Denition. For z C we dene cos z = 1 iz (e + eiz ); 2 sin z = 1 iz (e eiz ); 2i cosh z = 1 z (e + ez ); 2 sinh z = 1 z (e ez ).

Remark In all of what follows we will make use of the fundamental identity () ez+w = ez ew , z, w C.

Here is a proof of (*) in which we leave out the nontrivial justication of some of the steps. We have ez+w = =
n=0

(z + w)n n! n=0

z m wnm m! (n m)! m=0 z m wnm m! (n m)! n=m zm m! zm m! wnm (n m)! n=m wn n! n=0

=
m=0

=
m=0

=
m=0

zm w e m! m=0

= ez ew . From the denitions we immediately deduce that (1) and that (2) cos2 z + sin2 z = 1, cosh2 z sinh2 z = 1. eiz = cos z + i sin z

From (*) we obtain the addition formulae (3) sin(z + w) = sin z cos w + cos z sin w, cos(z + w) = cos z cos w sin z sin w.

Dierentiating term by term the power series that dene the exponential function we nd that (4) d z e = ez . dz

d One could also use (*) to deduce (4). For any constant a we have dz f (az) = af (az) provided f is dierentiable in the complex; this fact, (1) and the denitions immediately imply that

(5)

d cos z = sin z; dz

d sin z = cos z; dz

d cosh z = sinh z; dz 1

d sinh z = cosh z. dz

We have (6) This gives (7) Combining (6) and (7) we get (8) We have (10) This gives (11) Combining (10) and (11) we get (12) cosh z = z 2m , (2m)! m=0

eiz =

(iz)n (iz)2m (iz)2m+1 (1)m z 2m (1)m z 2m+1 = + = +i . n! (2m)! (2m + 1)! m=0 (2m)! (2m + 1)! n=0 m=0 m=0 m=0 (1)m z 2m (1)m z 2m+1 i . (2m)! (2m + 1)! m=0 m=0 (1)m z 2m+1 . (2m + 1)! m=0

eiz =

cos z =

(1)m z 2m , (2m!) m=0

sin z =

ez =

zn z 2m z 2m+1 = + . n! (2m)! m=0 (2m + 1)! n=0 m=0 z 2m z 2m+1 . (2m)! m=0 (2m + 1)! m=0 z 2m+1 . (2m + 1)! m=0

ez =

sinh z =

If z = x + iy where x, y are real we have cos z = 1 i(x+iy) e + ei(x+iy) 2 1 y+ix = e + eyix 2 1 y e (cos x + i sin x) + ey (cos x i sin x) = 2 1 = cos x(ey + ey ) i sin x(ey ey ) 2 = cos x cosh y i sin x sinh y.

(13)

Changing a sign and dividing by i in the third line of the preceding calculation one obtains sin z = (14) 1 y e (cos x + i sin x) ey (cos x i sin x) 2i 1 = i sin x(ey + ey ) sin x(ey ey ) 2i = sin x cosh y + i cos x sinh y.

Finally, (15) cosh z = cos iz = cos(y + ix) = cos(y) cosh x + sin(y) cosh x = cosh x cos y cosh x sin y

and (16) sinh z = i sin(iz) = i sin(y + ix) = i(sin(y) cosh x + i cos(y) sinh x) = sinh x cos y + i cosh x sin y. Whew! 2