ADVANCED VIBRATIONS AND NOISE ENGINEERING

Vibration Engineering b at o g ee g
Topics: T i Introduction to Vibration Practical Examples Fundamentals Mathematical System Modeling Analysis of Vibrating System Fourier Analysis Application
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Introduction to Vibrations

Vibrations are present everywhere in life ------ Atomic vibrations (temperature) Human body (heart) Machines (large and small) Earth E th quake tremors k t Musical instruments .

So we live in a world of vibrations vibrations. Let us , from now onwards look at the world from this view point
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Practical Examples of Vibrations

Everyday examples where vibrations are involved :

Cars

Bikes

Practical Examples of Vibrations

Heavy machinery

( turbines and airplane engines )

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Practical Examples of Vibrations

Galileo Galilei ----- Italian mathematician ---- his great work in dynamics SIMPLE PENDULUM

Vibration Engineering b at o g ee g
Topics: T i Introduction to Vibration Practical Examples Fundamentals Mathematical System Modeling Analysis of Vibrating System Fourier Analysis Application
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Fundamentals of Vibrations
Vibration Analysis:
PHYSICAL DYNAMIC SYSTEM SOLVE GOVERNING EQUATIONS

MATHEMATICAL MODEL

GOVERNING EQUATIONS

INTERPRETE RESULTS

Example:

FBD

Fundamentals of Vibrations
Single degree of freedom (DOF) Two DOF Modeling of the systems Multi DOF Continuous system Each system can be under

Free

Damped

Forced Or a combination of these modes 9

Fundamentals of Vibrations
DOF:
In vibrations DOF refers to the number of independent co-ordinates with which we can completely define the system at any point of time Select DOF for any given system considering: Simplicity of analysis Validation with real life approximations Let us see how this works ----

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Vibration Engineering b at o g ee g
Topics: T i Introduction to Vibration Practical Examples Fundamentals Mathematical System Modeling Analysis of Vibrating System Fourier Analysis Application
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Mathematical System Modeling

SDOF reduction of bike rider system

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Mathematical System Modeling

Two DOF modeling of bike rider system

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Mathematical System Modeling

Three (multi) DOF modeling of bike rider system

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Mathematical System Modeling

More accurate modeling of bik rider system M d li f bike id

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Other Examples of vibration systems

Single cylinder Internal Combustion Engine Equivalent model representation ( Torsional )

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Vibration Engineering b at o g ee g
Topics: T i Introduction to Vibration Practical Examples Fundamentals Mathematical System Modeling Analysis of Vibrating System Fourier Analysis Application
17

Analysis of vibrating systems

Free vibrations F ib i
When a body is set into vibrations and left to itself , it vibrates about a mean position. position This is called free vibration . And the frequency of vibration is called Natural q y Frequency

Natural Frequency

Best example
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Analysis of vibrating systems

Forced vibration A body acted upon by an external force of particular frequency responds at that frequency and hence the body under consideration is said to be in forced vibration
F F

Forced vibrations are very common in mechanical syste s systems Eg: Car C Turbine , turbine blades Machine shafts Even earthquake excitation Single degree of freedom system with forced vibration
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Analysis of vibrating systems

Vibrations are both useful as well as harmful just like coefficient of friction

We prefer to travel in a train than by an old bus.. (vibrations) Machines are not supposed to vibrate at more than particular level to produce enough accuracy prod ce eno gh acc rac Life of the systems depends on the DYNAMICS of the machine

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Analysis of vibrating systems

Simple harmonic motion (SHM) Best example : Simple pendulum Displacement equation : x = Xcos(pt) p frequency X amplitude The variation of displacement velocity and acceleration of a SHM system with time are given in the figure

x = Xp cos( pt ) x = Xp 2 sin( pt )

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Analysis of vibrating systems

Combining two SHM s s
When we combine two SHM of almost same frequency are combined , a p phenomenon called beats is observed

x = X 1 cos p1t + X 2 sin( p2t + )

P1=(2 m)/T

P2=(2 n)/T

p1 m = p2 n

The resultant signal oscillates with two frequencies

2 p2 and

2 p1

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Analysis of vibrating systems

Beat Phenomenon
x = X ( cos p1t + cos p2t ) x = 2 X cos

p1 and p2 are nearly equal

p1 p2 p + p2 t cos 1 t 2 2

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Vibration Engineering b at o g ee g
Topics: T i Introduction to Vibration Practical Examples Fundamentals Mathematical System Modeling Analysis of Vibrating System Fourier Analysis Application
24

Fourier Analysis
Most Practical Excitations are Periodic in Nature Unbalance excitation in reciprocating mechanism engine

FPu = me (cost + r cos 2t ) (

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Gas torque in IC engine

Displacement excitation in Cam- Follower system

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Fourier Analysis

Periodic Seismic Excitation

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Fourier Analysis

1.2

Amplitude

Am mplitude

1.0

0.8

0.6

0.4

-1 0 0.05 0.1 Time 20 0.15 0.2 0 10 Frequency 30 40

0.2

0.0 0 10 20 30 40 50 60

Frequency (Hz)

Decomposition of time domain periodic signal in frequency domain

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Fourier Analysis
8 T 6

4 Ampl litude

-2

-4

0.05 0 05

0.1 01

0.15 0 15 0.2 02 Time(sec)

0.25 0 25

0.3 03

0.35 0 35

1. To find different frequency components 2. Amplitudes of different components

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1.5

f=20Hz =2f
1 0.8 0.6

A p d m litu e

RESPONSE ESTIMATION

0.5

-0.5

Excitation function to system f(t)=cos(2ft)+0.33 cos(2(2f)t)

0 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06 Time (sec) 0.07 0.08
1 0.8 0.6

-1

0.09

0.1

0 -0.2 -0.4 -0.6 -0.8 0 8 -1 0 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06 Time (sec) 0.07 0.08 0.09 0.1

A p d m litu e

f1=f=20Hz 1=2f1

0.4 A p d m litu e 0.2

Harmonic components of excitation function f ti

0.4 0.2 0 -0.2 -0.4 -0.6 -0.8 -1 0 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06 Time (sec) 0.07 0.08 0.09 0.1

f2=2f=40Hz 2f 40Hz 2=2f2

SYSTEM
1.5

SYSTEM Response of the system to these harmonic components of excitation function +

1 0.8 0.6 0.4 A p d m litu e 0.2 0 -0.2 -0.4 -0.6 -0.8 -1 0 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06 Time (sec) 0.07 0.08 0.09 0.1

0.5 A plitu e m d

-0.5

-1

-1.5

0.01

0.02

0.03

0.04 0.05 0.06 Time (sec)

0.07

0.08

0.09

0.1

2.5

1.5

1 Amplitude

0.5

Complete C l t response of the system

-0 . 5

-1

-1 . 5

0.01

0.02

0.03

0.04

0.05 T im e (s e c )

0.06

0.07

0.08

0.09

0.1

The break up of excitation frequency and response of the system to the excitation

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Fourier Analysis
Frequency analysis to help detect possible resonance condition

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Fourier Analysis
Fourier Series F i S i Any periodic function can be expressed as a summation of yp p infinite sum of a series of pure sinusoids

f (t ) =

n =0

a n cos( nt ) + bn sin( nt )
n =1

where, the coefficients of the sinusoids are given by

a0 = 2

2 / 0

f (t )dt
and

an =

2 / 0

f (t ) cos( nt )dt

bn =

2 / 0

f (t ) sin( nt )dt

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Fourier Analysis
Amplitude variation of Fourier coefficients with number of terms (n)

A A A x(t ) = sin(t ) i ( sin(2t ) ..... i ( 2 2

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Vibration Engineering b at o g ee g
Topics: T i Introduction to Vibration Practical Examples Fundamentals Mathematical System Modeling Analysis of Vibrating System Fourier Analysis Application
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Applications

Modeling of such systems should be done as MDOF

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Applications

Big and heavy penstock Better b B tt be modeled a d l d MDOF or a continuous system

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Applications
Development of Tuned Mass Damper

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Applications
Another important application of vibration analysis is signature analysis where Diagnostics and h lth monitoring Di ti d health it i Life estimation Life extension Initial the structures are made robust and vibration data is recorded . After some time or after some effects( like earthquake on bridges) the new vibration data tells us about the changes in the structure The changes are due to cracks developed support movement etc t t t
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Applications

Health equipment (vibrator for massaging)

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Applications

Forging Hammer Vehicle Dynamic Simulator y

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Assignment
1

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Assignment

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Assignment

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