Basic Guide To Reszing Digital Images

A Basic Guide to Resizing Digital Images
By Andrew Reid
www.imagingassociates.com.au
A Basic Guide to Resizing Digital Images.
Contents.
Section A - Easy Guide to Fundamental Theory.
1.0 Overview 2.0 Image Size 3.0 Color Depth 4.0 Raw Image File Size 5.0 More Raw Image File Sizes 6.0 Digital Scanning Resolution ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! 6.1 General 6.2 Flatbed Scanner 6.3 Resizing Bit Mapped Images 6.4 Some Useful Formulas 6.5 Resampling 6.6 Input Scanning Resolution for Different Situations ! ! ! 6.6.1 Line Art Resolution Rule 6.6.2 Grayscale Resolution Rule 6.6.3 Color Resolution Rule
7.0 Printer Resolution ! 7.1. General
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! ! ! !
7.2. Required Resolution ! ! ! 7.2.1 Theory 7.2.2 Practical Calculations of Pixels Per Inch Required at a Given Distance 7.2.3 Digital Camera Resolution
A Basic Guide to Resizing Digital Images
Contents
Section B. Resizing Applications and Useful Software.
1.0 Overview. 2.0 Inpainting & Retouching. 3.0 Embedded Information in Image Files which may be useful when resizing. 3.1 Exchangeable image le format (Exif). ! ! ! ! ! 3.1.1 General Information. 3.1.2 Some Photographs with Exif Data. 3.1.3 Ways to extract Exif Data from Digital Images. ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! a) Mac. b) Windows.
4.0 Pixels, Resolution & Image Size in the Resizing Bit Mapped Image Context. 4.1 Overview. 4.2 Fundamentals. 4.3 Some Practical Examples. ! ! ! ! 4.3.1 Example of an Original Image. 4.3.2 Example where the Original Image is Downsized. 4.3.3 Example where an Image is Enlarged or Upsized. ! i) Approach A
ii) Approach B
4.4 DPI Considerations and Resizing, 5.0 Upsizing Considerations. 5.1 Basic Image Enlargement Processes. 5.2 Some Software Useful for Up-Sizing 6.0 Print Resolution, Print Size, and Viewing Distance. 6.1 Before Inkjet Printers. 6.2 Identifying your Image Enlargement Requirements. ! ! ! ! ! 6.2.1 Introduction. 6.2.2 Image Quality at a Distance. 6.2.3 Television & Audio Visual Considerations. 6.2.4 Computer Projection Displays. 6.2.5 Outdoor Billboards, Banner, Trade Displays, Road Signs, and Panoramic sizing.
6.3 Small Image Applications Often Needing Downsizing. ! ! 6.3.1 Introduction 6.3.2 Image Sizing for eBay Selling
7.0 Mobile Phone Image Manipulation. 8.0 . Resizing Approaches, Programs and Examples 8.1 .Overview 8.2 Photoshop Resizing Opportunities 8.3 Non-Technical Description of Some Resizing Methods and Applications ! 8.3.1 Nearest Neighbour
! !
8.3.2 Bilinear 8.3.3 Bicubic
8.4 Other Interpolation Methods 8.5 An Excellent Site to Visit with a Well-dened Interpolation Testing Method 8.6 Imaging Artifacts or Problems to Lookout for When Resizing ! ! ! ! ! 8.6.1 Overview 8.6.2 Non-Adaptive Algorithm Methods 8.6.3 Adaptive Algorithm Methods 8.6.4 Common Artifacts or Undesirable Patterns from Resizing 8.6.5 Summary
9.0 Practical Resizing Examples Based on Our Images that You May Download. 9.1 Overview 9.2 Some Resizing Tasks ! ! ! ! ! 9.2.1 Red Square 9.2.2 Color Bars 9.2.3 A Simple Image with Text 9.2.4 A Relatively Complex Image 9.2.5 Summary
Section A. Easy Guide to Fundamental Theory.

1.0 Overview
A Bit Mapped image or picture is divided in to points horizontally and vertically. The number of points or picture elements (PELS) horizontally and vertically affects the precision or Spatial Resolution of the image relates to the number of picture elements that occupy a linear inch of an image, measured in pixels per inch (ppi), dots per inch (dpi) and sometimes Lines per inch (lpi) depending on the nature of the input, display, and output device. Most often we have the situation that dpi or ppi denes the resolution horizontally and lpi denes the resolution vertically. The resolution of a particular size picture or image may also determine the amount of detail that can be discerned to a human observer at a distance under different lighting conditions. High resolutions produce better quality but larger image le sizes. Bit Mapped images also have a particular Color Depth associated with each pixel, which is specied in the units of Bits. The more bits there are per pixel the greater the number of possible display colors. The term resolution thus often refers to the number of Bits per Pixel.
2.0 Image Size

Image size can refer to: The number of Pixels in a Bit Mapped Image File Size---the amount of space it will take to store the Image on the Disk (eg. kilobytes). The Display Size for a particular output device (eg. inches x inches). Visit http://www.imagingassociates.com.au/ for ebooks, software and online tools. 1
Using above Bit Images: Let T be the total Image Pixel Count (number). Let H be the total Horizontal Pixel Count (number). Let V be the total Vertical Pixel Count (number). Let W be the Horizontal Image Width (inches). Let L be the Vertical Image Height (Inches) Let D be the Image Pixel Color Depth (Bits) Let A be the Image Area or Size Now:
Total Image Pixel Count = Horizontal Pixel Count * Vertical Pixel Count (T=H*V) Image Area = Image Height * Image Width (A=L*W) IMAGE RESOLUTION = TOTAL PIXEL COUNT / IMAGE AREA or DISPLAY SIZE Let R be the Image Resolution:
R = T/A = (V*H)/(L*W) = (V/L)*(H/W)
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So in this analysis (V/L) is the vertical linear resolution in ppi and (H/W) is the horizontal linear resolution in ppi. R=(T/A) is the spatial resolution which is Area Based. Thus you can see if you know the Total Image Pixel Count T and the Image Resolution R you can determine the Physical Display Size A of your image as A = (T/R). Note this assumes Square Pixels! The above formulas will be required for use with some useful fundamental realistic and practical Imaging Sizing Exercises later. Now to Color Depth in more detail.
3.0 Color Depth

Each Pixel of the Image contains unique color information. All computer-based information including Color Information is stored in Binary Form, which is based upon powers of 2. The amount of Color Information, or "COLOR DEPTH", is therefore described in units of Bits
Let b be the number of bits. So 2^b = the number of display colors. In a one-bit Image where each pixel has a Value of 0 or 1, b has a value of one. In this case an example of coding color would be a two-color display ------Black or White! Eg. No of Display Colors = 2^b=2^1=2------only two colors eg. Black or White.
Now an eight-bit Image (b=8) uses 8 places of Binary Code for the Colors. Remember this is per Pixel! In this context each Pixel could have 2^8=2*2*2*2*2*2*2*2=256 colors per pixel or the same numbers of shades of Gray. A 24-bit Image works with a palette of 16.7 Million colors (2^8*2^8*2^8=2^24). In most instances Image Storage must be set aside for the 16.7 million Colors even though most Images dont have that many Pixels which use the same color.
4.0 Raw Image File Size

The Image Size in the examples that follow is based upon Pixel Count (T). RAW IMAGE FILE SIZE = H * V * D At this point the Image is being calculated in BIT SIZE. Find the Byte Size (Storage File Size 8 Bits per Byte) of the following Image. What is the size of an 8-bit image (Color Depth) which is 220 Horizontal Pixels H by 180 Vertical Pixels V So the TOTAL PIXELS = H*V = 220*180 = 39.600 Pixels in this Image.
Now each Pixel has 8 Bits/Pixel and we can now calculate the File size in Bits: 39600 * 8 Bits / Pixel = 316800 Bits Our Computer uses 8bits per Byte for storage purposes thus ----this Image So we see (316800bits) divided by (8bit per byte) is equal to 39,600 Bytes Divide bytes by 1000 and it becomes 39.6 Kilobytes This is the Raw Storage of This Image.
5.0 More Raw Image File Sizes. 5.1 Example One.

Consider a binary image represented by the picture below.
It has the following attributes: Size: 14 x 14 pixels Resolution: 14 dpi Color depth: 8 bits From this information we can calculate: Display size: 14 pixels wide/14 pixels per inch = 1 inch wide 14 pixels high/ 14 pixels per inch = 1 inch high = 1 inch ^ 2 Visit http://www.imagingassociates.com.au/ for ebooks, software and online tools.
Image size: 14x14 = 196 pixels Raw le size: 196 pixels x 8 bits/pixel = 1568 bits 1568 bits = 196 bytes 8 bits/byte
5.2 Example Two.

The Same Image at a Higher Resolution.
Binary Image Size: 14 x 14 pixels Resolution: 28 dpi Color depth: 8 bits From this information we can calculate: Display size: 14 pixels wide / 28 pixels per inch = 0.5 inch wide 14 pixels high/28 pixels per inch = 0.5 inch high = 0.5 inch ^ 2 Image size: 14 x 14 = 196 pixels Raw le size: 196 pixels x 8 bits /pixel = 1568 bits 1568 bits = 196 bytes 8 bits/byte
5.3 Example Three.

The same Image with 24-bit Color.
Binary Image Size: 14 x 14 pixels Resolution: 28 dpi Color depth: 24 bits From this information we can calculate: Display size: 14 pixels wide/ 28 pixels per inch = 0.5 inch wide 14 pixels high/28 pixels per inch = 0.5 inch high = 0.5 inch ^ 2 Image size: 14 x 14 = 196 pixels Raw le size: 196 pixels x 24 bits / pixel = 4704 bits 4704 bits = 588 bytes 8 bits/byte
6.0 Digital Scanning Resolution

Scanner and Printer resolutions are different .
6.1 General
The main disadvantage of Digital Images is that their quality is generally matched to the intended output size and printing process. Unforseen changes in application may require a new digital input from the original source. Scanners are used to convert Photographic or Hand Drawn originals into digital data.
6.2 Flatbed Scanner

A Flatbed Scanner is a digital device that incorporates a at transparent plate on which original images are place for scanning. The scanning process is linear rather than rotational. Flat bed Scanners usually uses Charged-Coupled Devices (CCDs) consisting of thousands of light sensitive elements to convert varying light levels into the digital signal. They normally employ a linear CCD array to record successive lines of data as an image is scanned in to the computer.
6.3 Resizing Bit Mapped Images

Resampling involves an increase or reduction in the number of pixels in an image, required to change its resolution without altering its size. Consider the following situations: Enlargement without Resampling: If an Image is Enlarged without Resampling , the size of each pixel must be increased. This means that there will be fewer pixels per inch and consequently the Resolution will be Decreased. Although the pixels appear bigger their description in the Image File is identical, so le storage requirements remain constant. Image Reduction with Down-Sampling: When an Image is reduced in size without removing pixels, the pixels become smaller, so the Resolution of the Image Increases. Visually this is not a problem, but the resolution could become unnecessarily high when compared with the output requirements. Enlargement with Resampling: The Image Resolution may stay the same, but the File Size will increase. Note: Keeping the image input resolution in the correct relationship to the intended output device resolution minimizes le size and ensures efcient processing and printing.
6.4 Some Useful Formula

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Resolution Adaptations for Resizing:
ADAPTED SCAN RESOLUTION = ORIGINAL SCAN RESOLUTION X SIZING FACTOR SIZING FACTOR = DESIRED SIZE / ORIGINAL SIZE
SIZING = SIZING FACTOR X 100
If an original Photographic Image needs to be resized, how should the Scanning Resolution be changed? Example: A 5cm x 5cm Photograph has to be scanned and enlarged to 20cm x 20cm. This means its SIZING FACTOR is 20/5, which equals 4. This means the Adapted Scanning Resolution needs to be four times as high as the desired Final Image Resolution. When the desired Final Resolution is required to be say 200ppi ------in this situation the document must be scanned at 800ppi. So ADAPTED SCAN RESOLUTION = 200 X 4 ppi In short this gives the Scan Resolution required for the New Size under the same distance and lighting conditions on the same hard Copy output device. Note: Some scanner interfaces allow the output size and resolution to be specied, avoiding the need to calculate sizing factors.
6.5 Resampling
If an Image needs to be changed in Dimensions (eg. Height and Width) And it is not possible to RESCAN, Pixels must be added or removed to maintain the same resolution.
1. The Removal of Pixels is known as "Down-Sampling". When too greater reduction is made "stair casing" will be visible in diagonal lines and nal detail will break up. This is often achieved by "pixel skipping". 2. The Addition of Pixels is known as "Interpolation". Image Capture devices such as scanners may incorporate Interpolation Software to apparently enhance their maximum optical resolution. Interpolation helps to reduce visible Stair casing but does not add extra detail to the original image. Excessive interpolation often results in images that are out of focus. Note: Where ever possible it is best to AVOID RESAMPLING by scanning images at the corrct input resolution for the required out put resolution.
6.6 Input Scanning Resolution for Different Situations

6.6.1 Line-Art Resolution Rule
SCAN RESOLUTION = OUTPUT DEVICE RESOLUTION X SIZING FACTOR This is a scanning situation where the original image consists of lines and solid areas of at black or dark tones 6.6.2 Grey Scale Resolution Rule Let QF be the QUALITY FACTOR. 1. Conventional Half Tone Printing
SCAN RESOLUTION = SCREEN RULING X QUALITY FACTOR X SIZING FACTOR The Quality Factor QF = 2 if screen ruling <= to 133Lpi The Quality Factor QF > 1.5 if screen ruling > 133Lpi 2. Stochastic Halftone Printing
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SCAN RESOLUTION = COMPARABLE RESOLUTION X QUALITY FACTOR X SIZING FACTOR 3. "Contone" or Continuous Paper Output
SCAN RESOLUTION = OUTPUT DEVICE RESOLUTION X SIZING FACT
6.6.3 Color Resolution Rule

1. Conventional Halftone Printing
SCAN RESOLUTION X QUALITY FACTOR X SIZING FACTOR
QF = 2 if Screen Ruling <= to 133Lpi QF > 1.5 if Screen Ruling > 133Lpi
2. Stochastic Halftone Printing
SCAN RESOLUTION = REFERENCE SCREEN RESOLUTION X QUALITY FACTOR X SIZING FACTOR
QF >= 1 3. Continuous Tone Printing On Paper: CAN RESOLUTION = OUTPUT DEVICE RESOLUTION X SIZING FACTOR
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On Film: SCAN RESOLUTION = OUTPUT DEVICE RESOLUTION X SIZING FACTOR Note: OUTPUT DEVICE RESOLUTION = MAXIMUM ADDRESSABLE PIXELS DIVIDED LONGEST SIDE OF OUTPUT FILM. All of the above was established by AGFA through practical experience.
7.0 Printer Resolution 7.1 General

Pixels on the Monitor become dots of ink on paper. Take Note: PRINTER AND SCANNER RESOLUTIONS ARE DIFFERENT
7.2 Required Resolution 7.2.1 Theory

The printer resolution required depends substantially on three things: The quality of the observers eyesight, which is known as Visual Acuity. The quality and type of light under which an image is to be viewed. The distance at which the image is to be viewed. The power of distinguishing detail in an image is essentially the ability of the eye of the observer to resolve two stimuli separated in space, so that if a Grating of Black lines (similar to a Bar Code on a product).
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is moved father and father away a point will be reached when the observer will be unable resolve the lines. VISUAL ACUITY is thus a measure of the resolving power of the eye. Now when an image is viewed at greater and greater distances the amount of detail you can see becomes less. The angle between two black lines is often used to measure the distance between details.
Now: Let D be the detail separation in inches. Let V be the viewing distance in inches. Let ! be the Visual Acuity angle in radians. Visit http://www.imagingassociates.com.au/ for ebooks, software and online tools. 13
(Note: 1 minute = 60 seconds) By measurement it has been found that for the average human eye, an angle of 30 seconds of an arc is the limit. This means that at a particular viewing distance, the maximum resolution a human being can resolve or distinguish is 30 seconds of an arc. The relationship between angle !, viewing distance V and the detail separation D is given by the formula: D = 2 x V x tan ( ! / 2)
Table Visual Acuity angles in radians:
Light ! Ideal Ordinary
Min ! 0.5 1
Radians 0.00014544 0.00029088
Visual Acuity 2 1
With the formula above, the print resolution required can be calculated as follows: Print Resolution Required = 1 / D A quick way to nd the minimum PPI Resolution is to use the formula: PPI = 1 / D = 1 / (2 x V x tan ( ! / 2)) For ordinary viewing this reduces to: PPI = 3437.749213 / V And for ideal viewing:
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PPI = 6875.49846 / V
7.2.2 Practical Calculation of Pixels per Inch (PPI) Required at a Distance.

Example: Take a postcard image 6x4 to be viewed at a distance of 15. Assume the image to be printed has sufcient detail to justify being printed at maximum resolution under ordinary light. PPI = 3438/V = 3438/15 = 229 PPI Note: The size of the display is irrelevant. Remember: Scanners, Digital Cameras & Monitors use PPI Printers use DPI.
7.2.3 Digital Camera Resolution.

Many digital cameras use CCDs as the sensing element. In their native state, these image sensors have grey scale characteristics varying from black to white. To enable color capture, small color lters are placed on top of each photosensitive element (photodiode). The lter pattern most often used is derived in some way from the Bayer pattern (Bayer US Patent # 3971065 ) Now if the assumption was made that a digital camera can record for an 8-bit system we would expect to be able to record the full 16 million colors per pixel. Working under this assumption, you would take your print size in inches and the PPI you calculated for the required viewing distance and multiply them together. Example: If we wished to print a postcard (6 x 4) to be viewed at 15 we would require an image size of (6x229) x (4x229) = 1.2 mega pixels. Visit http://www.imagingassociates.com.au/ for ebooks, software and online tools. 15
However, for CCDs the Bayer Filter reduces the effective resolution of the camera by at least half.. So in this example the image size to satisfy the required print size is approximately 2.4 megapixels. For CCDs & Bayer Filters the following formula may be useful: A summary of useful formulas follows: Image le size using the Bayer Filter correction of 2.
MP = Mega Pixels MP = Bayer Filter Correction x (Print Width x PPI) x (Print Height x PPI) / 10^6 MP = 2 x Print Area x PPI^2 / 10^6
Now, for ORDINARY lighting conditions: PPI = 3437.746747 / V PPI^2 = 1181802.69 / V^2
MP = 2 x (Print Area x (11818102.69 / V 2)) / 1000000 MP = Print Area x 23.63620539 / V^2 For a 6x4 print has an area of 24 square inches. The square of the viewing distance is 15 x 15 = 225. Thus: MP = 24 x 23.6 / 225 MP = 2.5 Mega pixels
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Recommendations: Print Your 6 x 4 Image. PPI of image = DPI of printer / 3 So DPI = 3 * PPI Say 670 DPI. Depending on circumstances, some people recommend the following relationship: DPI = 2 * PPI New sensors for digital cameras such as the Foveon x 3 do not have the CCD resolution considerations. See Understanding Digital Camera Resolution at www.luminous-landscape.com for more information about the Bayer Pattern Image. The real measure of a digital cameras resolution is how many lines of a picture or test chart it can resolve.
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Section B! Resizing Applications and Useful Software. 1.00 Overview.

Taking a Digital Image or Photographic Picture and making it larger is often called Upsizing. Upsizing or Enlargement when applied to an image from your Digital Camera or Mobile Telephone requires easy to use, but sophisticated software so as to avoided considerable detail loss on the nal photo printer output. Often other computer programs are often used as part of the Upsizing Workow in order to improve the original Digital Picture. Some of these additional image manipulating functions are available as stand alone applications: others are available in the form of Plug-ins or third party program extensions to well known application programs such as PhotoShop CS. Additional functions available often enable one to:* Improve Focus. * Enhance Shadows. * Sharpen and De-Blur. * Remove Noise. Care must be taken to ensure that the Image Manipulating Functions occur in a well dened sequence before Resizing takes place. There is no point in enlarging scratches, speckle defects, fold marks etc. often associated with old photographs which have been scanned into a Digital Image Format. Image Enhancement and Restoration is usually rst applied.
2.0 Inpainting or Retouching.

Often it is required to replace missing or restore damaged portions of images before Resizing. This Reconstruction and Restoration is also known as Inpainting or Retouching. Digital Image Inpainting techniques involve the use of special algorithms to ll in missing image areas or render the damaged ones undetectable to any body unfamiliar with the original image. Applications of Digital Inpainting may be required to:! ! ! ! ! ! * Restore Photographs. * Remove unwanted portions of the image such a Text, Subtitles,Watermarks, and Advertising. A range of different Inpainting Algorithms may be required which may act upon all or a selected portion of the image to achieve a satisfactory automatic result.. The digital computations must also be fast, which is often difcult to achieve. Programs which address this eld go far beyond the useful manual Clone Tools associated with many popular photo manipulation programs. The following sites are of interest and have been used as a reference in some cases. ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! http://restoreinpaint.sourceforge.net/! http://www.scantips.com/! ! ! !
http://iat.ubalt.edu/summers/math/inpainting.htm http://mountains.ece.umn.edu/~guille/inpainting_overview.pdf http://inpainting.alpha-sigma.net/ http://www.inf.ufrgs.br/~oliveira/pubs_les/inpainting.pdf
3.0 Embedded Information in Image Files which may be useful when Resizing. 3.1 Exchangeable image le format (Exif). 3.1.1 General Information.
Exif stands for Exchangeable Image File Format, and is a specication for storing interchange information in image les, especially those using JPEG compression. Most digital cameras now use the EXIF format. It should be noted that the information embedded by manufacturers does not necessarily follow a standard format. Excellent insight in to Exif may be obtained by visiting http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exif The metadata tags dened in the Exif standard cover a broad spectrum including: ! ! ! ! Date and time information. Digital cameras will record the current date and time and save this in the metadata. Camera settings. This includes static information such as the camera model and make, and information that varies with each image such as orientation, aperture, shutter speed, focal length, metering mode, and lm speed information. A thumbnail for previewing the picture on the camera's LCD screen, in le managers or photo manipulation software. The Exif specication is currently not ofcially maintained because there is no public entity or people ofcially behind Exif. However, it remains in almost universal use by camera manufacturers.
! !
In summary:! !
3.1.2 Some Photographs with Exif Data.
" "
Given the none standard format of embedded Exif Data, it may be useful to see some photographs and associated Exif data that Digital Camera manufacturers may have thoughtfully included. Remember this Data may be useful in the Image Restoration and Resizing process or workow.
" "
Photograph One:
Exif Data Embedded :" File name:" DSC01204.JPG " File size:" 525845 bytes (1280x960, 3.4bpp, 7x) " EXIF Summary:" 1/30s f/2.0 ISO100 9.7mm Camera-Specic Properties:
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" " "
Equipment Make:" SONY Camera Model:" CYBERSHOT Maximum Lens Aperture:" f/2.0
Image-Specic Properties: " " " " " Image Orientation:" Top, Left-Hand Horizontal Resolution:" 72 dpi Vertical Resolution:" 72 dpi Image Created:" 2006:08:31 18:44:00 Exposure Time:" 1/30 sec
" " " " " " " " " " "
F-Number:" f/2.0 Exposure Program:" Normal Program ISO Speed Rating:" 100 Exposure Bias:" 0 EV Metering Mode:" Center Weighted Average Light Source:" Unknown Flash:" No Flash Focal Length:" 9.70 mm Color Space Information:" sRGB Image Width:" 1280 Image Height:" 960
Other Properties: " Resolution Unit:" i "Chrominance Comp Positioning:" Co-Sited " Exif IFD Pointer:" 218 " Compression Scheme:" JPEG Compression (Thumbnail) " Equipment Make:" SONY " Camera Model:" CYBERSHOT " Image Orientation:" Top, Left-Hand
" " " " " " " " " " " " "
Horizontal Resolution:" 72 dpi Vertical Resolution:" 72 dpi Resolution Unit:" i Image Created:" 2006:08:31 18:44:00 Offset to JPEG SOI:" 851 Bytes of JPEG Data:" 2651 Exif Version:" 2.10 Image Generated:" 2006:08:31 18:44:00 Image Digitized:" 2006:08:31 18:44:00 Meaning of Each Comp:" Unknown Image Compression Mode:" 2 File Source:" Digital Still Camera Scene Type:" Directly Photographed
Note: In this instance no in formation relating to Color Management issues, such as Color Gamut or any reference to ICC proles has been extracted if in fact it was available with this particular imaging support program. Facilities within the Windows and Mac operating systems that can make some this information available will be explored later.
3.1.3 Ways to extract Exif Data from Digital Images.

a) For Macs.
EXIF Viewer is a small Mac OS X application to display EXIF information in JPEG les coming from digital cameras. This version is based on Eric M. Johnston's "exiftags" EXIF parsing code --- Please refer to the Readme document provided with the application for the appropriate copyright notice. Click here to get EXIF Viewer as a small compressed tarball. It should be automatically unpacked for you after downloading, leaving you with a "EXIF Viewer" folder. If not, double-click to open it (on older systems you might need StuffIt Expander to do this).
b) Windows
Exifer for Windows

Friedemann Schmidt Version 2.1.5 (last update 09/18/2002) www.friedemann-schmidt.com/software/exifer/#Description
4.0 Pixels, Resolution & Image Size in the Resizing Bit Mapped Image Context.
4.1 Overview.
Some straight forward relationships must be appreciated in order to faithfully achieve the precise manipulations of Digital Images and their subsequent successful print out in terms of Size and ultimately Best Print Quality.
4.2 Fundamentals.
The following equations are the keystone to understanding this aspect of image manipulation. In Words: NUMBER of PIXELS divided by RESOLUTION equals DIMENSION Recall RESOLUTION is equal to the number of PIXELS per unit DIMENSION. As a mathematical equation : PIXEL NUMBER/RESOLUTION = SIZE Note: / means Divide. A specic example could be : !
Number of Pixels in Width divided by Resolution in Pixels per Inch equals Width in Inches.
Again as an equation :! ! ! ! Width Pixels/Width Resolution = Width Size
In the case of Image height the equation would become :! ! ! ! Height Pixels/height resolution= Height Size
These basic equations will be the key to understanding various resizing computer programs.
4.3 Some Practical Examples. ! Resolution may have a variety of units such as Pixels per inch (ppi), Pixels per centimeter etc. Note in these examples the units will be in inches.
4.3.1 Example of an Original Image A. Let this image have a pixel size as follows: Width [W] = 1000 pixels Height [H] = 640 pixels Using our formula or equation :! ! ! ! ! Pixel number / Resolution = Size
In this example if we decided to print out the Image at a Resolution equal to 180 pixels per inch (PPI) the we would have the following image size. 1000/180 = 5.556 inches width [W] And 640/180 = 3.556 inches high [H]
4.3.2 Example where original Image A is Downsized. Supposing in this example we wish to specify the Resampling Down or to Downsize the image by specifying the new dimensions in terms of pixel width and pixel height where we now want 500 pixels [W] and 320 pixels [H] . In this instance and again printing out at 180 PPI resolution, the new Image B size would be calculated as follows:Image B 500 pixels/180 pixels per inch = 500/180 inches = 2.778 inches wide [W] 320 pixels/180 pixels per inch =320/180 inches = 1.778 inches high [H]
However if we decided to print at a resolution of 360 PPI, instead of 180 PPI the new Resampled-Downsized Image C of 500 pixels [W] and 320 pixels [H] will now have the following sizes. Image C 500 pixels/360 pixels per inch = 500/360 inches = 1.389 inches wide [W] 320 pixels/360 pixels per inch = 320/360 inches = 0.889 inches high [H]
4.3.3 Example where an Image is Enlarged or Up-sized. Suppose you want a larger print, say 10 high [H] by 6.4 wide [W] from an Image which is originally 500 pixels high [H] and 320 pixels wide [W].
There are two approached as always based upon our equation :-
Pixel Number / Print Resolution = Size
In both cases we want to print out an image at a particular Size( H & W). To achieve the desired image enlargement the ratio between Pixel Number and Print Resolution must be manipulated. Approach A. In this approach for the Pixel Number we have and for the Size we want we must calculate the Print Resolution required to satisfy our requirements. Thus: For the Height [H] ! ! ! ! ! ! ! 500/Printer Resolution = 10 inches [H]
So Printer Resolution required is 50PPI
For the Width [W] ! ! ! ! ! ! ! 320/Printer Resolution = 6.4 inches [W]
So again Printer Resolution required is 50PPI
Note That we still have the same number of pixels making up the image ie. 500 x 320 = 160,000 but they are now printed over an area of 10 inches by 6.4 inches instead of the original 2.778 by 1.778 inches. Under these circumstances the number of pixels making up the image may be too few to give a quality print out at this paper size.
Approach B. ! ! ! In this approach the image is to be up-sampled or up-sized by, for this example a factor of 4. Which means the Pixel Number will be increased from 500 High to 2000 [H] High and from 320 Wide to 1280 [W] Wide. We are again using the same formula:! ! ! Pixel Number / Print Resolution = Size
Now Size is again a value that we want in this case having the same values as as in Approach A : that is 10 inches [H] by 6.4 inches Wide [W]. The Printer Resolution may be Calculated for hopefully better quality than in Approach A as follows:-
For the Height [H] ! ! ! ! 2000 / Printer Resolution = 10 inches [H]
So the Printer Resolution required is 200PPI
For the Width [W] ! ! ! ! ! ! 1280 / Printer Resolution =6.4 inches [W]
So again the Printer Resolution required is 200PPI.

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Again in this instance Print Quality may suffer depending on the nature of the upsizing computer program! Depending on the nature of the image to be up-sized some sophisticated up-sizing programs may be required.
Before addressing some aspects in Up-Sizing Program selection, it is important to note the following.
4.4 DPI considerations and Resizing: ! ! ! DPI stands for Dots per Inch. DPI is under the control of the
properties associated with the Printer and Printer Driver Software. The following points are important to understand:! ! * DPI is not a property of the image. * PPI is a property of the image.
! When we send an image over the internet by email for instance, the image or picture has a certain number of Pixels per Inch (PPI). This is a Property of the Image. DPI as already mentioned is not a property of the image . It is a measure of how close droplets of ink can be printed. Changing the DPI does not change the size of the printed output----------PPI does that! DPI controls the Print Quality. However the effects and advantages of a High DPI often rely on the nature of the image to be printed.
Although many expensive Photographic computer programs have a Resizing Facility associated with them this can often be achieved manually in standard Printer Drivers. Section 5 will over view some aspects of Up-Sizing Resizing.
5.0 Up-Sizing Considerations.

5.1 Basic Image Enlargement Processes. Depending upon the nature of your image, your printer, and color management workow; one can often loose considerable detail when up-sizing. To gain insight into how to optimize the nal enlargement and thus achieve the desired print out a straight forward appreciation of the picture or image enlargement can be useful. In this context, experimentation can become systematic, repeatable and provide non-mathematical insight. Upsizing works by taking an image of a certain size and pixel resolution and then performing a mathematical operation (based upon matrices) which will try to Estimate or Guess as to what the nearby pixels should become in order to maintain a faithful enlargement of the original. The reason for this Guess is that as the image size is increased and when maintaining the same pixel resolution: new image or picture information must be created to ll in the apparently missed information. The following images would not present any or much difculty as they do not have a great deal of rapid color or grey scale spacial frequency change.
Spacial frequency refers to the number of sine wave cycles or for our purposes the number of color or gray scale changes per unit length of the picture or image. Images with high speed frequencies have typically rapid cycles of brightness across the picture or image. Spacial frequency refers to the number of color or gray scale changes per unit length of the picture or image. Images with high speed frequencies have typically rapid cycles of brightness across the picture or image. (In mathematical terms,
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these changes are a measure of the number of sine wave cycles. This Java applet demonstrates sine waves: http://home.covad.net/~alcoat/sinewav.htm). Spacial frequency refers to the number of sine wave cycles or for our purposes the number of color or gray scale changes per unit length of the picture or image. Images with high speed frequencies have typically rapid cycles of brightness across the picture or image. Imaging Scientists and Engineers can characterize the performance of a complete Imaging System which includes Optics, Digital Camera & Scanner Sensor Resolution along with Displays such as our LCD and CRTs using what is known as its Modulation Transfer Function (MTF). ( Ref: RCA Electro-Optics Handbook 1974 ). An excellent free tutorial on a Imaging Systems, Modulation Transfer Function, is at URL www.normankoren.com/Tutorials/MTF.html There are various mathematical methods used to guess what the missing pixels should be in order to achieve a faithful enlargement. Some of these are called:! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! * Spline. * Bicubic. * Nearest Neighbor. * Bi-cosine.
With out going into the unnecessary mathematical detail from our point of view, we must generate for ourselves, a well dened practical workow so as to identify Spacial Rich Frequency Images by using the practical functions of our image application programs or associated plug-ins.
Sometime when up-sampling or enlarging frequency rich images such as the one below the enlargement process can create an unwanted softer or slightly fuzzy nal image. In this case it may be appropriate to sharpen the image into a nal form before print out. Photoshop offers a sharpen option.
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If the picture enlargement program has a sound mathematical interpolation program, which also takes in to account specic characteristics of your Digital Camera such as lens characteristics then some well dene repeatable enlargements are possible. Some of the latest Mobile Telephone are now incorporating sensors having upwards of 2 megapixels and if lens data etc is available , often in an EXIF le, then some dazzling enlargements are possible. Depending upon the Resizing program you are using, the resolution may be referred to in either Dots per Inch (DPI) or Pixels per Inch (PPI). Remember that your LCD or CRT will have a particular Display Resolution, and ideally we need a Calibrated Display in order to give a good representation of the
enlarged image before we decide to print using expensive inks on expensive paper.
Imaging Associates International offer calibration services and software.

Review Section A of this eBook to assist you in deciding what parameters should be selected for your enlarged output image. These will usually be printed at between 240 and 360 dpi. A good rule of thumb, is to print out a picture at 240 dpi, 300 dpi, and 360 dpi.
5.2 Some Useful Software for Up-Sizing. There are many tools in the market to address Image Up-Sizing apart from relatively simple image resizing for email purposes. Some of these programs are available from Imaging Associates International and other ne companies. Imaging Associates International is associated with SizeFixer a sophisticated program using a special super resolution mode using ones Digital Camera specication data often available in Exif data. Good programs not associated with Imaging Associates International included. ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! Genuine Fractals. Photo Zoom Pro Qimage Adobe CS3 DOP UpSizing
The use of some of these tools will be explored in later chapters.
6.0 Print Resolution, Print Size, and Viewing Distance. 6.1 Before Inkjet Printers. ! ! !
Pointillism !!
This is a system of painting using tiny dots or "points" of color, developed by French artist Georges Seurat in the 1880s. This artists intention was to use the perceptive ability of the eye and the mind of the viewer using brushwork to apply color in tiny dots or small, isolated strokes. This technique is analogous to the CMYK or fourcolor printing process used by personal color inkjet printers. ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
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Forms are visible in a pointillist painting only from a distance, when the viewer's eye blends the colors to create visual masses and outlines.
Consider the painting Sunday in the Park by Georges Seurat.
The size of the original painting 81 x 120 inches and was made up of 3,456,000 Dots some as small as 1/16 inch. Note these Dots are not Pixels! We have found no record of what the artist thought to be the best viewing distance for this picture. Some interesting Ref: http://www.artnet.com/library/02/0229/T022975.ASP ! ! ! ! http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pointillism When we consider enlarging our pictures the Resolution, Size and anticipated Viewing Distance will also be dependent upon the Image Content and Intended Application.
6.2 Identifying Your Image Enlargement Requirements.

6.2.1 Introduction.
From Section A 6.3 we recall that we can enlarge images with or without resampling. The approach we take is often, initially experimental and the ultimate methods we use will depend, as always, on the anticipated viewing environment, the image content. taking into account high spacial frequency content, and whether image storage size of importance?.
6.2.2 Image Quality at a Distance.
When maximizing image quality at a distance for relatively low resolution images, a lot depends on the size of the print and how it is to be used. You may wish to enlarge an existing hardcopy photograph for which you can see all the detail perfectly at a viewing distance of, say, 15. In this situation, how is the enlargement to be used. Have it framed and hung on a wall ?. What would the new viewing distance and lighting situation be? 6.2.3 Television Audio Visual Considerations When we are setting up a Home Theatre or about to purchase a new High Resolution TV display, of which most can connect to a computer and thus be used as a large display associated with the use of a Laptop the viewing distance is usually well dened.
! What is the ! optimum or best screen size? Consider the images to the left .
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These images of different sizes have also have different display resolutions as indicated by their different TV display line standards. To an observer seeing each of them at the same viewing distance they have the same quality based upon visual acuity. With the advances in TV transmission new standards are now becoming available or being proposed.
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" " " SD -------- stands for Standard Denition which is the original format for 50Hz. and 60Hz. ! ! electrical power systems. Display often has 576 lines for example. HD---------- stands for High Denition and can display more detail for a given viewing ! distance. This display often has 720 lines for example. Full HD --- stands for Full High Denition which has the highest display resolution and ! ! thus displays images with the nest detail and highest quality. This display ! ! ! often has 1080 lines. An excellent site which discusses many of the different TV standards is as follows:http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Display_resolution#Current_standards_in_resolution !
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6.2.4 Computer Projection display.!
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Consider using your own Digital Image which may have to be resized so as to become part of an audio-visual presentation (A/V). In this context, the screen or image content may be more critical. It may, have written material where font size may have a great deal to do with readability along with ne or high resolution images such as found engineering drawings, often found in a classroom situation. Again, screen size, viewing distance and original image resolution and size may present problems in such an A/V presentation.
Every video projector has what is called a throw distance.
! ! The specications of Video Projectors vary from manufacture to manufacturer. There are some excellent on line Calculators which may be used to establish optimum viewing conditions. They are active and advice is given for a particular model of Video Projector for different uses such as Presentations, Data/Text, Video/Movies and Games. A Print out of typical calculated information is shown in the following picture. The projector may be moved online with all data updated in real time.
The above Applet may be found at:http://www.projectorcentral.com/Panasonic-PT-D3500U-projection-calculator-pro.htm
Consider this series of Images.
They could be displayed on a variety of devices with different display resolution
At Right the Sony 50 inch FWD-50PX1

high-denition SXGA 1280 x 768 resolution plasma display
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" some of the current standard pixel width
Here are by height (X x Y) resolutions.
VGA (640 x 480), SVGA (800 x 600), XGA (1024 x 768), SXGA (1280 x 768) and UXGA (1600 x 1200).
Windows users may nd the Size-O-Matic program useful with regard to viewing images at different resolutions. The program Size-O-Matic is free from www.pythoness.com
It is a toolbar-like application that displays common screen resolutions.
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One clicks a resolution and drag it onto any other window or picture. The window is then adjusted to the resolution which was selected from the resolutions shown above.
6.2.5 Outdoor Billboards, Banners Trade Displays, Road Signs & Panoramic sizing.
This is normally a commercial area usually using large format digital printing requiring specialized equipment. and software. Images are mainly supplied to the printer in Vector Graphics Raster File Format instead of our Bit Map File Format. Vector graphics, also called object-oriented graphics, are made up of mathematically dened curves and line segments called vectors. You can edit the graphics by moving and resizing the entire graphic or the lines and segments that compose the graphics. Vector graphics are resolution-independent; they can be displayed or printed at any resolution or size that a monitor or printer is capable of.
The general rule for large format printing is that viewing distance determines how much resolution you need in your scanned images. The number of pixels per inch (PPI) in your digital le is as important to your nal graphic as the DPI of the output device. Images and les need to be created at full size to determine the nal resolution. For example: if the nal size of a print is 40 x 60 and starting from a 4 x 6 scanned photo. To get a nal size resolution of 100 PPI, the scan of the photo needs to be at 1000 PPI. When enlarged to 40 x 60 the final resolution becomes 100 PPI. As very general guidelines nal size resolutions should be: 50 PPI if they will be viewed from 30 feet away or greater, 100 PPI if they will be viewed from between 5-15 feet, and 150 PPI for close viewing - 5' or less
The Font Size is particularly important in these applications of enlarged images. You may wish to visit! http://www.signindustry.com/outdoor/articles.php3 for some excellent supporting articles.
6.3 Small Image Applications often needing Downsizing.

6.3.1 Introduction. As with enlarging images or pictures Downsizing needs to take in to count the nature of the image along with its content detail, viewing environment and intended application.
Some of these may be:* Business Images. Business Cards - Tickets - Vouchers - Name Tags - Swing Tags - Price Cards Membership Card - Display Tags. * Fridge Magnets - Business Magnets - Photo Magnets Promotional Magnets * Greeting Cards Birthday Cards - Gift Boxes - Book Marks Xmas Cards Anniversary Cards - Event Cards - Wedding Invitations - Party Invites - Thank You Cards - Anniversary Invites - Sympathy Cards - Hymn
Cards * Photo Cards. Post Cards - CD Covers - Certicates - Recipe Cards - DVD Covers Product Headers - A4 Posters - Book Cover * Banner & Trade Signs. Banners - Long Photos - Just Married Banner - Anniversary Banner - Party Banners - Welcome Home Banners - Birthday Banners - Christmas Banners - Promotional Banners * Pictorial Databases.
Insurance records, livestock, household, furniture etc.
* Cake Decoration & Candy Wrappers.
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6.3.2 Image Sizing for eBay Selling. In a selling situation it is always wise not to irritate the potential buyer. Nothing is more annoying than looking a page that contains images which are out of focus, too large, take forever to load, and do not target the item for sale. When this occurs, poor presentation has resulted in plainly, to say the least, bad selling practice. Correct and optimized image scaling can assist. Before resizing in this situation, it is wise to crop the image,and in some cases change the image aspect ratio for best web presentation.
Remember we are displaying a picture on a Web browser where the Display Resolution is usually 72 PPI or on occasions. 96 PPI This image is of an Old Book on sale for instance!. Should it be displayed larger in size or smaller given its a 1st Edition! of The Apple Tree?
In the eBay selling situation it is sometimes recommended for a single web image that the ideal image size is 400 pixels on its long or horizontal dimension. Depending on the compression factor used for a jpeg image, this image would have a le size of between 50 & 120Kb.
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7.0 Mobile Phone Image Manipulation.

With the advent of the iPhone and dramatic chagnes in mobile phones, we will be updating this section. The better mobile phones, including the iPhone, those from Motorola and Nokia, usually have CCD capability of between 1.5 and 2.0 Megapixels. The images produced by these phones are ideal for upsizing. One must be careful to make sure that noise artifacts associated with the photographic sensors are removed before upsizing. We will be expanding this section in the next edition.
8.0 Resizing Approaches, Programs & Examples.
8.1 Overview.
In this section, we will initially consider Resizing using some of Photoshops

standard options. Examples of Up-Sizing and Down-Sizing will be given along with the Original Source Image which should be available from Imaging Associates International Website at http://www.imagingassociates.com.au/ebooks/resizingimagesguide/. As you progress through this section, keep in mind that the different methods of upsizing and downsizing are for you, to use in order to satisfy your personal taste. Different interpolation tools will need practical exploration by you, so you must always remember to keep a well dened objective in mind, along with a sound workow and a dash of visual interpretive humor. 8.2 Photoshop Resizing Opportunities. Photoshop which is available for both Windows & Mac machines is a useful starting point in appreciating the different Resizing Methods.
1 Visit www.imagingassociates.com.au for ebooks, software, test-patterns and free online imaging tools.!
To resize an image in Photoshop CS2 the following WorkFlow applies. ! ! Select from the Photoshop Menu Bar & Follow the Arrows . Image ! Image Size to obtain the Menu below.
Note The Term Resample Image
The Resampling Image Selector at present is giving Bicubic as one of Photoshops standard Algorithms or Methods of Resizing. Other methods are available in Photoshop as shown below.
8.3 Non-Technical Description of some Resizing Methods & Applications.
8.3.1 Nearest Neighbor.
Nearest Neighbor, which is sometime called Box is used for image Enlargements, and Reductions. When applied to Enlargements it magnies the size of each pixel."When used In Reductions, pixel outputs are obtained by simple averaging of pixels within non-overlapping square areas." "Enlargement results are often said to be visually unappealing, but Reductions usually prove to be satisfactory. A point to note; is for the user to see whether the re-scaling method modies the image where: upscaling by an integral scale factor, followed by downscaling to the original size, gives a result exactly identical to the original image."
! 8.3.2 Bilinear.
Bilinear interpolation is a scaling technique that provides a form of weighted averaging between the nearest two input pixels to provide the value of a padded pixel to be inserted in the image. This weighted averaging is based on the linear distance of the output pixel position from the input pixel position. This type of scaling is said to give better results than nearest neighbor interpolation. Bilinear interpolation, however, leads to signicant loss of the high frequency content, such as sharp edges and text in the generated output image due to the performance of the weighted averaging. Loss of the high frequency content of the generated image leads to blurring of the image but according to some produces no halos (See Section 8.6.3 for illustration of halo artifacts). Some advise its main advantage is in image reduction, but recommend sharpening the original input image dramatically before applying the reduction process. You can easily experiment with this resizing technique using our free online resizer at http://imagingassociates.com.au/color/onlinetools.jspx
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8.3.3 Cubic. High resolution cubic convolution and cubic spline interpolation are other forms of resampling techniques that are widely used for digital image processing. These methods, however, sometimes generate objectionable image artifacts for images having a high frequency content. For Bicubic Interpolation which is a standard method included in many photo editing tools including Photoshop, PaintShop Pro and others. The output pixel values are calculated from a weighted average of the nearest sixteen pixels in a rectangular grid (a 4x4 array). Often an image may need to be sharpened after this process.
8 ! .4 Other Interpolation Methods. There are often a bewildering number of Resizing Methods associated with the many excellent Application Programs and Plug-ins. Imaging Associates International recommends a practical approach to determining the best method. Remember the best method is often dependent on the actual image content and the degree to which you wish to downsize or up-size along with your subjective appreciation of the end result. Many excellent Resizing Programs and Plug-ins with specic resizing methods are available on a 30 day trial Download. We list some of them below, with their associated Website.
Stair Interpolation:! a Plug-in for photoshop by Fred Miranda) ! ! ! ! http://www.fredmiranda.com/ Lanczos Interpolation:" " Available for free as part of Irfanview. ! ! ! ! ! http://www.irfanview.com/! !
Kneson (standard):" Imagener's featured method of interpolation.

http://www.imagener.com/ # # #
Genuine Fractals 5: " latest version of the interpolation software # # # # # # ononesoftware.com
SmartScale:"" Photoshop plug-in from Extensis. Sar Image Processor:" SAR Image Processor - interpolation tool by S. A. Ruzinski. Qimage:" newest addition to the photo printing package # # # www.ddisoftware.com/qimage/ # # # # #
Resize IT:" Interpolation plug-in for Photoshop by Brian Spangler # ! ! at OutdoorGrace.com Photozoom Pro 2:" S-Spline interpolation software from" # # # # # www.benvista.com." Zoom Engine: Free Plug-in from Mehdi " Blow Up: from Alien Skin # # #
SizeFixerXL: from FixerLabs ! ! ! ! ! !
! !
8.5 An Excellent site to visit with a well dened Interpolation Testing Method: The previous section has alerted to us that many techniques exist for Enlarging and Reducing the size of Bit Mapped Digital Images. Mr Kevin Venator has given Imaging Associates International permission to use some of his Crocole Pictures. Here are some!
The advantage of visiting this site is that you are able to see enlarged images of the same image on-line using different Resizing Methods. Here are more!
http://www.americaswonderlands.com/digital_photo_interpolation.htm
And more Again-!! We
recommend you visit these sites and visually evaluate the preferred method from your subjective view point.
http://www.americaswonderlands.com/digital_photo_interpolation.htm http://ephotoz.com/modules/wfchannel/index.php?op=link Remember that many of the Resizing Software is available on a 30 Day Trial Basis which should be useful when you encounter Imaging Associates Internationals Practical Example Section which will follow shortly. In this context be sure to note that this site has a test le that you can download with instructions which outlines the comparison methods used. Alternative comparison tools are also available from Http://www.general-cathexis.com/interpolation.html which uses Visual Comparisons of Image Magnication Techniques Using Mouseovers. Imaging Associates Internationals practical examples, that will follow soon, will be very down to earth, in order to encourage experimentation with a well recorded and disciplined Work ow.
8.6 Imaging Artifacts or Problems to look Out For when Resizing.
8.6.1 Overview. The forgoing section may have illustrated the many number of techniques available in the Image Resizing eld. Although we wish to maintain a non-mathematical approach to gaining resizing skills, the following distinctions of approach may be practically helpful and in the long run it may be important to note the following. Resizing Algorithms usually fall in to two categories namely:Non-Adaptive and Adaptive. 8.6.2 Non-Adaptive Algorithm Methods. These include Nearest Neighbor, Bilinear, Bicubic Spline, Lanczos, and many more. This type of method has a constant approach and is independent of the images nature and content. It is the same whether the image is simple , such as an ordinary color patch or one which contains many high image spacial frequencies.
# !
# ! Low Spacial Frequencies! quencies High Spacial Fre-
8.6.3 Adaptive Algorithm Methods. These methods of Resizing are usually Proprietary and associated with the purchase of Licensed Application Programs such as Qimage, Photozoom, Genuine Fractals etc.. These applications change their method of pixel manipulation depending upon the Image Nature or Content. They are designed to give Artifact-Free detail, and as such a number of techniques may not be successfully used for Geometric transformations such as Rotation.
Again experiment with a well dened work-ow is the order of the day.
8.6.4 Common Artifacts or Undesirable Patterns from Resizing Processes.

a) Those associated with Upsizing.
The following are typical problems which may be encountered. Aliasing------ usually gives jagged edges on diagonal view points. Very often ! ! noticeable in images containing sharp edges or text. !
Blurring------usually caused by a lack of sharpness in the image caused by image resampling, a missed focus, or by camera or subject movement during a slow shutter speed.
Edge Halo-----usually occurs when an image is over sharpened either as part of the resizing application or by subsequent Image Manipulation.
These artifacts illustrated in the following picture.
The above image is used by kind permission of Sean McHugh http://www.cambridgeincolour.com/tutorials/image-interpolation.htm
b) Those associated with Down Sizing.
The unwanted image interference usually results in Moir artifacts . These patterns have no physical meaning and occur when images have ne detail or texture near the resolution limit or when the image is under sampled. They are an unwanted pattern which now forms part of the downsized image! Moir artifacts can often be avoided by the use of an Anti-Alias Filter. Unfortunately this image operation often makes the digital image softer and less sharp. You may want the softer Image but without unwanted patterns.
An example of Moir patterns -------- note they are not always important ------10 Visit www.imagingassociates.com.au for ebooks, software, test-patterns and free online imaging tools.!
can you see them in the downsized image?
# # # # # # # # # # # Note Moir patterns
Remember the your image should be adjusted to your satisfaction always keeping in mind your objectives -------- and must be implemented in a stable well dene recorded image workow.
An excellent Site to visit has a tutorial & illustrative paper called Imaging Defects by Gisle Hannnemyr at the University of Oslo. The website is http://hannemyr.com/photo/
This site has a concise description of the common image defects encountered in many Digital Images and has many useful illustrations.
8.6.5 Summary
I hope that the other sections have been useful, and although they comprise an introductory meander into Imaging Resizing , and hopefully may give you a reference which will reassure you, and help you, out of the sometimes dark vortex of non condence and thus for-stall any premature appetite to just get it done!!. Remember: There is a Key Divide!! Some Interpolation algorithms are much better at increasing than decreasing image size and vice versa.
In this context, we go into Section 9 which will is to enable us, through examples to apply some of the the imaging tools associated with Photoshop, Graphics Convertor and any of the other Resizing Application Programs and Plug-ins that you may have downloaded ---------- trial or otherwise.
9.0 Practical Resizing Examples based upon some Images you may Download.
9.1 overview In this section we will illustrate a step by step approach to resizing some Images. Most of these Images may be downloaded from our site available at:http://www.imagingassociates.com.au/ebooks/resizingimagesguide/ The rst thing to remember is to have your objective well focused in your mind. In this regard :A) Do you wish to Enlarge an Image?. ! ! ! OR
B) Do you wish to Reduce an Image?. Remember some Resizing Algorithms are better for Enlarging and others for Reducing Image sizes. With this in mind you must ask ourselves : Do we need to Resample the Image ?. If we need to Resample the Image ----- which method will best suit the nature of our particular Image ?. Does it have a high spacial frequency----------- is it busy ! Does it have lots of solid hard geometric aspects within it?. Does it have text which must be readable? This section cannot hope to show you all of the various methods of resizing images! Section 8, with its recommendations to visit various sophisticated web sites has tried to stimulate your desire and recognition that experimentation is essential and often the workow is unique to a particular image.
www.imagingassociates.com.au !
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Thus in summary its objective, is to encourage you to experiment with various Resizing Techniques, so that you are able to satisfy you or your customers requirements. Remember all our efforts must be combined with a well recorded Workow.
9.2 Some Resizing Tasks. Consider the following images.
9.2.1 Red Square. ! ! ! ! The image below, Download name ORed----.png is technically trivial to up-size or down-size,
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" " Try changing its size using various Algorithms associated with your application program such as Photoshop etc. For example
! ! ! ! Try also resizing without Resampling.
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A useful Workow may be to manipulate the image in the following manner.:Start with:! Original Image A --ACTION-- Resize & Observe Changes of the New Image B
Now use. ! New Image B-- ACTION--Resize to Original Image A size which becomes Image C.
In this context look for unsatisfactory outcomes from your point of view! How does Image B compare with the Original Image A? How does Image A compare with Image C: both are the same size, but Image C has been subjected to Two Transforms or Changes.
Although the Red Square image is trivial in the resizing processes suggested. You will nd no defects such as Aliasing, Blurring, or Edge Halo. This image was computer generated and as such has no noise which might be associated with a Digital Camera picture of a red background.
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9.2.2 Colorbars. The following image OEBU----.png is available for download.
A rst sight this does not appear very different to the Red Square. Note however that each color is obviously separated by a vertical boundary. What effect if any does the Resizing Process have in this area of change? Take into account that your display resolution is usually different to your printer resolution. Remember DPI and PPI although some times confused are different. Again you are encouraged to experiment with the different programs you may have at hand, own, or intend to download on a trial basis, before ultimate purchase.
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9.2.3 A simple Image with text download image OWBa----.png Suppose we wish resize an image such as the one below in order to have it made into a Fridge Magnet. This Image
To this image
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This image, which is simple and by which we mean it is not busy, and is low on detail -------it does not even have a telephone number and it has relatively low spacial frequencies Contrast it with a professional generated Fridge Magnet Image , for which most of us have the tools to Resize to Task and meet the same visual requirements in the viewing environment
The real size of this Fridge Magnet is Approximately 2 inches wide by 1 inch deep.
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9.2.4 A relatively complex Image to download is le name OFSB----.jpg. available from us.
Here it is!
This image may challenge you, within The Resizing Dilema: and alert you to a number of different outcomes , all of which may look satisfactory or otherwise ,. Download this image from our site and experiment
On the next page we can see an image overlay which will enable you to compare the results of two resizing manipulations. Note The Two overlayed Images are the same size.
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The Overlay.
It is for you to decide on which resizing outcome would satisfy you. The Moire artifact as shown at the top of this image may or may not irritate you. How ever can you read the writting on the bottom of the Book in this image! Would you be happy to accept the aftifacts associated with the top part of this Image if the Book Cover was readable!!
www.imagingassociates.com.au ! " 7
9.2.5 Summary We encourage you to apply all your imaging resizing resources in a well dene workow. Color Management may well be in order as you manipulate your Digital Photographs. Scrapbooks, Cake Decoration, Cards, and the amazing opportunities to enlarge images from the latest digital telephones make insights into resizing more useful. You might be interested to know that Imaging Associates runs competitions to see who can get the best results manipulating digital images. Feedback and cooperative interaction is our keystone. To see how you measure up against other competitors in these challenges, visit: http://www.imagingassociates.com.au/competitions.html
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Basic Guide To Reszing Digital Images

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A Basic Guide to Resizing Digital Images

A Basic Guide to Resizing Digital Images.

7.0 Printer Resolution ! 7.1. General

A Basic Guide to Resizing Digital Images

8.3.2 Bilinear 8.3.3 Bicubic

A Basic Guide to Resizing Digital Images.

Section A. Easy Guide to Fundamental Theory.

2.0 Image Size

R = T/A = (V*H)/(L*W) = (V/L)*(H/W)

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3.0 Color Depth

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4.0 Raw Image File Size

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5.0 More Raw Image File Sizes. 5.1 Example One.

5.2 Example Two.

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5.3 Example Three.

6.0 Digital Scanning Resolution

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6.2 Flatbed Scanner

6.3 Resizing Bit Mapped Images

6.4 Some Useful Formula

Resolution Adaptations for Resizing:

SIZING = SIZING FACTOR X 100

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6.6 Input Scanning Resolution for Different Situations

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SCAN RESOLUTION = OUTPUT DEVICE RESOLUTION X SIZING FACT

6.6.3 Color Resolution Rule

SCAN RESOLUTION X QUALITY FACTOR X SIZING FACTOR

2. Stochastic Halftone Printing

SCAN RESOLUTION = REFERENCE SCREEN RESOLUTION X QUALITY FACTOR X SIZING FACTOR

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7.0 Printer Resolution 7.1 General

7.2 Required Resolution 7.2.1 Theory

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Table Visual Acuity angles in radians:

Light ! Ideal Ordinary

Radians 0.00014544 0.00029088

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7.2.2 Practical Calculation of Pixels per Inch (PPI) Required at a Distance.

7.2.3 Digital Camera Resolution.

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A Basic Guide to Resizing Digital Images.

Section B! Resizing Applications and Useful Software. 1.00 Overview.

2.0 Inpainting or Retouching.

http://iat.ubalt.edu/summers/math/inpainting.htm http://mountains.ece.umn.edu/~guille/inpainting_overview.pdf http://inpainting.alpha-sigma.net/ http://www.inf.ufrgs.br/~oliveira/pubs_les/inpainting.pdf

3.1.2 Some Photographs with Exif Data.

" " "

3.1.3 Ways to extract Exif Data from Digital Images.

Exifer for Windows

Again as an equation :! ! ! ! Width Pixels/Width Resolution = Width Size

There are two approached as always based upon our equation :-

Pixel Number / Print Resolution = Size

So Printer Resolution required is 50PPI

For the Width [W] ! ! ! ! ! ! ! 320/Printer Resolution = 6.4 inches [W]

So again Printer Resolution required is 50PPI

For the Height [H] ! ! ! ! 2000 / Printer Resolution = 10 inches [H]

So the Printer Resolution required is 200PPI

So again the Printer Resolution required is 200PPI.

R = T/A = (VH)/(LW) = (V/L)*(H/W)