EE3092 -Laboratory Practice V

SYNCHRONOUS GENERATOR

Instructor: - Mr. G.V.D. Kumara

Name: - V.I.P. Dasanayake Index Number: - 090075M Group: - 3 Submission date: -22/03/2012

Calculations
1. Open circuit and Short circuit characteristic

y = -1097.6x5 + 1550x4 + 667.12x3 - 2084.8x2 + 1254.4x + 4.211

250

200

150 Open circuit characteristics Short cct characteristics Linear (Short cct characteristics)

100

O/C Voltage (V)/ S/C current(A)

50

y = 49.246x + 0.3266 0 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 Field current(A)

Figure 1

0.5

0.6

Equations of open circuit curve----y = -1097.x5 + 1550x4 + 667.1x3 - 2084.x2 + 1254.x + 4.211 Equations of short circuit curve--- y = 49.24x + 0.326 (Here x = field current)

=
For small values,

Calculate XS using equations; Specimen calculation; When If = 0.1; = 119.257 , 5.25 then Synchronous Reactance=22.716

Field current 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3 0.35 0.4 0.45 0.5 0.55 0.6 0.65 0.7

Open circuit Voltage(V) 119.257 196.954 326.842 537.983 859.43 1320.424 1950.456 2779.202 3836.319 5151.112 6752.065 8666.242 10918.555

Short circuit current(A) 5.25 7.712 10.174 12.636 15.098 17.56 20.022 22.484 24.946 27.408 29.87 32.332 34.794

Synchronous Reactance() 22.716 25.539 32.125 42.575 56.923 75.195 97.416 123.608 153.785 187.942 226.048 268.039 313.806

2.

Syncronous reactance Vs If

21

19

17

Syncronous reactance()

15

13

11

y = 3.9161x3 + 20.57x2 - 40.214x + 24.744

7 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 Field current(A)

Figure 2

0.5

0.6

0.7

0.8

3.

At rated voltage,

In PU quantities,

=
Field current for rated o / c voltage Field current for rated s / c current

Since, SCR ( Short circuit ratio)

Observing the name plate of the synchronous generator, Rated voltage =240 V, Rated current =6.65 A,

Using figure 1, Field current at rated open circuit voltage y = -1097.x5 + 1550x4 + 667.1x3 - 2084.x2 + 1254.x + 4.211 240 = -1097.x5 + 1550x4 + 667.1x3 - 2084*x2 + 1254x + 4.211 x = 0.3798A (according to the graph x should be in between 0.3 and 0.4)

Field current for rated short circuit current y = 49.24x + 0.326 6.65=49.24x + 0.326 x=0.1248 SCR =
Xs (SAT) =

=
=

= 3.04327 = 0.311pu

Saturated synchronous reactance in ohms Xs (sat) = = 11.859

4.

load voltage Vs load current

160

140

120

100

Load voltage(V)

80

60

40

20

0 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Load curent(A)
Figure 3

5. Circuit configuration when load is connected

Using Kirchhoff law For the above circuit, E=V+I (ra + jXs ) Neglecting ra, E=V +j I*Xs Taking I=I (Cos + jSin) E=V+ I(Cos+jSin)jXs E= (V-IXs Sin) + j (IXs Cos ) E2= (V-IXs Sin) 2+ (IXs Cos) 2 E2= V2+I2 Xs-2VIXs Sin V2 - 2VIXsSin + I2Xs2-E2=0

Observed field current from the practical = 0.22 A Using the figure 2; Xs = y = 3.916x3 + 20.57x2 - 40.21x + 24.74 when x =0.22 Then Xs =16.93

Considering a specimen calculation; When, Cos =0 Xs = 16.03; I = 1A; E=240; = 90 Sin=1;

V2 - 2VIXsSin + I2Xs2-E2=0 V2-2*V*1*16.93*1+ (1)2*16.932-2402=0 V2-33.86V-57313.38=0 V=256.93V (considering only the possible answer)

When it comes to power factor (Cos)=0.9 =+25.84 and -25.84 both have been considered.

6. Load current VS Terminal Voltage for theoretical Values

Terminal Voltage Load current(A) =90 1 2 4 6 8 10 12 256.93 273.86 307.72 341.58 375.44 409.3 443.16 =0 239.402 237.599 230.248 217.443 198.131 170.11 127.773 =-90 223.07 206.14 172.28 138.42 104.56 70.7 36.84 =25.84 246.9 252.83 261.659 266.197 265.796 259.25 244.051 =-25.84 232.134 223.294 202.607 177.618 147.692 111.62 66.896

500

450

400

350

Terminal Voltage(V)

300 Termianl Voltage =90 250 Termianl Voltage =0 Termianl Voltage =-90 200 Termianl Voltage =25.84 Termianl Voltage =-25.84 150

100

50

0 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 Load Current(A)
Figure 4

DISCUSSION
1. Importance of the SCR with respect to the generator performance SCR can be defined as,
Short circuit ratio( SCR) Field current for rated o / c voltage Field current for rated s / c current

Power system stability depends on the sir gap flux of the generators during short circuit or suddenly changes in loading of the system. So basically SCR (Short circuit Ratio) can be considered as a measurement of a stability of a generator. And also a measurement of physical size of a synchronous machine rated at a given kVA, speed, and power factor. When consider a slow excitation control, generator which have high SCR are more stable than generators with low SCR. For most of the generators SCR would be in the rage of 0.6 to 0.9. One advantage of having a high SCR is that turbo generator can be operated under excited to keep its voltage down to normal and so, provide live charging capacity to the system. And one other thing is that for high SCR lesser the change in field current required to maintain constant terminal voltage for a given change in load and the higher is the stead state stability limit. The disadvantage of having a high SCR is that, it makes generator expensive and also it has high current which may lead to great losses. The thing is that lower the SCR value physical dimensions and properties are going to shrink. Considering all the facts, now most popular method is to use generators which have lesser SCR. 2. Variation of synchronous reactance with field current Usually at the start, voltage and current of the generator is very low relatively and synchronous reactance will be varying steadily around 20-25. But with the time machine is going to saturate. At that time, synchronous reactance stars to drop rapidly. 3. Synchronous generator has characteristics of a current transformer. Briefly account for this. When we consider a synchronous generator, mainly it has two parts such as rotor and the stator; similarly for a current transformer it would be primary winding and secondary winding. And in the current transformer there are primary current and secondary current, in generator there are armature current and field current respectively. When armature current is higher than filed current, behaviour would be very similar to the synchronous generator. When it comes to the short circuit current characteristics, secondary short circuit current is proportional to the primary current; similarly armature current is proportional to the field current

 In the situation where load is connected to secondary in the current transformer, primary current is depends on the connected load; similarly when the load is connected to the synchronous generator, field current depends on the connected load. So basically we can say that the synchronous generators characteristics is similar to the current transformer.

4. Comment on the variation of the terminal voltage with load current for various power factor load? Variation of terminal voltage from no load to full load express in per unit or with a percentage of full load voltage is called voltage regulation of a synchronous generator. Terminal voltage changing is normally done by change the load across the output terminal. The change is caused by voltage drop I the winding and armature reaction effect. Armature reaction effect depends on the power factor of the load. Per unit voltage regulation is defines as fractional rise in the terminal voltage, when the given voltage is removed. Per unit voltage regulation =
| | | | | | | | | |

Following figure shows relationship between terminal voltage and load current of the synchronous generator at different power factor loads.

Figure 5

OL- rated load on generator OP- terminal voltage If load in unity power factor is removed and keeping speed and excitation of alternator constant value, terminal voltage will rise to OB. If there is a lagging power factor load terminal voltage will rise up to OC. For leading power factor it will fall to OA. Change of terminal voltage from full load to no load will happen in lagging or leading of load power factor. The main reason for this is magnetising and demagnetising effect of armature reaction in main filed flux.

Variation of terminal voltage from no load to full load express in per unit or with a percentage of full load voltage is called voltage regulation of a synchronous generator. At lagging power factor supply current in the synchronous generator lags its terminal voltage. So it acts as source of reactive power. And this is the typical situation, which can be seen in day to day life most of the time. The main reason for this is power factor depends on the load connected, and most of the time loads are inductive, which causes for lag the current. When it comes to a full load regulation situation, unity power factor is the percentage resistance of the machine. So it is a negligible. Following figure 5 shows Variation of Full Load Regulation with Power Factor

Figure 5

References
Elements of Electrical Power Station Design by Deshpande (forthcoming) Power station engineering and economy By William A. Vopat Voltage regulation article done by Prof. Krishna Vasudevan, Prof. G. Sridhara Rao, Prof. P. Sasidhara Rao Electrical machines and drives by Bhattacharya