KURSK STATE MEDICAL UNIVERSITY Department of Physics, Computer Science and Mathematics Subject: Biological and Medical Physics

.. ____ ________ 2008 . QUESTIONS FOR THE EXAM IN BIOLOGICAL AND MEDICAL PHYSICS 1. X-rays.
a) Definition of X-rays. b) Structure of X-rays tube. c) Mechanism of braking radiation. d) Typical X-rays spectrum.
e)

Derivation of the formula for minimum wavelength in X-rays spectrum.

2. X-rays. a) Formula for X-rays flux. b) Voltage dependence of X-rays spectrum. c) Characteristic X-rays lines. d) Spectrum of characteristic X-rays lines. e) Mozly`s law. 3. X-rays a) Buger`s law. b) Mechanism of classical scattering. c) Mechanism of Photoeffect. d) Mechanism of Compton scattering. Coefficient of absorbsion of X-rays.

4. X-rays. Biological effect of X-rays. a) Target theory. Point-hit theory. b) Chemical theory. Changes at molecular level. c) Cellular damage. Whole body damage. d) Diagnostic application of X-rays. e) Therapeutic application of X-rays. 5. Conductivity of biological tissues for steady electric current and alternating current. a) Ohm`s law for biological tissues. b) Polarization of electrons. c) Time of relaxation. d) ,,-dispersion graph. e) ,,-dispersion explanation. 6. Conductivity of biological tissues for steady electric current and alternating current. a) Dependence of current on a time for biological tissues. b) Polarization. c) Polarization of dipoles. d) Formula for permittivity of substance. e) ,,-dispersion. 7. Bioelectrical phenomena in biological tissues. a) Permeabilities of membrane for K+, Na+ and Cl- ions at resting state. b) Nernst equation. c) Nernst-Goldmann equation. d) Recording the resting potential. e) Capacitance of the cell membrane. 8. Bioelectrical phenomena in biological tissues. a) Permeabilities of cel membrane for K+, Na+ and Cl- ions for action potential. b) Graph for the action potential. c) Phase of repolarization. d) Positive feedback (regenerative) process. e) Nernst-Goldmann equation.
2

9. Bioelectrical phenomena in biological tissues. a) Graph for the action potential. b) Phase of depolarization. c) Phase of hyperpolarization. d) Measuring the action potential. e) Nernst- Goldmann equation. 10. Bioelectrical phenomena in biological tissues. a) Cell membrane as an electrical capacitor. b) Capacitance of the cell membrane. c) Graph for the action potential. d) Phase of depolarization. e) Phase of repolarization. 11. Cell membrane. Transport of matter through the cell membrane. a) Structure of the cell membrane. b) Solid state of phospholipids in the cell membrane. c)
Liquid state of phospholipids in the cell membrane.

d) Temperature of phase transition. e) Conformation of phospholipids in the solid and liquid state in cell membrane. Kink. 12. Cell membrane. Transport of matter through the cell membrane. a) Liquid state of phospholipids in the cell membrane. b) Conformation of phospholipids in the cell membrane. Kink. c) Mobility of phospholipids. d) Rotational motion. Lateral diffusion of phospholipids. e) Coefficient of lateral diffusion. 13. Cell membrane. Transport of matter through the cell membrane. a) Lateral diffusion. b) Frequency of jumps of phospholipids in lateral diffusion. c) Coefficient of lateral diffusion of proteins. d) Flip-flop of phospholipids in cell membrane. e) Range of time taken by phospholipids in transverse diffusion.
3

14. Cell membrane. Transport of matter through the cell membrane. a) Mobility of proteins. b) Rotational motion. c) Lateral diffusion of proteins in cell membrane. d) Frequency of jumps of proteins in lateral diffusion. e) Coefficient of lateral diffusion of protein. Distance covered by proteins in lateral
diffusion.

15. Cell membrane. Transport of matter through the cell membrane. a) Definition of passive transport. b) Simple diffusion of lipid-soluble molecules. c) Simple diffusion of water. d) Simple diffusion water-soluble molecules and ions. e) Fick`s law. 16. Cell membrane. a) Transport of matter through the cell membrane. b) Energy profile for lipid-soluble molecules. c) Energy profile water-soluble molecules and ions. d) Channels for sodium and potassium. e) Permeability of protein channels for uncharged particles. 17. Cell membrane. Transport of matter through the cell membrane. a) Definition of passive transport. b) Facilitated diffusion with mobile carriers. c) Facilitated diffusion with immobile carriers. d) Graph for the facilitated and simple diffusions. e) Fick`s law. 18. Cell membrane. Transport of matter through the cell membrane. a) Exchange diffusion. b) Omosis. c) Osmotic pressure. d) Van`t-Hoff equation. Isotonic Coefficient.
4

e) Equation for the amount of water transported in osmosis. 19. Cell membrane. Transport of matter through the cell membrane. a) Definition of active transport. b) Primary active transport. c) Examples of primary active transport. d) Exchange diffusion. e) Examples of exchange diffusion. 20. Cell membrane. Transport of matter through the cell membrane. a) Definition of active transport. b) Secondary active transport. c) Examples of Secondary active transport. d) Facilitated diffusion. e) Graph for the facilitated and simple diffusions. 21. Optical methods of investigation in medicine. Refractometer. a) Law of refraction. b) Absolute refractive index. c) Formula for the critical angle in total internal reflection (derivation). d) Optical fiber (light pipe). e) Structure of Refractometer. 22. Optical methods of investigation in medicine. Refractometer. a) Law of reflection. b) Law of refraction. c) Relative refractive index. d) Formula for the critical angle in total internal reflection (derivation). e) Optical fiber (light pipe). 23. Sonic Waves. a) Definition of sound. b) Objective characteristics of sound. c) Threshold of hearing. d) Weber-Fechner`s law.
5

e) Units of measuring of intensity 24. Sonic Waves. a) Subjective characteristics of sound. b) Formula for the intensity of sound. c) Formula for the intensity level of sound. d) Units of measuring of loudness. e) Formula for connection of intensity and sonic pressure. 25. Polarization of Light. a) Polarizad light wave. b) Unpolarized light wave. c) Maluse law. d) Optically active substances. e) Bio`s law. 26. Polarization of Light. a) Partially polarized light. b) Maluse law. c) Brewster`s angle. d) Structure of polarimeter. e) Optically active substances. 27. Absorbsion of Light. a) Buger`s law (derivation). b) Ber`s law. c) Buger-Lambert-Ber`s law. d) Transparency Coefficient. e) Optical density of solution. 28. Dispersion of Light. a) Structure of spectroscope. b) Application of spectroscope in medicine. c) Emission optical spectra.
6

d) Absorption optical spectra. e) Kirchhoff`s laws. 29. Microscopy. a) Converging Lens. b) Diverging Lens. c) Len`s maker`s formula. d) Len`s equation. e) Magnification of lens. 30. Microscopy. a) Magnification of compound microscope. b) Power of lens. c) Units of measuring. d) Images formed by converging lens. e) Len`s equation. 31. Microscopy. a) Images formed by diverging lens. b) Structure of microscope. c) Structure of eye. d) Defects of vision. e) Correction of defects of vision. 32. Mechanical properties of biological tissues. a) Definition of deformation. Types of deformations. b) Dependence of Stress on strain. c) Young`s modulus. d) Mechanical properties of bones. e) Mechanical properties of skin and walls of blood vessels. 33. Mechanical properties of biological tissues. a) Hook`s law. b) Stress. Strain.
7

c) Plastic deformation. Equation. Example. d) Bulk Modulus. Shear Modules. e) Mechanical properties of muscles. 34. Phenomenon of surface tension. a) Coefficient of surface tension. b) Units of measuring. c) Adhesion. Cohesion. d) Contact angle. e) Formula for the coefficient of surface tension in capillary tube (derivation). 35. Ultrasound. a) Definition of Ultrasound. b) Direct Piezoelectric Effect c) Inverse Piezoelectric Effect d) US-emitter (structure). e) US-receiver (structure). 36. Ultrasound. a) Wave Resistance. b) Reflection and Refraction of Ultrasound. c) US-waves. US-impulses. d) The effect of ultrasound on biological tissues. e) Indications and contraindications. 37. Electrical stimulation. a) Cathodal versus anodal current. b) Threshhold of excitation. c) Excitability curve for nerve fiber. d) Veis- Lapic`s equation. e) Rheobase. Utilization time. Chronaxie. Absolute refractory period. 38. Physiological Effect of Electric Current. a) Basic Effect of Electricity on Living Tissue. b) Effect of Electricity on Nervous System.
8

c) Tetanus. d) Fibrillation. e) Can`t Let Go! Current. 39. Physiological Effect of Electric Current. a) Effect of Electricity on Nervous System. b) Difference in Effect of AC and DC on Living Tissue. c) Threshold of feeling. d) Can`t Let Go! Current. e) Fibrillation. 40. Electrotherapy. a) Electrotherapy Branches. b) T.E.N.S. application, c) T.E.N.S. principles of work d) T.E.N.S. indications e) T.E.N.S. contraindications 41. Electrotherapy. a) Electrotherapy Branches. b) NMS application c) NMS principles of work d) NMS indications e) NMS contraindications 42. Electrotherapy. a) Electrotherapy Branches. b) IFT application c) IFT principles of work d) IFT indications and e) IFT contraindications 43. Measuring the arterial blood pressure. a) Laminar Flow (flow profile, maximal velocity, minimal velocity).
9

b) Reynolds Number. c) Turbulent Flow (Characteristic sound).

d-e) Measuring the arterial blood pressure.

44. Physical base of Electrocardiography. a) Electric Field Vector (formula, direction). b) Potential of Electric Field (formula). c) Dipole. d) Dipole Momentum (formula). e) Potential of a Dipole at a point (derivation of formula). 45. Physical base of Electrocardiography. a) Potential difference between two points due to dipole (formula). b) Heart as an Electrical Dipole. c) Einthoven`s Theory. d) Electrodes in ECG. Leads in ECG. e) ECG Waves. 46. Physical base of Electrocardiography. a) Dipole. b) Dipole Momentum (formula).
c-d) Potential of a Dipole at a point (derivation of formula). e) Heart as an Electrical Dipole.

47. Electromotive Force. a) Direction of Electric Field Vector in the region between a battery terminals. b) Definition of the potential difference between the battery terminals (electromotive
force).

c) Units of measuring of Electromotive Force. d) The Source of energy that produces an Electromotive Force. e) Derivation of the formula for unknown resistance Rx. 48. Electromotive Force. a) Conversion the chemical energy to electrical in the battery. b) Kirchhoff`s Rule I (formula and definition). c) Kirchhoff`s Rule II (formula and definition).
10

d) The Wheatstone Bridge Circuit. e) Derivation of the formula for unknown resistance Rx. 49. Magnetic Field. a) Lorentz Force (formula). b) Right Hand Rule 1 (RHR-1). c) Definition of Magnetic Field (formula, direction). d) Magnetic Field units of measuring. e) Magnetic Field Flux (formula, units of measuring). 50. Magnetic Field.
a) Force on a Current in a Magnetic Field (formula, direction). b-c) Magnetic Field due to Infinitely Straight Current (formula, direction). d-e) Force between Two Currents (formula, direction).

51. Magnetic Field. a) Lorentz Force (formula). b) Right Hand Rule 1 (RHR-1). c) Ampere`s Law (formula). d) Magnetic Materials. e) Relative Magnetic Permeability. 52. Thermoelectric effect. a) Work function of a metal. b) External contact potential. c) Structure of thermocouple. d) Thermopile. e) Thermoelectric constants. 53. Thermoelectric effect. a) Concentration of free electron in a metal. b) Internal contact potential. c) Thermoelectric series. d) Thermopile. e) Neutral temperature
11

54. Thermoelectric effect. a) Structure of thermocouple. b) Peltier effect. c) Peltier coefficient. d) Seebeck coefficient. e) Application of thermoelectric effect. 55. Thermoelectric effect. a) Thermopile. b) Neutral temperature c) Thomson effect. d) Thomson coefficient. e) Application of thermoelectric effect. 56. Ultra High Frequency Therapy.
a) Frequency of waves used for UHF-Therapy. b-d) Heat released in conductors during UHF-Therapy (derivation of formula). e) Heat released in insulators during UHF-Therapy (formula).

57. Ultra High Frequency Therapy. a) Examples of conductors and insulators in biological tissues. b) Heat released in insulators during UHF-Therapy (formula). c) UHF-Therapy Advantages. d) Indications for UHF-Therapy. e) Contraindications for UHF-Therapy. 58. Viscous flow. a) Coefficient of viscosity (formula). b) Units of measuring for the Coefficient of viscosity c) Viscosity of blood as the function of temperature. d) Flow Rate of liquid (definition) e) Units of measuring for the Flow Rate of liquid 59. Alternating Current. a) Expressions for Alternating Current.
12

b) Expressions for Alternating Voltage. c) Phasor Diagram. d) RMS Current (formula). e) RMS Voltage (formula). 60. Alternating Current. a) Circuit with inductance. b) The current as functions of time. c) The voltage as functions of time. d) The phasor diagram. e) Inductive Reactance (formula). 61. Alternating Current. a) Circuit with capacitance. b) The current as functions of time. c) The voltage as functions of time. d) The phasor diagram. e) Capacitive Reactance (formula). 62. Alternating Current. a) RLC-Circuit. b) Impedance.
c-e) Resonance for RLC-Circiut.

63. Semiconducting materials. a) Intrinsic semiconductors. b) Extrinsic semiconductors. c) Effect of temperature on semiconductor resistance. d) Current in semiconductors. e) Thermistor. 64. Semiconducting materials. a) Intrinsic semiconductors. b) Band theory treatment of conduction. c) Comparison of energy band diagrams of an intrinsic semiconductor and insulator.
13

d) Effect of temperature on semiconductor resistance. e) Thermistor. 65. Semiconducting materials. a) Thermistor. b) Negative temperature coefficient of resistance. c) Positive temperature coefficient of resistance. d) Wheatstone bridge circuit. e) The slide wire Wheatstone bridge. 66. Semiconducting materials. a) Extrinsic semiconductors. b) Donor impurities. c) n- type semiconductor. d) Band theory treatment of extrinsic semiconductors. e) Energy bands of an n-type semiconductor. 67. Semiconducting materials. a) Extrinsic semiconductors. b) Acceptor impurities. c) p- type semiconductor. d) Band theory treatment of extrinsic semiconductors. e) Energy bands of an p-type semiconductor. 68. Semiconducting materials. a) The p-n junction diode. b) Depletion layer. c) Forward bias connection. d) Reverse bias connection. e) Current voltage characteristics of a p-n junction diode. 69. Semiconducting materials. a) Junction diode as a rectifier. b) Full wave rectifier, bridge circuit. c) Pulsating current.
14

d) Smoothing the current. e) Full wave alternating voltage rectification by bridge circuit. 70. Conductivity of Electrolytes. Biological importance of electrolytes. a) Electrolytes and non-electrolytes. b) Electrolytic dissociation. c) Degree of dissociation. d) Ion conductivity of weak electrolytes. Ohm`s law for electrolytes. e) Electrolytes in blood. Electrolytes in cell. 71. Conductivity of Electrolytes. Biological importance of electrolytes. a) Weak and strong electrolytes. b) Opposite reactions and equilibrium condition for electrolytes. c) Ohm`s law for electrolytes. Mobility of ions. d) Current density. e) Electrolytes secretion in the glands. Tissue excitability and electrolytes. 72. Conductivity of Electrolytes. Biological importance of electrolytes. a) Ion conductivity of weak electrolytes. b) Effect of temperature on electrolyte resistance. c) Conductivity meter. d) Biological importance of electrolytes. e) Electrolytes and solubility of proteins.

, ,

..

15