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Technology 8CONNECTION
Television
Technology
In the past, if you wanted a large-screen television, you probably would
have needed to sacrifce half of your living room space to fnd a place for
it. Now, fat-screen plasma and LCD (liquid crystal display) televisions are
replacing the older, bulky, cathode ray tube television technology.
Lets compare these two new types of television technology. That way, if
you win the lottery, youll have your homework done and will be ready to
make an informed decision about which to buy!
Stars, Lightning, and Televisions
What do stars, lightning, and
televisions all have in common?
PLASMA! All three contain this state
of matter, where gaseous atoms
break apart into positive ions and
free-fowing electrons. Believe it or
not, plasma is the most abundant
state of matter in the universe.
Lightning is probably the natural
plasma with which you are most
familiar.
However, the plasma used in
television screens isnt natural
plasma. Its synthetic plasma,
produced when an inert gas is
heated by an electric current and
stripped of its electrons. These
electrons are free-fowing, so the
gas becomes a plasma.
But how is this synthetic plasma
used to create images on a television?
Basic Technology
If you understand the basic principles
of how a CRT (cathode ray tube)
television works, then you can begin
to understand how plasma and LCD
television works. A CRT is a cone-shaped
glass tube with an energy source at the
smaller end and a phosphorus-coated
screen at the wider end. In between,
rays of electrons are focused on the
phosphorous screen to produce light. Each ray hits and lights up the
phosphorous screen in a small point called a pixel. Each pixel is
made up of the three primary colors of light: red, blue, and green.
These colors can be combined to make up all the colors you see
when viewing a television image.
There are hundreds of thousands of pixels on a typical CRT screen.
The rays are directed by magnetic felds that can move the beams
in many directions. To make a larger CRT screen, the television also
must be thicker from front to back so that more pixels can be
projected on the screen. Large-screen CRT televisions are heavy,
bulky, and very big!
Plasma Technology
A plasma television is made up of two fat glass panels with many
tiny chambers (or cells) sandwiched between them. Each cell is
flled with xenon or neon
gas. Electrons in a cell
are excited by electrodes
running alongside the
chambers. The energy of
the electrodes can vary as a
computer instructs more or
less voltage to be applied
to the cell. This is how the
intensity of the display is
controlled.
Chapter 10 Matter and teMperature
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Cell
Pixel
Phosphorous
layer
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When the electrons in a cell are
excited, they break away from
the xenon or neon atoms and are
able to fow freely through the
cell, striking each other frequently.
As collisions occur, particles are
bumped to higher energy levels
and then fall back to their lower
levels, releasing ultraviolet (UV)
energy. The UV energy reacts with
the phosphorous layer (see the
diagram at right), generating
photons of light. The light is
projected and pixels are lit
up, just as in the CRT. The
difference is that there are
up to sixteen million colors,
instead of only hundreds
of thousands,
as in the CRT!
Liquid Crystal
Display Technology
Now that you understand two
types of television technology,
you are on your way to being TV
tech-savvy! The third major type of
television technology is the liquid crystal
display (LCD). This technology begins with liquid crystal, a form of
matter that can fow like a liquid, but that also has an order to the
molecule arrangement in one direction, like a crystalline solid. There
are many types of liquid crystals, and one in particular responds to an
electric charge by twisting itself. In an LCD display, polarized sheets
are placed within the display panels and light is projected through
the back of the display, traveling through the frst polarized flm and
encountering the liquid crystal material. The liquid crystal material
responds to a voltage applied, and twists itself to either partially
or, in the case of a black pixel, totally block the light from passing
through. Once the light is projected and variably blocked, pixels
on the display screen are lit (or not) to create the images. The light
intensity is controlled by varying the voltage applied to the material.
Which to Choose?
So, why would you choose one technology over the other? Both
plasma and LCD televisions are expensive. Both types are basically
thin panels, so they dont need a lot of space. Finally, both
technologies provide high resolution. But, there are differences.
Because plasma televisions contain tiny cells that produce their own
light, it doesnt matter where you are in a room while viewing a
program. The images look good from any angle. Some drawbacks
to plasma televisions are that the panels weigh more than their LCD
counterparts and they arent necessarily energy effcient. In addition,
some viewers have reported that watching the same station too
often produce a burn through of logos and such.
LCD displays provide better viewing in a well-lit room, but can have
a slow response time when changing images. Because LCDs are
backlit, meaning they have one single light source for the entire
area of the display screen, blacks tend to be fainter and sometimes
there is a bleed through of light within the screen. LCD televisions
are being manufactured with wider screens now, which makes them
more appealing to consumers.
Questions:
1. What is a basic difference between plasma and
LCD technology?
2. Compare the advantages and disadvantages
of plasma television vs. LCD television.
3. Research: What is HD-TV and how does it relate to
plasma and LCD television?
Unit 4 Matter and energy
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UNIT 4 MATTER AND ENERGY
Chapter
10 MATTER AND TEMPERATURE
Chapter 10 Assessment
Vocabulary
Select the correct term to complete the sentences.
Section 10.1
1. A pure substance that cannot be broken down into simpler
substances by physical or chemical means is a(n) ____.
2. The smallest particle of an element is a(n) ____.
3. A(n) ____ is a substance that contains two or more elements
that are chemically joined.
4. A(n) ____ is a group of two or more atoms joined together by
chemical bonds.
5. A(n) ____ cannot be separated into other types of matter by
physical means.
6. Matter that contains a combination of different elements
and/or compounds and can be separated by physical means
is called a(n) ____.
7. A(n) ____ is a mixture that is the same throughout.
8. A(n) ____ is a mixture that is not the same throughout.
Section 10.2
9. ____ is a temperature scale in which water freezes at
32 degrees.
10. ____ is a scale in which water freezes at 0 degrees.
11. Energy due to temperature is called ____.
12. You measure temperature with a(n) ____.
13. The lowest possible temperature is called ____.
14. The ____ is a temperature scale that starts with absolute
zero.
Section 10.3
15. A(n) ____ holds its shape.
16. A(n) ____ does not hold its shape but has a volume.
17. A(n) ____ does not hold its shape and takes on the volume of
its container.
18. The forces that determine the phase of matter are known as
____.
19. The temperature at which a substance changes from solid to
liquid is called ____.
20. The temperature at which a substance changes from liquid
to gas is called ____.
21. ____ is a phase of matter in which some of the atoms begin
to break apart.
Concepts
Section 10.1
1. What is Brownian motion? How does it provide evidence
that matter is made of atoms and molecules?
2. Explain the differences between elements and compounds.
3. What are the two major categories of matter?
atom
Celsius
gas
compound
melting point
homogeneous mixture
Kelvin scale
Fahrenheit
absolute zero
plasma
pure substance
thermal energy
liquid
boiling point
heterogeneous mixture
element
intermolecular forces
solid
thermometer
mixture
molecule
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CHAPTER 10 ASSESSMENT
Chapter
10 MATTER AND TEMPERATURE
4. Name three foods that would be classified as heterogeneous
mixtures, and three foods that are homogeneous mixtures.
5. Explain the difference between the two kinds of substances.
6. Explain the difference between an atom and a molecule.
Section 10.2
7. Compare the Celsius temperature scale with the Fahrenheit
scale by answering the following questions:
a. Which is the larger change in temperature, 1C or 1F?
b. What are the freezing points and boiling points of water
on each scale?
c. Why are two different scales used?
8. How can the Fahrenheit and Celsius scales be converted
from one to another?
9. Since it is fairly easy to tell when the temperature is high or
low, why do we need thermometers, thermistors, and other
devices for measuring temperature?
10. Compare the Celsius temperature scale with the Kelvin
scale by answering the following questions:
a. Which is the larger change in temperature, 1 K or 1C?
b. What are the freezing points and boiling points of water
on each scale?
c. Why are two different scales used?
11. What is the difference between 0 on the Celsius scale and
absolute zero?
12. Absolute zero is considered the lowest possible temperature.
What is the highest possible temperature?
Section 10.3
13. A liquid takes the shape of its container, but why doesnt a
liquid expand to fill the container completely?
14. Why doesnt a solid flow?
15. Name one similarity between gases and liquids.
16. Identify the phase represented by each diagram below and
describe its basic properties.
(A) (B) (C)
17. What is sublimation?
18. Explain how a liquid can enter the gas phase without
reaching its boiling point.
19. Which has more thermal energy: gas, plasma, or liquid?
20. What is the most common phase of matter in the universe?
Problems
Section 10.1
1. Describe a method you would use to separate chicken soup
into other forms of matter from which it is made.
2. Describe a method you would use to separate a mixture of
sugar and water.
Section 10.2
3. Calculate the average human body temperature, 98.6F, on
the Celsius scale.
4. Convert 20C to the Kelvin scale.
5. What is the Celsius equivalent of 100 K?
6. A pizza box says to bake the pizza at 450F but your oven
measures temperature in Celsius. At what temperature
should you set the oven?
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UNIT 4 MATTER AND ENERGY
Chapter
10 MATTER AND TEMPERATURE
Section 10.3
7. The diagram to the right shows
a graph of temperature vs. time
for a material that starts as a
solid. Heat is added at a
constant rate. Using the
diagram, answer the following
questions:
a. During which time interval
does the solid melt?
b. During which time interval
is the material all liquid?
c. What is the boiling point of the substance?
d. Does it take more heat energy to melt the solid or boil
the liquid?
8. About 70 percent of the Earths surface is covered by water.
There is water underground, and even in the atmosphere.
What is waters state at each of the following temperatures?
a. temperatures below 0 degrees Celsius
b. temperatures between 0 and 100 degrees Celsius
c. temperatures above 100 degrees Celsius
Applying Your Knowledge
Section 10.1
1. Identify each of the following in your classroom, school
cafeteria, or home:
a. 5 homogeneous mixtures
b. 5 heterogeneous mixtures
c. 3 elements
d. 5 compounds
2. Design a poster to illustrate the classification of matter.
Provide examples of everyday materials that belong in each
category.
3. Air is a homogeneous mixture. Conduct research to find out
the gases found in air and the percentage of each. Make a
pie chart illustrating your findings.
Section 10.2
4. If you keep lowering the temperature of a material, the
molecules vibrate less and less. If you could eventually reach
a low enough temperature, the molecules might not vibrate
at all. Is this possible, and what does it mean for the
temperature scale? Is it possible to keep lowering the
temperature indefinitely?
5. In the 1860s, English physicist James Clerk Maxwell (1831
1879) and Austrian physicist Ludwig Boltzmann (1844
1906) first gave a rigorous analysis of temperature in terms
of the average kinetic energy of the molecules of a
substance. Explore their lives and their contributions to the
development of the theory of temperature.
Section 10.3
6. Design a poster or model to summarize for your classmates
the differences between a solid, liquid, gas, and plasma.
7. Create a chart that illustrates the following phase changes:
melting, boiling, freezing, evaporation, condensation, and
sublimation.
8. Plasmas, or ionized gases as they are sometimes called, are
of great interest both physically and technologically. Do
some research to find out why plasmas are of great interest
to scientists and manufacturers. Describe at least two
current uses of plasmas, and describe one way scientists and
engineers hope to use plasmas in the future.
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