NAME CLASS IC NUMBER

: : :

TEACHERS NAME :

Five Objectives Questions

1. Diagram 1 shows a process carried out by an Amoeba sp.

Diagram 1 What is the process? A B Meiosis Binary fission C D Osmoregulation Conjugation

2. Diagram 2 shows one of the human tissues.

Diagram 2 What organelle is found abundantly in the tissue? A B Golgi Apparatus Mitochondria C D Ribosomes Endoplasmis reticulum

3. Diagram 3 shows the structure of an animal cell.

Diagram 3 Which part of the labelled A, B, C and D is a mitochondrion?

4. Diagram 4 shows a plant cell.

Diagram 4 Which of the labelled parts contain cellulose?

5.

Ribosome can be found freely in the cytoplasm or can be attached to organelle Q. Which of the following is organelle Q? A B Cytoplasm Mitochondria C D Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum

Structure Question

1. Diagram 1 shows organelle X and organelle Y in a living cell.

Diagram 1 a) Name of the above organelles. Organelle X : Choloroplast Organelle Y : Mitochondrion

b) State the main function of the organelles. Organelle X : Absorbs sunlight for photosynthesis Organelle Y : Site of aerobic cellular respiration

c) i- State the type of cell that contains an abundance of organelle X and organelle Y. Organelle X : Mesophyll palisade Organelle Y : Sperm cell ii- Predict what will happen to the cells stated in (c) i. if organelle X and Y are absent respectively. Photosynthesis cannot be carried out by the cells without organelle X and energy cannot be generated without organelle Y.

d) Explain two differences between the processes that occur in organelle X and organelle Y.

i) ii)

Organelle X absorbs carbon dioxide and releases oxygen while organelle Y absorbs oxygen and releases carbon dioxide. Organelle X carries out anabolic process whereas organelle Y carries out catabolic process.

e) The presence of organelle X in plant cells is a feature which distinguishes them from animal cells. Give two other features which can only be found in plant cells. i) Have cellulose cell wall ii) Absence of centrioles

Essay Question

1.

Multicellular describes tissues, organs or organisms that are composed of a number of cells. a) Explain what is meant by the following terms: cell, tissue, organ, organ system and multicellular organism.

A cell is the basic unit of life. It is the structural and functional unit of living organisms. A tissue consists of a group of cells of similar structure organised to carry out a common function or functions. An organ consists of a number of different tissues working together to carry out one or more functions. An organ system consists of different organs working together as a functional unit. All the different organ systems coordinate together to form multicellular organisms.

b) Diagram 1 shows cells from five different tissues.

Diagram 1 Name tissues I, II, III, IV and V. State two functions for each of the named tissues. Tissue I is parenchyma tissue. It is a major component of ground tissue of stems and roots. The parenchyma cells can be modified to form specialised mesophyll cells to carry out photosynthesis. Tissue II is xylem tissue. It transports water and mineral salts from the roots to the upper parts of the plant. It also provides mechanical support to the plant.

Tissue III is phloem tissue. Phloem tissue transport soluble organic products of photosynthesis from the leaves to the growing regions where they are used for growth and reproduction. It also transports soluble organic products of photosynthesis to storage organs where excess food is stored. Tissue IV is epithelial tissue. Epithelial tissue forms a protective layer. The epithelium lining the trachea and bronchi secretes mucus to trap the dust particles and microbial spores. The cilia sweep the mucus and trapped particles from the trachea to the pharynx. The epithelium protects the body from mechanical damage, entry of pathogens and dehydration. Tissue V is smooth muscle. Smooth muscles line the wall of arteries and veins. The blood vessels transport blood in the body.

Five Objectives Questions

1. Diagram 1 shows the structure of a plasma membrane.

Diagram 1 What substance can across through P? A B Glucose Sodium ion C D Amino acid Fatty acids

2. Diagram 2 shows an experiment to investigate the movement of water molecules across a semi permeable membrane from A to B.

lll

Water molecule Sucrose molecule

Diagram 2 Which of the following is true about the movement of water molecules at the end of the experiment? A B The rate of water molecules diffusing from A to B is higher than from B to A The rate of water molecules diffusing from B to A is higher than from A to B

C D

No water molecules diffuses from A to B The rate of water molecules diffusing from A to B and from B to A is the same

3. Diagram 3 shows a model of a plasma membrane.

Diagram 3 What is structure Y? A B Lipid Phospholipids C D Pore protein Carrier protein

4. Diagram 4 shows the apparatus set up to demonstrate osmosis.

Diagram 4 What is solution X? A B C D 1% sucrose solution 5% sucrose solution 10% sucrose solution Distilled water

5. Diagram 5 shows the condition of a plant cell after being immersed in solution Y for 20 minutes.

Diagram 5 Which of the following is the correct answer for Z and solution Y? Z A B C D Air Water Solution Y Vacuum Solution Y Isotonic solution Hypotonic solution Hypertonic solution Isotonic solution

Structure Question

1. Diagram 1.1 shows a root hair cell from Plant R and the surrounding soil particles.

Diagram 1.1 a) (i) Name the process by which root hair cells absorb water. Osmosis

(ii) Define the process in a (i). The net movement of water molecules from a region of low solute concentration to a region of high solute concentration through a semipermeable membrane

b) Based on diagram 1.1, which of the region x and y has (i) lower water concentration Y (ii) high water concentration X

c) Draw an arrow on Diagram 1.1 to show the movement of water in a root hair cell of plant R.

d) A farmer applied a large quantity of fertilizer on plant R. Predict and explains what will happen with plant R in a few days. Plant R will wilt because excess of fertilizer causes the environment surrounding to be hypertonic to the cell sap. The net movement of water molecules from inside to outside of the cell is by osmosis.

e) Diagram 1.2 shows two fresh raw eggs with their shells removed with acid which have been soaked for one hour into solution P and Q respectively.

Diagram 1.2 Explain the processes which occur in both P and Q. P: The fresh raw egg in solution P is floating because solution P is hypertonic to the cell sap of the fresh raw egg. Q: The fresh raw egg in solution Q is sinking because solution P us hypotonic to the cell sap of the fresh raw egg.

Essay Question

1. (a)(i)

Movement of substances across the plasma membrane in the cell is important for the continuity in life of organisms. The process helps to maintain a constant internal environment. Explain the importance of plasma membrane for the survival of living organism. Living organism need nutrients to continue their life processes. Homeostasis occurs when the ions inside the cells are kept at different concentration to outside the cells. The movement of substances in and out of the cells is regulated by the plasma membrane. The cells need to maintain a suitable pH of the cells for enzyme activity so that cell can secretes useful substances.

(a)(ii)

Diagram 1 shows two types of transport of substances through plasma membrane.

Diagram 1.1

Explain the two types of transport of substances through plasma membrane shown Diagram 1. Facilitated diffusion occurs in Type 1. The molecules move down the concentration gradient, from a region of higher concentration to a region of lower concentration. This process does not require energy and the molecules move through pore protein. Active transport occurs in Type 2. The molecules move against the concentration gradient which is from a region of lower concentration to a region of higher concentration. This process requires energy and the molecules move through carrier protein.

(b)

A student carries out the experiment to determine the concentration of an external solution which is isotonic to the cell sap. The student immersed the potato strips in a different concentration of sugar in 30 minutes time. Diagram 1.2 shows a graph plotted to show the change in mass against concentration of solution.

Diagram 1.2

Based on the graph in Diagram 1.2, state the concentration of the solution that isotonic to the cell sap and explain what happen to the cell at point P, Q and R. The concentration of the solution that is isotonic to the cell sap is 0.28 moldm. At point P, the solution is hypotonic to the cell sap of the potato. Since the concentration of solution is higher outside the cell, there is a net movement of water from the outside into the cell. Water diffuses into the cell sap by osmosis. As a result, the cell becomes turgid. At point Q, the solution is isotonic to the cell sap of the potato. The concentration of solutes is equal to the cell sap of the potato. Therefore, there is no net movement of water in and out off the cell. The cell does not lose or gain water. At point R, the solution is hypertonic to the cell sap of the potato. There is a net movement of water from the inside to the outside of the cell because the concentration of solution is higher within the cell. Water diffuses out of the cell sap by osmosis. The cell then becomes flaccid.

Five Objective Questions 1. Diagram 1 shows a protein structure.

Diagram 1 Which of the following are the examples of this type of protein? I Thyroxine II Haemoglobin III Keratin IV Pepsin A B I and II only I and IV only C D II and III only III and IV only

2. Diagram 2 shows the action of an enzyme sucrase on sucrose.

Diagram 2 What is P, Q, R and S? P A B C D Sucrose Sucrase Sucrose Sucrase Q Sucrase Sucrose Sucrase Sucrose R Glucose Glucose Galactose Galactose S Fructose Fructose Glucose Fructose

3. Diagram 3 shows three structure of protein.

Diagram 3 What are structure P, Q and R? P A B C D Primary Quaternary Quaternary Secondary Q Secondary Primary Secondary Primary R Quaternary Secondary Primary Quaternary

4. Amino acid + Amino acid

X Dipeptide + Water Y What is process X and Y? X A B C D Hydrolysis Condensation Hydrolysis Condensation Y Condensation Hydrolysis Hydrolysis Condensation

5. Diagram 4 shows the organelles in an animal cell.

Diagram 4 Which of the organelles P, Q, R and S are involved in the synthesis and secretion of extracellular enzymes? A B C D P, Q and R P, Q and S Q, R and S P, R and S

Structured Questions

1. Diagram 1 shows the various structures of protein.

Diagram 1 (a) Based on Diagram 1, state the structures of protein for K, L, M and N in Table 1 below. Alphabets Name of protein structure K L M N Primary structure Secondary structure Tertiary structure Quaternary structure Table 1

(b) Diagram 1.1 shows a nucleotide from protein structure of L. Nitrogenous base

Phosphate group

P Q

Pentose sugar

Diagram 1.1 i) In Diagram 1.1, label P, Q and R in the space provided. ii) State two examples of secondary protein structure. Hair protein and silk

(c) When a sliced apple is exposed to air, an enzyme in the apple starts a chemical reaction which causes the apple to turn brown. Diagram 1.2 shows the observation made on the sliced apple before and after a treatment as follows: Part X : Soaked in an alkali Part Y: Soaked in a distilled water

Y After 30 minutes

Diagram 1.2

i)

Based on Diagram 1.2, explain your observation. Part X of the apple remains the same but part Y turns brown after 30 minutes. Alkali is not suitable for the enzyme because it neutralizes the active sites of the enzyme.

ii) Explain a treatment to prevent sliced apples from turning brown. Coat the sliced apples with oil because the oil prevents the sliced apples from being exposed to oxygen. Therefore, the chemical reaction cannot takes place.

Five Objectives Questions

1. Diagram 1 shows part of the contents of a nucleus.

Diagram 1 What is K? A B Chromosome Gene C D Chromatid Double helix DNA

2. Diagram 2 shows some stages of meiosis in a cell.

Diagram 2 Which of the following is the correct sequence of the stages? A B I, III, IV, II II, III, I, IV C D II, I, III, IV IV, I, III, II

3. Diagram 3 shows a cell at one particular stage of mitosis.

Diagram 3 Which cell is produced by the cell division?

4. Diagram 4 shows the process of cloning a sheep.

Diagram 4 Which of the following is the offspring X?

5. Diagram 5 shows an animal cell during mitosis.

Diagram 5 How many chromosomes are there in the diploid cell? A B C D 2 4 6 8

Structure Question

1. Diagram 1 shows photomicrograph showing stages in a cell cycle that occur in the animal skin.

Diagram 1

(a) (i) State the type of cell division involved in the cell cycle. Mitosis.

(ii) State one reason for your answer in (a)(i). Because the cell cycle mitosis occur in skin cell.

(b) (i) Explain the chromosomal behaviour in stage N. Stage N is metaphase because the spindle fibres are fully formed and the centromeres of all the chromosomes are lined up on metaphase plate.

(ii) State the importance of the chromosomal behaviour mentioned in (b)(i). To ensure new cells produced are identical in chromosomal number.

(c) Somatic cells of the animal has four chromosomes. In diagram 1.1, draw and label a diagram showing the chromosomal behaviour after stage M.

Diagram 1.1

(d) (i) A farmer wants to breed a good variety of banana plants for commercial production. Suggest a suitable method to be used which involved the cell cycle in Diagram 1.1. Tissue culture.

(ii) Explain how the method in (d)(i) can increased the crop yield. Large number of cloned plants can be produced in a short period of time and cloned inherited desirable characteristics and traits such as strong resistance towards diseases can be produced.

Essay Question

1. Diagram 1 shows a stage in meiosis in a reproductive organ.

Diagram 1 (a) Describe the behaviour of the chromosomes during this stage that results in a new combination of genes. Homologous chromosomes come together to form pairs through synapsis. Non-sister chromatids exchange segments of DNA in a process known as crossing over.

(b) (i) Type of ear lobe and weight are variations seen on humans. Describe the differences between these two variations. The weight is a continuous variation while type of ear lobe is a discontinuous variation. The weight also exhibits phenotypes with intermediate characteristics but type of ear lobe exhibits a few phenotypes with no intermediate characteristics. Weights phenotype is influenced by the environment whereas type of ear lobes phenotype is not influenced by the environment. The weight is controlled by two or more genes. Type of ear lobe is controlled by one gene. The frequency graph of weight shows a normal distribution but the frequency graph of type of ear lobe shows a discrete distribution.

(ii) Explain the causes of variation in the inheritance of type of ear lobe in humans. During the formation of gamete, crossing over in prophase I where exchange of genetic material between non-sister chromatids of the homologous occurs. Independent assortment in metaphase I where the random arrangement of homologous chromosomes in the metaphase plate occur. The separation of each

homologous pair results in production of gametes of different combination. Lastly, random fertilisation of any male and female gamete. (c)

Variation can be caused by gene or chromosomal mutation.

Explain gene mutation. Gene mutation involves a change in the base sequence in DNA. Gene mutation also may involve deletion. In deletion a based in the DNA sequence is deleted causing many changes in the type of amino acids in the protein produced. In insertion, an extra base is inserted in the DNA sequence causing many changes in the type of amino acids in the protein produced. In substitution, a base in the DNA sequence is substituted for another base causing one of the amino acids in the protein sequence to change. Types of gene mutation include albinism, haemophilia and sickle cell anaemia.

Five Objective Questions

1. Diagram 1 shows a condition of a child who is lack of protein and carbohydrate in his diet.

Diagram 1 What is the health problem suffered by the child? A B Kwashiorkor Rickets C D Osteoporosis Marasmus

2. Diagram 2 shows a stomach of a cow.

Diagram 2 What is the part labelled P? A B Rumen Reticulum C D Omasum Abomasum

3. Diagram 3 shows a structure of a villus.

Diagram 3 Which of the following nutrients are found in X? A B Glucose Glycerol C D Fatty acid Vitamin A

4. Diagram 4 shows a part of the human digestive system.

Diagram 4 What is the function of J? A Secrete bile B Channel out bile C D Destroy bile Store bile

5. The following shows the results of an experiment to determine the content of vitamin C in orange juice.

What is the percentage of Vitamin C in the orange juice? A 0.026% C 0.038% B 0.260% D 0.380%

Structure Question 1. Diagram 1 shows a food pyramid.

Diagram 1 (a) P, Q, R and S are the different classes of food that make up the balanced diet.

i) Name the class of food labelled R. Roughage.

ii) State the functions of food in R. Prevent constipation.

(b) Junk food is food that is high in sugar, salt and fat. Explain the health problems

faced by individual who continuously taken this food. Overconsumption of salt will cause high blood pressure which will lead to stroke while overconsumption of sugar causes diabetes. Overconsumption of fat will cause cardiovascular diseases.

(c) Table 1 shows the type and quantity of food taken by a moderately active adult

man and a boy aged 15 years old.

6000 2250

11425 Table 1

14500
0

i) Complete Table 1 by calculating the total energy obtained by each individual. ii) Explain why boy aged 15 years old need more daily energy requirement when compared to moderately active adult man. A boy aged 15 years old is more active compared to moderately active adult man and a boy aged 15 years old still undergoes the growth process.

(d) Diagram 1.1 shows a boy suffering from nutrient deficiency disease.

Diagram 1.1 i) Identify the deficiency disease shown in Diagram 1.1. Rickets.

ii) State the cause of the disease and possible effects on children. The cause of the disease is lack of Vitamin D and the possible effects on children is they will have bent leg.

Essay Question

1. Diagram 1 shows the assimilation of digested food in the liver and body cell.

Diagram 1 (a) Based on Diagram 1, explain the assimilation of the followings: i) Glucose ii) Amino acids iii) Lipids Excess glucose in the blood is converted to glycogen and stored in the liver. When the glucose level in the blood is low, glycogen is converted to glucose in the liver. Then, excess glucose is converted to lipids by the liver. In the body cells, glucose is oxidised to release energy in cellular respiration. Amino acids is used to synthesise protein in the liver. Excess amino acids undergo deamination to produce urea in the liver. Urea is then eliminated by the

kidney. Amino acid is used to synthesise enzymes and repair damaged tissues is body cells. Excess lipids is stored in adipose tissues. Phospholipids and cholesterol make up the plasma membrane.

(b) The energy requirement for a girl aged 15 is 9000kJ daily. Table 1 shows the types of food, quantity and energy content of her daily menu.

Diagram 1 i) Calculate the daily total energy value taken by the girl. 5250+1500+2400+2400+750+2500+400+600=15800kJ.

ii) Is her daily menu a balanced diet? Explain. No, the menu is not a balanced diet because the menu does not contain the 7 classes of food in the appropriate ratio and it contains no vegetables and it is lack of vitamins.

iii) If she continues to take the menu everyday for a long time, explain the consequences to her health. If she continues to take the menu everyday for a long time, she will suffer constipation. This is because her menu lacks roughage so her faeces moves to slowly through the colon. Since she is lacking of vitamin C, she will also suffer scurvy. She also might get obesity because high intake of roasted chicken, grilled mutton, chocolate and chops increase the amount of fat stored in the body. Excess of carbohydrate in rice, chips, potatoes and chocolates increase the amount of glucose in blood when digested and this will cause diabetes mellitus. She also might get arteriosclerosis as the roasted chicken, grilled mutton and chips contain cholesterol which is deposited in the lumen of blood vessels. The risk of her getting heart attack is high because roasted chicken, grilled mutton and chips contain cholesterol which cause blockage in the coronary artery. Lastly, high blood pressure. Narrowing of the artery causes the heart to pump with higher pressure.

Five Objective Questions

1. Diagram 1 shows the respiratory structure of an insect.

Diagram 1 What is X? A B Trachea Tracheole C D Spiracle Chitin

2. Diagram 2 shows a respiratory structure in an organism.

Diagram 2 What is the respiratory structure shown in the diagram? A B Gills Trachea C D Alveolus Moist skin

3. Diagram 3 shows diffusion of gas Y from an alveolus to blood capillary.

Diagram 3 Which of the following is true about the difference in the concentration of gas Y of a healthy person and a cigarette smoker? Healthy person A B C D Higher Lower Lower Higher Cigarette smoker Higher Higher Lower Lower

4. The chemical equation shows a type of respiration in human muscle during vigorous exercise.

CH0

2CHO + 150kJ

Which statement explains why muscle cells needs more oxygen just after the activity? A B C D To transfer lactic acid from muscle tissues to the liver To oxidise lactic acid to produce energy To oxidise lactic acid to glucose To convert glucose to glycogen

5. Diagram 4 shows three different types of organism.

Diagram 4 Which of the following shows the correct respiratory surface of the organisms? P A B C D Skin Alveolus Alveolus Tracheoles Q Tracheoles Skin Tracheoles Alveolus R Alveolus Tracheoles Skin Skin

Structure Question

1. Diagram 1 shows the structure of respiratory system in human.

Carbon dioxide diffusion

Oxygen diffusion

Blood flow

Diagram 1 (a) Based on Diagram 1, explain one adaptation of alveolus for efficient gaseous exchange. It has a network of blood capillaries which is to transport respiratory gases to all the body cells.

(b) (i)

Name P Trachea

(ii)

Explain the role of P to prevent dirt and bacteria from entering the alveolus. P secretes mucus which traps dirt and bacteria that are breathed in.

(c) (i)

On Diagram 1, draw labelled arrow () to show the direction of Blood flow Oxygen diffusion Carbon dioxide diffusion

(ii)

Explain why the diffusion of oxygen occur at the alveolus. The partial pressure of oxygen in the alveolus is higher compared to the partial pressure of oxygen in the blood capillary. Therefore, oxygen diffuses across the surface of the alveolus to the blood.

(d) A hard mass of food passing down the oesophagus might indirectly interrupt the air supply to lung by pressing on P. Explain how P overcomes this problem. P is protected against closure by a series of closely packed C-shaped ring of cartilage which keep P open permanently to receive air.

Essay Question

1. Diagram 1.1 shows the respiratory structures of human.

Diagram 1.1 (a) Describe the adaptation of respiratory structures for gaseous exchange. The large number of aveoli provides a large total surface area per volume for gaseous exchange. The inner surface of each alveolus is lined with a layer of moist epithelial cells which enable respiratory gaseous to dissolve easily in it. The wall of an alveolus is very thin which is only one cell thick. This allows the diffusion of gases across the membranes to take place easily. The entire outer surface of each alveoli covered by a network of blood capillaries which provide a large surface area to volume ratio for the rapid diffusion and transport of respiratory gases.

(b) During vigorous activities such as swimming, running and aerobic, the breathing rate increases to about 30 breaths per minute while the heartbeat rate increases to 120 beats per minute. Explain how the body regulates the carbon dioxide content in human body. During vigorous activity, the partial pressure of carbon dioxide increases. Thus, carbon dioxide reacts with water to form carbonic acid. Due to high level of

carbon dioxide concentration in blood, its results a drop in the pH value of the blood and tissue fluid bathing the brain. The drop in pH value is detected by central chemoreceptors located in the medulla oblongata and the peripheral chemoreceptors. The central and peripheral chemoreceptors send nerve impulses to the respiratory centre. The respiratory centre then sends nerve impulses to the diaphragm and the intercostals muscle. The respiratory muscles contract and relax at a faster rate. As a result, breathing rate and ventilation rate increase. As excess carbon dioxide is eliminated from the body, the carbon dioxide concentration and the pH value of the blood return to the normal level.

Diagram 1.2 (c) Diagram 1.2 shows three different situations of human activities. Diagram 1.2 (a) shows a boy watching television. Diagram 1.2 (b) shows a man is chased by a fierce dog. Diagram 1.2 (c) shows a man climbing a mountain. Explain the effects of the three different situations towards the physiological process that occur in organ X as shown in Diagram 1.2.

In Diagram 1.2 (a), the boy is in a relaxing state. The breathing rate at rest is normally 18 to 20 breaths per minute while the heartbeat rate is between 60 to 70 beats per minute. The partial pressure of oxygen and carbon dioxide are normal. In Diagram 1.2 (b), the man is in fear. When a person is in fear, the breathing and the heartbeat rates increase to meet the demand of a higher respiration rate in the cells. The breathing and heartbeat rates increase in order to oxidise more glucose to produce energy. Then, rapid muscles contraction as a response to the dangerous situation. In Diagram 1.2 (c), the man is at high altitudes. In mountain climbing as the altitude increases, the atmospheric pressure decreases. Thus, partial pressure decreases causing a drop in the oxygen level of blood. The person will face difficulty in breathing. So, the person will experience dizziness, headache and nausea.

Five Objective Questions

1. Diagram 1 shows an interaction between oxpacker birds and a rhinoceros.

Diagram 1 What is the interaction shown by the two organisms? A B Commensalism Saprophytisme C D Parasitism Mutualism

2. The following statement is an ecology term.

What is the statement referred to? A B Niche Community C D Population Species

3. Diagram 3 shows a part of nitrogen cycle.

Diagram 3 What is bacteria S? A B Azobacter sp. Rhizobium sp. C D Nitrobacter sp. Nitrosomonas sp.

4. The following information shows the results of an experiment conducted by a student to estimate the population size of rats in a paddy field.

What is the population size of the rats in the paddy field? A B 17 6 C D 150 200

5. Diagram 5 shows a root system in a mangrove tree.

Diagram 5 What is the function of structure M? A B Excrete excess salt Gaseous exchange C D Support Regulate osmotic pressure

Structure Question

1. Diagram 1 shows a terrestrial ecosystem.

Diagram 1 (a) (i) State the definition of ecosystem. An ecosystem is a community of organisms which interact with their nonliving environment.

(ii) A niche of an organism is its roles in the ecosystem. Based on the organisms in Diagram 1, state an example of niche. Squirrel eat fruits from the tree.

(b) (i) Based on the Diagram 1, construct a food web showing the interaction of four organisms.

(ii) Based on constructed food web in (b)(i), construct a pyramid of numbers.

(c) (i) The organisms in the first trophic level absorb 15 000kJ solar energy. Energy loss at each trophic level is 90%. Calculate the total energy transferred to the organisms in the third trophic level.

10% X 15 000kJ = 150 kJ =150kJ

(ii) State two ways in which energy may be lost in the food web. 1. Lost to atmosphere as heat energy 2. Used to carry out metabolism reaction in cells

(d) Many problems related to the environment are the results of human activities. Explain one bad effect of the activities on the ecosystem. Extinction of flora and fauna and loss of biodiversity.

Essay Question

1.

(a) Explain how the pioneer mangrove species are adapted to overcome the problems encountered during process of colonisation. The mangrove plants have highly branched root system to support themselves from soft muddy soil. For example, Avicennia have horizontals cable roots. Avicennia sp. also have breathing roots which are called pneumatophores to overcome the problems of very little oxygen for root respiration. The high content of salt makes the soil hypertonic compared to the cell sap of the root cells. So, water diffuses out from the plant. The cell sap on the roots cells of the mangrove trees has a higher osmotic pressure than the soil water that surrounds them. This ensures that the roots do not lose water by osmosis. Instead, the excess salt in the hypertonic solution of the soil enters the roots and is then eliminated by the salt glands. The leaves of mangrove trees have sunken stomata to reduce transpiration. The leaves are thick to store water. The seeds are able to germinate while still attached to the mother plant. This can overcome the problem of low survival rate of seedlings.

(b) Diagram 1.1 shows a mangrove swamp forest and Diagram 1.2 shows the same area 30 years later.

Diagram 1.1

Diagram 1.2

Discuss the good and bad effects of the activities that caused the changes. It provide job opportunity which will improve the economic status. It also provide infrastructure basic needs such as hospital, school and shops. Other than that, it provides better living condition such as good hygienic water supply. Lastly, it provides convenient transport system.

Five Objective Questions

1. Diagram 1 shows a phenomenon that causes an endangered ecosystem.

Diagram 1 What is the effect of the phenomenon? A B Soil becomes acidic Blurring of vision C D Eutrophication Nitrification

2. The following information is about process M that occurs in an ecosystem.

What is process M? A B Colonisation Succession C D Eutrophication Nitrification

3. Diagram 3 shows an activity near a river in Johor Bahru.

Diagram 3 Which of the following is the effect of this activity? A B C D The BOD of the river increases The population of algae in the river increases The pH value of the river increases The number of aquatic animals in the river increases

4. Diagram 4 shows a human activity.

Diagram 4 What is the effect of this activity? A B Acid rains Landslides C D Eutrophication Ozone depletion

5. Which of the following activity causes eutrophication? A Chemical toxins B Disposal of sewage C Radioactive wastes D Presence of excess acid

Structure Question

1. Diagram 1 shows the thinning of the ozone layer in the Earths stratosphere.

Diagram 1 (a) State the function of the ozone layer. To filter the ultraviolet rays so that the intensity of the ultraviolet rays that reach the earth is low.

(b) The ozone layer is becoming thinner. Moreover, scientists have found holes in the ozone layer in the Arctic and Antarctica. (i) What is the main substance that causes the thinning of the ozone layer? Chlorofluorocarbon.

(ii)

State two sources of the substance stated in (b)(i). Air conditioner and refrigerators.

(iii)

In the space below, write the equations for the steps in the destruction of the ozone layer by the substance stated in (b)(i).
CFCl Cl + O ClO + O Cl + CFCl ClO + O Cl + O

(c) State the implications of the thinning of the ozone layer on human health. Causes skin cancer, cataract and weakened level of immunity of the body.

(d) State the steps that should be taken to overcome the problem of thinning of the ozone layer. Reduce the use of CFCs in industrial products to a minimum level. Use alternative substances to replace CFCs.

Essay Question

1. Diagram 1.1 and Diagram 1.2 show the impact of human activities to the quality of natural environment.

Diagram 1.1

Diagram 1.2 (a) (i) State the phenomena shown in Diagram 1.1 and Diagram 1.2. The phenomenon in Diagram 1.1 is acid rain and the phenomenon in Diagram 1.2 is depletion of ozone layer.

(ii) Discuss the differences of both environmental phenomena shown in Diagram 1.1 and Diagram 1.2 based on the following aspects: The causes The effects and The ways to overcome The cause of the phenomenon in Diagram 1.1 is burning of fossil fuels in power station which releases sulphur dioxide and oxides of nitrogen. The cause for the phenomenon in Diagram 1.2 is coolants in refrigerators and air conditioners which release chlorofluorocarbon. One of the effects of the phenomenon in Diagram 1.1 is acidic soil releases ions of certain heavy metals which can contaminate the supply of drinking water. Other than that, acid rain can corrode metal railing and damage buildings. Prolonged exposures to ultraviolet radiation lead to skin cancer which is one of the effects of depletion of ozone layer. Depletion of ozone layer also causes global warming. A way of to overcome acid rain is using scrubbers to clean up emissions from power stations and industrial plants. To overcome depletion of ozone layer is by reducing the use of CFC.

(b) Explain the importance of preservation and conversation of tropical rainforest in Malaysia for the purpose of sustainable management of ecosystem. Replanting trees in areas that have been logged can keep the ecosystems in their natural state which provides aesthetic values for humans. It also can maintain soil fertility and prevent flood. Extinction of flora and fauna also can be prevented. Selective logging can maintain a balanced ecosystem and maintain major sources of human food. It also prevent disruption of natural cycle of water between photosynthesis and respiration. The carbon dioxide in the atmosphere can be decreased.