FEDERAL SCHOOL OF SURVEYING, OYO, OYO STATE CREATION OF CADASTRAL INFORMATION SYSTEM OF KOSOBO PHASE III, PART I OF OYO

EAST LOCAL GOVERNMENT AREA OYO STATE

BY KAREEM, ONIMISI YAHAYA

MATRIC NO: 2006/2389

MARCH, 2008

CREATION OF CADASTRAL INFORMATION SYSTEM OF KOSOBO PHASE III, PART I OF OYO EAST LOCAL GOVERNMENT AREA OYO STATE

BY KAREEM, ONIMISI YAHAYA

MATRIC NO: 2006/2389

SUBMITTED TO THE DEPARTMENT OF SURVEYING IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE AWARD OF PROFESSIONAL DIPLOMA IN SURVEYING AND GEOINFORMATICS, FEDERAL SCHOOL OF SURVEYING, OYO, OYO STATE

ii

MARCH, 2008

CERTIFICATE I hereby certified that the information given in this project was obtained as a result of the observation and measurement made by me and that the survey was carried out in accordance with survey laws, regulations and departmental instructions.

Kareem, Onimisi Yahaya Matric. No: 2006/2389

Date

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CERTIFICATION This is to certify that this project was carried out by Kareem, Onimisi Yahaya with Matric No: 2006/2389 under my instruction and supervision for the award of Professional Diploma in Surveying and Geoinformatics, Federal School of Surveying, Oyo State Nigeria. I hereby declared that he has conducted himself with due diligence, honesty and sobriety on the said duties.

. Surv. Adeniran O.

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DEDICATION This project is dedicated in memory of my Late Mother Mrs. Raliat O. Kareem.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS With gratitude and thanks to Almighty Allah who out of his infinite power and mercy gave me the grace of writing this project report. I esteem it a privilege to give glory and thanks. I wish to express my sincere appreciation to my project supervisor in person of Surv. O. Adeniran, He constructively and objectively criticized and scrutinize the manuscript. I am grateful to my parent Mr. and Mrs. S.O. Kareem who out of their immense love and cares gave me the necessary moral guidance toward success in my education. I also wish to place on record the efforts and encouragement given to me by Surv. J.F.O. Bamsa, Mr. J.K. Aduadi, Surv. M.O. Oguns, Surv. M.B. Abolarin, Bro. Bash, Mr. K.O. Salihu, Mr. S.O. Mustapha, Mr. Olanrewaju and all staff of Kogi State surveys department. Appreciation is made of my former boss Hon. E.M. Maiye and Magistrate S.M.J. Usman. I appreciate the effort of my colleagues Ekpo Edet, B.T. Ajayi Abiola Adebiyi and L.A. Ademola for their cooperation during the project. Acknowledgement is made to the following lecturers Surv. S.A. Ajibade, Surv. Afolabi, Surv. M.B. Abubakar, Surv. J.O. Omilabu, Surv. F.O. Iyiola, Surv. P.O. Ibe, Surv. K.O. Odedare, Surv. M.A. Adewolu, Surv. Z.O. Ajayi, Surv. Ayo Ajayi, Surv.R.A.Ogundele and Mr. S.O.A. Oloyede-Kosoko they have contributed in no small measure to my academic attainment.

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ABSTRACT This project centers on the creation of cadastral information system for part of Kosobo phase iii, part 1, in Oyo east local government area of Oyo state. This study describes the design and implementation of a cadastral database with a spatial modeling approach .the objectives are to propose a design of a spatial database that fulfils the requirement for spatial queries for cadastral data. Implementing this design in the study area, and enforce the development of multipurpose-motivated cadastral data. In order to meet the study objectives, the required characteristic of a cadastral database were taken into consideration while performing the design. The phases followed during database design process include the conceptual design, the logical design, the data acquisition, physical design, analysis and the implementation of the database system. Attribute data was obtained through questionnaire and oral interview .the graphic drafting was done in AutoCAD land development while Arc view was used for data analysis, queries and presentation. Queries were performed and generated to demonstrate the capabilities of the software used and the database created.

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TABLE OF CONTENT
................................................................................................................................................I ............................................................................................................................................II TABLE OF CONTENT..............................................................................VIII

LIST OF FIGURES

Fig 3.1 design and construction phases of spatial database. Fig 3.2 entity relationship diagram of parcel based information system... Fig 3.3 geometric representation of parcel. Fig 3.4 node entity and it attributes... Fig 3.5 arc entity and it attributes.

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Fig 3.6 owner and it attributes.. Fig 3.7 control check Fig 3.8 reconnaissance diagram.. Fig 4.0 composite map of the study area Fig 4.1 map showing parcels use for commercial. Fig 4.2 map showing parcels with C of O . Fig 4.3 Map showing parcel owned by civil servant and use for residential Fig 4.4 map showing parcels value greater than 400,000.

LIST OF TABLES

Table 3.1 node entity and it attributes Table 3.2 arc entity and it attributes. Table 3.3 object entity and it attributes
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Table 3.4 parcel table.. Table 3.5 instrument test. Table 3.6 control check (analysis)...........

CHAPTER ONE
1.0 1.1 INTRODUCTION BACKGROUND TO THE STUDY For decades, traditional cadastral system have tended to enjoy a reputation for reliability, well defined processes and a well recognized guarantee of security to private land ownership. Tremendous technological progress, social changes, globalization and increasing intercommunication of business relation with their legal and environmental consequences however it has put a strain on the traditional systems. They cannot adapt to all new developments. An obvious indication of this is many reforms that cadastral systems are going through. One of these reforms is the application of GIS in cadastral management which is the automation of the old cadastral system by employing modern information observational techniques to ensure fast and efficient services. In consequence cadastral information system in being used to improve services of the cadastral systems. While automation of cadastral system is widely seen as an appropriate tool to improve the performance of the system. Automation however of the traditional perfectible system without re-engineer the procedure aspects may result in performance failure example of this is changes in data processing and presentation. Until recently, the method of producing cadastral information has been manual optomechanical using analogue equipment and generating analogue map database. The analogue procedures and product generation is associated with many problem. These include: i ii iii iv The equipment are cumbersome and bulky to be carried about. The methods of surveying are labourious and slow. When large area are to be mapped, it easily break down especially during raining season. It is expensive in terms of production and management The output which is in analogue paper map as database also has the following limitations. i There is loss of information over time as the map could shrink

ii iii

Once data had been put into map, it is neither easy nor cheap to retrieve or combine them with other spatial data. the printed map is a static qualitative document. Recent advances in cadastral information system has led to guarantee of title, legal security, fast services for users, complete coverage, comprehensive liable secure system in computerized and automated, Digital data system serves other purposes (i.e. as basis for LIS) integration of different system land registration and cadastral mapping.

1.2

STATEMENT OF PROBLEM The mapping of Kosobo layout has been existing on the analogue format. The obvious disadvantages of this form of record keeping the many production as well as updating of such records is expensive and time consuming. Also there is little or no flexibility in handling the information on such medium also associated with it is the duplication of data, weak definition of parcel system not efficient enough, and low degree of coverage, high rigid structure and low level of integration with other purposes. Hence there is need to design and create cadastral information system for Kosobo Phase III, Part I located at Oyo East Local Government area of Oyo State.

1.3 1.3.1

AIM AND OBJECTIVES AIM OF THE PROJECT The aim of this project is to use geographic information system to design, create and construct cadastral information system for Kosobo Phase III part 1, Oyo East Local Government Area.

1.3.2

OBJECTIVES OF THE PROJECT The above aim was achieved through the following under listed objectives. i. ii. iii. Capturing of spatial data (locational data) of the parcels in the study area. Acquisition the attribute data Linking the graphical database with attribute database.

iv. v. vi.

Demonstrate of the usefulness of the database in information retrieval and updating. To demonstrate the usefulness of the database in performing spatial search, spatial analysis and queries operations. Information presentation in graphical and alphanumeric forms both in hardcopy and softcopy.

1.4

SCOPE OF THE PROJECT The project entails the under listed operations to be carried out. i. ii. iii. iv. v. Data capturing using digital land surveying equipment Database design and creation Information display and presentation Literature review Database acquisition.

1.5

PERSONNEL The students listed below were the members of this group who participated in the execution of the project. 1. 2. 3. 4. KAREEM, ONIMISI YAHAYA EDET, EKPO AJAYI, B. TAJUDEEN ADEBIYI, A BIOLA 2006/2389 AUTHOR MEMBER MEMBER MEMBER

1.6

STUDY AREA The study area for the project in situated in Kosobo area of Oyo East Local Government area of Oyo State. The geographic location of the study area lies between latitude 070 49' 50"N and latitude 07050'00"N and between longitude 03 56' 04" and longitude 03 56'27".

1.7

SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY The importance of carrying out this project can be enumerated as follows: i. ii. iii. iv. v. vi. Improved urban planning and infrastructure development. Certainty of ownership support for environment management. Reduction in land dispute. Support for land property taxation Production of statistical data Centralized management.

CHAPTER TWO
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2.0

LITERATURE REVIEW Land is the single most important property upon which human existence lies on. Land is defined as an area of the surface of the earth together with the water, soil, rocks, minerals and hydrocarbons beneath or upon it and the air above it. It embraces all things which are related to a fixed area or point of the surface of the earth, including the areas covered by the water, including the sea. Jo Henssen (1995). Because of the socio-economic importance of land, the competitiveness, the usefulness and scarce nature of land in some cases has resulted in the need for a better administration and equitable distribution of land. Adeniran (1999) stated that more recently, the need for thoughtful and careful stewardship of the land together with the more intensive use and management of its resources, has emerged as a matter of major global concern. Jo Henssen (1995) defines cadastre as a methodically arranged public inventory of data concerning properties within a certain country or district based on a survey of their boundaries by means of properties are systematically identified by means of some separate designation, the outlines of the property and the parcel identifier normally as shown on large scale maps which together with registers may show for each separate property the nature, size, value and legal rights associated with the parcels. It gives an answer to the question where and how much. The cadastre is an information system consisting of two parts (i) a series of maps or plans showing the size and location of all land parcels and (ii) the text records that describe the attributes of the land. Going by the above there is that need to carryout cadastral survey for the purpose of maintaining a record system for information on lands. Surveying may be defined as the art of making measurements of the relative positions of natural and man made features on the earths surface and the presentation of this information either graphically or numerically Bannister and Raymond (1993). Surveying is a very ancient art in Dynastic Egypt the fields were measured out a new each year after the Nile flood in order that their areas might be calculated

for tax purposes. The earliest preserved writings on surveying are those of Heron the Elder, a Greek who lived in Alexandria about 150 100B. His writings include a treatise, Dioptra (Surveyors transit) a geometry book, measurement, and an optical work mirrors. In measurement, he describes the method used in determining the area of triangle from the length of three sides. The Dioptra could be used for measuring angles. The common understanding of cadastre is that it is a form of land information system. A land information system (LIS) gives support to land management by providing information about the land, the resources upon it and improvement made to it. The cadastre is a subset of LIS that has been defined as a record of interest in land (or property right) may be narrowly constructed as a legal right capable of ownership or more broadly interpreted to include uniquely recognized relationship among people with regard to the acquisition and management of land (NRC 1980). The basic spatial unit of cadastre is a land parcel on which all land tenure and land use records are complied. Data that may appear in a cadastre include geometric data (coordinates, maps) property addresses, land use, real property information the nature and duration of the tenure, details about the construction of buildings and apartments, population and land taxation values (CERCO 1995). The cadastre serves the following purposes: i. ii. iii. iv. v. vi. vii. Legal purpose Fiscal purpose Facilities management Base mapping Value assessment Land use planning Environmental impact assessment Before 1978 the system of land tenure in Nigeria differed between Northern and Southern states. In the South, individuals, families, clans, and chiefs, might hold land, while in the North under the land tenure law, all defined as native land and the commissioner of lands and survey was empowered to grant right of

occupancy to individual McEntyre, (1987). The land use decree of 1978 has replaced the former tenure system operate in the North and South as all land were now vested in the hand of the state and local government. These systems did little to solve most of the fundamental problems always associated with land tenure as in Nigeria. The records were inaccurate and poorly kept, quality of process in doubtful and analogue mode used created more problems rather than solving them (Henssen 1990). As a result of the failure of the existing mode of cadastral system various countries of the world now adopt the use of computer system. This technology has influence the acquisition, processing and use of topographical data. The versatility of computer and development of geographical information system (GIS) played prominent role in cadastral systems. The integration of the technology leads to cadastral information systems. In cadastral surveying and mapping with the utilization of information technologies the process substantially changes. The determination of object coordinate becomes easier with total station instrument, GPS and remote sensing methods and the direct drafting of objects on a map in superseded by the creation of objects in an information system. The result of this process is a data model of the real world. Modeling of objects in an information system made possible the creation of products such as reports, statistics, documents, maps etc maps are created out of this model by using representation function operating plotters and drafting machines. The distribution of information increasingly takes place with the help of data transfer possibilities geographical information is sent over the data high way. The internet and its ability to facilitate worldwide data network is playing an important role in the exchange of cadastral data. The exchange of data models will become common practice in the distribution of cadastral information. (FIG Cadastral 2014). This new procedure has several advantages.

i. ii. iii. iv.

Flexibility in the representation of information of the data model. Type, scale and content of a representation can be chosen according to the needs. The information in stored once and different products are derived from the some data. The digital model in easy to handle and data representing the model cannot be destroyed physically as can traditional maps. Distribution and publication of cadastral information is easily possible with the help of the exchange of digital data models.

CHAPTER THREE

3.0

METHODOLOGY This chapter basically deals with the method and the principle adopted or used in the course of executing the project. It includes capturing of data, database design, database creation, database processing and information presentation.

3.1

DATABASE DESIGN Database is defined as an organized integrated collection of data stored so as to be capable of use by relevant applications with the data being accessed by different logical paths. Database design is the process by which the real world entities and their relationship are modeled and analysed in such a way that maximum benefit are derived while utilizing a minimum amount of data. Database has characteristics according to the structures of the data managed by it. Such as spatial database which manage the geographical data. The complexity of spatial data structures and the advances in geographic data management together with a wide application of GIS have made spatial modeling an interesting and challenging area. In obtaining a GIS spatial database Kufoniyi (1998) identified two main phases namely design phase and construction phase. The design phase (data modeling) consists of three levels namely: 1. 2. 3. Conceptual design phase Logical design phase Physical design phase

REALITY

VIEW OF REALITY

VIEW OF REALITY

VIEW OF REALITY

CONCEPTUAL DESIGN

LOGICAL DESIGN

PHYSICAL DESIGN

CONSTRUCTION PHASE SPATIAL DATABASE

Fig 3.1: Design and Construction of spatial database (adopted from Kufoniyi, 1998) 3.1.1 VIEW OF REALITY Reality refers to the phenomenon as they really exist, include all aspects which may or may not be perceived by individuals. The view of reality is the mental abstraction of the reality for a particular application or group of applications.

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3.1.2

CONCEPTUAL DESIGN This is the formed plan or idea on which the spatial relationship among basic terrain objects or realities are based. The conceptual design phase in achieved through the presentation of the concept of the perceived abstraction of reality in simpler form and without ambiguity in a manner that satisfy the information requirement of the users or the organization concerned. There are three types of conceptual design. Vector Tessellation Object oriented In this project, the vector approach was adopted because it shows the object in their exact location and shape.

3.1.2.1 VECTOR DATA MODELING The reality was conceptualized as points, lines and polygons with E, N as coordinates of points i.e. we fixed object and measured location. This phase resulted in a conceptual data model. In designing the model, the entities of interest for cadastral information system were identified and analyzed. The relationship among the entities and the attribute of each entity involved are: i. ii. iii. iv. Node Arc Parcel Owner Odedare (1999) stated that irrespective of the choice of the representation scheme the conceptual design phase for cadastral application will involve. i. ii. iii. Identification of basic geometric and thematic data components of the envisaged cadastral (parcel based) information system. Identification of related data sets. Identification of the interrelationship among the basic objects.

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OYO EAST LOCAL GOVT. AREA

PART 1 KOSOBO PHASE III

BLOCK

ARC

PARCEL

BUILDING

NODE

USE

STATUS

COORDINATE

DEVELOPED

VACANT

UNDER CONSTRUCTION

RESIDENTIAL

RELIGIOUS

COMMERCIAL

Fig 3.2: Entity Relationship Diagram of a parcel based information system Kufoniyi (1998) COORD NODE ARC PARCEL

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Fig 3.3: Geometric Representation of Parcel STATION NAME

NODE ID

NODE

EASTING

NORTHING Fig 3.4: Node Entity and its attributes E NODE B NODE

ARC

L PARCEL

ARC ID

R PARCEL Fig 3.5: Arc Entity and its attributes NAME

OWNER ID

OWNER ADD.

STATE

OWNER

OCCUPATION

B PLACE

SEX B DATE Fig 3.6: Owner and its attributes

3.1.3

LOGICAL DESIGN

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A representation of the data model designed to reflect the recording of the data in computer system is called logical design or data structure. There are many forms of data structure among which are: Network data structure. Relationship data structure Hierarchical data structure Geo relational data structure Object relational data structure. The relational data structure was adopted for this projection because of its case of management and implementation. In relational database structure data are stored in simple records know as tuples, a set of attribute value that are grouped together in two dimensional table Burrough (1986). Each table contains items of data called field about some objects. The objects are found along the row and field and along the columns. In this project, conceptual model was translated into a relational database structure. Example of this is show in the table below. Table 3.1: Node Entity and its attribute Attributes Node Id E Coord N Coord HA Table 3.2: Arc Entity and its attributes Attributes Arc Id B Node E Node L Parcel R Parcel Description of attribute Arc Node Begin Node End Node Left Parcel Right Parcel Description of attribute Node Identifier Easting coordinate Northing coordinate Height

Table 3.3: Object Entity and its attributes Attributes O Identifier O Name Description of attribute Owners Identifier Owners Name

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O Address O State O O Occupation O Use O Nationality C of -O O Sex P Area Table 3.4: Parcel table Attributes Name Parcel Id Area Use Value Status Year of construction State Use P Owner P present use C of O

Owners Address Owners State of Origin Owners Occupation Owners Use Nigerian/Foreigner Certificate of Occupancy Sex Area of parcel

Data type Number Number String Number String String String String String String Number

3.2

DATA SOURCE Data is generally defined as a measurement or observation on something or phenomenon. Data are facts or numbers representing facts. In this work, both spatial and attribute data were collected and used in information production and management. The source and manner of acquisition of such data are very critical to any meaningful decision making activity. Data is classified either as primary or secondary.

3.2.1

PRIMARY SOURCE

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This is a survey carried out such that the required data are obtained through a direct acquisition from the field. The spatial and attribute data used in this project is of primary source. The perimeter survey and the detailing was done using Total Station instrument. Attribute data were acquired through enquires and social surveys. 3.2.2 SECONDARY SOURCE

Data, which already exist in an accessible form, are regarded as secondary data. They are data taken from other peoples work (which has been acquired or perhaps published for future human use). This form of data includes the coordinates of control points collected from SIWES/practical task unit of the Federal School of Surveying, Oyo 3.3 DATA ACQUISITION This involved the acquisition of both geometric and attributes data. To achieve this following step were taken. 3.3.1 RECONNAISSANCE This involved assembling examining and collecting all necessary available information relating to the job as well as going to the field to familiarize oneself with the topography. In the project both office and field reconnaissance were carried out.

3.3.1.1 OFFICE RECONNAISSANCE The office reconnaissance involved gathering and studying data relating to the job. Information about the project site and equipment were obtained from the SIWES and practical unit of the school 3.3.2.1 FIELD RECONNAISSANCE

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This is the process of proceeding to the project site by all the group members to verify the information obtained from the office with the view of knowing the following. Identification and location of existing beacon To determine suitable method in carrying out the survey of the area with respect to cheap and effective means of handling the project. To check the intervisibility between points To study the nature of the terrain To draw the recce diagram. Therefore the process adopted and the method used to executive this project will be critically examine of to logical conclusion. 3.3.2 SURVEY EQUIPMENT USED AND SYSTEM SELECTION/SOFTWARE The type of work, specification and required accuracy help to determine the choice of instrument. i. ii. 3.3.3 Pentium IV 3.0 GHz processing speed 512MB of RAM 80GB HDD AutoCAD 2000i Land Development Arc view Sokkia Total Station Set 530R Tripod stand Plumb bob Reflector Cutlass (2 nos)

SOFTWARE

EQUIPMENT USED

INSTRUMENT CHECK

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This is a vital aspect of the field operation where the electronic total station Sokkia SR 530R Test was carried out to find if the instrument is in good working condition. Test was carried out on both vertical index and collimation errors. Vertical index error is to confirm the horizontally line of sight which show the vertical circle should read exactly 900. The difference seen is inserted into vertical index error of the instrument for constant corrections. The deviation from right angle between the Trunion axis and line of sight is known as horizontal collimation to confirm this; the telescope was transited aiming at the same target. The difference was noticed and inserted into the horizontal collimation of the instrument for constant corrections. Readings obtained during the test was. Table 3.5: Face right Face left Diff Horizontal 2120 29' 12" 320 29' 07" 1800 00' 05" Vertical 0800 34' 46" 2790 25' 10" 3590 59' 56"

The discrepancies of horizontal = while for vertical = +04" 05" With the error obtained above, the instrument was found to be of good condition and was used for data captured.

3.3.4

CONTROL CHECK The general principle of surveying is to work from whole to part (i.e. from a known point to another known point) for the extension of control of lower order it is important to tie the work to control point of higher order so as to have reliability and stability of the new survey. However, the controls used were coordinates before commencements of the work. Table 3.6: Analysis of the results of the control check Observed Angle 2360 53' 02" Distance (m) 338.989 18 Distance (m) 81.498

Computed Difference

2360 52' 39" 0000 00' 23"

338.957 0.032 FSS1/10

81.486 0.012

FSS2/1/94

Fig 3.7 3.3.5

FSS2/56/94

GEOMETRIC DATA ACQUISITION This is the process of acquiring data on the field data acquired include angles and distances. Automated Digital Surveying instrument (Total Station Sokkia set 530R) was used to acquire spatial data (geometric). The coordinate of the control points were input into the total station for orientation. The instrument was set up over the control point with all necessary temporary adjustment carried out, pressing the memory menu MEM, and then the job was set. All other orientation parameters were entered including reflector height into the memory of the instrument. After finishing all the setting and selections carried out, bisection of points and measurement were carried out pressing measure key, the measurement were made and recorded into instrument memory. The next station was occupied and all the conventional field procedure of leveling, setting and centering were carried out which was repeated as a routine for all the stations occupied as in traverse survey method. Other procedures involves i. ii. iii. Input of station coordinates Orientation of horizontal circle Target coordinates determination. Prolink software was used to download the data from the total station for further processing. 19

3.3.6

ATTRIBUTE DATA ACQUISITION This was done through social survey in which all other data relevant to each parcel were obtained, through oral interview with people living around the project area.

3.4

DATA PROCESSING This is the procedure for pressing the data acquired on the field and goes thus, after the data have been downloaded and stored on an appropriate file on the computer system. The data was then edited and save as a script file (e.g. Kareem. Scr) for plotting and all other analysis required using the AutoCAD 2000i Land Development and Arc view 3.2a. LINEAR ACCURACY Since the task carried out was 3rd order traverse. The closing coordinates on FSS 2/56/94 are 168801.10mE, 423673.448mN. The difference between the given (old) coordinates and observed (new) coordinates are 0.042m and 0.068m. Old coordinates: 168801.107mE, 423673.466mN New Coordinates: 168801.149mE, 423673.534mN Therefore difference in Northing and Easting are: Total distance (D) = 897.561m Linear accuracy can be calculated using the mathematical formula: 1 (E)2 + (N)2 D Where: N = Misclosure in Northing E = Misclosure in Easting D = Total distance

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1 (0.042)2 + (0.068)2 897.561m = = 1 10259.623 1 10,000 3.5 PHYSICAL DESIGN This involved the representation is within allowable limit in the format of the implementation software usually done or performed at the beginning of the implementation phase. In the physical design major consideration is the issue of system selection based on the following criteria. 1. 2. 3. User requirement analysis Technical specification of the digital maps (scale and accuracy) Area of coverage i.e. database size, type of hardware and software available. 3.6 DATABASE IMPLEMENTATION

This involve the combination and storage of the acquired graphic data and the attribute data obtained in the design GIS database of a generic structure, for the purpose of usage in spatial analysis and queries. 3.7 DATABASE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM (DBMS) This is a software package that allows us to work with a database. It is a batch of tools that help to access (any) database by querying, updating making back ups and so on. It involves the way in which data about position and attributes of geographical elements (points, lines and areas) are structured and organized.

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3.7.1

DATA SECURITY In this GIS environment, security of data is classified into four layers and they are: 1st layer: the password, authorization scheme, message authentication and privacy locks are some of security control built in the computer systems. 2nd layer: these include physical security measures which include back up copies storage in fire proof vaults, lock on doors, security guards and alarms. 3rd layer: this is referred to as administrative control and it include the GIS expert, operative. 4th layer: this are referred to as the legal framework designed and security privacy.

3.7.2

DATA INTEGRITY This is any action by the operator that might compromise the quality of the system must be queries against the security program. In a case of overlapping of parcels of land due to acquiring of a new land should immediately detected and the operator alerted quickly.

3.7.3

DATABASE MAINTENANCE The organization in charge of the GIS has to create an administrative section with good staffed expertise that will see to the maintenance of the database created. The administrator in charge will provide necessary support for the database update and maintenance in accordance with change in their area of concern and this will in turn leads to proper management of both the database and the organization running.

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CHAPTER FOUR
4.0 SPATIAL ANALYSIS AND PRODUCT GENERATION With the spatial database designed and created already in place, analytical task of query generation and spatial search operation was embarked upon. According to Huxhold (1991) analyzing spatial data involves the determination of patterns of data associated with location and the manipulation of locational related data to derived new information from existing data. Quoting from Unwin (1985), Huxhold described this as being concerned with the spatial patterns defining the locational relationship among points, lines, polygons, surfaces and spatial processes that define the dynamic nature of these features in terms of distance, direction and connection. Spatial processes in essence are involved with

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the creation of new information from the relationship among the data and the topological structures related to the data. 4.1 SPATIAL SEARCH This is one of the analytical tools used in GIS it distinguish GIS from other information system. This is used when looking for certain attribute in the neighbourhood, which must be logically defined. It also help the user obtain certain information from the database to support decision making (i.e. m query). In this case, it deals with data storage, editing, updating, analysis, manipulation, retrievals and security. For security of data stored. The graphics generated were linked up with their corresponding attribute tables that allowed the querying by attributes. 4.2 PRODUCT GENERATION This is a powerful way of selecting what is needed. The following were queries generated. Query 1: Query to shows all parcel in the project area use for commercial. See fig 4.1. Syntax :( parcel=commercial) Query 2: Query by C_of_O Syntax: (C_of_O = Yes). The above queries select parcel with C_of_O: See fig 4.2 Query 3: Query by Use and occupation Syntax: (P_use = Residential) and (Occupation = civil_servant) The above queries select parcels use for residential and owner occupation is civil servant. See fig 4.3 Query 4: Query by parcels value Syntax: (P_value >= 400,000) The above query selects parcels with value 400,000 and above. See fig 4.4 4.3 DISCUSSION OF RESULT

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Creation of Cadastral information system of part of Kosobo is useful in many area of life as it would enhance the effective monitoring, management and maintenance of landed properties in the area. Fig 4.0 shows the composite map of the project area. These results were presented essentially by maps for better visual interpretation and analysis. Analysis 1: All parcels of land use for commercial purposes as shown in fig 4.1. This can help in determining those areas where commercial activities takes place Analysis 2: The Map display of fig 4.2 shows parcels with C of O in the project area. Analysis 3: fig 4.3 shows all parcels use for residential purpose and the owners are civil servant. Analysis 4: from the query result shown in fig 4.4, it shown all parcel that valued 400,000 and above. 4.4 APPLICATION OF PRODUCTS Cadastral information system (CIS) can be applied in the following areas: a property identification exercise (PIE) can be carried out successfully with the aid of CIS. All landed properties within a particular local government area and state can be enumerated and tag .CIS provides attribute information such as: ownership names, legal status, age, land value e.t.c. it assist government in planning process such as identifying area for establishing new schools, hospitals, roads, physical development /recreational planning, water supply ,telecommunication, housing e.t.c Land administrator can use CIS to identified vacant plots in the allocation of land and it would assist in the building plan approval and issuance of certificate of occupancy procedures. 4.4 GRAPHIC PRESENTATION AutoCAD and Arc view were used to link the database to graphics, script files were created in AutoCAD. The AutoCAD allows Cartographic operation to be carried out on the plotting so that map can be in acceptable form. The plotted graphics were text and title for proper presentation using Arcview. The scale used for plotting was set. Plotting was presented in layers as shown in the queries generated.

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CHAPTER FIVE
5.0 5.1 SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION SUMMARY The project outlined the structure and methodology in the application of geographical information systems in cadastral management of the project area. To achieve these reconnaissances, ground survey method and social survey method were adopted to capture both spatial and non geometric data respectively. Database design, creation and management were done using Arcview GIS software. Also

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AutoCAD capability was explored for plotting the different datasets which linked and several queries performed. The application of GIS in cadastral management provide various benefits like provision of quick and easy access to large volume of data and also the capabilities to select terrain features by theme and area. 5.2 PROBLEM ENCOUNTERED The problems encountered in the course of execution of the project were as follows: i. ii. iii. 5.3 Insufficient of digital acquisition equipment such as total station, GPS. Non cooperation attribute of the occupant of the study area by not giving adequate information increases the time frame of the project executions. Lack of adequate transportation for the student from the school to the site.

CONCLUSION It could be concluded that the aim of this project which is the creation of digital cadastral database for Kosobo Phase III part I, at Oyo East Local Government Area in Oyo State has been achieved. The database created has been tested through the various analysis carried out and confirmed suitable for solving various cadastral problems. Also it will enhance the physical planning of the area and the use of GIS for effective cadastral management and land administration.

5.4

RECOMMENDATION Having known what it takes to respond to the changing world of information technology and also gone through the design, creation and the implementation of database for cadastral records. I hereby recommended the followings: 1. 2. Database should be created for all cadastral work in Nigeria. There should be more provision of digital surveying equipment that will considerably commensurate with the needs of the students.

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3. 4.

Student should be exposed to other area of GIS application outside surveying. Adequate provision of logistics for students.

REFERENCES Adeniran, O. (1999): Geographic Information System Application lecture note in Geoinformatics lecture note in Geoinformatics delivered during the training organized by the Human Resource Development Unit of the Federal school of Surveying, Oyo for management staff of Federal and State survey department between 22nd November and 15th December 1999 at Oyo Pp 214. CERCO, The UN ECE Initiative on Land Administration, Report to the CERCO plenary Assembly, Budapest, 1995. 28

Dashe, J.D.J. (1987): Cadastral Surveying Practice (In Nigeria) Kaduna Polytechnic: Department of printing Technology, Pp 1, 95. FIG, (1998): Cadastre 2014: A version for a future cadastral system. FIG commission 7, FIG. Henssen, Jo (1995): Steering Committee Cadastre 2014: version for a future cadastral system. FIG commission 7, FIG. Kufoniyi, O. (1998): Basic Concept of GIS principle and application of Geographic Information System, edited by C.U., Ezeigbo, series in surveying and Geoinformatics, Department of Surveying. University of Lagos, Panaf Press, Pg 10. McEntyre, J.G. (1987): Land Information System in the surveying Handbook, edited by Brinker R.C. and Minnick R, Van Nastrand Reinhold Co. NY Pp, 1215 1238. NRC, Committee on Geodesy, Assembly of Mathematics and Physical Sciences, Panel on a multipurpose cadastre, Need for A multipurpose cadastre, National Academy Press Washington, D.C. 1980. Odedare, K.O. (1999): Geographic Information System Application lecture notes in Geoinformatics delivered during the training organized by the Human Resources Development Unit of the Federal School of Surveying, Oyo for management staff of Federal and state survey department between 22nd November and December 1999 at Oyo. Pp 66. Roy, S.K. Fundamental of Surveying 2004 3rd edition prentice Hall of India.

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