atmosphere.

9. The temperature of Letting the subscript the gas increases. The a denote the average kinetic energy adiabatic process and increases with the subscript I denote increasing volume due the isothermal process. to the repulsive For the isothermal interaction between balloon: the ions. 10.

( )

11. The work done along each of these paths equals the area under its curve. The

area is greatest for the path A -> B -> C and least for the path A -> D -> C. 12. An adiabatic process, by definition, one for which no heat enters or leaves the system.

13. (a) False. The heat from one state to capacity of a body another is path needed to raise the Dependent. temperature of the (c) False. The work body by one degree done on a system when (b) False. The amount it goes from one state of heat added to a to another is path system when it goes dependent.

14. For a constant volume process, no work is done on or by the gas. Applying the first law of thermodynamics, we obtain . Because the temperature must

change during such a process, we can conclude that hence . 15. Because the temperature does not change during an isothermal process, the

change in the internal at this low temperature energy of the gas is and high pressure, C3H8 zero. Applying the first is a solid. law of thermodynamics, 17. We can use the we obtain given dependence of the pressure on the 16. The melting point of volume and the idealgas law to show that if propane at 1 atm pressure is 83 K. Hence, the volume decreases,

so does the temperature. ( ) = constant = nRT ( )

Because T varies with the square root of V, if the volume decreases, the temperature decreases. 18. At room temperature, most solids have a roughly constant heat capacity

per mole of 6 cal/mol-K (Dulong-Petit law). Because 1 mole of lead is more massive than 1 mole of copper, the heat capacity of lead should be lower than the heat capacity of

copper. This is, in fact, the case. 19. The heat capacity of a substance is proportional to the number of degrees of freedom per molecule associated with the

molecule. Because there are 6 degrees of Estimation and freedom per molecule Approximation in a solid and only 3 per molecule (translational) for a monatomic liquid, you would expect the solid to have the higher heat capacity.

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