English.

Text 1. Crime.
When any person is doing something illegal(against the law), he must know that he is committing a crime. Brown stole Joan's computer when she was not at home. Brown is a thief. He has commited theft. Joan is a paintiff. She suffered materials loss, and demands reparation of the loss. Smith robbed a flat when there was nobody at home. He is a robber. Stealing from people or placec is a robbery. Smith is accused of robbery in spite of the fact that he denied everything. A boy shoplifted a box of cigarettes from store. He is a shoplifter. Shoplifting is also a crime. Simon killed his wife becouse he was too jealous. He committed a murder. He is a murderer. Murder is very serious crime. The accused is found guilty and is sentenced to imprisonment by the court, in some countries such a person is sentenced to death. Driving above he speed limit a man overran an old lady crossing the street at a yellow light. It is manslaughter. A buglar stole some jewellery from the shop. He is accused of burglary. Raping is a serious crime. So the courts investigate all these cases and give punishments for crimes committed. For minor offences one has to pay a fine. For example, if one drives above the speed linit or parks illegally one may be fined. For some crimes there is capital punishment (death). Prison sentences are given to those who committed very serious crimes. For example, if a person is accused of murder, the sentance will be many years in prison, in some countries he is sentenced to death. The prison becomes a prisoner. He is put into prison. He is in a cell and is waiting for the punishment to be given to him. Thus courts prevent jungle justice and defend citizenz' life and rights. ---------------------------------------Useful words. A shoplifter - a person who steals from shops.

A vandal - a person who damages things in public places. A murder - a person who murdered someone. A pickpocket - a person who steals things from a pearson's pocket. A hijacker - is a person who captures a plane forces the pilot to change the course of flight. A drug dealer - a person ho sell and buy druggs illegally. A kidnapper - is a person who captures away people by force and demands money for their return. freedom. A manslaughter - a person who kill somebody inadvertently.

Raping - . to be accused of - ... to be sentenced to - ... to investigate the case - investigator - guilty - innocent - jungle justice - to suspect - a suspect - to suffer material loss - to demand - reparation of the loss - in spite of - to prove - enemy - to deny -

juridical - to rape - to damage - to hijack - prosecutor - verdict - verdict is in - to attain a verdict - unanimous verdict -

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Text 2. Punishment.
Punishment describes the imposition by some authority of deprivation - usually painful - on a person who has violated a law, a rule, or other norm. When the violation is of the criminal law of society there is a formal process of accusation and proof followed by imposition of a sentence by designated official, usually a judge. Informally, any organized group - most typically the family, may punish perceived wrongdoers. Because punishment is both painful and guilt produciing, its application calls for a justification. In Western cuture, four basic justifications have been given: retribution, deterrence, rehabilitation, and incapacitation. Most penal historians note a gradual trend over the last centuries toward more lenient sentences in Western countries. Capital and corporal punishment, widespread in the 19th century, are seldom invoked by contemporary society. Indeed, it the United States corporal punishment as such appears to be contary to the 8th Amendment's restrictions on cruel and unusual punishment. Yet the rate of imprisonment in the United States appears to be growing. Furthemore, since the middle of the 20th century, popular and professional sentiment has taken a distinctly punitive turn and now tends to see retribution and

incapacitation - rather than rehabilitation - as the goals of criminal punishment. Criminal sentences ordinarily embrace four basic modes of punishment. In descending order of severity these are: incarceration, community supervision, fine, and restitution. The death penalty is now possible only for certain types of atrocious murders and treason. Punishments is an ancient practice whose presence in modern cultures may appear to be out of place becouse it purposefully inflicts pain. In the minds of most people, however, it continues to find justification. ---------------------------------------Useful words. describes - imposition - , , authority - , . deprivation - usually painful - violated - accusation - proof - designated - sentence - . perceived - wrongdoers - producing - application - , justification - , retribution - deterrence - rehabilitation -

incapacitation - . penal historians - . note - gradual trend - lenient sentences - . corporal punishment - . widespread - . seldom - invoked - , contemporary - indeed - as such - appears - contrary - restrictions - cruel - rate - furthermore - distinctly - punitive - turn - goals - embrace - incarceration - descending - severety - ,

restitution - . ( .) certain - . atrocious - . treason - (? . .) purposefully - inflicts - justification - . -----------------------------------------------------------, - , , . , , , , . , , , . , . , 4 : , , , . . , 19 , . . . , 20 - , . 4 . : , , . . , , ,

 . , , .

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Text 3. Who is who, in Law in U.K.

The process of criminal justice begins when police arrests a suspect. Then in case if policemen have enough evidence to prosecute they send the suspect for trial. In serious cases this decision is made by the Director of Public Prosecutions, who is a senior law official. If a person is prosecuted for a crime Britain, he or she may meet the following people during his process throught the courts: solicitors, barristers, magistrates, judges, jurors. Solicitors A solicitor is lawyer who deals whith petty crimes, prepares the case, advices the accused and may represent the client in a Magistrates' Court. When somebody gets into trouble or is arrested, the first person he or she needs to see is a solicitor. Solicitors prepare cases of their clients for barristers, who, in turn represent the accused in the higer court, if the case goes there. Also solicitors deal with the civil matters such as divorces, buying houses, making wills, or some other cases. To become a solicitor a young man or woman works a clerk for some period of time for solicitor and at the same time studies for the exams. It should be noted that it is not necessary for him to go the university. When he or she passed all necessary exams, the become solicitors and can open his or her own business. In England one can see the notice on the door of the office "Mr.Smith, Solicitor, LLB".

Barristers.

Barristers are lawyers who deal with the interpretation of the Law. A barrister is trained in the law and in the skills required to argue a case in court. Barristers specialize in representing the accused in the higher count. They are required to help clients in really serious cases, for example, to defend the accused for a crime for which the criminal may be sent to prison. There are barristers for the defence and the prosecuting barristers. The barrister for the defence is usually opposed by an opposite member - the prosecuting barrister, who represents the State. The barristers of the higest level have the title QC (Queen's Council). Only high level barristers can become judges in court. A barrister must pass the special legal exams and become a member of legal corporation called "Inn of Courts". Barristers are either "juniors" or King's (Queen's)

Magistrates. Magistrates are unpaid judges. They are ordinary citizens and selected from well-respected people. They have no legal qualification as judges, magistrates are chosen from people of all social classes and great variety of professions. They have sound common sense. Magistrates' Courts are the lowest courts that deal with not serious crimes such as a case of driving too fast, etc.

Judges. Judges are trained lawyers, nearly always ex-barristers. They deal with the most serious crimes, such as bank robbery, a burglary, a murder, and so on. They are paid salaries by the State and have legal training. The judge rules on points of law and makes sure that the trial is conducted properly. The judge doesn't decide if the accused is guilty or innocent. That is the jury's job. But only the judge can pass the sentence. Judges work in the Crown Court. Jurors. A jury consists of twelve men and women, chosen from ordinary people in local community. They sit in the Crown Court with a judge and listen to the evidence for the defence and prosecution and decide whether the accused is guilty or innocent. In Britain a person is not quilty unless found guilty. The jurors attain a verdict, and only when the verdict is in the sentence is passed by the judge. Useful words:

suspect - evidence - . trial - . decision- . prosecutions - senior - deals - petty - prepares - Advice - represent - . divorces - necessary - trained - required - prosecuting - . opposed - . common sense - trial - conducted - properly - evidence -

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Text 4. Police in U.K.

British police action in enforcing the law rets mainly upon common concert. British police forces are responsible for law enforcement in their areas. The police forces are responsible for law enforcement in their areas. The police of London is in the hands of the Metropolitan Police Force, with headquarters at New Scotland Yard. Outside London most regions have their own police forces. The police authorities are financed by central and local governments. Police work ranges from the protection of people and property, road or street patrolling and traffic control to crime prevention, criminal investigation and arresting offenders. In urban areas police officers deal with social problems. Also the police must assist at accidence, safeguard public order deal with lost property. But the main function is, of course, to find criminals. The main departments in all forces are the uniform department, criminal investigation department, traffic department and specialized departments, including river police, mounted police and dog handlers. The metropolitan Police forse provides certain special services such as liason with the International Criminal Police Organization (Interpol). In all areas of police work the use of scientific aids (including A National Police Computer) is widespread. The British policemen generally do not carry firearms (except in Northern Ireland). Only few policeman are regularly armed - for instance. those who guard politicians and diplomats or who patrol airports. In certain circumstances specially trained police officers can be armed. The British police officer - usually called the "Bobby" after Sir Robert Peel, the founder to the police force - is a well-known figure to anyone who has visited Britain or who has seen British films. Policemen and policewomen can be seen in towns and cities keeping law and order, either walking in the streets or driving in cars. All members of police must have gained a certain level of academic qualification at school and undergone a period of intensive training. Like in the army there are a number of ranks: after the Chief Constable comes the assistant Chief Constable, Chief Superintendent, Chief Inspector, Inspector, Sergeant and Constable. Women make up about 10% of the police force. The police are helped by a number of special Constables - members of the public who work for the police voluntary for a few hours a week. (without any payment.)

Useful words: to enforce the law - . common concent - headquarters - , - property - prevention - criminal investigation - . to arrest an offender - . urban area - dog handlers - to assist at accidents - . safeguard public order - . liason - scientific aids - . to be widespread - for instance - to guard - . circumstances - to undergo - () without payment - . action - provides - certain - , .. widespread - . firearms -

except - for instance - circumstances -

==================================== ==================================== ==================================== ========== Text.5 The System of Government in U.K.

The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland is a parliamentary monarchy, where the power of the Queen (or King) is limited by Parliament which consists of two Chambers: the House of Lords and the House of Commons. The monarchy in the United Kingdom has developed from absolute personal authority to the present constitutional form by which the Queen reigns but does not rule. The country is governed in the name of the Queen by the Government although the Queen performs certain important acts of the Government on the advice of her ministers. The Queen is also the head of the Commonwealth, and is the head of the Church of England. Also she is the Commander-in-chief of the armed forces. Although the Queen is officially the head of all three branches (Parliament, the Government and the Law courts) she has little power. The British people look at the Queen as the symbol of their national unity. 2. Parliament Parliament is the supreme legislative authority and is constitutionally composed of the Queen, the House of Lords and the House of

Commons. The main functions of the Parliament are to pass laws, to provide taxation, to scrutinize government policy and administration. The House of Lords is made up of hereditary and life peers and peeresses. The House of Lords is presided over by the Lord Chancellor, who is the head of the judiciary in England and Wales. The House of Commons, which plays the major part in lawmaking, is an elected body. The House of Commons is presided over by the Speaker, an impartial member accepted by the whole House. The Speaker is elected by the members of the House of Commons. 3. Government The Government is the executive body which is responsible for administration of national affairs. All the affairs of the state are conducted in the name of the Queen (or King), but it is the Prime Minister, who is the ruler of the country. The Prime Minister is the head of the government. He or she is the leader of the political party that wins the most seats in a general election and forms the government of the country. The Prime Minister presides over meeting of the Cabinet of ministers. Also the Prime Minister informs the Queen of general business of the government. The work of the government is carried out through the various government departments. The majority of ministers are members of the House of Commons, although some ministers are represented by the House of Lords. All ministers are appointed by the Queen on the recommendation of the Prime Minister. Local government is carried out by elected council (local authorities) which deal with planning, education, social services, police and many other services in their areas. Justice and Courts in the United Kingdom The United Kingdom judiciary in entirely independent of the Government. There is no minister of justice. The Lord Chancellor is the head of the judiciary. Although the United Kingdom is a unitary state, England and Wales, Scotland and Northern Ireland have their own legal systems and law courts, and considerable differences remain in law, organization and practice. However, a large volume of modern legislation applies through the United Kingdom. The main sources of law are legislation, common law and European Community law.

Legislation consists of Acts of Parliament, orders (rules and regulations made by ministers under the authority of an Acts of Parliament) and by laws, made by local government or other authorities exercising powers conferred by Parliament. Common law, the ancient law of the land deduced from customs and interpreted in court cases by the judges, has never been precisely defined or codified but forms the basis of the law. European Community Law is confined mainly to economic and social matters. The legal system of the United Kingdom distinguishes between criminal and civil law. The criminal law is concerned with wrongful acts harmful to the community. The civil law is concerned with individuals rights, duties and obligations towar.

Useful words: to reign - to perform - on the advice - . commonwealth - unity - unitary - supreme - legislative authority - . to consist of - to include - to be composed of - hereditary - peer - peerees - to preside over -

elected body - impartial - to passlaw - . to provide taxation - . to secrutinize policy - . executive body - affairs - to be appointed - . to carry out - consists - . developed - conducted - responsible - informs of general business of the governments - . carry out - . , .

==================================== ==================================== ==================================== ==================== Text 6. How Law Justice is Administered in Russia
The President of the Russian Federation is the head of the state. The Parliament of the Russian Federation, consisting of two chambers: the Federal Council and the State Duma, is the representative and legislative organ of the state. Members of both chambers are elected for a term of 4 year. The highest executive and administrative body of the state is the Government of Russia. Courts of different instances administer justice on the basis of the laws of the state. Law is a system of rules regulating relations in human society.

The basic Russian judicial organ is the District (city) People's Court. District courts try both criminal and civil cases. The district court examines a case and brings in a sentence or a decision. It is a court of first instance. The majority of the cases are heard by the District People's Courts, consisting of a judge and people's assessors having the rights of judges. More serious cases such as crime against the state are heard by the regional court. The court of second instance examines appeals and protests against sentences and decisions of the courts of first instance. The Supreme Court is the highest judicial organ of the Russian State. It supervises the work of all judicial organs. The Procurator's Office is exercising supervisory power to ensure the execution of law by all organizations, offices and citizens of the state. The participants in the trail are the prosecutor, the accused, the defendant, witnesses, the plaintiff, the jury. The jury decides if the accused is innocent or guilty. just - , . to administrater - ... judiciary - judicial - to try - to bring in\ to pass a - () assessor - to appeal - supervisory power - . to exercise - patricipant - to accuse - defendant - plaintiff - witness -

a term - relations - , . ensure - . procurator Office - .

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Do you think laws change has time? ?

Do you consider a jury system a perfect one? ?

Why did you make up your mind to become a lawyer? ?

Can you explain what the word crime means? , ""?

Is there a clear distinction between and criminal procedures in your country? ?

Is the crime rate high in your country? If so, what are the causes of crimes? ? ,

What is the most violent crime in your opinion? ?

What are the reasons for capital punishment? ?

Is domestic violence a serious crime? Do you think it must be prosecuted? - ? , ?

Are juvenile offenders usually found among children from poor unhappy families? ?

Is juvenile delinquency rate great in your country? ?

What is the main function of the mass media? Are the mass media censored in your country? ? ?

Are you satisfied with the quality of TV and the press in your country?