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What is EPITAXY ?
EPI TAXIS = Ordered on
Epitaxy is the growth of a thin layer of single-crystal material on the crystal face of the same (homoepitaxy) or another (heteroepitaxy). VPE LPE MBE - Vapor Phase Epitaxy - Liquid Phase Epitaxy - Molecular Beam Epitaxy
N- Epi
N+ Substrate
N- Epi
N+ Substrate
N- Epi
N+ Substrate
N- Epi
N+ Substrate
Drain
N- Epi
N+ buffer layer
P+ Substrate
P- Epi
P-Epi
P+ Substrate
Gemini 2 Reactor
Gemini 3 Reactor
NuFlare Reactor
Robot Loadlocks
Deposition Rate
The growth rate depends on temperature and gas flow
G.R. increases linearly with square root of gas flow
Deposition rate (um/min) Temperature ()
Deposition from SiHCl3 + H2 Activation energy = 22 kcal/mol Mass transfer Increasing controlled
flow rate
TCS Bubbler
Doping
The dopant is co-deposited with silicon. Usually, a lightly doped layer is deposited on a heavily doped substrate. dopant precursors :
p-type : diborane (B2H6) in H2 n-type : phosphine (PH3) in H2 arsine (AsH3) in H2
SRC
DIL
INJ
DIL
INJ 1
INJ 2
INJ 3
Chamber A
Chamber B
vent line
Chamber A
Chamber B
Chamber C
vent line
Autodoping
Solid-phase out-diffusion:
Dopant diffusion up from substrate.
Lightly doped epi
Gas-phase autodoping:
Dopant from wafer backside and edges.
System autodoping:
Dopant from other wafers, susceptor and reactor wall.
1 1 1 m+1 m 2 n2 d
Silicon Epitaxy 2012
4 Point Probe
(Tencor RS-35)
CV Profiling
Calibration Chart
Spreading Resistance vs. Resistivity (traceable Si bulk standards)
SR Profile Sample
Rm: resistance Rho: resistivity CC: concentration
analysis algorithms
N/N++ SR Profiles
from different correction methods
Automatic Inspection
Laser Scanner
TTV
(Total Thickness Variation)
Global Flatness
Site Flatness
Site-partitions on 8 Wafer
( 25*25 sq.mm)
(20*20 sq.mm)
Bow
Warp
ASTM F1390
entire surface scanned
ASTM F657
partial surface scanned
Taper
T2
T1
Schematic representation of typical epi defects a) epi stacking fault b) growth hillock c) dislocation (continuation from the bulk) d) stacking fault (continuation from the bulk) e) epi spike
Thank you
Silicon Epitaxy 2012