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Kaustubh V. Kokane
CONTENTS
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. Semi/Fully Automated Machine Tools .................................................. 2 Material Transfer Devices ..................................................................... 4 Advantages and Limitations of Pneumatic Power Systems ................... 9 Compressor......................................................................................... 11 Advantages of Hydraulic Fluid Power Automation .............................. 16 Linear and Rotary Actuators ............................................................... 16 Principles of Digital Hydraulics ............................................................ 18 Servo v/s Proportional hydraulics ....................................................... 20 Types of Transducers + Selection ........................................................ 21 Types of Sensors ................................................................................. 24 Industrial Application of Electrical Control Circuits ............................. 25 Pump Unloading Circuit ...................................................................... 26 Microprocessor Based Control Systems .............................................. 26 Servo Motor v/s Stepper Motor .......................................................... 27
Kaustubh V. Kokane
Kaustubh V. Kokane
The conventional general purpose automated lathes can be classified as, (a) Semiautomatic : capstan lathe (ram type turret lathe) turret lathe multiple spindle turret lathe copying (hydraulic) lathe (b) Automatic : Automatic cutting off lathe Single spindle automatic lathe Swiss type automatic lathe multiple spindle automatic lathes
Kaustubh V. Kokane
Kaustubh V. Kokane
Kaustubh V. Kokane
For further reading, tinyurl.com/82voulz (Full chapter on Material Transfer Devices- MUST READ) and bp5azr6
Kaustubh V. Kokane
Kaustubh V. Kokane
Kaustubh V. Kokane
As a power medium, compressed air has numerous distinct advantages such as: easy to transport and store; unlimited conductive geometry; offers little risk of explosion or fire; Is a very fast working medium and enables high working speed to be obtained; provides flexibility in the control of machines; provides an efficient method of multiplying force; no return lines necessary;
Kaustubh V. Kokane
The main disadvantages of compressed air are: safety precautions are necessary in handling; expensive compared to some mechanical, electrical or hydraulic means for a given application; generally suitable for relatively Iow power requirements; pressure limits; leakages must be controlled to maintain usable pressures; dirt and humidity must not be present.
Advantages of pneumatics
Simplicity of Design And Control Machines are easily designed using standard cylinders & other components. Machines operate by simple ON - OFF type control. Reliability Pneumatic systems tend to have long operating lives and require very little maintenance. Because gas is compressible, the equipment is less likely to be damaged by shock. The gas in pneumatics absorbs excessive force, whereas the fluid of hydraulics directly transfers force. Storage Compressed gas can be stored, allowing the use of machines when electrical power is lost.
Safety Very low chance of fire (compared to hydraulic oil). Machines can be designed to be overload safe.
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4. COMPRESSOR:
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the number of compression stages cooling method (air, water, oil) drive method (motor, engine, steam, other) lubrication (oil, Oil-Free where Oil Free means no lubricating oil contacts the compressed air) packaged or custom-built
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Reciprocating air compressors are positive displacement machines, meaning that they increase the pressure of the air by reducing its volume. This means they are taking in successive volumes of air which is confined within a closed space and elevating this air to a higher pressure. The reciprocating air compressor accomplishes this by a piston within a cylinder as the compressing and displacing element. Single-stage and two-stage reciprocating compressors are commercially available.
Single-stage compressors are generally used for pressures in the range of 70 psig to 100 psig.
Two-stage compressors are generally used for higher pressures in the range of 100 psig to 250 psig. Note that
and that 1 to 50 HP are typically for reciprocating units. Compressors 100 hp and above are typically Rotary Screw or Centrifugal Compressors. The reciprocating air compressor is single acting when the compressing is accomplished using only one side of the piston. A compressor using both sides of the piston is considered double acting. Load reduction is achieved by unloading individual cylinders. Typically this is accomplished by throttling the suction pressure to the cylinder or bypassing air either within or outside the compressor. Capacity control is achieved by varying speed in engine-driven units through fuel flow control. Reciprocating air compressors are available either as air-cooled or water-cooled in lubricated and non-lubricated configurations and provide a wide range of pressure and capacity selections.
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The oil free rotary screw air compressor utilizes specially designed air ends to compress air without oil in the compression chamber yielding true oil free air. Oil free rotary screw air compressors are available air cooled and water cooled and provide the same flexibility as oil flooded rotaries when oil free air is required.
Centrifugal Compressors
The centrifugal air compressor is a dynamic compressor which depends on transfer of energy from a rotating impeller to the air. Centrifugal compressors produce high-pressure discharge by converting angular momentum imparted by the rotating impeller (dynamic displacement). In order to do this efficiently, centrifugal compressors rotate at higher speeds than the other types of compressors. These types of compressors are also designed for higher capacity because flow through the compressor is continuous. Adjusting the inlet guide vanes is the most common method to control capacity of a centrifugal compressor. By closing the guide vanes, volumetric flows and capacity are reduced. The centrifugal air compressor is an oil free compressor by design. The oil lubricated running gear is separated from the air by shaft seals and atmospheric vents.
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For a full chapter on compressor selection and types, tinyurl.com/85lvvnf and cugpmq3
Linear and Rotary Actuators Motors offer excellent controllability and are therefore used as the drive sources of various automated equipment. In many cases a motor is combines with various mechanical components such as a ball screw, belt and pulley, and rack and pinion to convert the motor rotation to a different type of motion needed to drive the equipment. Oriental Motor has various linear and rotary actuators consisting of a motor assembled with the necessary mechanical components to meet the various needs of automated equipment. Features of Linear and Rotary Actuators Equipped with a motor offering excellent controllability, our linear and rotary actuators offer the following advantages over hydraulic and pneumatic actuators:
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The actuator is very stable when operated, even at low speeds. It also offers smooth acceleration and deceleration operation. Motions can be programmed with multiple stopping points. With a linear and rotary actuator using a stepping motor, adjustment of position and speed can be performed easily using data. Setup change is also simple, as you need to do is change the data. Advantages of Using Linear and Rotary Actuators:
When automated equipment is designed, various factors must be taken into consideration including the production line layout, installation environment, ease of maintenance, configuration of electrical wiring and control system, and so on. This means many man-hours are needed to select the motor and other mechanical components and create a parts list, drawings, operating manuals and the like. Use of linear and rotary actuators can reduce this time and offers additional benefits. Higher Design Efficiency The primary feature of automated equipment is its ability to implement a series of basic operations such as "transfer", "push" and "rotate." In other words, you can design automated equipment by selecting and combining linear and rotary actuators capable of performing these basic operations. Since all you need is to select an actuator, you can save the time and effort. Shorter Production Time and Higher Quality When building equipment in-house by assembling a motor and mechanical components (see illustration), the quality of assembly affects the traveling resistance and position accuracy, therefore ultimately adjustments will be needed to achieve the expected operating performance. On the other hand, our linear and rotary actuators are complete products guaranteed to provide the specified operating performance, so use of linear and rotary actuators reduces adjustment work and ensures uniform quality.
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A proof of concept prototype, shown in Fig. 13, based around the preexisting VDLA prototype, was built in 2007 to demonstrate the DHTs attainable energy savings as final control element of a hydraulic servo drive. DHT functionality was achieved through the use of the VDLA, an attached load cylinder, and appropriate directional valves. The prototype was powered by and performance quantified by a test rig, and was connected to the lift cylinder of a forklift. The lift cylinder served as end actuator, as shown in Fig. 14. By quantifying pressures and flows during the lifting and lowering of varying loads, it was proven that the DHT can be effectively implemented as final control element in energy saving four-quadrant hydraulic servo drives. The DHT-enabled forklift required over 70% less prime mover energy to complete standard work cycles.
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9. TYPES OF TRANSDUCERS
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