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INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTERS
Full form of Computer (or) Computer abbreviation
C- Commonly O- Oriented M- Machine P- Particularly U- Used for T- Trade (Technical) E- Education and R- Research

What is a computer?
In simple words, a computer is an electronic device which processes information based upon the instructions provided, and generates the desired output. The word computer comes from the word compute which means to calculate. In the of computers, two kinds of inputs are required. One, the basic or raw data, and two, a set of instructions containing the methodology to process this data. This set of instructions is called program or software in computer speak.

Processing Information

Some people erroneously believe that computers can only work on Arithmetic operations. Nothing could be further from truth. Although is correct that is computer internally processes all information mathematically, the user can work on any kind of data-text numeric, alpha-numeric, images, pictures, sound, video clippings, etc. In fact, most of the computer applications now a day are non-numeric. Charles Babbage is considered to be the Father of modern Digital Computers. Babbage designed a Difference Engine in the year 1822 which could produce reliable tables. In 1842, Babbage come out with his new idea of Analytical Engine that was intended to be fully automatic.

Computers are presently used as:

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Grade Examinations and Process Results. Add in Teaching. Computers are used in many places like, Hotels, Hospitals, Banks, Science Departments and Bus stations etc.. Play Games like Chess, Cricket, and Video Games

Computer Language: Computer language is a Machine Language. They are not understand A.B.Cand 1.2.3.. they know only 0.0.0.(zeroes) 1.1.1. (ones)

Computer words
Ex: Letter
A B K L P N

Bit string
00000 00001 01010 01011 01111 01101

Decimal number 0 1 2 3 4 5
8 Bits.

Binary equivalent represented by six bits 000000 000001 000010 000011 000100 000101

A Bit is a Binary digit ie., every individual element is called a Bit. A Byte is the collection of

0
8 Bits

1
1 Byte 1 Kilo Byte (KB) 1 Mega Byte (MB) 1 Giga Byte (GB) 2 Ph No: 221922, Cell 9989948489

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1024 Giga Bytes

1 Tera Byte (TB)

Characteristics of Computers:
The main characteristics of Computers are:

1. Speed. 2. Accuracy 3. Diligence 4. Versatility 5. Storage 6. Automation 7. Capability to be Programmed Speed: computers work at an incredible speed. Ordinary man woks on operation at a time.
Computer can calculate or it can access by operation with in a fraction of seconds. This can be gauged from the fact that the speed of the computers is measured in terms of Milliseconds, Microseconds, Nanoseconds, or Picoseconds, i.e. one thousandth, one Millionth, one Billionth, and one Trillionth of a second respectively. Chances are there that the computer your are presently working on, would be processing information at the speed of a couple of million instructions per second also called M I P S in computer jargon.

Accuracy: The next important characteristic on a computer is its accuracy. Since it is very
accurate, it is reliable. Computers can perform all arithmetic operations accurately. They either give the correct answer are do not answer at all. If faulty instructions are provided for processing the data, obviously faulty answers will be given. This is also called GIGO, i.e. garbage in garbage out.

Diligence: A Computer never becomes tired. If we program it once, it can work as many times
as we want with the same accuracy and efficiency.

Versatility: Computers can perform specific jobs & various jobs in various fields. They can
solve large problems.

Storage: a large amount of data can be stored in to the Computer and retrieved from the
Computer. One recorded, a piece of information is never forgotten( unless some problem takes place) and any information can be retrieved almost instnantaneously.

Automation: A Computer the program is used first and then the data are supplied. If you
want to repeat the same process for another set of data, we need not feed the program again. We need to give the execution command.

Capability to be programmed : A program is a set of functions to the computer. If a

computer is programmed once then the same program can be executed as many times as needed.

EXPLAIN THE DIFFERENT TYPES OF COMPUTERS?

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The computers are classified into two categories:

1. Basing on working principle 2. Basing on size, speed and accuracy

Classification basing on working principle: DIGITAL:

Work is based on counting system (Discrete Numbers). Most of the computers in Business, Education, Scientific and Engineering fields come into this group. These computers have general-purpose application.

ANALOG :
Work is based on Measuring system. In Analog Measuring process we compare the given quantity with a standard quantity. For example: In measuring the length of the road, we compare the given quantity with a standard measuring tape. We start from the initial point of the road and go up to end of that road and see how many times it is of the standard tapes length. Here measure analogously and count digitally. Thus a calibrated type of standard meters Length is analog device. The stencil machine and blood pressure measurement device are examples of Analog computers.

HYBRID COMPUTERS:
It has both Digital and Analog features.

Classification basing on speed and accuracy:

1. Micro Computers 2. Mini Computers 3. Mainframe Computers 4. Super Computers

MICRO COMPUTERS:
These are called micro because of two reasons one because of its miniature in size and another because it uses microprocessors. Micro processor is actually heart- cum-mind of a computer. The entire CPU of micro computer is contained either in a single chip or on few chips. These computers are also called personal computers (PCs).

MINI COMPUTERS:
Mini computers are at least five times more faster than micro computers having CPU speed of approximately 500 KIPS (kilo instructions per second). These systems have less memory. A relative fast but small and inexpensive computer with some what limited input/output capabilities.

MAIN FRAME COMPUTERS:

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SUPER COMPUTER:
By the definition super computer means a computer having large memory with more accessing speed. Super computers are generally big in size and are very expensive.

HISTORY OF COMPUTERS
EVALUTION:
Historians start the history of calculation with the Abacus (a wooden frame with balls or beads strung on parallel wires) and trace its origin to around 5000 B.C. It was used for performing simple calculations. In the seventeenth century, john Napier, a Scottish mathematician, did considerable work on the aids for calculations. The most notable one was the invention of logarithms in 1614. In 1620, just six years after the invention of logarithms, William Ought red, an English mathematician, invented the slide rule. This is a calculating device based on the principles of logarithms. In 1642, Blaise Pascal, a French mathematician, invented the mechanical calculating machine. Gottfried von Leibniz, a German mathematician, in 1671 invented a calculating machine which was able to perform multiplication and division. Between 1802 and 1804, Joseph Marie jacquard, a French textile manufacturer, invented a mechanical system for use in the textile industry.

THE FIRST COMPUTER:

In 1822, Charles Babbage, a professor of mathematics at Cambridge University, devised a machine called Difference Engine for the royal society. This difference engine was used to perform simple computations needed for setting up trigonometric and logarithmic tables. He is there fore, widely considered as the father of modern day computers.

NEXT GENERATION:
ENIAC Electronic numerical integrator and calculator which was completed in 1946 was the first electronic calculator. The ENIAC performed 5000 addition per second, consumed 150 kilowatts of power, and needed to be water cooled. EDVAC between 1947 and 1950, the more school personnel and the Ballistics research laboratory of the U.S Army built a computer named EDVAC (Electronic Discrete Variable Automatic Computer) which was based on John Von Neumanns ideas. Neumann (frequently referred to as the father of modern computer) was the first to introduce the stored program concept in a computer.

GENERATIONS OF COMPUTERS
Originally, the term Generation was used to distinguish between varying hardware technologies. But nowadays, it has been extended to include both the hardware and the software which together make up an entire computer system.

First generation (1942-1955)

The ENIAC (1943-46) was the first electronic computer. ENIAC was developed as a result of military need. The EDVAC (1946-52) was seriously handicapped by the wiring board. The EDVAC was designed on stored program concept. DIRECTOR: R.A.V. Prasad 5 Ph No: 221922, Cell 9989948489

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The EDSAC (1947-49) was developed by Britishers. (Electronic Delay Storage Automatic calculator. ENIAC, EDVAC, EDSAC Vacuum Tubes computers are referred to as First Generation Computers.

Second Generation (1955-1964)

The transistor, a smaller and more reliable successor to the Vacuum Tube, was invented in 1947. However, computers that used transistors were not produced in large quantity until over a decade later. The Second Generation emerged with transistors being the brain of the computer.

Third Generation (1964-1975)

Advances in electronics technology continued and the advent of Microelectronics technology made it possible to integrate large number of circuit elements into very small surface of silicon known as Chips. This new technology was called Integrated Circuit. The third generation was based on IC technology and the computers that were designed with the use of integrated circuits were called Third Generation Computers

Fourth generation (1975 onwards)

This technology was named small scale integration (SSI) later, with the advancement in technology for manufacturing ICs; it became possible to integrate up to a hundred components on a single chip. This technology came to be known as Medium Scale integration (MSI). Then came the era of large scale integration (LSI) when it was possible to integrate more components onto a single chip.

Fifth generation computers

Scientists are now at work on the fifth generation computers - a promise, but not yet a reality. They aim to bring out machines with genuine I.Q., the ability to reason logically and with real knowledge of the world. The fifth generation will be totally different, totally novel, and totally new. Artificial Intelligence (A.I) is thus emerging from behind the curtains to take its place in real world.

BLOCK DIAGRAM OF COMPUTER

PROGRAM & DATA INPUT UNIT STORAGE UNIT OUTPUT UNIT

CONTROL UNIT CENTRAL PROCESSING UNIT (CPU) ARTHIMETIC LOGIC UNIT

Input Devices
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A computer cannot deal with data unless it is coded (translated in a language it understands. The input units are provided to translate all data into electronics pulses so that computer (more exactly CPU) can understand it.

Key Board: Previously data was fed into computer with the help of punched cards only. But
due to advent of the microcomputer it became possible to enter data directly into computer with the help of a keyboard. Keyboard assembly is almost similar to the face of a typewriter. It contains most of the keys which are present in a typewriter but it has got some special operational keys carrying special symbols that help us in giving instructions to computer.

Joy Stick & Tracker Ball:

Computer was originally designed as a device which was meant for only data processing ie., for dealing with informations and calculations. Later on it was made possible that computer could be used for entertainment and training purpose. Children can play with computers in a simple way by use of a joystick or Tracker Ball.

Light Pen:

Using a light Pen, we can draw sketches or diagrams directly on the screen. The light pen interacts with the screen of a computer (VDU: Visual Display Unit) and thus can be used to draw on a screen or alter a display.

Mouse: Mouse is a small device held in hand and pushed along a flat surface. It can move the
cursor in any direction. In a mouse, small ball is kept inside and the ball touches the pad through a hole at the bottom of the mouse. When the mouse is moved, the ball rolls. This movement of the ball is converted into electronic signals and sent to the computer. Mouse is very popular in the modern computers that use windows and other Graphical User Interface (GUI) applications.

Output Devices
When the data has been processed by CPU and converted into information the results are in the form of electronic signals. Output unit converts them into a form which could be easily understood by us. The output can be given: 1. On the screen by visual display unit or monitor 2. In printed form by printers

Screen (Visual Display Unit or Monitor):

V.D.U screen is made up of cathode-ray tube (CRT) due to which it is also called C.R.T terminal. The screen consists of horizontal and vertical sweep circuits similar to T.V.sets. The inside of the screen is coated with dots of phosphor called pixel and can be used for games or graphics or displaying the results of a calculation done by computer. The more the number of pixels or dots in a screen, the better will be the capability of computer to display an information. This capability is known as resolution. The screen is closely linked with the keyboard so that whatever characters are typed will be displayed. The operator can thus check that whatever programs he or she has entered into computer is correct.

Printers:

Printers are the most commonly used output devices that can be found in almost all computer centers. They are primary output devices used to prepare permanent documents in human-readable form (hard copy). There are several types of printers that are designed for different types of applications. Depending on their speed and approach of printing, printers are classified as character printers and page printers. In addition there is another classification according to which printers are of two types- impact and non-impact. Impact printers use the familiar typewriter approach of hammering a typeface against paper and inked ribbon. Nonimpact printers do not hit or impact a ribbon to print. They use thermal, electrostatic, chemical and inkjet technologies. DIRECTOR: R.A.V. Prasad 7 Ph No: 221922, Cell 9989948489

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STORAGE DEVICES
There are two types of storage devices: 1. Primary storage device 2. Secondary storage device

STORAGE DEVICE PRIMARY ROM SECONDARY FLOPPY DISK EEPRO M HARD DISK

RAM

PROM

EPROM

Primary Storage Device

Primary Storage is usually referred to as Random Access Memory (RAM) because it is possible to randomly select and use any location of this memory to directly store and retrieve data and instructions can be read from a RAM chip and can also be written into it.

ROM
A Read Only Memory (ROM) is one in which information is permanently stored. The information form the memory can only be read and it is not possible to write fresh information into it.

Secondary Storage Devices

The storage capacity of the primary storage of todays computers is not sufficient to store the large volume of data handled by most data processing centres. As a result, additional memory, called auxiliary memory or secondary storage, is used with most computer systems.

1. Floppy Disk Drive (FDD) 2. Compact Disk Drive (CDD) 3. Hard Disk Drive (HDD) HARDWARE & SOFTWARE Hardware: The physical components of the computer are called as hardware.
Example: Hard Disk, Floppy Disk, Mother Board, RAM, etc

Software: The set of programs or instructions written by the user is called as software.
Example: Tally, MS Office, Oracle, Java, Visual Basic, etc.

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