SUMMARY

ANGLE IN SPACE

Members : 1. Aryati (04) 2. Astika Putri N.F (05) 3. Hartatik Nur Rohmah (12) 4. Kharisma Lady (14) Class : X5

SMA N 1 BANTUL 2011/2012

ANGLES IN SPACE

On a planar surface, an angle can only be formed by two non parallel lines. In space (three-dimensional), the concept of angles ca be extended to include an angle between two interesting lines, an angle between two skew lines, an angle between a line and a plane, and an angle between two planes. A. AN ANGLE BETWEEN TWO LINES.

Consider 7.55. Line g and line g are both located on a same plane and intersect each other at point . An angle formed by these line g and g. Written (h and h), is h or h. If the two lines are skew to each other, then each of them is located on a different plane. We can find an angle between two skew line by shifting one of them (or both) such that the two lines will be located on the same plane. This way, both lines will intersect with each other. A n angle formed after this shifting is the desired angle between the two lines. As example, in cube ABCD.EFGH, the angle between lines FH and AD is the same angle between lines BD and AD (found by shifting FH), that is, DBA is 45. We can also shift AD so that we have FHE which is 45. H E D A Figure 7.57 Between two skew lines, we can find an angle as follows: (see figure 7.57) 1. Assume that a line h is located on plane and a line g is located outside of . The two lines g and h are skew to each other. 2. Determine one arbitrary point P in space. B F C G

3. Draw a straight line passing throught P and parallel to line g (name it g), then draw another line passing through P and parallel to h (name it h). 4. (g, h) = (g . h) = .
g P h g

We can also arbitrarily choose a point P located on line g ( this way, we just have to find a line h that passes through P and is parallel to h). In this case, (g, h) ( Figure 7.58()). If we select P as located on line h, then we just have to find a line g passing throgh P an parallel to g so that (g, h) = (g , h).

Example 1 ABCD.EFGH is a cube with a rib cm. Determine the angle formed AH and AC line!
H E F G

D A B

Answer: Look at AHC. AH = AC = HC (the same area of the cubes diagonal). AHC is an equilateral triangle, then AHC = 60. So, the angle formed of AH and AC line is 60.

Example 2 Determine the cube ABCD.EFGH known angle formed by the lines AH and BE!
H G F 60

D A B

Answer: BE line is shifted to the back generate a line that intersects with the line HC and AH at point H. In accordance with Example three, AHC = 60. Thus, the angle formed by the lines AH and BE is 60 B. AN ANGLE BETWEEN A LINE AND A PLANE

Figure 7.59

If a line is not perpendicularto a plane , then the angle between line AB and plane is an acute angle taht is formed by line AB and its projection on (B), or (B,)= B, B). In other words, if B and are parallel to each other, then (B. ) = 0. If B is not parallel to , then (B, ) = (B, B) where B is the projection of g on plane , and (B, B) 90. Consider figure 7.59, (B, ) = (B, B) = .

Example ABCD.EFGH is known as a cube with ribs 4 cm. Determine the angle formed AC line and the field of BDG!
H E F G

D O A

Answer: The projection of the line AC in the field of BDG is OG. Note right-angled OCG. Suppose COG = . CG = 4 cm. OC = 4 cm. OC = AC = = = = 2

so, tan =

= 54,73 Thus, the angle formed by the AC line and BE field is 54,73.

C. AN ANGLE BETWEEN TWO PLANES

An angle between two planes and is written (,). If and is prallel to each other, then (, ) . If and are not parallel, then and will intersect each other on the intersection. A resting plane is a plane that is drawn at a right angle to the intersection line of intersecting planes. The angle between the two planes can be determined as followed : 1. Choose an arbitrary point on line ( example line A ), say the point A. 2. Draw a line on plane that is perpendicular to line A, name the line AB . 3. Draw a line on plane that is perpendicular to line A, name he line BC. 4. The plane formed by AB and BC is the resting plane and the angle between AB and BC is the resting angle. Hence (,) = ( AB, BC). Example D.ABC field with four equilateral triangles ABC, ABC perpendicular to plane DC, DC = 1 cm length, and angle DBC = 30. When is the angle between the field of DAB with CAB, specify the tan !
D

1 cm

A P

C 30

Answer: DC ABC field ! ABC is an equilateral triangle. P is midpoint of AB, then CP AB and DP AB. Look at BCD. tg 30 = = BC = = AB =

AB = BC = AC = In a right triangle BCP, PC =

PB =

= tg = =

so, tan =

list a few ways for three distinct planes to intersect

EXAMPLES 1. Look at the cube ABCD.EFGH. find the angles that are formed between each following pair of lines : a. AE and ED b. AH and HC c. AD and BG d. EC and HD 2. A cube ABCD.EFGH has an edge length of 6 cm. Find the angle between AH and planes BDHF . 3. Consider a cube ABCD.EFGH having an edge length of 4 cm, find the angle included between planes BDG and ABCD. 4. A regular rectangular pyramid T.PQRS has an edge length of its base plane equals 42 cm. Given TP = 8 cm, calculate : a. The angle between TP and QS b. The angle between TP and SR 5. Consider a cube ABCD.EFGH having an edgelength of 6 cm. Calculate sin the angle between planes BDG and BDE . a. Lines AE and ED intersect each other at E. The angle between AE and ED is the angle AED. Observe that AED is an isosceles right triangle. E

4 cm

A 4 cm D he angle AED 45 Lines AE and ED form a 45 -angle. b.AH and HC intersect each other at H and are located on the same plane AHC. The angle between AH and HC is the angle AHC. Observe AHC. H

4 2 cm

A C AH HC CA 42 cm Hence AHC is equilateral. he angle AHC 60 Lines AH and HC form a 60 angle. c. AD and BG are skew to each other. Line BG is parallel to line AH located on plane ADHE. he angle (AD, BG) the angle (AD, AH) the angle DAH 45 . d.EC and HD are skew to each other. HD is parallel to line GC located on plane ACGE. The angle (EC, HD) = the angle (EC, GC) = the angle ECG. Observe ECG.

SOLUTION 1. H E D A 4 cm B F C G

42 cm

G E 4 cm D C P A B 4 cm Plane BDG and ABCD intersect each other at the intersection line BD. Choose a point P that is the midpoint of BD. BD PC (diagonals of square ABCD) BD PG (height or bisect of equilateral BDG) The angle (BDG, ABCD) = the angle CPG. G C F

an

42 / 4 2 tan 2 54.74

2. H E D M A B 6 cm AM BDHF. he projection of line AH on plane BDHF is MH. The angle (AH, BDHF) = The angle (AH, MH) = the angle AHM. AH 6 3 cm, HM 3 6 cm. AM 3 2 cm. AM + HM (3 2) + (3 6) = 18 + 54 = 72 = AH H F C G

C 22 P he angle CPG an 4 / 22 2 tan 2 54.7 4. T 8 cm S R O Y 42 cm

36

3 2

AHM is a right triangle at M. he angle an 3 2 / 36 1/3 3 tan 1/3 3 30 .

3. H G

a. The angle between TP and QS = the angle between TP and PR.

5. E

H F D O

43

8 C B 6 cm 43 / 4 3 60 36 36 O

P tan

TO = 8 - 4 = 64 16 48 43 cm

b. The angle between TP and SR = the angle between TP and PQ. T

E 32 EO = GO EO 6 + (32) 54 36 cm EOY sin O

Y 32

214

Y Y

22

32 / 36 1/3 EOG sin O 2 x 1/3 Sin O 2 1/3.

( 43 ) + (22 ) = 16 x 3 + 4 x 2 = 48 + 8 56 214 cm

an

214 / 22 7 69.29

EXERCISES 1. Consider a cube ABCD.EFGH, calculate tan between CG and plane BDG is ............ a. 3 b. 2 c. 2 d. 3 e. 6 2. Consider a pyramid T.ABC having a right triangle base plane where . AB AC and A 53 cm and perpendicular to base plane. If BC = 10 cm, calculate the angle between planes TBC and base plane .......... a. 90 b. 75 c. 60 d. 45 e. 30 3. A box ABCD.EFGH has a length of 8 cm, a width of 6 cm, and a height of 4 cm. If is the angle between DF and HF. So cos is .... a. 9/65 13 b. 7/65 13 c. 5/13 13 d. 11/13 13 e. 11/65 13 4. Consider a tetrahedron A.BCD and E in the middle of BC. If the angle between planes ABC and BCD is , so cos is ........ a. 1/3 b. c. 2/3 d. e. 4/5 5. Consider a pyramid T.ABC with AB 6 cm, A 9 cm. If is the angle between planes ABC and BC. Determine tan ..... a. 1/69 23 b. 2 c. 2/3 23 d. 3 2 e. 23 Consider a regular rectangular pyramid T.ABCD. if AB = BC = 3 cm, and C 6 cm. Determine the angle between TB and planes ABCD ..... a. 25 b. 30 c. 45 d. 60 e. 75 Consider a regular rectangular pyramid T.ABCD, determine tan the angle between planes TAB and base plane. If AB = BC= 2 cm and C 5 cm ........ a. b. 3 c. 1 d. 3 e. 2 A regular rectangular pyramid T.ABCD. if AB = BC = 8 cm and C 43 cm. Calculate sin , if is the angle between TC and base palne ......... a. 1/3 2 b. 1/3 3 c. 2 d. 3 e. 1 Consider a cube ABCD.EFGH having an edgelength of 6 cm. Calculate tan ( CG, AFH ) ........ a. 6 d. 2 b. 1/3 6 e. c. 3

6.

7.

8.

9.

10. Consider a cube ABCD.EFGH having an edgelength of 12 cm. Calculate sin ( CE, BGE ) ... a. 1/3 b. 1/3 3 c. 1/3 2 d. 2 e. 2/3 2