Natalia 31 (2001) Complete

THE NATAL SOCIETY OFFICE BEARERS
2001- 2002
President
Vice-Presidents
Trustees
Treasurers
Auditors
Director
Secretary
S.N. Roberts
T.B. Frost
Professor A. Kaniki
MJ.C. Daly
Professor A. Kaniki
S.N. Roberts
KPMG - A.L. Norman
Messrs Thomton-Dibb,
Van der Leeuw and Partners
lC. Morrison
Mrs M. Maxfield
COUNCIL
Elected Members S.N. Roberts (Chairman)
Professor A. Kaniki (Vice Chairman)
Professor A.M. Barrett
M.H. Comrie
P. Croeser
MJ.C. Daly
lM. Deane
M. Francis
MrsM.Msomi
Miss N. Naidoo
A.L. Singh
Ms P.A. Stabbins
EDITORIAL COMMITTEE OF NATALIA
Editor M.H. Comrie
Dr w.H. Bizley
J.M. Deane
T.B. Frost
Professor W.R. Guest
Dr D. Herbert
F.E. Prins
J. Sithole
Mrs S.P.M. Spencer
Dr S. Vietzen
G.D.A. Whitelaw
Secretary DJ. Buckley (Retired November 2001 )
Natalia 31 (2001) Copyright Natal Society Foundation 2010
Natalia
Journal ofthe Natal Society
No. 31 (December 2001)
Published by Natal Society I.ibrary
P.O. Box 415. Piclcnnarilzburg .;200, South Africa
SA ISSN Om;S-3674
Cover Picture
A youthful reader in the Natal Society Library.
The child is Elizabeth Gordon (now Mrs Hilton), daughter of
the late Dr Ruth Gordon, well-known teacher and historian.
Mrs Hilton now lives in England.
Dl!(!set hy M.J. Marwick
Printed by Natal Witness Commercial Prillt"rs (Ptr) Ltd
Contents
?({Uc
c..,
EDITORIAL ................................................................................. iv
NOTE FROM THE PRESIDENT OF THE NATAL SOCIETY....... v
REPRINTS
The Natal Society 1851-1951
Alan Hattersley............................................. ......................... 2
The Natal Literary Society Bazaar 1876
Lady Barker ........................................................................... 8
ARTICLES
Dedicated Lives: Miss Sue Judd and Miss Pamela Reid
Jewel K(}OPI1lIlIl ..................................................................... 11
The Natal Society Library: Looking Forward
John Morrison ....................................................................... 25
Post Carts in Southem Natal and East Griqualand
Ken Strachan and Milner Snell ............................................ 30
Maqhamusela Khanyile's life and testimony
Alan Paton and Neville Nuttall: A Literary Friendship
'Maritzburg's most f ~ l l 1 l O U S accident
Margarete Niirnberger............................................. ............. 34
Jolyon iVl/fl(/1l .. ......... ... .... ..... ............................................... 53
The J.H. Hofmeyr Memorial Tmst in Natal 1949-2000
John Dcul1c.. ........ .. ............. . ..... ........................................... 58
Bill Bizlel .............................................................................. 64
Review Essay: At the Altar of Ethnography
Bencdict Carton .................................................................... 68
OBITUARIES
Clement Abbott ...................................................................... 73
George Bishop ................................ ..... ..... ...... ... ..... ........ ....... 74
Phillip AlexanderClancey ...................................................... 75
Loma Davies ............. ..... ............. ......... ..... ..... ..... ................... 77
Renee Haygarth (nee Schuurman) ......................................... 78
Ruth Edgecombe .................................................................... 70
NOTES AND QUERIES ............................................................... 81
SELECT LIST OF RECENT
KWAZULU-NATAL PUBLICATIONS ........................................ 80
INDEX TONATALIA VOLS 1-30.................................. ............... IX)
Editorial
The compilation of Natalia 31 has coincided with the I 50th anniversary of the Natal
Society. It is appropriate that this issue should open with a note from the current
President, Mr Simon Roberts. In marking this occasion, Natalia reprints the paper on
the centenary ofihe Society written by Alan Hattersley for the Quarterly Bulletin ofthe
South AMcan Librmy of March 1951. Hattersley notes that the objects of the Society,
as defined in 1865, laid stress on the 'acquisition and preservation ofinformation oflocal
value and interest, and the genera I encouragement of habits of study, investigation and
research within the Colony' - a purpose which this journal still serves.
Together with Hattersley's paper, wc also reprint Lady Barker's account of the grand
bazaar of 1876, with an introduction by Dr Sylvia Vietzen. Through an account of the
contributions of Miss Sue Judd and Miss Pamela Reid, the affairs of the Society arc
brought up to date in an article by Jewel Koopman, while the Director of the Library,
John Morrison, looks ahead at the challenges facing the library in the future.
As libraries are (amongst other things) repositories ofliterature, the article by Jolyon
Nuttall on the long friendship between his father and Alan Paton a reworking for
Natalia of some of the material researched for his recently published book - throws
interesting light on the author of one of South Africa's most celebrated novels. Paton
was also the biographer ofJan Hofmeyr, so that John Deane's paper on the J.H. Hofineyr
Memorial Trust provides a second link to him in this number ofNatalia.
Our most substantial article is a study by Margarete Niirnberger of the events sur
rounding the death of Maqhamusela Khanyile, the Zulu Christian whose martyrdom is
today acknowledged by both the Lutheran and Anglican churches. Milner SneII and the
late Ken Strachan haw provided an account of the post carts which carried the mails
through southern Natal in the late 19th and early 20th century. Bill Bizley contributes a
short article on the 1932 collision between a train and a tram at the Mayor's Walk level
crossing in Pietermaritzburg. Rather than a book review, Benedict Carton offers a review
essay on the newest instalment of the James Stuart Archive. We offer also the usual
assortment of Notes and Queries, book notices, and, sadly, obituaries.
During the year, Dr Dai Herbert tendered his resignation from the Editorial Commit
tee. Wc regret that the pressure of work at the Natal Museum has drawn him away from
us, but wc weleome to the committee labulani Sithole ofthe School ofHuman and Social
Studies at the University of Natal in Pietermaritzburg. Another significant change was
the retirement of David Buckley from the Natal Society Library staff and hence th1l11 his
post as secretary to Nafalia. More than a minutes secretary whose meticulous records
were a great boon to a succession ofeditors, David was a valued member ofthe Editorial
Committee who provided a number of notes and short articles. His final great contribu
tion is the updated Index which is appended to this edition ofNatalia. We wish him well
in his retirement.
v
Finally, we note with sadness the passing ofEstelle Gericke. A long-serving teacher
of history, Miss Gericke was a prime mover in initiating and gaining acceptance for field
trips and excursions, and so must be given credit for having put many school pupils in
direct touch with the rich historical heritage of the province. Through her influence,
many youngsters found the study of history to be truly fascinating and rewarding.
MORAYCOMRIE
NOTE FROM THE PRESIDENT OF THE
NATAL SOCIETY
The Natal Society now has some 50 000 members. The main thrust of its
activity is of course the library which, in addition to the main branch in the
substantial building on Freedom Square and the Lambert Wilson Centre,
administers branches in Northdale, Eastwood, Woodlands, Sobantu, i\shdown
and Georgetown. together with a mobile library and a housebound service.
The library is also linked to the electronic referencing systems of Sa bin et and
the University of Natal. On avcrage, there are about 106 463 issues each
month, and, in collaboration with the provincial library service, the Society is
exploring the possibility of establishing two more branch libraries, one in the
Vulindlela area and the other in Scottsville.
Overseeing the activities of the Society and its library is an elected Coun
cil of fourteen members, which includes representatives of substantial do
nors such as the municipality. Indeed, city council is thc major channel of
funding to the library. For the Natal Society, as for many other institutions
whose primary function is to serve the community. the flow of money is
seldom adequate. Despite the fact that the salaries and allowances of library
employees are genera Ily less than those received by library staff elsewhere in
the Republic. out ofthe annual budget ofsome R7.5 million only R3XO 000 is
available for the purchase of books. With book prices rising steadily. it is
increasingly difficult for the lihrary to maintain an appropriate holding. The
Council is endeavouring to ohtain grants from charitable trusts overseas.
Not only has the library grown immensely over the years, but it has been
greatly transformed, and is by no means an elitist or neo-colonial organiza
tion. Colonialism may have been behind the foundation ofthe Society, in that
its founders wanted to provide accurate infon11ation ahout the colony to
prospective settlers in Britain and Europe, but the thrust to make it a free
resource open to the whole community came from within. Not only do most of
the branch lihraries now sene formerly disadvantaged communities, hut in
formal checks at thc main hranch indicate that some 93% ofthe people using
the facility are not white, with the O\'erwhelming majority (more than HO";;))
being African. Stafling of the library shows a similar trend. The motto of the
Society, Lux in TCllchris (which loosely translates as 'a light in the darkness')
is as apt today as it has always heen.
The Natal Society
1851-1951
The record ofthe Natal Society, this month celebrating its centenary, shows what can be
accomplished by unremitting patience and sturdy enterprise. The Society began its career
in the year of the Great Exhibition with singularly few advantages. Pietermaritzburg,
not yet a colonial capital, since Natal was to remain for another five years a mere district
ofthe Cape Colony, had begun to grow but at no sensational rate, and its white population
only just topped the 1,000 mark. Much of it was still green; and the general aspect was
that ofa north-country English village, rather than a town. It had possessed a library and
reading room, and even the nucleus of a museum, since 1846; but the volumes that
weighted its shelves had been loaned, or, in some cases, donated, by members. In this
The Natal Society Library. 201 Longmarket Street, 1878-1975.
Natalia 31 (2001), Alan Hattersley pp. 2- 7
3 The Natal Society 1851-1951
enterprise, the youthful David Dale Buchanan, protege and partner of the great George
Greig, must be credited with the initial steps. He transformed 'The Book Society of
Pietermaritzburg', formcd in Fcbruary lR46 with a committee of four (the Amcrican
missionary, Danicl Lindlcy, ex-Ianddrost Zietsman, 1.D. Marquard, soon to become
teacher at the government school, and J.M. Howell, whom Cloete had struck off the roll
of advocates for contumacy) into a 'Public Library' (1849), serving a term as secretary
and using the infant Witness to urgc thc youth ofPietermaritzburg to 'prcfcr attending a
series of useful lectures or historical readings to monotonous solitude or the injurious
sociality ofthc canteen'.l
In those days there could be little ofthe ceaseless experimenting to please the pub
lic, for subscriptions were exhausted in the hire ofa room; and during the second year of
the library's existence only one book was actually purchased. This was Caroline Fry's
The Listener, two volumes of dreary essays and moralising tales extracted from her
monthly pcriodical Assistant of Education. Until Edward London's arrival in 1850,
there was nothing resembling a bookshop in the small town; and, had it not been for the
generosity of Henry Cloctc, who loaned over 100 volumes from his own library, there
could not, even in so small a community, have been enough literature to go round.
Interest seems to have died away in 1850, no doubt because of the insufficiency of
books to which the ordinary uncultured reader could turn for pleasure or solace. When,
in May 1851, the Natal Society was launched, books were not the major concern. Dur
ing the preceding two years nearly 5,000 new settlers had reached Natal from the United
Kingdom. They had been induced to emigrate by the highly coloured descriptions ofthe
new colony written by le. Byrne and other promoters of oversea settlement. On their
arrival, they had found only too good reason for distrusting information afforded by
persons interested in the disposal of colonial land or the freighting of ships. The object
which brought new settler and old colonist together, on a bitterly cold night when snow
lay thick on the hills above Fort Napier was the collection and publication of 'full and
accurate information as to its (Natal's) physical resources, its social condition and the
practical advantages it offers to the European settler. .. under the auspices of an
organisation which, by its freedom from political objects on the one hand and from all
connection with emigration schemcs and mercantile enterprise on the other, shall com
mand and secure universal rcspect and confidence.'
The 'Natal and East African Society' thus auspiciously launched (9 May I R51) was
intended to be a representative colonial institution, the local counterpart of such asso
ciation in the United Kingdom as the Royal Colonial Institute, established in 1864 to
make actual conditions in British territories oversea widely known. The Society re
garded itsclf as a publishing agency, relying on the public lecture and the newspaper
article rather that on the published volume. It concerned itself with the opening up of
facilities for production and trade; and when, in I R54, reports appeared in the colonial
press alleging the discovery of gold in the vicinity ofTable Mountain, its Council pub
lished a warning that 'although willing to believe in the possibility of such discoverics,
(they) have not yet been able to obtain any tangible evidence ofthe truth of these aurif
erous rumours.' A new set of rules adopted in 1865 reaffirmed the objects of the Soci
ety, laying stress on thc 'acquisition and preservation of information oflocal value and
interest, and the gcneral encouragemcnt of habits of study, investigation and research
within the Colony'.
Little is known of the first librarian, George Challoner. He may perhaps be identi
tIed with a fellow-passenger of Charles Barter on the barque Globe. He was soon re
placed by John Meek. who had been born within a year of the Declaration of American
Independence. A Londoner. Meek listened spellbound to debates in the Commons. re
calling the eloquence or Charles .lames Fox and the younger Piu. He died in
Pietermaritzburg at the age or 91.
Alexander Beale was appointed to succeed Meek in August 1865, and his reign was
to last for a period of nearly 36 years. He was a short, sturdily built man with a wooden
Icg and a most genial manner. Much as he loved the books over which he presided, he
was not a learned man, and he once defined 'autobiography' to a perplexed subscriber
as 'a book by an author unknown'.
The Society petitioned again and again for a grant ofland on which to erect suitable
premises; but, prompted by the Secretary of Sate, the colonial authorities invariably
refused thcse requests. Benjamin Pine, however, agreed to a grant of 50, raised subse
quently to I 00. on condition that the public should be !i'eely admitted to the rooms.
Meantime its books and museum specimens were accommodated in a wing of the gov
ernment schoolroom. not yet converted into a colonial legislative chamber. Premises
were soon found at the lower cnd or erf 29 Church Street, adjoining Otto Street. and
here Meek performed his not very arduous duties. In January 1861 the Society moved to
'a new and commodious room,' The room was over the Commercial and Agricultural
Bank in Central Church Street (erf 22), The building adjoined Henry Pepworth's
'Manchester House', and outside staircase giving access to the library on the first floor.
A lecture room at the back was occasionally used for 'mechanies' classes', the most
popular subject being elementary science. By good fortune, the first superintendent of
education, Dr. RJ, Mann, 'a talkative gentleman with a slight I isp, a soft manner and an
enormous range of knowledge' ,2 was at this time (1864-67) President. Under his super
intendence, progress was made with classification of the museum specimens.
Mann realised that development or the Colony's resources would be tileilitated by
collection of every sort of scientific data, The middle sixties witnessed the first serious
enquiry into the possibility of opening up the coal beds of Natal. To the bewildering
assortment that already fcstooned the walls and crowded the meager shelves or the tiny
museum, Mann added mineralogical specimens. But a salaried curator was beyond the
means of the Society. Occasional requests for specimens of the flora and fauna of the
district reached the government. In 1855, Dr. Sutherland. himselfa scientist ofno mean
rcputc, forwarded to the British Museum, as a contribution from the Natal Society,
'some shells and prcserved fish'. Eight years later. the colonial secretary, David Erskine,
was at a loss to comply with an invitation from the Acclimatization Society of Melbourne
to send' characteristic animals and game birds'. After consultation with John Bird, then
prcsiding over the Society's Council, he collected and dispatched 'a stuffed bastard
eland and onc large python', The museum was never strong on the zoological side. and
in 1876 Robert Russellli'ankly admitted that 'a small glass case contains a very meager
collection of objects, the beginnings of a museum'.3
The emphasis on research was not altogether to the taste of those who regarded the
institution as primarily a circulating library. There were recurrent complaints of neglect
and even parsimony in the purchase of books and periodicals. Though formal school ing
was uncertain and capricious and there was no legal compulsion to send children to
5 The Natal Society 1 8 5 1 ~ 1 9 5 1
school, the standard of literacy in Natal in mid-Victorian times was probably higher
than in many parts of the Unitcd Kingdom. The demand for books was growing, and
popular literature was never sufficiently plenti ful to satisfy subscribers. Newspapers
were too dear to be bought by all readers, though the Witness was sometimes distributed
gratuitously, whilst the COllrier, in the early sixties, made no charge for the second
(Friday) issue. Tardy and infrequent communications kept newspapers and periodicals
from the Cape and oversea on the Society's tables long after their covers had become
dusty and hopelessly outdated. As regards books, a report. published in July 1856, ad
mitted that means were 'so wholly inadequate that there is no probability of any addi
tion of standard works to those already in the library'. Straitened circumstances forced
the Council to continue to depcnd largely on donations of books. In 1861, a fev. months
after his briefvisit to Pietermaritzburg. the youthful Prince Alfred prescnted to the So
ciety The Pic/orial History of England, in six volumes. The Principal Speeches and
Addresses ofH.R. H the Prince Consort, with Queen Victoria's autograph, was a mueh
valued gift from his Illother.
Ilard times were experienced in the late sixties when, owing to the severe slump, the
gove1l11llent grant had to be withdrawn. Since, however, acccss to the reading-room seemed
to the Council to be 'the only regular means of recreation and instruction in the city', non
subscribers eontinucd to be admitted gratuitously to the library, which was now situated in
what Beale later described as 'a dingy little building' at the corner of Chapel and Church
Streets. TIIumination was by candle. Gas was never available, but improvemcnt camc
\vith the installation of oil lamps with circular wicks and glass chimneys.
A period of prosperity set in in 1875 when the Rev . .I.E. Carlyle was elected Presi
dent. The Society had moved from Church Street to Timber Street (no. 18), paying three
pounds a month rent for a single ro0111. In the lean years, land and building had been
offered to the Society for 300, but subscriptions were in arrear and the SUIll could not
be raised. Now, in 1876, the Society could appeal to the public with better prospects of
Sllccess. Sir Garnet Wolseley's visit had been followed by the decision to build a colo
nial railroad, and a brighter future for the Colony seemed assured. Like the Dutch Re
formed Church in recent years, the Council made application to the Town Council for a
site on the market square on which to erect a worthy building. Less successful, since it
could plead no official promises dating back to the original layout of the town, the
Society resolved to raise sufficient money to acquire a suitable site.
4
Its 'grand bazaar
and colonial exhibition', with 'contributions from London and Paris, from Italy and
Vienna, from India and Australia; to say nothing of Kaffir weapons and wooden uten
sils. livestock, vegetables and flowers" brought in the splendid alllount of2,000 guin
eas. It was a social event, perhaps the most brilliant in the history of the small colonial
capital. The bazaar itsclfwas opcned on May 23 by the Governor, Sir Henry Bulwer,
and the celebrations closed with a promenade conccrt in the evening.
The Natal Society had been incorporated two years earlier; and, with the proceeds
of the ba7.aar, it secured land on erf20 Longmarket Street and erected a building which
was opened to the public in February 1 xn. There were to be no further removals and
when, in the 20th century, the rooms became quite inadequate to house the overflowing
books, a handsome double-storeyed addition brought the front right up to the street.
Meanwhile, in 1902, the new Government Museum had acquired the Society's sci
entitic specimens. Seldom \isited and a little forlorn, the collection had been augmented
by gifts from other parts ofSouthern Africa. In 1884, according to Henry Bale,6 it num
bered over 3,000 specimens. Among the undoubted treasures transferred to the new
museum was the Treasury Chest ofthe Batavian Government at the Cape, sent to Natal
in 1846 and used by Theophilus Shepstone for the first collection of hut tax.
7
Its stock of books in 1878 was, by modem standards, inconsiderable; nevertheless,
it was 'by far the best public library in the Colony'.8 References to the contents of the
library in earlier years and to the relative popularity of books are disappointingly ca
sual. With no surviving catalogue ofthe Victorian period, it is difficult to discover how
much was accessible to subscribers, and consequently to know on what the thought of
the reading public was based. In the days before the opening of bookshops, colonial
newspaper offices might hold in stock some volumes of general interest and utility.
Buchanan's Witness Office advertised in 1846, Alicia and her Aunt, or Think Before
You Speak, The Juvenile Naturalist, and Peter Wilkins s Travels. In later years, Beale
occasionally referred to the taste ofthe Society's subscribers. In the early 'nineties, the
most popular authors were Marie Corelli and Mrs Henry Wood; and the books in great
est demand Marcella, Silver Domino, and An American Girl in London.
From its foundation, the Society sought to widen popular knowledge by means of
the public lecture. During his initial year as President, Henry Cloete delivered a series
of addresses 'on the emigration of the Dutch farmers from the Cape Colony', which
were first published in 1852 by James Archbell from the Natal Independent Office, the
original manuscript remaining in the Society's possession. Most of the early public
lectures had reference to the local circumstances ofNatal, the opening year's speakers
including Dr. Charles Johnston, a former editor ofthePictorial Times, who was to write
the first scientific treatise on the pathology of the Natal region.
In fact the Society functioned as a publishing agency, though it was never able to
accumulate the capital to undertake publishing risks on its own account. It was the
Society's Council that requested Sir Henry Bulwer on 8 June 1883 to 'make such ar
rangements as will enable Mr. Bird to enter upon the work' of compiling the annals of
Natal, suggesting that he should be allowed access to the public records.
The Annals ofNatal were mainly compiled from official sources; but Bird had ac
cess, in the rooms ofthe Natal Society, to rare printed and manuscript material, some of
which has, alas, disappeared with the passing ofthe years. Enough remains to justify a
description of the library as the most valuable collection ofNataliana in the Union. Of
the great treasures, the W.J. Irons letterbook and the detailed narratives ofearly settlers
assembled in 1896 by Christopher Bird were originally deposited in the strongroom of
T. Carlyle Mitchell, for many years treasurer of the Society, but ultimately transferred
for greater safety on loan to the Natal archives. Custody was retained of a precious
annotated copy ofW.M. Dick's Prophet Ignoramus (1876), various letters, pamphlets
and schoolbooks of Bishop Colenso, printed at Ekukanyeni, an early copy ofD6hne's
Zulu-Kafrr dictionary, Donald Moodie's published work, including rare pamphlets printed
in Pietermaritzburg in the 'fifties, and files ofearly Natal newspapers, including the first
three years ofthe Natal Witness. The more important public lectures delivered under the
auspices of the Society were usually printed, one which broke new ground being an
address on The Curiosities ofSouth African Literature read by W.R. Morrison on 25
October 1907.
The coming ofUnion brought recognition ofthe special standing ofthe Society as a
colonial institution and not merely a local circulating library, and it became onc orthe
four great collections to which, under copyright law, a copy ofevery work published in
the Union must be sent for deposit. At the same time, the Society endeavoured to main
tain those cultural activities that have always been associated with its name. The period
of presidential office ofIan Fraser (1937-46), thc longest in the history ofthe Society,
was noteworthy for the activity of the drama group; and, when the time came in May
1949 to celebrate the centenary of the early Natal settlers, in was appropriate that the
Society's contribution should have been the revival of dramatic pieces played before
colonial audiences in mid-Victorian times.
On the eve of its own centenary, the Society, financially reinforced by the generous
recognition ofthe Natal provincial authorities, seems well situated to combine the func
tions of a central circulating library with continued patronage of the arts and guardian
ship of what has survived of the precious scraps of early printed literature, without
which knowledge ofthe pioneering days of Natal must fast vanish into the limbo oflost
memones.
ALAN F. HATTERSLEY

1. The Natal Witness, 22 Jan. 1847.
2. "Life in Natal", Cape MOI//hIF Magadn(', iv. (1872).
3. ReporT, 3 Aug. 1 R76, on ljterary Institutions receiving grants, N.P.P. vol. 115 (Natal archives).
4. A private bill was promoted in the Legislative Council to authorise the City Council to make a grant of
land on the market square to the Natal Society. It was thrown out, Sept. 1876.
5. Lady Barker, A l,'ar:S HOllsekeeping in S. Aj'rica (1879), p. 225.
6. Letter to the Nalal Witness, 27 Nov. 1
7. Alricana Notes & News, iii (1945-6), pp. 4S-7.
8. Report, 3 Aug. 1876, N.P.P. voJ. liS (Natal archives).
The Natal Literary Society
Bazaar 1876
as described by Lady Barker
Introduction
Of the various cOll1mentaries on nineteenth century Natal, Lady Barker's /1 Year \'
HOllsekeeping in SOllth Aji"ica (London. Macmillan 1877) must be one of the most
lively. This is evident in her letter dated 3 June 1876 in which she described the bazaar
held in Pietennaritzburg to raise funds for the Natal Literary Society in its effort to
establish a Public Library and Reading Room.
Lady Barker was born Mary Anne Stewart in Jamaica in 1831, the eldest child ofthe
Island Secretary, Waiter Stewart. She joined her first husband, Sir George Barker, in
India after the Mutiny and camped across the country with the army. When he died in
1861, she returned to England and later sailed to New Zealand with her second hus
band, Frederick Napier Broome. Her letters from their sheep station, 'Broomielaw',
some forty five miles from Christchmch, wcre published asStalivll Lile in New Zealand
(London, Macmillan 1870). In 1868 they returned to London where Lady Barker pub
lished eight books and served as Lady Superintendent of the new National School of
Cookery. In 1875 Frederick Broollle was appointed colonial secretary or Natal and
Lady Barker followed with their two young sons, Guy and Louis. Her letters 'home'
during her year in [\atal form the basis ofA Year 5' Housekeeping in SOlllh AMeli. Weak
ened by dysentery, she returned to England in November 1876. After a later spell in
Mauritius. she accompanied Broome to Western Australia in 1883 when he became
governor of that colony. The Broomes left Perth in December 1889 and returned to
England. After a short spell as acting governor of Barbados and governor of Trinidad,
Broome died in 1896. Lady Barker died in London on 7 March 1911 after a widowhood
of considerably reduced circumstances.
Altogethcr, Lady Barker published 22 books. Thcsc included, among other things,
travel experiences, children's stories, and cooking and housekeeping guides. Only her
last one, Colonial Memo,.ies (London. Smith, Elder & Co. 19(4) was published under
the name of Lady Broome. Tradition has it that she used the name Lady Barker until
Broome received Cl knighthood in 1884. Perhaps a fairer explanation would be that it
was customary to retain Cl title on which receipt of a posthumous pension depended.
Lady Barker was a prominent Victorian personality who fulfilled various roles: au
thor, editor, traveller, soldier's wife, fanner's wife and a woman well-versed in the ways
Nawlia 31 (2001), Lady Barker pp. 8-10
9 The Natal Literary Society Bazaar 1876
of the colonial service. She had moved in London society and literary circles and did not
hesitate to assess her surroundings in the light of how British 'civilised' standards were
in evidence and to what extent she could further thcm. She found 'poor sleepy Maritzburg
... the shabbiest assemblage or dwellings I have ever seen in a colony.' [n November
1875, soon after her arrival in Natal, she joined the committee planning the Natal Liter
ary Society Bazaar for May 1876 and worked with vigour and humour towards trans
planting this aspect or British culture into the infant colony.
Any serious historical assessment of Lady Barker would have to take account or
present trends in the study of white colonial women, which go far beyond their role as
transmitters of the British way oflife to 'heathen lands afar'. [n the immediate context
of commemorating the founding of The Natal Society, it is of interest, indeed of appre
ciation if not a little amusement, that one reads Lady Barker's superior and not alto
gether politically correct account of early Maritzburg society - with its multi cultural
character not escaping her observant eye - setting out on its literary and educational
pilgrimage.
SYLV[A V[ETZEN
Lady Barker's account
A bazaar in Africa
MARITZBURG, June 3, 1876
Dust and the Bazaar: those are the only topics [ have for you. Perhaps I ought to put the
Bazaar first, for it is past and over, to the intense thankfulness of everybody, buyers and
sellers included; whereas the dust abides with us forever, and increases in volume and
density and restlessness more and more.
It is very wrong to pass over our great Bazaar with so little notice. [ daresay in
England you think that you know something about bazaars, but I assure you you do not:
not about such a bazaar as this. at all events. We have been preparing for it. working for
it, worrying for it. advertising it, building it -- of zinc and calico - decorating it. and
generally slaving at it, for a year and more. When I arrived the first words [ heard were
about the Bazaar. When [ tried to get someone to help me with my stall I was laughed at.
All the young ladies in the place had been secured months before, as saleswomen. I
don't know what I should have done if a very charming lady had not arrived soon after
I did. No sooner had she set foot on shore than I rushed at her and snapped her up before
anyone else knew she had come, for I was quite desperate, and felt it was my only
chance. However, luck was on my side, and my fair A.D.e. made up in energy and
devotion to the cause for half-a-dozen less enthusiastic assistants.
All this time [ have ne\'Cf told you what the Bazaar was for, or why we all threw
ollrselves into it with so much ardour. It was for the Natal Literary Society, which has
been in existence for some little time, struggling to form the nucleus of a Public Library
and Reading-room, giving lectures, and so forth, to provide some sort of elevating and
refining influence for the more thoughtful townspeople. It has been very uphill work,
and there is no doubt that the promoters and supporters deserve a good deal of credit.
They had met with the usual fate of sllch pioneers of progress; they had been over
10 The Natal Litermy Society Bazaar 1876
whelmed with discouraging prophecies of all kinds of disaster, but they can turn the
table now on their tormentors. The building did llOt take tire, nor was it robbed: there
were no riots; all the boxes arrived in time; everybody was in the sweetest temper; none
of the stallholders died for want of fresh air (these were among the most encouraging
prognostics); and last, not least. after paying all expenses, 2,000 guineas stand at the
Bank to the credit of the Society. I must say Twas astonished at the financial result, and
very delighted, too. for it is an excellent undertaking, and one in which I feel the warm
est interest, but this sum. large as it is for our slender resources, will only barely build a
place suitable for a library and reading-room, and go to forn1 the nucleus ofa museum.
We want gifts of books, and maps, and prints, and nice things of all kinds; and I hope
some day it may occur to some one to help us in this way.
Everybody trom far and near came to the bazaar and bought liberally. The things
provided were selected with a view to the wants of a community which has not a large
margin for luxuries, and although they were very pretty, there was a strong element of
practical usefulness in everything. Tt must have been a perfect carnival for the little
ones: such blowing of whistles and trumpets, such beating of drums and tossing of gay
balls in the air as was to be seen all around. Little girls walked about hugging newly
acquired dolls with an air of bewildered maternal happiness, whilst on every side you
heard boys comparing notes as to the prices of cricket bats; for your true colonial boy
has always a keen sense of the value of money or the merits of carpenter's tools. There
were contributions from London and Paris, from Italy and Vienna. from India and Aus
tralia; to say nothing ofKafir weapons and wooden utensils, live stock, vegetables, and
flowers. Everybody responded to our entreaties, and helped us most liberally and kindly,
and wc arc all immensely delighted with the financial result. Some of our best custom
ers were funny old Dutchmen from far up-country, who had come down to the races and
the agricultural show which were all going on at the same time. They recklessly bought
the most astounding things. hut wisely made it a condition of purchase that they should
not be required to take away the goods. In fact they hit upon the expedient of presenting
to one stall what they bought at another; and one worthy, who looked for all the world as
ifhe had sat for his portrait in dear old Geoffrey Crayon's Sketch-book, brought a large
wax doll, dressed as a bride. and implored us to accept it at our stall, and so rid him of
its companionship. An immense glass vase was bestowed on us in a similar fashion later
on in the evening, and at last wc quite came to hail the sight ofthose huge beaver hats
with their broad brims and peaked crowns, as an omen of good fortune.
Dedicated Lives:
The roles played by Miss Sue Judd and
Miss Pamela Reid in the growth and
development ofthe Natal Society Library
Two of the strongest and most intluential and most dedicated personalities to affect the
growth and development of the Natal Society Library were Miss Sue Judd and Miss
Pamela Reid. In the years of their involvement with the Natal Society Library, it grew
from a small subscription library for whites only, to a large new modem multiracial free
library.
SueJudd
In September 1950, Miss Ursula Judd was appointed
Chief Librarian of the Natal Society Library. She
preferred to be known by her nickname, Sue, rather
than by her Christian name. Sue Judd was born in
England in 1917 and arrived in Pietermaritzburg on
her thirty-third birthday. Her mother was South
African and her family had lived in South Africa from
1919 to 1925, and she had wanted to come back to
her childhood home. She finished her schooling at
Ackworth School in England and went on to obtain
her Diploma in Librarianship at London University
in 19411. She worked for the Westminster Public
Libraries in London, and was put in charge of the Sue Judd
Buckingham Palace Road Library after the premises had been damaged in an air raid, as
she was such a capable and efficient person. In 1948 she joined the British Council for
international service and was sent to Helsinki, Finland, Jamaica, and Lagos, Nigeria. In
1950 she joined the Natal Society Library, where she was to stay for the next 24 year5!.
When Miss Judd arrived she found a small subscription library which had been
functioning for almost a hundred years as the only library in Pietermaritzburg, the capi
tal city at that time of Natal, South Africa. Up until 1949 the Natal Society Library had
been battling with insufficient funding - their income having come from a combination
of members' subscriptions, a Corporation grant, and a very small Provincial Council
grant. Fortunately, in 1949, a delegation from the Natal Society Council, under the Presi
dent, Mr lW. Hudson, had approached the City Council and the Provincial Executive
Nalalia 31 (2001). Jewel Koopman pp. 11-24
12 Dedicated Lives: Miss Sue Judd and Miss Pamela Reid
Committee. Additional funds were not forthcoming in 1949, but the contributions for
1950 were increased. Staff salaries were increased and for the first time they were able
to participate in a pension scheme. The Natal Society library building was at that time
on the corner of Theatre Lane and Longmarket Street, consisting of the old block in
Theatre Lane, originally built in 1876, and the 'new block' which had been added on in
1929, in Longmarket Street. It was a pleasant building, but it was overcrowded with
books and periodicals, the library was understaffed, there was insufficient storage space
for the Copyright Collection, and insufficient staff to classify it.
The Lending Department in October 1954, just before the new entrance was made.
Miss Judd was the first qualified librarian to be appointed to the Natal Society Li
brary. Her first major task was to completely re-catalogue, reclassify and overhaul the
Lending stock of 60,000 books, which she undertook with characteristic energy. In or- "
der to cope with the neglected Copyright Collection, she turned the Members' Room
into a Reference Department, and appointed the first Reference Librarian, Miss Marga
ret Brownlee, and staff. An effective classified Reference catalogue was begun at this
stage. Under her direction, the staff attempted to replace copyright material which had
previously been discarded due to lack of spacel. Additional storage rooms scattered
around town were rented to store the copyright material
4
.
Miss Judd's efforts over the 24 years of her employment were to change the Natal
Society Library from a small, cramped, struggling institution, to a major library, on a
par with the best libraries in the rest of the country. She was the prime mover of the
proposal for a free library. She was known for her dedication to her work, and she
expected the same high standard ofcommitment from her staff. She was able to step into
the shoes of any absent staff member and perform tasks at all levels. One fonner staff
member said of her:
... for myself, she taught me an attitude to work that will never change, an
integrity and responsibility that I am glad she was there to teach.'
Shortly after Miss Judd's arrival, the Natal Society celebrated its centenary. On 7 May
1951, Dr William J. O'Brien unveiled a centennial plaque in the Library. On 9 May
1951, the actual foundation date, Prof.G.H. Durrant was the guest speaker at a civic
reception held at the City Hall. ProfHattersley gave a radio broadcast on the history of
the Society, and wrote a brochure on the subject". This brochure was reprinted in vari
ous publications, and is still in use in the Reference Library today. There were four
perfonnances by the Natal Society Drama Group ofThe Linden Tree by Priestley at the
Rowe Hall, the proceeds being donated to the Society. From 7 to 12 May, an exhibition
of books, photographs and items concerning the history of the Society was on view at
the Library. To honour the Natal Society's centenary, the South African Library Asso
ciation (SALA) Conference was held in Pietern1aritzburg in September 195 F.
Two years later, a milestone was reached by the Drama Group, which had developed
out of the Play Reading Group, when they built their own theatre, through the efforts of
Mr Donald Spencer, the group's chairn1an, and the members. The Cygnet Theatre was
opened on 20 October 1953 with the production Man and Superman, produced by Mrs
lan Fraser, wife of the Natal Society Council president from 1938-1946.
Pamela Reid
It was through the drama group that Miss
Pamela Reid initially came to be involved
with the Natal Society. She had returned from
a trip to England, feeling heartsore from a
broken engagement, and was encouraged by
her mother to take part in the Drama Group' s
Nativity Play' . This led to other roles in
Drama Group productions in the newly built
theatre.
Pamela Reid was born in Pietermaritz
hurg in 1925, and attendcd first Girls' Colle
giate and thcn Girls' High School. She then
studied agriculture at the Bosehetto Agricul
tural College, and then at the Statens
Pal1lc/a Rcid
Forsgaard in Denmark. Her career was not
in agriculturc, however, and she returned to Maritzburg to join the family furniture
transportation business, and then opened her own record shop. She became the young
est city councillor ever elccted in October 1953. She first attended Natal Society Coun
ci I meetings, not as a memher of the society but as the City Council representative, from
1953 to 1959.
Other cultural activities which took place in 1953 were the monthly meetings ofthe
Natal Society Rccorded Music Group, who possessed 'a very tine record-player im
pOl'ted from England"'. Miss Judd attached a typed note to a Programme of Free
Gramophone Concerts' notes. to say that it had bcen a delightful evening, although
cold. with a cosy fire and dimmed lights
lO
'rhe Natal Society Library became headquarters for the Natal Branch of the South
A ti'iean Library Association. Their most important meeting in 1953 was Dr E.H. Srookes'
address on 'The political philosophy of Or Johnson '1 1.
In 1955, the Natal Society Writer's Group began. The group's aim was to assist
writers by criticism oftheir work, and to help them find the best market for publication
of their work. They met monthly in the Natal Society Committee Room. Their members
did well in submitting stories to short story competitions and having articles published
in magazines
l2
.
In 1953 structural alterations were made to convert the Members' Room into a Ref
erence Department and to construct a smaller room elsewhere for members. It was de
cided to amalgamate the reference books with the copyright material as neither were
available for home reading and both groups were closely related. A scheme for cata
loguing the entire Copyright Collection was started, the periodicals were methodically
displayed, listed and filed; the Government Gazettes were bound; and the maps were
placed in a new fittingl3.
A major fund-raising event was held in 1954. Miss Sue Judd and her great friend
Miss Ruth Lundie were in charge ofthe 'Petticoat Lane' fete, which was held in Theatre
Lane on Saturday, 4 September 1954. Many hundreds of members gave their services
and contributions. Many stalls were set up, including books, stamps, white elephant,
sweets, flowers, cakes, toys and music. There were sideshows, including a pavement
artist, a balloon woman, an Italian ice-cream seller, a shoe-shine man and a puppet
show. A profit of 511 was made, which provided half the funds needed for the alter
ations
l4
.
In 1954 an attractive new entrance was built facing onto Longmarket Street, much
improving access to the library. This was made possible by a donation of 500 by the
City Council to mark the occasion of the Borough Centenary, and the 511 raised at the
September fete. A new up-to-date issue desk was also provided, the shelving in the
Children's Section was improved, and a much needed staff workroom was providecfS.
Mr lW. Hudson, President of the Natal Society Council, wrote a letter on 27 No
vember 1954, in praise of Miss Judd's efforts:
I would like you to know how much I congratulate you personally on the
culmination of your fine efforts for the library. It was a fortunate day for
the Council when it engaged you as Librarian. I hope that you will feel
that the work has been worth while and that you will want to stay with the
Society for many more years. 'By their deeds shall we know them. ' These
improvements at the Library might well be known as the 'Judd
developments' 10.
Miss Reid was becoming increasingly involved with developments at the Natal So
ciety Library, and was to be very much involved with the next development project,
which was the opening ofthe Market Square Branch. As library services in South Africa
were still segregated in the 1950s, and the Natal Society Library was for whites only, the
'non-whites' living in Pietermaritzburg were without library facilities. For this reason,
the Natal Society Council gave consideration to a scheme for the provision oflibrary
services for 'non-Europeans', as they were then known. A Committee was set up, con
sisting ofMrs D. Goodwin, Miss P. Reid, Mr C. Halle, Mr W. Martin and Miss U. Judd.
Miss Ruth Lundie was later co-opted as Hon. TreasurerJ7.
The initial functions of the committee were to raise money for a non-European li
brary building and to negotiate with the City Council for a site and for an annual main
tenance grant so that once the building was erected a rcgular income would be cnsured.
The City Council proved sympathetic and the Committcc thereupon thrcw itself into
fund-raising for the bui Iding.
As time went on it became clear that the City Council was having difficulty in secur
ing a suitable site, and in 1957 a local businessman, Mr L.G. Wilson, offcred his pre
mises at 26R Longmarket Strect (facing the Market Square) as a gift to the Natal Soci
ety. This magnificent gesture rcquired long and careful consideration, not only bccause
the building, valued at about 14,000 carricd a bond of7,OOO which would become the
responsibility ofthe Society, but because this offer opened up possibilities ofan impres
sive service on a scale not previously envisaged. Morcover therc werc intricacies oflaw
and of1leial policy regarding services for non-Europeans which rcquired careful prob
inglK.
Lambert Wilson was the son of a wealthy sugar farmer in Zululand. However, he
rebelled against his family as he hatcd inherited wcalth. Hc was politically frustrated in
South Africa, and he was pleased to be offering black pcople a chance to upgradc thcir
cducation. He had been running a branch of the International Club in thc Longmarket
Strect building, but had lost interest in that. Lambert Wilson movcd to Pretoria, where
he was imprisoned for destroying 'Whites Only' signs in his frustration with apartheid.
After this, he emigrated to Australia
l
,).
He gave Miss Sue ludd a fright on Christmas Day of 1957 when he phoned her to
tcl1 her that he had changcd his mind about giving the building to the Natal Society.
Howevcr, a few days later, he changed his mind again, and the offer helcPo.
The upstairs officcs had to be rented out in order to pay for the bond. They were
rcnted to the Liberal Party, which had the offices facing the strcet whcrc the Canadian
Room is now. Selby Msimang, a black lawycr, also had his offices upstairs, and there
were other tenants
21
Miss ludd was a member ofthe multi-racial Liberal Party, which
~ ' a s forced to disband in 19()8 by the apmiheid government. Miss ludd and Miss Reid
both felt strongly that blacks deserved a better deal than they were cUlTently receiving in
South Africa. Sue Judd was a foundation member of the liberal women's group, the
Black Sash, which made silent protests against racial injustice and unfair legislation in
South Africa".
The Market Square Branch, which later came to be known as the Lambert Wilson
Lihrary, came complete with chairs and tables. Mr H. von Klemperer gencrously do
nated timbcr for the shclvcs and counter, and Mr Martindale at Odcll Timbers under
took to do the joinery at a very reduced rate. Volunteer helpers stained the shelves and
painted the walls2J Books were supplied by public donation. Suitable books were put
into stock, while others were sold at monthly booksales, bringing in funds. Donations of
cash and books were received from Messrs. Eddels and Shuter & Shooter. Many other
donations of books and money were received from varioLls organisations and individu
als. from as far aficld as the United States
24
.
The completed library was open for general inspection on 2X and 29 March 195X; it
was blessed by the Revd Ross Cuthbertson on Sunday 30th, and formally opened to new
members on Monday 31 March 195R.
The registration fee was two shillings per adult and onc shilling per child per annum.
The library was staffed by one part-time paid library assistant and one full-time cleaner/
messenger only. Miss Mary Lee was the first library assistant in 1958; Mrs PJ. Hawes
took over the post of Branch Librarian in 1959. A rota of volunteers helped to keep the
library going. To start with, the library was open to the public for only three hours each
weekday afternoon, and three hours on Saturday mornings2
5
.
At the end of 1958, membership had reached 1 573, of whom 1 385 were Asiatics,
102 Coloureds and 86 Africans. By age, 415 were adults and 1 158 were children.
During 1958,26459 books were issued. Bookstock for the year was 6 271, all in new
condition. Many subscriptions to newspapers and periodicals were donated. The Coun
cil thanked the devoted band of workers on the Sub-Committee who had given so much
time, effort and energy to the cause they had so much at heart. Particularly, the Council
wished to record its appreciation of Miss Judd's work and interest in the matter; un
doubtedly she it was who launched the idea and by constant devotion to the promotion
of its development inspired all who he\ped
26

The Reference and Copyright Department in Januarv 1962.
During the 1950s and 1960s, storage space for the copyright collection became an
increasing problem. At the end of 1959, the municipality asked that the library's store
room at 328 Longmarket Street, (the 'old Pastorie'), bc vacated as soon as possible.
They offered the City Hall basemcnt as altcrnativc accommodation.
Seven rooms containing thousands offiles of un bound periodicals and newspapers
were therefore shifted in one day, and straightening the resulting chaos in rather grim
surroundings called for all the ability and cheertulness that an overworked staff could
muster during the trying December month
27
These publications were put into order
during the first few months of 1960.
An unforeseen problem arose in 1961. This was the attitude of some influential
members ofSALA towards the copyright privilege of Natal and the Orange Free State.
They felt that when the Act was revised, the privilege should be either withdrawn from
the smaller provinces, or modified. Surprise was felt that SALA, whose duty it was to
advance libraries, should be attempting to deprive them
28
At the June conference of
SALA, the profession fortunately decided to drop the idea ofpressing for the exclusion
ofNatal and the O.F.S. from the copyright privilege2
9
The Copyright Act was revised,
and the Natal Society continued to receive copyright publications.
In February 1963, a deputation from the Society met with the Administrator and
Executive Committee. The result was that the copyright grant was increased from R 7000
to R12 000 for 1963. This enabled the Natal Society to employ an additional staffmem
ber and to lease the Weinronk extension for Copyright storage, and to install there new
steel shelving to the value ofR2 000
30
This was a warehouse which was owned by Mrs
Weinronk, hence the name. The move to the Weinronk extension at 111 Commercial
Road took four long days in March 1963. The City Hall basement and the YMCA
rooms were cleared first, and it was then possible to get all periodicals and newspapers
housed together in four sequences. The extension was not open to the public, but a
constant shuttle service was in action, taking current periodicals each day to the store
room and bringing back readers' requirements and files for binding. A large tricycle
carrier was used, and a telephone installed. Mrs P.l Adams was in charge ofthe Weinronk
building
31

The National Conference of Library Authorities, held in November 1962, was to
have an important effect on South African libraries in general and on the Natal Society
Library in particular. Representatives who attended from the Natal Society Council were
Mr A.e. Mitchell and Mr R.A. Brown. Mr Michael le. Daly attended as a City Council
representative, with the Town Clerk. Provincial officials also attended.
The topic of the Conference was a 'Programme for future library development in the
Republic of South Africa'. The programme provided for wide library co-operation on it
regional and national basis, instead of individual libraries working ineffectively in iso
lation. Some ofthe ideas to come out ofthis Conference which had a positive impact on
South African libraries, were co-operative book buying to avoid expensive duplication;
a speedier Inter-Library Loan (ILL) service; the preparation ofa central catalogue; and
a national approach to the chronic shortage of trained librarians. The two most impor
tant points for the future development of the Natal Society Library were:
1) that it be recognised and accepted that public libraries ... are the joint responsibility
of the State, the Provincial Administration and the local authorities; and that
provincial authorities be required to accept the principle that all public libraries,
irrespective ofsize, should be assisted ....
2) that such aid should be subject to conditions; the services ofthe local library should
befree, and the responsibility for the maintenance of these public library services,
to all races, should rest primarily with the local authority (with the assistance of
provincial administrations ).32
The next important project to involve both Miss Reid and Miss Judd, was the 'free
library' principle. By 1963, the Reference and Copyright Departments of the Natal So
ciety Library were free to the public, as they always had been; the Children's Library
had become free; and the Market Square Branch was free. The Adult Members of the
Lending Library still had to pay a subscription, and a discussion took place at the AGM
of 1963 on the 'free library' principle. Most mcmbcrs were happy with the principle,
but some were anxious about possible loss of the Natal Society's identity and controp3.
In 1964 negotiations were held between Miss Pamela Reid, Miss Sue .ludd and otlicials
of the City Council on the onc hand, and the Provincial Administration on the other'I
On II March 1965, the City Council approved the following resolutions:
I) That the City Council declares its willingness to take over the assets of the Natal
Society Library to establish a fi'ee library in Pietenl1aritzburg and to assume authority
as a library authority.
2) That the planning ofa suitable library building be commenced as soon as possible
in consultation with the civic centre development committee and the Natal Society
Library Council.
3) That the administration of such free library service in relation to the corporation's
municipal service bc invcstigated ....
4) That arrangements be madc for a deputation consisting of His Worship the Mayor
(Cr. H.C. Franklin). the Chainmm ofthe finance and general purposes committee
(Cr. C.W. Wood) and Cr. Miss P.A. Reid to make representations to the provincial
administration for financial assistance.
35
With regard to the free library service, nothing further could be done unti I the Pro
vincial Administration had made a decision. With regard to the new library bui Iding. the
City Council decided to give priority to the removal and rc-erection of the Market be
fore making provision for a new library.36
I low ever, on 8 September 1966, the Finance and General Purposes Committee met
with Miss P.A. Reid, with Mr A.c. Mitchell and Miss U . .ludd in attendance. Within a
week of the meeting the City Council resolved:
I) That items (1) and (3) ofthe Council's resolution dated I1 March 1965, be reviewed
and rescinded.
2) That it be agreed to support financially by means of an annual grant-in-aid. on
conditions to be formulated. the conversion of the Natal Society Public Library into
a tree library to be conducted in all other respects on the present basis. such increased
financial assistance to commence as from I st August 1967.
3) That when the new library building is available for occupation, the immovable assets
owned by the Trustees of the Natal Society Library be transferred to the City Council
in consideration of the Library's occupation of the new library building.
3
?
The Natal Society Council gladly accepted these resolutions but did not inelude the
Market Square Branch Library building in the offer to hand over assets, unless library
facilities for non-Europeans became available elsewhere. The issue of a library for all
races was not dealt with at this stage, but when a new library was built it was to be multi
racial.
Planning for the new building \vent on in the special planning committee, 'vvith the
powerful int1uence of the two forceful personalities, Miss Reid and Miss .ludd. In July
1969 Mr B.R.H. Knuppe was oHieially appointed as architect.
3R
In 1964, Miss Pamela Ann Reid was elected to the position ofPrcsident of the Natal
Society Council. She was the first woman, and only woman so far, to hold this position.
She was a well-known figure in municipal political circles, and a member of the
Pietennaritzburg City Council for many years, first as the youngest City Councillor ever
elected and then as Mayor19. She first attended Council meetings, not as a Natal Society
Council member, but as the City Council representative, from 1953 to 1959. In 1959,
she resigned from the City Council and her record shop to travel
40
. In 1960 she was
elected to the Natal Society Council. She stayed on the Natal Society Council until
1986, which meant that she had been involved for a total of thirty-three years4
l
She also
rejoined the City Council from 1960 to 1965, and again from 1970, where she became
Mayor of Pietennaritzburg from 1980 to 1984. After her Mayoral office ended, she
became Director of the Pietennaritzburg Chamber of Industries4
2
.
Enquiring minds at the Market Square Branch. October 1972.
She was made a Freeman of the City ofPietem1aritzburg, and a Fellow ofthe Natal
Society]. She was also given the highest recognition in the library world when she was
awarded an Honorary Membership of the South African Institute of Librarianship and
Infonnation Science (SAILlS)44. She was involved in politics, first as a member of the
Liberal Paliy before it was banned, and then ofthe Progressive Party, which became the
Democratic Party5
Miss Reid was very involved in the planning and building ofthe new Library Build
ing. She influenced the City Council to pay for and go ahead with the building when
others thought it was an unnecessary luxury. In 1964, when she became President, the
membership ofthe Society was 10767; the bookstock stood at 109434; and the annual
book issue was 341 841. By her resignation at the end of J986, the membership had
grown to 35 538, the bookstock to 398945, and the book issue to almost 1, 1 million.
Miss Reid put an enonnous amount ofeffort into promoting the growth ofthe organisation,
not least of which were her efforts to enable the Library to move from an old cramped
building to a new spacious one
46
.
In 1967 the plans for a free Lending Library came to fruition. Subscriptions were
abolished in the Lending Library at the end of July, and, on I August the doors opened
to a free service. The Natal Society Library had been run as a subscription library for
116 years. For most of these years the subscriptions had been the main form of income,
and the library had often battled to keep going. It was only due to the greatly increased
municipal and provincial grants that this transformation could take place, as a direct
result of national policy changes made in 1962 at the National Conference of Library
Authorities, and with a co-operative City Council, greatly influenced in their decision to
support free libraries by Miss Pamela Reid, backed up by Miss Sue Judd and Mr Alan
C. Mitchell.
The subscription membership had stood at 3583 on 31 July 1967. By the end ofthe
following financial year (changed from January-December 1966 to August 1967-July
1968) there were 8 438 registered free members. The step of becoming a free library
had thus more than doubled the membership in one year, although 'non-whites' were
still not allowed to join
47
.
To meet the expected rush additional staff were taken on gradually, the Lending
counter was extended, and new books were bought. The former paying members had
been asked to register in advance so that the old tickets could be easily substituted for
the news. Two thousand applications for membership had been completed and ten thou
sand tickets prepared in advance to make the changeover easief9. A 'Readers' Adviser'
was appointed for the first time - Miss Bond. This service was usually provided in
bigger libraries, but had not been offered at Natal Society Library up to this time'.
Vol.l No.1 of the Society's new journal, Natalia: Journal olthe Natal Society, ap
peared in September 1971. The first editor was Prof. Colin de B. Webb. The first edito
rial board members were Miss Pamela Reid, Or John Clark, Mr R.A. Brown, Miss June
FalTer and Miss Sue Judd. Miss Judd's 'History of the Natal Society, 1845-1865' ap
peared in serial fOnTI in volumes 2-5 ofNalalia under the title 'The Origin of the Natal
Society'S!. Nata!ia has become a well-known and respected journal, with a high st,\tl
dard of articles, and a valuable reference tool for students of Natal history.
After the establishment of the ti'ee library principle, the next important step in the
development of the Natal Society Library was the new library building. By 1971 the
plans for the new library building had been passed and funds were made available for
building to go ahead". The proj ect was to cost RI 485 000
53
.
On 16 November 1971, the City Council held a meeting at which the new library
building was discussed. A motion was put to the meeting that the building should be
started sooner than originally planned. Councillor B.E Hughes opposed the building of
the library until the financial position of the Corporation had improved, but .. :
Clr. Miss Pam Reid said that Pietermaritzburg would never be able to
afford a library, or a civic centre or theatre, if every time culture was
mentioned it was linked with roads, water and sewage works.
54
The motion to move forward the start of building operations from June 1973 to
September 1972 was carried by ten votes to five in favour. Various ratepayers wrote in
to the Natal Witness at this time, some supporting Miss Pam Reid and the need to go
ahead with the new library building, and some baulking at the cost to the ratepayers'S ,r,.
Dedicated Lives: Miss Sue Judd and Miss Pamela Reid 21
Miss Sue Judd replied to these
concspondcnts in a letter to thc edi
tor entitled 'In Dcfence of Pmb Li
brary Go-Ahcad' 57. Shc cxplained
to the public that the crampcd Lend
ing Library in Longmarket Street
was not the only problem. Thc
Children 's Library was being
housed in an old church hall with
uncertain tcnure. Thcrc was no
Above and right:
The Reference Lihrary in 1985
spacc for reading ncwspapers or pcri
odicals, or for researchers to work. The
Legal Deposit collection was in the
Weinronk building, which was full.
There was no space for the valuable
Africana or Nataliana collections. Shc
finished by quoting one of her
favourite sayings: 'If you have two _ _ .3...______
pence, spend one that you may live, and the other that you may have something to live
for.
The building project wcnt ahead, and in August 1972 tcnders for the crection ofthc
new building were invitcd
59
. The City Council Financc Committee rccommended that a
tcndcr from LTA Construction for RI 265 140 bc acccpted - the lowcst of seven tendcrs
rcceived. The contract called for thc completion of the building in two years. The sec
ond lowest of five air-conditioning tenders was recommended for acceptance - for
R 128700, from Air Conditioning and Engineering Co. Ltd .. Messrs E. Geiser (Pty) Ltd.
were recommended as sub-contractors for R70 725. A provisional amount ofR30 640
was recommended for the purchase offurniture
60
.
On 8 November 1972, the building site was handed over to the contractor. The
Mayor of Pietennaritzburg, Clr. Cecil Wood, and Clr. Pamela Reid, as Prcsident of the
Natal Society, turned the first sod at a ceremony on that day!>!.
A ceremony was held to lay the Foundation Stone on 27 August 1973. This was
again donc by the Mayor, Clr. Cecil Wood, and Clr. Pamela Reid, and was followed by
a cclebration in the Supper Room of the City Hall!>2 (,3.
Library fittings were considered by Miss Judd, the architect and municipal officials
- they would cost about R30 000
64
Library signs were colour coded by floor.
By 27 March 1974, roof level had been reached. There was a 'pouring of the last
load of ccment' ceremony on that day. It was cast by Miss Judd, who had a fear of
heights and had to be coaxed for half an hour to reach thc top of the building. She was
helped by Mr B. Parker, the project architect, and Mr B.R.H. Knuppe, the senior archi
tect. Also present were Clr. Pamela Reid and Miss Jenny White law (who became
22 Dedicated Lives: Miss Sue Judd and Mi5,'s Pamela Reid
Lancastert'. Miss Judd and members of the construction team drank a toast to the occa
sion and to the fact that construction was eight days ahead of
Miss Judd and Miss Reid had worked together for the bettennent of the Natal Soci
ety Library for the last twenty years. UnfOliunately, pressure had been building hetween
the two forceful personalities. and Miss Judd had a disagreement with Miss Reid and
the Natal Society Council in June 1974. The chiefdisagreement was about the poor pay
received by the Lihrary staff Miss Judd had asked Miss Reid for improved salaries for
staff, to which Miss Reid replied: . Your staff arc in clover. '67 According to the Annual
Report for 1974, Miss Reid and the City Treasurer had prepared new salary grades for
submission to the City Council. It was hoped to reach parity with Municipal scales,
Unfortunately the City Council Finance Committee rejected the scales and no increases
were allowed. This was a bitter disappointment to Miss ludd, who sent in a letter of
resignation on 12 June 1974. A special meeting of the Council was called, where ...
It was agreed that the resignation be accepted with immediate effect in
view ofthe urgency attendant upon a rc-appointment to ensure the removal
of the Library to the ne\v huilding in December 1974.
The Council regrets that Miss ludd saw fit to resign and places on record
the capahle manner in which she carried out her
The Council asked her to leave within 24 hours, instead of giving her the 3-111onth
notice period she was due
69
She resigned, and
Sadly she was never to see over the new completed library building on
Churchill Square, but it may well stand as a memorial, incorporating as it
does so many features specifically planned by her. In recognition of her
services to the Natal Society, the third tloor ofthe new building was named
the Judd Floor.70
After this, Miss Judd worked for Shuter & Shooter until her death fj'olll cancer on
4 January 1976 at the age of :'iX. She had felt both angry and sad about having left so
suddenly and so unnecessarily. Her great sadness was that instead ofheing on hand for
the day of the great move into the building for which she had fought and planned so hard
for so many years. she found herself in hospital having a masteetomy1l. The irony of the
situation was that in fact new salary scales 1I'ere approved after all, and they came into
effect in February 1975, just before the move into the new building
72

Many years later, after being Mayor for four years, and being Director of the
Pietermaritzburg Chamber of Commerce, Miss Reid returned to the services of the Na
tal Society Library in a humbler capacity. For several years in the late 1980s and early
1990s, she worked as Curator of the Music Library on the second floor of the new
library building, where she presided over the records and tapes of her beloved Italian
opera and other classical music.
In her leisure time she went on hirdwatching expeditions, and enjoyed visiting ltala
Game Reserve. She also enjoyed sailing in her little boat Nutshell on Lake Merthley
near Grey town, and enjoyed trout fishing. Pamela Reid died on 13 June 1996. after a
short and unexpected illness, at the age of 71
73
.
23 Dedicated Lives: Miss Sue Judd and Miss Pame/a Reid
Natal Society Library has much to be grateful for, to Miss Sue Judd for her 24 years
of dedicated service as Chief Librarian, and to Miss Pamela Rcid for her 33 years of
involvement through the Natal Society Council. It was through their dedication and
inspiration, and that of other staff and Council members, that the Natal Society Library
was propelled from the past into the present.
JEWEL KOOPMAN
(Reference Librarian 1992 -1999)
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Daly, MichacL 'Palllcla Ann Reid 1925-1996', Natalia 26:89, 1997.
FatTer, June, Personal communication, 8-11 1998.
Frost, T.B., Editorial. Natalia 17:5,1987,
Hattersley, Alan F., 'The Natal Society, 1851-1951', Quarter/\' iJlllletill olth" South Aliimn Lihrary, 5(3 ):73
78, Mar. 1951 .
.Iudd, U.E.M . 'In defence of Pmb library go-ahead', Nalal Willless, 22 12 1971 .
.Iudd, U.E.M. A Hislorv o(lhe Natal Societv. Unpublished manuscript, 1972.(a)
.Iudd, U.E.M., 'The origins or the Natal Soeiety', Chapter I, Early Pietermaritzburg. ,V"'alia, 2:JO :n,
I 972.(b)
Judd, U.E.M., 'The origins ol'the Natal Society', Chapter 2, 1845-1846,Natalia, 3:45--49. .
.Iudd, U .E. M .. 'The origins nl' the Natal Society'. Chapter 3, 1847-1849, Natalia, 4:55 60. 197--1 (b)
ludd, U.E. M .. 'The origi '" of" thc ,atal Socicty' Chapter 4, 1850-1851, Chapter 5. The foundation of the
Natal Society, May IS51 . .varulia. S:42-52. 1975.
The Nalal Wil11ess, 1- 9 1950, . Librarian \\ill begin today'.
The NatallVillless, 17-11 71, 'Move on new library'.
The .Valal Wilness. 22-9-1972, 'Start next month on 1 ibrary')'
The Nalal Willless, 9-11-1972, 'First step for library'.
The Natal vViIIlCSI .. 28-8-1973, 'Pmb councillors lay plaque o1"nc\\ library'.
The Nalal Willless, 7-2-1974, 'Library fittings may cost R30 000'.
Tire 'valal Willless, 22-3-1974, 'Library is topped off".
Lundie, Ruth. Personal communication, 13-11-199X.
Rcid, Pamela, 'Pamela Reid', [n Gordon, Ruth: Petticoat Pioneers: Ihllrrcn ojDislinction, Pietermaritzburg:
Federation ofWolllcn\ Institutes ol"'\atal and 7zululand and Sshuter& Shooter. 2')S p. ISBN ll7%O
0135 9, 19X8.
The Natal Society, 'Free gramophonc concerts'. Pictcrmaritzburg: The Natal
The Natal Society, Annual reports. I XSI I')l)X. Pictermaritzburg: The Natal Society.
White-Cooper, D., 'Lihrarv plan a question 01" priorities'. The Natal Witness, 26-11- 1971. p.2 I .
Whitclaw, lennifcr & FalTer. June, 'lNrla Evclyn \1abcl ludd (1917 1976) - a tribute, Nalalia, 6:9 I I, 1976
Winters, D., 'Natal Society library: the Illm e, I en)", Unpublished file, Pictennaritzburg: The Natal Society,
1975.
REFERENCES
l. Librarian Will ... Natal Witness 1-9-50
2. Whitelaw & FalTer 1976:10
J. Whitelaw & Farrer 1976:9
4. Winters 1975:2
5. Whitelaw and Farrer 1976
6. Hatters1cy 1951
7. Natal Society Annual Report 1')51
8. Lundic 1998
9. Natal Society Annual Rcport 1953
10. Natal Society 19S:?
11. Natal Society Annual Repurt 195J
12. Natal Society Anllual RC'jlorL 19))
13. Natal Society Anllual Rejlort I
14. Natal Society Annual Report 195..
15. Natal Socicty Annual Report 1954
16. Whitelaw & FalTer 1976: 11
18. Natal Socicty Annual Rcport ILJ5X
19. Lundie 1998
20. Lundie 1998; Farrer 199X
21. Lundie 1998
22. Whitclaw and Farrer 1976
24. Natal Society Annual Rc'port I ')5S
25. Natal Socicty Annual Report 19:"K
26. Natal Society Annual Report 1958
2X. Natal Society Annual Report 1961
32. N ata I Society Annual Report 1963
33. :\atal Society Annual Report 1964
34. Natal Society Annual Repon 1964
35. Natal Society Annual RC'P011 1%5
37. Natal Society Annual Report 19M
38. Winters 1975:4
39, Reid 1988
40. Rcid 1988
41. Frost 1987
42. Rcid 1988
43. Daly 1997
44. I'rost 19S7
45. Daly 1997
46. Frost 1987
47. Natal Society Annual Report 1967/68
48. Natal Socicty Annual Report 1967/68
50. :-iatal Society Annual Report 1967!r,8
51. Natal Society Annual Rcpon 1972
52. Winters 1975:4
53. Nalal Witness 10 I1 1971
54. Move on new library... Va!alllilll!,\\ 17-11-1971
55. Nalal Witness 22- 11-1971 and l) 12 1<)7 I
56. White-Cooper 1971 )
57 . .Iudd 1971
58. .Iudd 1971
5<). Winters 1975:8
(,O. Start next month.. Natal Witness 22-9-1972
61. First step .. Na!al Witness 9-11-1972
62. Winters 1975: II
63. Pmb Counei llors" Natal Witness 28-8-1973
64. Library t1ttings .. Natal Witness 7-2-1974
65. Winters 1975:16
66. Library is topped otT. Natal Witness 22-3-1974
67. FalTer 1998
69. Farrcr 1998
70. Whitelaw and Farrcr 1976: I ()
71. FalTer 1998
72. Natal Society Anllual Rcport I 'n:"
73. Daly 1997
The Natal Society Library:
Looking Forward
During the first 150 years of this library's existencc, I ittle changed in the whole scheme
of things. Wc did what public libraries around the \vorld did. Change within libraries
was initially not that significant, and the library of 1851 was lillle different from that or
1900 or 1980: the number and range of books available differed but, basically, libraries
were thc same. With thc growth in information technology, particularly over the last 25
years, librarics have changed forcver. Wc have reached the point, in today's library,
where it is not only each new generation that feels removed from its elders, but even
technological laggards within the same generation feel removed from their innovative
peers. Information technology will change tomolTow's libraries beyond our wildest
dreams (or nightmares). The challenge for our library is to continue doing its original
joo but to do it differently. using what is affordable and appropriate from the ne\\
technology available, rather than just adopting technology for teehnology's sake.
What then can we predict will happen in the Natal Society Library during the next
tive years'! On the basis ofexisting trends and with a view ofthe logic behind them, it is
possible to make some educated guesses about our library\; future. Here, then. is a
short-term forecast.
Urbanisation
During the next ti\(: years African people will be absorbed into South i\l'rican cities and
towns at an unprecedented rate. Pietermaritzburg will be no exception. This will result
in the formerly 'White: 'Coloured' and 'Indian' suburbs becoming mon: and more
integrated. Many thousands of people \vill also be moving into the new torm,d and
inliJrmal houses being built on the hills and \cdleys around Pictermaritzburg. The majority
orthese new residents will be young Zulu speakers, while \\hat remains of the 'White'
and' Indian' groups will essentially be middle-aged people. The great challenge we face
is to satisfy the rcading and information needs ofthesc two age groups with our limited
resources.
Fiscal constraints
Onc of the main dri\ing forces tor change in our library has been tile liscal constraints
imposed on us as a result of local govell1ment restructuring, These constraints will
continue. Up unti I the mid 1990s. wc were automatically given funding by both the
Province and the Msunduzi Municipality. Now, and even 1110re so in the future, we have
to i u ~ t i I ~ ' any expcnditure on salaries, books and other resources. Wc are now cxpected
26 The Natal Society LibralY: Looking Forward
to serve the needs of more people with less money, fewer books and fewer staff. While
many talk about addressing our users' ne:ds by looking at what is happening globally,
we have to balance what is needed locally with what we can afford.
Members
Citizens ofMsunduzi Municipality ovcrwhelmingly affirm the use of the Library and its
resources. Our membership database now contains the names of 56000 members, and
as many as 4 000 people use thc Main Hranch each day. These figurcs will continue to
grow as parents and teachers recognise the value of the Library to their children. Our
library has been open to all races since 1975. All people living or working in what was
greater Pietermaritzburg have been encouraged to join the library since that date.
The collapse of apartheid, therefore, did not result in an influx of new members,
mainly because the barrier to membership was a lack of transport. What will increase
membership will be the construction of branch libraries in areas such as Imbali,
Willowfountain and Azalea, which arc far from the City Centre. In terms of eurrcnt
legislation, the provision or public library services is the joint responsibility of the Pro
vincial Library Service and thc municipal councils, with the former providing library
buildings and book stock, while the latter are responsible for staffing and maintcnancc.
Although grants to construct librarics arc available from the KwaZulu-Natal Provincial
Library Services, the Msunduzi Municipality is rcluctant to commit itsclfto providing
funding for statl and maintenance. Following the second democratic municipal elec
tion, the rural people from Vulindlela and Sweetwaters were also absorbed into the
municipal boundaries. These people have never had access to libraries and live up to 20
km away from our nearest branch. Thus the poorest with the least resources have the
furthest to travel should they want to use a library. This is something we are in the
process of remedying by investigating the construction of a libralY at Vulindlela.
New Technology
The new technology that cvolved during the closing years ofthe 20th century was thought
to be the one great threat to the printed \vord. For years, library literature suggestcd that
printed materials would slide into oblivion. However, the effect of the nc\v tcchnology
on the reading and learning process has been negligible thus far. In fact S01llC elcments
of electronic publishing havc the potcntial to make a positive contribution, which I
mention below.
e-books
Adult lending will continue doing very much as it has always done, and will not be
bothered with gimmicks. By 2002 Penguin will have 200 e-book titles available. The
Penguin website will be the primary retail outlet for these books as well as the hand-held
readers needed to read them. [ do not think this will have much impact on the library. We
will continue supplying our rcaders with the same type of printed books provided 150
years ago.
Periodicals
During the year 200(), 814 of the Legal Deposit periodicals received by the library
ceased publication. The state of the economy was probably the main reason tor this
27 The Natal Society Library: Looking Forward
significant dccline, but there is another reason: more and more organisations, societies
and busincsses are distributing their publications through the Internet. By doing this,
they save on papcr, printing, postagc and labour costs. This change to electronic Internet
publishing will escalate ovcr ti me. A significant segment ofour cultural heritagc \Vi II bc
lost forever as costs make it impossible for our Legal Deposit department to print, bind,
accession and store each document recei\'ed in this way. Our library, togcthcr with South
Africa's other four Legal Deposit libraries, is going to have to find a way to prescrve
this information.
c-Pcriodicals Oil SABINET
SABIl\ET. the national bibliographic database, has identitied 35 periodicals which will
soon be available to subscribers as a full text online resource. No longer will libraries
need to subscribe to hard copies of a journal and pay for the costs associated with
binding, storage, preservation and retrieval.
Initially, academic, legal and medical journals will become available to what is al
ready an Internet-literate audience. Later, the more popular periodicals such as Get
away and Living & LOl'il1g will be added. Most South African acadcmie journals arc
likely to be available in online form within three years.
This too could have an effect on our Legal Deposit collection. Should SJ\BIN ET
guarantee to keep the text for an inddinite period, we might no longer be required to
preserve the hard eopy in the Legal Deposit Collection.
Ref'crcllce Books
Reference books and encyclopaedias in print are being put out ofbusiness by the Internet
and CD Rom. This shift underlines the importance of the educational and information
seeking use of the Web.
Some of the Reference books to which this library has subscribed for over 100 years
could well be cancelled. For instance the information available in Wisdcll Cricketers'
Almanack and Wlzi/a!.cr:" Almlll1l1ck might well be available through subscription in e
book form. We might also tind the required information on certain frec websites.
Internet
It is becoming clear that our users want the library to do different things. In order to
remain relevant, the reference Library has gradually begun catering for adults and children
who require the Internet for their information needs.
The structure and organisation of infonnation on the Internet makes it impossible
for a novice, and almost impossible for the expert, to find what is relevant to them with
the multiplicity of sources available. At present more than onc billion pages exist on the
Web. We will thus also have to provide advice on the use of web browsers and search
engines. The search engine Cooglc gets 13 million queries per day, which shows thc
usage made of this system.
The introduction ofthc Internet has led to a crisis of confidence for some staff (in
cluding myself) who find working \"ith computers frightening. They also feel intimi
dated by children who know more about thc technology than they do. Idcally, wc need a
computer trainer to bridge this gap, both for our staff and users. Unfortunately it is
easier to motivate for computer hardware than for the salary of a trainer.
28 The Natal Society Library: Looking Forward
Textbooks
Textbooks will continue to be published in book fonn, but gradually over the next five
years the e-book format will begin to grow. Students will be able to order the entire
book or any selected chapters via the Internet at a price. E-textbooks used online ()J"
downloaded from the Internet will bypass the bookseller and also be much cheaper.
This will change the t ~ l c e of the book business as it will destroy the traditional text book
retailer entirely. No longer will the publisher have to bother with glossy covers and
expensive binding. High-speed printers in libraries, or the futuristic new e-book store.
will replace photocopy machines. These high-speed printers will also be equipped to
bind whatever portion of the book is purchased. This method of acquiring textbooks
will soon be implemented at Stellenboseh University Library.
We will continue buying the traditional textbooks as it is impossible to cater for all
our users by means of computers in the library, and most of our users do not have
computers at home.
Strategic Partncrs/z IllS Cl TNIP
Onc only has to \isit a uni\ersity or special library to sec that information technology
has now out-distanced the wider community's ability to cope with it.
We arc extremely fortunatc that in Pictennaritzburg over 30 libraries ha\e joined a
University of Natal initiati\e called CATNIP to share resources. This has enabled all
partners within the CATNIP consortium to share books. cataloguing, skills, training
and, most importantly, the URICA library system. Symbiotic and resource sharing rela
tionships established at local level will grow as budgets shrink and skills become scarce.
CO/JIfilltcri::.cc/ Lending
The computer revolution has already transformed guite a few functions in our library.
In the future it could be possible to save on stalT time by having the public check out
their own books at an autull1ated issue desk. Onc disadvantage would be that members
of the public would no longer be able to develop friendships with library stafT 0\ er the
checkout counters. rhis cuuld lead to the perception that eUl1lputcrs have a
depersonalising elTect on ulIr library, whereas they would in fact be ,mm!:,- the library
money by taking over !llany routine tasks and doing them quickly, accuratcly and chL'aply.
This would allO\\ the remaining stall to otTcr the public the servicc they expect and
deserve.
Current Crises
Book Budgc!
Thc grant given to thc library by the Msunduzi Municipality to purchase books has
remained the S,ll11e for the past three years. This crisis is made worse hy the fact that the
rand has depreciated signi ficantly against the US dollar and sterling b'om where the
majority ofour purcha,es come. Municipal budgets re!leet the priorities ofthe moment.
and libraries arc not high nn the agenda of the Msunduzi Municipality.
Without sufllcient funds I'or an adeqllate supply of new books to prO\ide tile latest
information, to inspire and slI,tain human creativity and endeavour. and to enCOUf<lge
entrepreneurship, the library \\ill be unable to fulfil its vital role. Citizen, \vill be denied
29 The Natal Society Library: Looking Fonvard
their right to the latest infoD11ation, and the whole community will consequently be
impoverished. This policy is particularly damaging to children, as the Education
Department's OBE policies place libraries at the centre of education and Iifclong learn
ing, yet neither schools nor our library have the resources to implement this policy. The
financial position of this library will get worse over the next five years. As \ve arc
unable to purchase as many new books as we used to, a special effort will bc made to
promote the use of the c"isting book stock in our stack room.
Slat!
The entire library system is in the process ofbeing overhauled. Restructuring workshops
for the library council, management and staff have been held and a new structure has
becn implemented. The result will be fewer but better utilised staff.
Our staff complement has dropped from 107 staff to ]X at present. Had we not
tl'ozen the above 30 posts, the library service would essentially have been bankrupt.
I nformation Literacy
One of the challenges Natal Society Library management and staffface in the next five
years is to ensure that the gcneral community does not continue to fall behind in terms of
information literacy. Therc is a huge 'skills divide' evolving between rich and poor
which we cannot bridge because or our limited resources. We barely cope with supplying
books. and even if wc had the money to purchase the latest technology, the majority of
our users either don't know about it, want it or care about it. As a result, the technology
would not be optimally used. To be proficient, staff need to utilise thi s technology every
day. Staff also need to have time to be trained and to train the public in the use of this
technology.
The underlying ethos of democracy accepts that fi'ee access to information is essen
tial for an informed society. Clearly the public library has a vital role to play in this
regard. thereby ensuring that the potential dangers of the information divide arc avoidcd.
Despite profound changes. the library remains an institution with the same ethos that
its founders envisaged 150 ycars ago. \l1/e will promote literacy, stimulate the imagina
tion, expand personal horizons and also inform and empower citizens with rclevant
infoD11ation. Additional services such as the stuC:y areas, Housebound. Travelling Li
brary and the Music Library. as \\ell as the Children's Reference Library. help makc the
library more attractive to users. The core of our business will remain the printed book,
as it is still thc 1110st convenient, attractive and accessible tool oflcarning, and the only
sensible way of reading for pleasure.
JOHN MORRISON
Director, Natal Society Library
Post Carts in Southern Natal
and East Griqualand
From the I R70s until 1914 post carts were the principal way to convey mail and passengers
over much of Natal and East Griqualand. This article is a brief overview of the history
of the post carts in southern Natal and Fast Griqualand and is concerned in particular
with the route from Pictermaritzburg to Kokstad.
Postal services in southcrn Natal were established in I R50 when a post office was
opened at Richmond. and William Daeomb was appointed postmastel
J
The mail was
carried by an A fi'iean runner from Pietennaritzburg on the I st and 15th of each month,
and from Richmond on the Rth and 22nd. There was no need for the scrvice to go
beyond Richmond as there were only a handful ofsettlers living in the lxopo district and
at the Umzimkulu drift. As the number of settlers increased the need emerged for a
postal service in the Ixopo area and a post office was establ ished at Umzimkulu, on the
Natal side of the river, in I R64. Thomas Haneock was appointed postmaster. It is not
clear how the post was conveyed from Richmond to Umzimkulu, but it was probably by
runner. The Griqua government had an African runner named Jaeob who would fetch
the post from Umzimkulu and take it to Kokstad once a week. Thus by the mid-l R60s
post was being eOll\cyed betwecn Pictermaritzburg and Kokstad by African runner.
In 1872 Wesley Darby, the Kokstad manager ofthe trading finn Goodli ffe & I3allanee.
organised a pri vate postal service from Kokstad to Harding by African funner. I le com
missioned J A Blair. the Springvale mission printer, to design and print the well-known
Mount Currie Express stamp. By the mid-IR70s there was a regular postal serviec bc
tween Cape Town and Pieterl11aritzburg. On the final stages of the eastward route. the
post was taken on horse-back from Clarkbury to Salle by a Mr Stoffel, from Salle to
Harding by African runner, from Harding to Umzimkulu by Donald Strachan and from
Umzimkulu to the Umkomazi by John Houston and then to Pietennaritzburg by runner.
By the early 1870s the mail was being conveyed by post cart, although post was still
taken by African runner for many years after the post carts were established. In 1872 a
post cart service was established between Pietermartizburg and Richmond by a William
Henwood. In I R79 Henwood's service was replaced by one run by J. W. Welch'. Welch
had been a coach driver bet ween Piccadilly and GloLlcester before coming to Natal
aboard the Hebrides and establ ishing a coach service in 1862
3
.
The first recorded post cart service between Kokstad and Umzimkulu was in June
1R7R4. The senicc was run by Bydell and Uys. Baartman Uys had been a transport rider
on the Durban road before going into business with Bydell and opening a shop. bakery.
butchery, canteen, billiard saloon and post cart service in Kokstad. It is not clear how
Nll/lllia 31 (2001), Ken Strachan and Milner Snell pp. 30 33
31 Post Carts in Southern Natal and East Griqualand
long Bydell and Uys ran the service, but at some point they gave up the post carts to
concentrate on their trading venlures and land speculation. What happened to the ser
vice after that is sketchy. ;\t some point it was run by lS. (Joe) MUlTay. By January of
111115 the trading fiml ofStrachan & Co. had secured the government contract to convcy
mail betwcen Kokstad and Umzimkulu'. Strachan & Co. had been founded in 11156 by
the brothers Donald and Thomas Strachan at the Umzimkulu drift. Over the years the
company expanded the post cart business until it was running carts from Richmond to
Umzimkulu, Umzimkulu to Port Shcpstone via Harding, Umzimkulu to Umtata and
Umzimkulu to Elliot via Swartbcrg. Strachan & Co's principal rival along the Rich
mond to Umzimkulu and Umzimkulu to Harding routes was lW. Welch.
A post cart was a bed of thick wooden planks, usually yellowwood, mounted on Cl
metal axle with two metal wheels and a disselboom protruding in front to which were
harnessed six mules or horses. Mounted in the middle of the platform at the fi'ont was a
wooden bench on which the driver and a few passengers could sit, depending on their
importance, age and gender. There was also a box behind the driver with space for three
or f'our more passengers. Behind the driver were stacked themail bags and on them sat
the other passengers and a youth whose duty it was to hold the leading horses at the
stops and then to jump on to the mail bags and see to their safety. The mail was always
put in first, followed by the passcngers. Luggage was limited to 20 pounds weight plus
hand luggage. Passengers werc charged extra ifthc luggage was overwcight. The gov
ernment post carts, which were painted red with VR. in gold on the side, had right of
\\ay on the roads and other carts had to move aside for thcm.
Keeping the post carts running smoothly took a great deal of organization. i\ stop
was necessary every JCw miles for horses to be changed and JCd. The distance from one
stop to another dcpended on the terrain through which the service operated. These
outspans comprised a few acres on which stood a corrugated iron stablc with a feeding
manger eapablc of holding six to eight horses or mules and a wattle and daub hut to
house a caretaker and a youth assistant. There was also a paddock in which the animals
could relax. At least onc passenger tried to huy a wheelbalTO\\' at onc stop but was
informed that they were imported from England and none were at present available for
sale. As the post cart approached a relay station the driver would blow his bugle so that
the fresh horses or mules would be standing ready in order not to cause any delays, as
post carts carrying government lllail were fined if they were late. The incoming team
had to he rubbed down and JCd, usually a ration of crushed lllealies and, depending on
the time of the year, hay. There was a specially positioned hole in every manger to hold
a sickle so that the oat hay could be cut into small portions as no wastage of this precious
food was allowed. The sickles, like the wheelbarrows, were imported. The firm also
imported specially designed hats from South America to protect the mules from the
heat, particularly in the Umkomazi Valley. The caretakers and stable-hands were re
cruited /i'om Strachan & Co's stores at Ulllzimkulu and sent to the stops. Their rations
were mealie meal, salllp and beans and a bit of sugar.
Hetween Pietermaritzburg and Richmond the carts stopped at Fox Hill stables and
on the farnl Black,rood at Arnold's Hill. The route from Richmond to Umzimkulu did
not follow the present road. The cart route went down to the Umkomazi via the Nkobeni
stream and then up towards the Springvale mission. Staging posts were cstablished on
this part of the journey at Nkobeni, Waterfall, Longt'ontein, Ixopo and Puff Adder. At
Post Carts in Southern Natal and East Griqualand
Waterfall there was a small, rather run-down canteen where travellers could buy re
freshments. The first stop after Umzimkulu was at a trading store owned by Strachan &
Co. at the Ibisi. There the postal routes di\ided: onc \Vent to Port Shepstone and the
other to Kokstad. From the Ibisi to Fort Shepstone stables were built at Niewmarek,
J'..qabeni and Murchison. The first post cart route from Umzimkulu to Kokstad was up
the Umvubukazi valley and on past the Griqua scttlement of Riet Vlei. On this routc
staging posts were established at the Ibisi, Riet Vlei. Stafford's Post and Beestekraal.
Stafford's Post was a trading station establishcd by Edward Sparrow Stafford in 1866.
After the Second Anglo-Boer War a British army regiment was sent to Umzimkulu to
construct a new road leading out of the \illage up the commonage to the upper reaches
of Donald Strachan's t ~ l r I n s Bizweni and Mountain Homc and on to Schimper's Nek.
The ncw road opcned up the interior and made it. morc accessible. as before it had been
difficult for vehiele traffic to cope with the steep Umvabukazi Valley. The new road
altered the post cart route and new staging posts were established at the trading store on
Mountain Home. at Ngozanda, at Snee7ewood. where .lames Cole had a trading store.
and Newmarket. From Newmarket Strachan 's best white horses took the post into Kokstad
with the driver proudly blowing his bugle announcing to the locals the arrival ofthe post
cart.
This network of post carts was remarkably effieicnt despite bad roads and unbridged
rivers. So good was the servicc that Strachan & Co. wcre able to advertise fresh fish for
sale in the winter months in Kokstad. The fish would bc conveyed by train from Durban
to Port Shepstone, then by post cart to Umzirnkulu and on to Kokstad the next day.
Almost all of the posts cart drivers were Griqua or Cape Coloured men. Probably
the best known driver in East Griqualand was George Bell. This was the man who drove
Mary Moore from Umzimkulu to the lbisi and whom she referred to as 'George, a
Griqua (yellow mixture),. Very little is known about his background. Bell, who was of
Malay extraction. had been born in Cape Town. In 1877 he drove the novelist Anthony
Trollope from Greytowl1 to Pretoria. When Trollope hired Bell he wrote: . And thelT
was a coloured driver, one George, whom everybody seemed to know. and \\ho was
able as everybody said, to drive us anywhere over Africa. Gcorge was to hme 5 pounds
a month. his passage raid hack home, his keep on the road, and adolfcclIr on parting, if
we parted as friends'!>. Tro\lope was satisfied with Bell's ability, as he records when they
arrived in Pretoria 'our Cape-boy had not once been drunk and nothing material had
been lost or broken ,,, Bcll then spent some time in Pietermaritzburg before moving up
to Kokstad and finding cmployment dri\ing the mail carts for Joe Murray. Hy IX93 be
was working for Mr Woodhouse
g
He then joined Strachan & Co.. Bell drove the
Umzimkulu to Kokstad route. In 1938 Bell was about 80 years old and living at the
Clydesdale mission stationjust outside Umzimkulu.
The demise ofthe post carts came as the railways spread in southern Natal and East
(Jriqualand. By 1911 thc railway had reached from Pietennaritzburg to Llewellyn near
Franklin and that part of the postal senicc was stopped. Strachan & Co. continued to
contract for the services to Matatiele and Mount Fletcher until 1914 when the whole
operation was closed down.
KEN STRACHAN and MILNER SNELL
33 Post Carts in Southern Natal and East Griqualand
REFERENCES
I. Coulson, C, Beaulieu-On-IlIovu: Richmond. Natal, Its People and History, Richmond, Richmond
Women's League and Institute, 1986, p.86.
2. ibid
3. Hattersley, A.F., Portrait o/a Colony: The Story o/Natal, Cambridge University Press, 1940, p.167.
4. Harber, R., Gentlemen (j{Brave Mettle: Life in Early East Griqualand, College of Careers, 1975, p.67
5. Kokstad Advertiser 10.1.1885
6. Trollope, A., South A/i'iea, Cape Town, Balkema, 1973, p.251
7. ibid p.324
8. Kokstad Advertiser, 21.6. 1893.
Maqhamusela Khanyile slife
and testimony
Authors' Note
I write this as a white South African woman, born and bred a Lutheran. The search for
information on Maqhamusela Khanyile took me a long time and I received much help
from other people - and I still have many unanswered questions about this man and the
church to which he belonged.
The search began when I was lecturer for Christian Education in what was then
known as the Lutheran Theological College at Maphumulo. I had set my students an
assignment to write a lesson outline for confirmation class on one of the fathers or
mothers in the faith. Two students (who are now deans), Timothy Myeni and Lawrence
Khuzwayo, came and asked for permission to write about Maqhamusela Khanyile. 'Who
is he?' I replied. 'Don't you know about Maqhamusela?' came the astonished reply. 'He
was a Zulu martyr.'
I felt humbled: I had majored in Church History in my theological studies, been a
Lutheran all my life and in relatively close contact with some mission work, but I had
never even heard of this man. The students showed me Incwadi yeJubilee
l
which tells
the story of first Zulu Christians in the Norwegian Lutheran mission work. There
Maqhamusela's story is written up in one and a half pages with a picture of the first
cross erected to remind us ofGod's grace in this man. That and a half page in du Plessis'
Christian Missions in South Africa
2
were the only sources of information that we had.
Since then I have been curious to obtain further knowledge on Maqhamusela. More
over I wondered why so many Lutherans do not know about him, nor do we thank God
for His grace in that man's testimony among the Zulus. On retirement my chance came,
and letters, phone calls, e-mails went to the archives ofthe Norwegian Mission Society
(NMS) in Stavanger and in this country, to many persons who might have heard stories
about Maqhamusela when they were young, to deans and congregation members, to
descendants ofthe induna and of missionaries who were involved at the time. When an
Anglican student, (now Rev.) Madodamuzi Khumalo, alerted me to the fact that in the
Church of the Province of South Africa Saints and Seasons liturgical calendar3 'the
Lutheran martyr Maqhamusela' is remembered on 9 March, contact was made with the
archives ofthat church, too. Frederick Hale's translation of the (Norwegian) missionar
ies' correspondence (1997) proved to be a goldmine.
When photocopies ofthe archival material from Norway arrived the trouble started:
the missionary documents were in the old Dano-Norwegian that was spoken by the
Natalia 31 (2001), Margarete Niimberger pp. 34-52
35 Maqhamusela Khanyile slife and testimony
missionaries in the late nineteenth century. The Norwegian student that I contacted as
sured me that he did not understand it; Norwegian nationalist govel11ments had changed
it so much. Not much of what I needed had been translated by Hale. Therefore it was a
real gift when I found persons like Mr Karl Solberg who not only knew that language
but translated the material \vhich I sent him with enthusiasm. The details ofthese sources
of information arc listed in the bibliography, as also the history books which I consulted.
For the present sketch the most important primary sources ofinformation arc the reports
by Rev Ommund C. Ofkbro (not his relative Dr Christian Oftebro) and other mission
aries to their headquarters in Norway between 1868 and 1877. and a 1935 report by
Father A.I Fowler SSM; the last-named incorporates findings of research. Should you
have any new information or other perspectives on Maqhamusela and how we could
thank God for him, please send them to the author. Ms M. Niill1berger, clo School of
Theology, UNP, P/Bag XOl, 3209 Seottsville, Republic South Africa. Here, then, is his
story, as I now know it.
The Setting
Maqhamusela Iivcd in the Zulu Kingdom at the time of King Cetshwayo and Inkusi
Gawozi. When he was cxeeuted on 9 March 1877 he was about 70 years old". He lived
near the Norwegian Mission Socicty (NMS) station Etijowe (Eshowe) in Zululand.
NMS had started mission work in that area in 1844, but there were few converts.
Almost all the converts lived on onc of the mission stations, on land that had been
granted to the mission society by one ofthe Zulu kings. The residents on these mission
station were composed offamilies of converts. but also old and often sick women, girls
who had wanted to escape forced marriages, foreigners and persons who had found
refuge from tribal punishment on the station, criminals and alleged sorcerers
(aha/hakathi). The presence ofthe last-mentioned group on the mission stations was the
theme of repeated Zulu accusationS and criticism from colonists", and has since been
substantiated by scholars-. There were also some boys who lived and worked on the
station for a wage and went to school there. The residents on the mission stations were
unrepresentative ofZu lu society: they were largely 'collections offlotsalll and jetsam ".
In many ways Maqhamusela was different. No accusation ofwitehcralt was raised
against him, either bel<Jre or after the execution, from the side of the Zulus. Moreover
he did not want to isolate hilllsel f i'rom his people by living on the mission station: he
continued to live in his home in the valley at Siqwanjana'J. about half an hour's walk
from the station.
Up to the end of the 1870s the Zulu Kingdom was stable eeonomicallyO, the Zulu
household being self-supporting, so that there was. until after the Anglo-Zulu War, no
exodus of young men to the diamond mines or other wage-paying employment. The
King's monopoly of the ivory trade
ll
, his income from the transit of labour from the
north-east into Natal. and his large herd of cattle gave him the latitude to show himself
a generous rulcr, and. sUITeptitiously. to buy up guns which had been discarded by West
erners.
Yet a shortage or good gnving land continued to exert pressure on the growing
population 12 and several waves ofeattle diseases
l3
made sensitive inroads into the wealth
of the Zulus. The social system or clans \\ith their fixed ranking according to sex, age
and descent, the religious framework and the traditional values, while not rigid
l4
, had
36 Maqhamusela Khanyile:'\ life and testimony
not been confronted from the outside. That is, until European traders and missionaries
came.
From 1873 Zululand was ruled by King Cetshwayo. As his predecessor. King Mpande.
King Cetshwayo vvas realistic in his assessment that Christians would not give the king
or Zulu tradition unquestioning obedience: their primary loyalty would be to God. There
fore Christians were considered rebels
l
'. persons who had sided with the whites against
their own people
l
!'. Torstein Joergensen found the following verbatim record of a con
versation between King Cetshwayo and Rev JL Kyllingstad in 1876:
The King: But look here, Umfundisi (teacher)' Wc cannot permit that our
soldiers run to the school and become believers; because then they are
running away from the King's service, and wc lose our army. The believers
are of no use to us and never serve us, as they are lost to us and the service
when they attend school. Wc must refuse pel111ission for you to take them
away trom us and do not permit that a soldier should become a believerJ7.
Not only in the question of giving unquestioning obedience, but also in terms of
Zulu lifestyle Christians were misfits. They were dubbed 'believers with pants'. refer
ring to the insistence of the Norwegian missionaries that becoming a Christian involved
all sorts of behaviour that was foreign to Zulu culture such as wearing European dress.
not drinking beer. learning to read
ls
. Maqhamusela's induna summed up the strange
ness of the new way of life in the claim that the Christian faith was not tor them (his
tinnily) or for the Zulu nation
l9
Threats werc hurled against Zulu men who wanted to
become Christians: 'We'll soon take your trousers otr
20
. Maqhamusela's refusal to wear
trouscrs will be taken up later.
After his coronation Cetshwayo had let it be known publicly that, although he could
not forbid mission work to be done in his realm, any of his soldiers who wanted to
become Christians would be killed
21
. His soldiers were to bc men of war and not men of
books and prayer: that spoiled them as tighting men"". Cetshwayo's desire for tighting
men was not only a matter of status: he saw that he needed an army subiect to his
authority for several reasons.
Initially, Cetshwayo had considered only the small Boer republics to the north-west
of his kingdom as enemies. Official land grants had been made to Boers by Zulu poten
tates; for example King Mpande had ceded land in retUl11 for Boer help to gain the Zulu
kingship21. However, the boundaries were unotlicially extended by land-hungry Boers
several times. The Boers were enemy number onc.
Cetshwayo was aware of the tension between Boer and British and speculated on
British help against the former when he requested the Natal govet11ment to recognize
him by attending his installation as king of the Zulus in 1873"4. Theophilus Shepstone
exploited this invitation to the hilt: he not only crowned the Zulu king western-style, he
also required him to agree to a treaty prohibiting him from making war without British
consent, and included something like a basic rule oflaw for the king's subjects. Among
other practices, executions without the procedure of a fornlal, Western-type court case
were forbidden. Another item in the treaty was that the king should grant permission to
mission societies to evangelize the Zulus. This Cetshwayo contested, and tinally con
ceded in return for British alliance. However he set the above-mentioned condition of
disallowing baptism, especially of warriors.
37 Maqhamusela Khallyife:S' lile and testimony
For a time people and chiefs had looked the other way when there were 'baptismS'S,
so that classes of baptismal candidates grew in number: in 1876 that at Fshowe regis
tered twelve
2
(" while there had been seven bapti sms27.
Soon, however, an assertion ofCetshwayo's authority became critical. Disconcert
ing instances of Zulu regiments and chiefs defying the king's command tarnished the
king's authority in the face ofchiefs who were ready to overthrow hini'. Also, there was
restlessness among the Zulu age regiments (anny) which were called up for agricultural
and building tasks, but not for combat
2
". Yet the 'washing ofthe spears' was in itself an
important item in the recognition of a new king'O Authority within the 'push and pull
forces of centralization and internal forces of po 1 itical and economic decentralization"[
was slipping away from the king. Finally, there was growing disillusionment with the
British.
According to the coronation agreement Cetshwayo was not free to go to war without
British approval. When he claimed British intervention against land seizures by the
Boers he was promised a commission of enquiry by the Colonial government to inves
tigate the legality of opposing claims to land':. The commission did not publicize its
findings. which, incidentally, were basically pro-Zulu and against many Boer claims'"
until the bubble was ready to burst. The reason for withholding the findings was that the
Colonial Secretary in London was most unwilling to alienate the Boer Republics; he
wanted them as allies in expanding the capitalist economy north ofthe Limpopo. To this
end he had to secure the trade route to the north to access the legendary wealth of this
area!l. Into this scheme an independent Zulu Kingdom did not fit, and pretexts for mili
tary action in order 110t only to curb its power but to attain military conquest were
sought, most notably by the High Commissioner and Governor of the Cape Colony, Sir
Bartle Frere!'.
On the issue of war there were opposition forces in Natal, notably the Lieutenant
Governor ofthe Natal Colony, Sir Henry Bulwer1(" and Bishop John Colenso, by then
already deposed. The latter supplied the Aborigines Society in Cape Town17 and En
gland with critical comments and new infonnation on the reports fi'om the warmongers'
camp. The last-named party was clearly gaining precedence in the colony. In England,
the more positive outlook on the 'natives ofthe colonies' among the public went hand in
hand with austerity measures in administration and military expenditure in these colo
nies. This explains the tug-of-war between the Colonial Office and Frere on the ques
tion ofgoing to war. A 11 this provides the background to the execution ofMaqhalllusela.
Who was this person, 1\1aqhamusela Khanyile'?
The Norwegian Lutherans had gained an entrance into Zululand from Mpande in 1844.
Although the first missionary, Rev (later Bishop) UPS Schreuder, had to labour for 14
years before he could report a single baptisml
8
, these missionaries (as those of other
societies) had established some relationship of trust with the Zulus, notably because of
their medical knowledge and other benefits to be derived from them such as blankets,
soap, chickens.
However, one man came to the mission station 'Because he has been touched by the
gospel, and not in order to get things for himsclf'39. That is the first report on Maqhamusela
to hand; it was written by Oftebro, the missionary under whose preaching he had come
to believe. Although the sub-chief Jubane Mpungose was his rclative
4U
, Maqhamusela
38 Maqhamusela Khanyile lire and testimony
Khanyile was not of royal blood. There is some disagreement in the sources conccrning
his possessions. Oftebro stated in the above-mentioned report that he had been fined so
often that now he did not have a single head of cattle; however other missionaries say
that Maqhamusela was busy building a cattle kraal
41
, that his cattle were sick
4
', and
Fowlcr was told that after the execution Maqhamusela's few cattle were carried off to
the chief'.
Maqhamuscla's son, Simol1 Mhlongo. Ntshingwayo by pre-baptismal name
11
thought
that he was about 70 when he was executed
45
. He was a warrior and a member of the
Hlaba regiment and a polygamisf6. The great wife. Maeasana, was blind and the half
sister of Umbulawa, who had been sent to monitor the execution
47
. Macasana had a
daughter and died (unbaptized) in 1879. The second wife, Umyembezi, survived two
husbands, Sifo Mkwanazi and Ndodayendhlu Langeni, and gave birth to the latter's
posthumous son, Mhlongo, after she had married Maqhamusela. She then bore
Maqhamusela at least onc more son, She and her children were baptized when
they returned to Eshowe in 1881
4
.
Maqhamuscla had bccn touchcd by the preaching and life of the missionaries and
his neighbours nicknamcd him' UlIIlIl1tll Wesonto' - the Sunday Man/the Praycr Man.'"
because 'at any time he used to pray aloud, sometimes in the bushes at the roadside "1.
In spite ofthe long and steep path to the station he came to Sunday worship regularly
and sometimes to 11lo111ing prayers".
Oftebro's first report to hand states that Maqhamuscla had made no commitment to
baptism, but was 'waiting for the Lord to open the way to the kingdom'53. As Prince
Cetshwayo had, for a time, shown a real interest in the ncw faith
s
,\ Maqhamusela and
others may have hoped that upon accession to the Zulu throne he would relax the prohi
bition against baptism. Sadly, this hope did not materialize.
According to Oftebro's report five years later (1873) Maqhamusela had talked about
confronting King Cetshwayo with the anomaly of allowing his subjects to listen to the
preaching ofthe gospel while prohibiting baptism; then the king could go ahead and kill
him. Oftebro stated lhat Maqhamusela was not afraid to testify to his 1aith and '(he) says
the nation is going in the wrong direction'. Such open criticism of the king was poten
tially dangerous and shows up another facet of Maqhamusela's desire for baptism.
Maqhamuscla's frustration alsomadc him critical of the missionaries' thcology that
not only faith in Christ but also baptism is essential to salvation. He contended that Cod
would have to open up a new avenue to salvation, as non-baptism was not his own
fault". However, the missionaries complained that Maqhamusela was still bound by old
ways, for example he continued socializing with a neighbour who was in disrepute
6
and
attended beer parties
s7
.
While Oftebro was away on furlough in 1873 Maqhamusela asked the person tem
porarily in charge of the mission station, Rev Kyllingstad, to request Bishop Schreuder
to speak for him before King Cetshwayos" who thought highly ofthe Bishop. The lattcr
wanted to gauge Maqhamusela's sincerity, and on 18 June 1873 Maqhamllsela gave a
clear testimony before him and a group of Christian elders at Entumeni. At an oppor
tune moment Schreuder madc the request to the king. The reply was evasive: according
to protocol Maqhamusela ,vas to make his request through the lower ranks ortheamakosi.
Here, on 12 July 1873 Maq halllusela was met with dismay by his family members and
hostility by others. To Maqhamusela this was a clear wallling that baptism would be
severely punished. Nevertheless he requested to be enrolled in the baptismal class. Some
time later attendance was inteITupted: he first wanted to finish building his cattle kraal.
Then an unnamed son of his froze to death while herding the livestock ofthe chief".
Maqhamusela withdrcw from the missionary (Kyllingstad) complctcly; aftcr a wcck hc
camc to the mission station to request prayers for his son to be admitted to heaven. At
the end ofthe conversation the missionary directed the father's concern towards his own
relationship with God. That afternoon Maqhamusela was in the baptismal class again.
A year later Rev Gundersen, who was noted for his gentleness, again reported ir
regular attendance at baptismal class
60
as Maqhamusela followed the Zulu custom of
shunning social gatherings in a time ofbcreavement. Another reason he gave was that
his cattle were sick, and, in truth, there were successive wavcs or rinderpest in Zululalld
at this time
61
Gundcrsell noted that Maqhamusela was finding it difficult to Icarn for the
classes, 'learning' here meaning mcmorizing Luther's Small Catechism! However,
Gundersen continues, Maqhamuscla preached long sermons which - to the missionary
- 'sounded spiritual enough but ... not to thc point and on strangc themes'. Probabl y the
pastor's training in Wcstern discursive thinking and problem formulation convcrged
with the widely held conviction of Western cultural superiority to produce what is pos
sibly ethnocentric assessment.
To serve the King and give his heart to God
On tbc other hand Gundcrsen was sensitivc to the motive hchind some aspects of
Maqhamusela's behaviour, which other missionaries had censurcd. 'He wants to bccomc
a truc belicver as a truc Zulu, ... serving thc king while he has givcn his heart to God":,
Maqhamusela had continued wearing the head-ring, that Zulu symbol of manhood. As a
concession to the missionarY'] he wore a shirt over his heshu (loin-cloth), but no trousers64.
He defended his stance by referring to the New Testament insight that the kingdom of
God is not a matter ofeating and drinking (Rom 14: 17), norofelotbing. His son Mhlongo!
Simon had also been enrolled in baptismal classcs and later worc the same attirc"'.
Maqhamusela want cd to serve the king and serve God. Serving the king was it mat
ter of some ambivalence. Every regiment was called up to perform royal service peri
odically, either to fight, to police, to do manual labour in the royal kraal or on the king's
fields, to herd his cattle or simply to attend royal festivals
6
". Since to fulfi lone's duties,
to khol1za (give vassal service), was a sign ofloyalty to the king. a fine was imposed for
failure to render that senice, and, according to Oftebro, Maqhamusela had already
forfeited all his cattle as tines
h7

There is some ambivalence in Maqhamuscla's stated desire to serve the king: it
became clear in the hearing before Gawozi that 'he had for some time been trying to
relinquish his position in the King's service'6x. The problem was not only personal, i.e.
rendering such service being rather diftlcult at the age ono years, but also theological,
in that some of the duties would have been out of keeping with the Christian ethic.
Already in the earliest negotiations with Zulu kings missionaries had repeatedly re
quested that Christians be exempted frum certain forms of royal service, and be as
signed alternative tasks or be required to pay a tax as a sign of the loyalty to their
sovereign
69
. At times this aITangement was followed and assignments suited to the skills
whieh the Christians had learnt on the mission stations were set, e.g. building a Western
style house for Cetshwayo, carpentry, etc
7
,llowever, Christians were called up irregu
40 Maqhamusela Khanyile:5 life and testimony
larly and, in one instance at least, their servicc was used by the Zulu authorities to
subvert thc aim: the Zulu authorities paid the Christian workers for their work, which
automatically strippcd the work of its symbol charactcr askhonza. Moreovcr. different
sets of men were not paid the same. which caused fierce jealousy which almost ended in
rioting at the mission station Cl.
This is the background to Gundersen's note concerning Maqhamuscla: 'No royal
service has materiali/ed, even whi le scores ofboys and men have been executed for not
turning up promptly for such service. He is now safe under our protection and calls
himself"our man" and considers himself freed from royal service. Poor man! '72.
'We are approaching a crisis'
On Ofte bro 's return from Norway Maqham use la came under that miss i onary' s care again.
In view ofthe risk to Maqhamusela, Oftebro did not includc his name in the register of
the baptismal class
73
One unconfirmed source even claims that he was not included in
one baptismal service owing to the danger to his Iife
74

Maqhamusela often requested to he taken to the king himself, or for the missionary
to broach the subject of a dispensation to allow him to be baptised. Maqha1llusela had
made up his mind: 'If they kill me becallse I believe, they may do so: the Lord will
receive me. Has not Christ died for me'? Po, ny 'esabelani' (,Well, why should I fear?')"'.
Relations between the king and all the missions were becoming increasingly strained
but. when an opportune moment opened up, Oftebro cited a previolls exeeption-(' and
asked for the same leniency towards Maqhamusela
77
. Again, King Cetshwayo was un
willing to commit himself, the lower command structures not being present. When
Maqhamusela heard this he was disappointed, and consoled himself in the confidence
that, although he had not been baptized, 'God would give him a little place in his king
dom up there '7X.
In his research Fowler had interviewed Esrom Mtshali, the son ofthe royal supervi
sor ofthe execution. Umbulawa. to hear what the father had told the son-Cl. He states that
'it would seem that Chief Gawozi made a formal denouncement of Maqhalllusela he
fore the Council of Elders and was told to 'put him away'80. Fowler also relates that
some Christians who had gone to the local chief's kraal had overheard others speaking
about the order to kill Maqhamusela. On their return to the station they advised
Maqhamusela to tlee, but he refused to do s08
l
.
The above information gives a glimpse of the dilemma in which King Cetshwayo
found himself generally, a dilemma that led Etherington to a partial exoneration of
Cetshwayo ofharrassing and executing Christians
82
. Although the king might have wanted
to preserve the good-will ofOftebro and to refrain from alienating white public opinion
further, he had to tighten discipline in the army83 and stand by his previous word, given
before the council, the isikhulu
84
. One must agree with Hale
x5
: 'Cetshwayo's relation
ship to the missionary endeavours in his kingdom ... can probably not be reduced to a
simple, rational formula'.
Oftebro first reported Maqhamuscla's death to fellow missionaries, both Lutheran
and Anglican (Robel1son). A month after the incident he penned his official repol1 to
the mission board in Norway"'. He begins by relating that on Tnyezane, which was a
Hermannsburg mission station under Rev F Frohling, a believer called Josepb had been
41 Maqlzamusela Klwnyile life and testimony
killed by an impi on 4 March 1X77 upon the accusation of having poisoned Zulu women.
The executioncrs had statcd that thcy werc doing this on the king's orders.
Oftcbro continucs his report as follows (translation by Karl Solberg and in part by
Ed\\in rroise):
Just five days later a servant came running to report that Maqhamusela
had been killed! Whcn I had returned from Mahlabatini, Maqhamusela
was not at home - he had gone to visit the of one of his brothers
in-law. On the day before his death he returned and attended baptismal
instruction as usual. I spoke with him and told him ahout the outcome of
my discussion with the King, requesting his agreement to Maqhamusela"s
haptism.
He thanked me for telling the King that he was one who loved the Word
of God. 'Ifhe now has me killed, I will rejOIce in it. r am not afraid. Is it
not good to die for Christ's name') Did he not die for me') He will give me
a little place in his kingdom up there.'
fll(j\"(fdiveJuhilec 1944 has it that early in the morning of the next day Maqhamusela
was called to his grandmother"s homestead, which was at the sub-chiefs kraal. He was
at morning devotions as usual. A fler prayers he embraced his son Mhlongo- Ntshingwayo
and wept saying. 'Farewell my child. I am going, I am called'. By noon he was on his
way to ChiefUmjejane's homestead. This source states that at the sub-chief's kraal he
found the sub-chief, .1uhane Mpungose (Umjejane). the sub-ehief's brother (Mgeelul.
Nyamalala Zondo and anothlT man. a Swazi called Hwayimhane, all of whom tried to
dissuade him from his purpose. lIe was then told to return home and intercepted by
them on the way.
Fowler narrates a different version of the course ot"events prior to the execution, i.e.
that soon after Maqhamusela had left home these four men arrived at his homc'7 fO\\lcr
adds the name of a firth man. Umbulawa. \\ho had been sent by the authorities to \\it
ness the execution. Whcll they found neither Maqhamusela nor his sons nor the second
wife at home they sent Maqhamusela a message that he was wanted on a hill for a court
case, and that when he elimbed the hill again Maqhamusela turned into the bushes to
prayKX.
Oftcbro's report continues:
When they met him they immediately laid their hands on him in order to
bind him. When he asked why they were going to kill him. he was told it
was because he believed and wanted to be baptised. He was glad and
thanked God. without showing fear.' Fowler adds that his request to be
baptized before he was killed was not granted by the executioners'''. Hoth
state that he was gi\C1l time to pray. Fowler. possibly citing an early mission
bulletin report by the Anglican Re\ S. Samuelson (in 'The Mission Field'
ot"October 1877). enumerates that he prayed for himself. 'that God would
have mercy upon him and. though he was not baptized, receive him into
the Kingdom'. He also prayed for his missionary, his own wives and
children. for King Cetshwayo. for his executioners 'and for many Zulus
by name. Finally he prayed that Zululand might become a Christian land)n
42 Maqhamusela Khanyile:'I life and testimony
Oftebro continues:
He then stood up and said, 'Now Tam ready; kill me!' - 'Se ngi qedile,,!l.
The executioners hesitated, not wanting to shoot him. It seemed strange
to them to kill a man whosc only crime was to believe the Word o/" God
which he had heard. They feared that some evil would happen to them.
Fowler surn1ises: 'They had come disliking their duty' and listened more and more
intently to his prayer
92
. Oftebro lllerely reports that one of them eventually decided to
act; his gun misfired, and he declared that he dare not try again.' Fowler gives further
information: Maqhamusela warned the executioners that there would be a heavy thun
derstorm, and advised them to run home as fast as they could when they had completed
thei r task. Then Nyamalala Zondo, one ofMaqhamuscla 's relatives, aimed his old-fash
ioned muzzle-loader at Maqhamusela, but it misfired. Fowlcr's story continues as fol
lows: 'You, my kinsman, must not slay me,' said the Martyr. Nyamalala refused to shoot
agam.
'The slayers bcgan to talk excitedly. Why would not the gun go off) Was it safe to
kill a man who belonged to Nkulllnklllll - the Great-Great-One - and (who) was not
suspected of being a wizard'? Some evil might come upon them'93. But they darcd not
return to the king with their task unfinished.
Fowler continues: 'Then thc young man, Hwayimbana ... shot Maqhamuscla in the
head. A terrible storm broke immediately, the slayers fled for shelter. No onc dared to
go out in that storm. Umbulawa ran to the desolate home ofthe Martyr, as the blind wife
was his half-sister. He said nothing of what had happened until he was going away next
morning"J4.
Fowler intersperses a note that Nyamala Zondo was probably responsible for pass
ing on the details of the actual martyrdom. He characterizes Maqhamusela as a man of
kindly nature and, in later life, warmly attached to the missionaries personally; sadly, he
died unbaptized.
Oftebro and Fowler both report that one of Pastor Oftebro's servants brought the
news to the mission station on the lllorning after the execution. However it is on Iy Fowler
who continues that Pastor Oftebro rang the church bell, and with a little company or the
faithful, went to the hilltop to bury the martyr's body. It was not there. There was no sign
of the body being dragged away by wild beasts, which the people or Eshowe - and
particularly Simon (Mhlongo) affirm had long left the neighbourhood, a claim which
was contested by other informants interviewed by Fowler. He continues, 'The Norwe
gian Christians ofEshowe finnly hold that the LORD buried Maqhamusela as HE bur
ied Moses")'. The report in Incwadi yeJuhilee simply states 'When Oftebro and the
Christians arrived on Mpondweni Hill they could not find the body. All was in vain.
Even today it is not known what happened to his corpse. It just disappeared'. Neither in
his letter to Robertson nor in his official report to the Mission Society does Oftebro
mention the unsucccssful search for thc body, nor the conclusions drawn by the congre
gation.
The execution naturally heightcncd Oftebro's concern for the reputation llfthc mis
sion among Zulus. lIe rcllects: 'We rejoice that they were unable to accuse him
(Maqhamusela) of doing any wrong. I le had not left his c h i c t ~ King. kraaL or Zulu
attire. He wore only a shirt, which many Zulus are no longer afraid to do. His only crime
43 Maqhamusela life and testimony
was that he took to heart and believed the Word that spoke about sin and grace .... As far
as Maqhamusela is concerned, the Lord has no doubt given him a place with the heav
enly hosts (translation by Hale: amongst those that are saved) and not allowed the hope
which hc expressed to me on the day before his death to go unfulfilled'96.
Besides the image of mission work to worry Oftebro, there were more immediate
concerns: the other Christians on the station. Oftebro rep0l1s that Maqhamusela's wife
was able to hide, so the executioners did not find her. An unconfirmed report in the
NMS bulletin (predating Oftebro's official report) states that she had escaped by lying
hidden in the river with only her face above the water97. His son. Cideon, who worked
for Rev PG Nilsen, was not found by the executioners, nor Simon Mhlongo, who prob
ably tled to Kyllingstad's house, where he \vorked. Both sons were already attending
baptismal classes. They, their mother and perhaps a third child walked
9x
for three nights
to escape to Umphumulo, which was in 'English' Natal. Oftebo continues, 'Under these
circumstances it is not surprising that our Christians were uneasy. On the following day
a Saturday - a crowd of men from the chief came looking for the wife, claiming that
they did not want to kill her. but only to care for her.
'It was said that a whole army had assembled in a chief's kraal nearby. Onc chap
who walked past here had asked suspicious questions of some Zulu boys who worked
for us, and fear gained the upper hand. The Zulu boys who worked at the station fled in
haste and those who were in the baptismal class fled in haste, too. In the evening all the
w'omen and childrcn strcamed into our house and filled the kitchen. thc girls' hedroom
and our lounge, All in all there were more than thirty people, Men and boys gathered to
keep \vatch, They were afraid that the army. which they had heard Ilad gathered at the
chief's kraal. would raid the station. We ourselves were quite at easc and thought thcy
had been scared without reason. The next morning passed peacefully and everyone did
his normal work until we assembled in the chapel for worship, ')9
Every night a little group of Christians fled across the Tugela until the station was
virtually deserted. All the NMS missionaries. not only those in Eshowe, felt extremely
threatened, and upon advicc li'om Shepstone. delivered by Fynney, left their stations ror
Natal '''''. The missionaries returned after a few weeks, only to t1ce once again, just be
fore the outbreak of the Anglo-Zulu War. In January 1879 Eshowe mission station was
turned into headquarters for a column of the British army, fortified, besieged, relieved
by Lord Chelmsford, abandoned, and then destroyed by the ZUIUS
IOI
, The congregation
of believers had been dispersed, and with it the matrix of Christian worship and testi
mony tu the Zulus,
F ven before peace had been formally signed in September 1880 Oftebro and others
were back on their stations, and weleomed by whoever was left of the local commu
nity '01, By 1881 some of the Christians had also returned from Natal, among them
Maqhamusela's second wife and two sons, all of whom were baptised in Eshowe and
given the names Rebecca, Sill10n and Gideon
'
'''. Their presence among the people around
Eshowc must have been a constant reminder or the man who had testified to Christ so
clearly and courageously.
Early commemoration ofMaqhamusela
Oftebro
104
quotes unnamed persons as saying at the time, 'He died keeping Sunday
(present writer: holding senice); he prayed for all of us, and did not show the slightest
fear.' Fowler claims that these words were 'the comment of the slayers'105. Whatever
may have been the case, this obituary is a forceful praise song (isibongo) to 'the first
person in our (i.e. the Norwegian) Zulu mission to give up his life for the sake of his
faith'lo6.
However, in Oftebro's account there is no mention of anything that would have
made Maqhamusela gain a stature that is out of the ordinary, as we find in Fowler.
Oftebro does not mention Maqhamusela's Christ-like forgiveness for his executioners
in alerting them to the danger ofa storm or ofhis concern for the future mental health of
his relative whose first shot had misfired. Finally he does not mention that not even
burial was possible as the body had disappeared and could not be found in a week of
searching.
Oftebro and all the official Lutheran publications until Stavem's The Norwegian
Mission Society of 1918 refrained from calling him 'martyr'. Instead, we find Oftebro's
laborious formulation cited above, i.e. that Maqhamusela was 'the first person to give
up his life for the sake ofthe gospel'. In contrast, both Anglican missionary colleagues,
Robertsonl!17 and Samuelsonl!)X used the term or implied it. It seems, then, that immedi
ately after the death, all hints ofcommemorating Maqhamusela as a martyr for the Chris
tian faith were deliberately cut short among the Lutherans. One must ask why Lutherans
were inhibited on this score.
For one thing this denomination had no tradition ofregularly remembering and cel
ebrating outstanding Christians in worship services. According to Kolb
lo9
Luther had
taken a firm stand against calling upon the saints for heavenly intercession and earthly
miraculous powers; he condemned it as idolatrous as it takes glory away from God
('Open letter to the German Nobility' and 'On good works'). Also, it was seen to con
flict with justification by faith in the merits of Christ. In this conviction the Lutheran
liturgical calendar was purged ofall saints' days, making no difference between invoca
tion ofsaints and thanksgiving and edification by them. Luther saw saints not as sinless
persons to whom miracles could be ascribed; they are all those who in their word and
life 'had announced and pronounced God's saving power in his Word throughout Chris
tian history' "0.
However, once Lutherans had been martyred for confessing the reformation faith
there was a re-think. When he received the news that two fellow monks had been burned
on I July 1523 for adhering to his teaching, Luther composed his first hymn in a mood
ofthanksgiving and defiance. As had been the case with martyrs and saints before them,
they had encouraged others, set an example and vindicated the Word by their God-given
courage. Subsequently several 'Fathers' Lives' were written by Lutherans for general
edification and polemical purposes. However, latitude for liturgical thanksgiving for
saints was feared as it would open the door to previous abuse; it was therefore quashed.
The missionaries of this denomination therefore had no liturgical tradition to ac
commodate public and regular thanksgiving for a martyr. Even calling a person who had
died for the faith by that name might be suspect.
A second factor that probably lead to muzzling commemoration of Maqhamusela
liturgically, or even applying the title 'martyr', was the fear that veneration of him might
easily slip into the traditional African ancestor cult, which the Lutheran missionaries
rejected for the same arguments as those brought against the invocation of saints.
45 Maqlzanzusela Khanyile slife and testimony
In the third place, Oftebro and other Lutheran missionaries were kecnly aware of the
lact that the Governor of the Cape Colony, Sir Bartle Frere, was eager to find reasons
t()I" going to war with King Cetshwayo, as cxplained earlier. For the war propaganda a
Zulu Christian martyr, murdered by a non-believing Zulu king, would have been a most
\velcollle argument to justify all-out war.
A situation of singular ambivalence resulted. On the one hand Oftebro, and most
other missionaries in Zululand, were ofthe opinion that 'some form of British overrule
was a precondition for freedom of religion' ,and this again had 'provcd to bc absolutely
necessary for mission work to be able to proceed 'Ill. Oftebro had therefore seen a nccd
for 'material and political humiliation' of the Zulu nation
li2
, and consequently thcjoint
Ictter of 10 October 1877 from Norwegian, Anglican and Hermannsburg missionarics
to Frere numerates details of executions of Christians without a court case having been
held. The missionaries even supplied maps and provided information to the British
Commander-in-chiefI3. The war seemed to be a necessary although very saddening
outcome, for which, according to Hernaes, the NMS missionaries, among others. had
provided a pretext I 14 In truth. Oftebro's son assisted British soldiers to find the l1eeing
King Cctshwayo, a very painful moment for both. It is signiJicant that even the 'political
opposition' among the missionaries, e.g. the Bishops Colenso and Schreuder, accepted
the need for dismantling the Zulu regimental system, although they campaigned that this
might happen without bloodshed
lls
.
However, other considerations stood in tension with the above. While Frere was
fired with colonialist visions. the missionaries were motivated by the zeal to preach the
gospel to a people whom they loved and considered oppressed. They wanted to be able
to return to Zululand as soon as order was restored. The Norwegians were therefore
careful not to smear the names of the Zulu authorities. In the terminology of martyr
traditions, e.g. the book ofRevelation, Zulu authorities would be termed the Anti-Christ
or servants of Satan if Maqhamusela were to be popularized as a martyr. The present
writer does not accept Etherington's formulation that the NMS missionaries wanted to
cripple 'the anti-Christian forces' 11"; the present writer has not found one instance of
such pejorative naming of the Zulus in the material at her disposal. She concludes that
Oftebro did not ofTer this instrument of holy warfare to the colonial authorities. In com
parison, the more restrained fornmlation by Maylam sounds to her more accurate: Frere
'made political capital out of alleged Zulu persecutions of Christian missionaries and
converts' 117. Of course, the intricacy of the missionary's motivation made no difference
to thc tact that the information had been supplied and could be made use of by Frere;
that outcome cannot be denied.
The fourth factor militating against regular and public commemoration of
Maqhamusela among the Christians of the Norwegian Mission after the event was the
large-scale displacement of people, the disruption of economic activity, and the plun
dering of resources by waves of violence sweeping through Zululand
11x
after the Anglo
Zulu War and the ensuing settlement. The situation afforded no room for the kind of
historical reflection that might have led to some form of public recognition of
Maqhamusela.
To recapitulate, there was no early commemoration of Maqhamuscla. The social
tunnoil in the wake ofthe 1879 war undercut communal reflections ofthis kind. Norwe
gian Lutherans did not pronounce Maqhamuscla a Christian martyr for various reasons.
Neither did Rev Oftebro report the loss ofMaqhamusela's corpse, Maqhamusela warn
ing his executioners of the impending storm and its breaking. Nor did he recount
Maqhamusela's concern for his relative's peace of mind when he enjoined him as mem
ber ofthe execution squad not to shoot, as narrated by Fowler. These three items portray
Maqhamusela as extra-ordinary, in fact, as saintly. If they have an historical basis, their
omission from Oftebro's report may have curtailed public remembrance for the same
reason as withholding the martyr title. But that assumes that Fowler's report is histori
cally accurate.
Historical dependability of Fowler's report
The historical dependability of Fowler's version cannot simply be taken for granted.
One must take seriously the possibility that those three items enhancing the stature of
Maqhamusela are the embellishment ofthe congregation, the concrete expression ofthe
veneration in which they held Maqhamusela, in terms of which the remembered story
was reported to Fowler. The Zulu culture lacked a critical concept ofscientific verifiability
for what is stated to be fact. Coupled with the tradition of image-laden reports on the
lives of great persons (as in the izihongo of chiefs), congregational origin of these three
items is not improbable. Such legendary outcrops are not unusual in the history of the
church either. Some proof would have to be found before accepting these items as more
than the later perception and interpretation of the event.
I could not find prooffor the historical accuracy ofthe three above-mentioned items,
nor proof against it. According to the archivist ofthe Norwegian Mission Society, Oftebro
did not keep a diary, or it has been lost. No letters from or to NMS missionaries in this
period can be traced in their archives. In South Africa no contemporary sources such as
Magema Fuze, Cornelius Vijn or Fynney offer proof for or against. The only circum
stantial confirmation I could find is notices in newspapers that the weather in northern
Natal had been inclement to the extreme on the days around 9 March 1877. Thus the
Times of Natal of 14 March 1877 states: 'A terrific hailstorm has destroyed all the
mealie and pumpkin crop in the north ofZululand and people on the so called disputed
territory are fearing a famine.' (See also theNatal Colonist of20 March 1877, the Natal
Witness of 13 March 1877, and the Natal Mercury of 13 March 1877). While not con
clusive, it is noteworthy that the story that the missionaries passed on to the younger
generation in the nineteen thirties was the Fowler version, as shown by my interviews
with descendants of these missionaries such as Ms Ingrid Gorven (nee Rodseth), Ms
Levang (nee Froise) and Mr and Ms Karl Solberg. With such slender proof the matter
will have to remain inconclusive for the present.
Later commemoration of Maqhamusela
With Oftebro's master text so arid of impetus for commemoration it is amazing that
there was informal remembering of Maqhamusela: he remained in the thoughts and
everyday conversation of the people of Eshowe, and not only as a player in an episode:
within the value system of the Zulu culture he had the making of a hero due to the
fearlessness with which he faced death and his concern for the people to whom he
belonged ('He prayed for us all', in both Oftebro and Fowler). He was also remembered
among the whites who associated with the missionary families. Thus the Norwegian
youth who came to Eshowe once a year fcir a youth camp in the nineteen twenties and
thirties
11 9
would regularly walk to the cross
and hear the story. Mention of that cross
now needs to be elaborated.
As the pol itical restructuring to achieve
the Union of South Africa took shape and
the capitalization of its economy came to
be accepted, relative calm returned to
Zululand. In 1926 a small group of Eshowe
congregation members and a missionary
formed a committee to collect funds to set
up a memorial to Maqhamusela and to the
grace which God had given him. The com
mittee was chaired by Mr K.S. Zungu; Mr
McJ. Mpanza was the secretary, Rev L.O.
Aadnesgaard the treasurer, and Rev M.1.
Mpanza, Ms 0.1. Zulu, Ms K.1. Ntuli and
teacher M.D. Mkhize were members
12U

Rev S. Solberg (in charge of Eshowe
mission station at the time) enthusiastically
designed a grand plan for a monument on
Mpolweni Hill, the elevation close to the
place where the execution had taken place.
Maqhamusela:5 monument on
A huge boulder was to be set up (alternately
Mpolweni Hill
I huge and 4 smaller stones) with a cross
on top, which would be visible for miles away1 21. This turned out to be too expensive in
the economic depression of the early thirties. In 1939 private contributions, also from
members of other denominations, made it possible to erect a humble concrete cross. A
marble plate bore the inscription: 'Maqamusela Kanyile walela ukukolwa kuKristu kona
lapa 9.3.1877' (At this place Maqhamusela Khanyile died before his time for believing
in Christ).
Tn the meanwhile Anglican interest in Maqhamusela had been rekindled and in 1935
Father AJ. Fowler of the Society ofthe Sacred Mission began to research Maqhamusela 's
life. He and the Lutheran missionary at Eshowe station, Rev PA Rodseth, interviewed
different persons who had been connected with Maqhamusela or been given informa
tion by such people12C. Tn this way Fowler managed to gain information which was not
contained in Oftebro's reports. His edited findings were published in The South AFican
Church Weekly Newspaper of 3 March 1937, followed by an appeal for funds for the
monument by Rev Rodseth and a picture of the aged Simon Mhlongo in the same pub
lication the following week. The sketch ofMaqhamusela's life which is found inlncwadi
yeJubliee
l 23
was based on Fowler's report. However, devotional visits to the cross re
mained irregular.
In 1951 the Lutheran Bible School at Eshowe was given Maqhamusela's namd
24
, a
mark that he was remembered. Students and staff of both this institution and of the
(Lutheran) Teacher Training College in Eshowe would be given information on the man
and visit the cross repeatedly (cf. photo ofopen-air meeting at the cross in Prospectus of
Maqhamusela Bible School, 1951). However, there was no formal commemoration within
the Lutheran church, al
though the liturgical calen
dars of the Norwegian
Lutherans and, later, the
Co-operating Missions and,
even later, the Evangelical
Lutheran Church in South
Africa gave an opportunity
for it on All Saints or on
Martyrs' Day (Feast of
Stephen).
By the late 1970s the
concrete cross was in bad
The present condition ofthe marble plate on the
shape. The Church of the
monument
Province of South Africa
Cathedral Parish called together the Christian churches in Eshowe to address social
responsibility jointly, and they did this with vigour. Remembering 'our own Zulu mar
tyr, Maqhamusela Khanyile ' J25, they offered the Lutherans help to maintain the site of
the cross, and finally collected funds to set up the new cross in 1981. The marble slab of
the first cross with its inscription was built into the new base, and an interdenomina
tional service was held at its unveiling on 8 3 March 1981. At present (2000) the cross
is named in the Eshowe tourist brochure and is visited by sightseers; a booklet on
Maqhamusela by Prof A. Cubbin is on sale at the Eshowe Museum.
From about 1974 onwards one of the parishes in ELCSA (Newcastle) has made
9 March a day of thanksgiving for Maqhamusela, using a simple liturgy. In the 1993
liturgical calendar of the Church of the Province of South Africa 9 March is dedicated
to 'Maqhamusela ... an African catechumen of the Lutheran Church in the nineteenth
century'
J26
.The question remains: when and how do we as Christians thank God for his
grace in Maqhamusela, and for the man's persuasive testimony to Christ? That testi
mony is echoed in those words with which the local community summed up his death:
'He died keeping Sunday (present writer: holding service); he prayed for all of us, and
did not show the slightest fear ' 127.
Conclusion
One purpose of research such as that discussed above is to help Christian communities
to live in loyalty to one another by acknowledging that as Christians we do not only
have a common Lord but also a common history. An important aspect ofacknowledging
this common history is the need to become reconciled to our missionary history with its
strengths but also its undoubted weaknesses and blindnesses.
However, the history of Christianity in our country is only in part missionary; also, it
is the story of black Christians. 'Growth, expansion and development of Christianity
south of the Sahara has depended on, and been distinctly molded by African initia
tives" 2s . Maqhamusela's story is part of that common, often hidden history.
MARGARETE NORNBERGER
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Primary Sources
Archives of the Church of the Pro\ince of South Africa (CPSA), W.M. Cullen Libraty. University of the
Witwatersrand
Fowler, A.J., 'The Zulu martyr \l!aqulllusela Kanyilc', handwritten manuscript with four Clwering letters.
CPSA: AB 264L n.d.
Fowler, A.J., 'The Zulu martyr Maqumuscla. type-written, edited version of the abme. (TSA: AR 264f,
n.d.
Campbell Collection, Uni",rsity of Natal, Durban (KCC)
Col en so, J, 'Letter to Mr Chcsson'. KCC: Coleso Papers File 27, KCM 49969 Z8, 27 April I gg7.
Missionsselskapets Arkiv Soer Afrika (Archives of the Norwegian Mission Society). Misjonshoegskolen,
Misjonsveicn 34, 4024 Stavanger, Norway (A-NMS)
Gundersen. G., & (mebro O.c., Fra Zululandet, NM-t 32de Aarg., I 1.1 877:403f. A-NMS, 1877
Gundersen. G. Fra Zululandet, NM-t 29de Aarg., I 1.1 874:402f, A-NMS, 1874.
Kyllingstad,1.. Fra Zululandet, NM-t 28de Aarg., 10. I 873:454f. A-NMS, 1873.
Oftcbro. O.c., Fra Zululandet, NM-t 24de Aarg., 1.1869:6. A-N"vlS, 1869.
Oflebro, O.c., Fra Zululandet, NM-t 28de Aarg., 1.1873:8. A-NMS, 1873.
0lkbro, O.c., Fra Zululandet, NM-t 32de Aarg .. 6.1877: 229, A-NMS, 1877.
Oftebro, O.c., Fra Zululandet. I\M-t 32de Aarg .. 7.1 A-NMS, 1877.
Oftebro, O.c., Fra Zululamlet. Nl\l-t 32de Aarg .. 8.1 :0;77:304, A-NMS, 1877.
Oftebro, O.c.. Fra Zululandct. NM-t 32de Aarg .. 9.1 A-NMS, 1877.
Oftebro, O.c., Fra Zululandet. NM-t 32de Aarg .. 10.1877:382, A-NMS, 1877.
Oftebro,O, 10.10.187R. A-N\lS: bob 2A. Icgg 6b
Pietermaritzburg Archives Repositmy. Pietennaritz Street, Pietermaritzburg (N.A.)
'E'. 28.12.1877, Lettcr to the editor of tile Natal Colonist, N.A.: 1877/84
Oftebro, O.c.. 17.3.1877. Letter to Rev R Robertson, N.A. Colenso Collection: IR77/34
C etshwayo kaMpande: 'Statements made by Cetshwayo kaMpande on the history and cllstoms ofhis people',
Pictermaritzburg, University of Natal Press, Cetshwayo's Story reprinted from Macmillan sMagazine,
February I R80. pp. 273-295
Theses and unpublished works
Cubbin. T.. '\iaqhallluscla Khanyile: first Christian martyr of the Norwegian Mission Society', Ngoye:
University ofZululand.1998.
General secondary works
Chureh of the ProvinCe' of South Atl'ica (ed.). Suill 1.1' und seasons, London: Harper Coli ins. 1l!9J.
Etherington, N., Sociallh("on' IIlld Ihr' stud\" o/Chrislian missiolls in A/i"ica: a South Aji-icllll ,'alt? SI/till: In
Africa, 47/1: 31-.ll! 1l)77.
Etherington, N., Preachers. 1Ji!<I.I"IiIl!1 111/(1 !,olilics in Soulheast Aji-ica. 1835-1880: A/iieall Chrilliall
communities in Natal. PUlldolulld und /lIll1lwlIl. London: Royal Historical Society, 197R.
Follesoe. N.M., Mpanza. M . .I .. and \ltivanc, .1.1', 111C1vadi yeJubilee: 1844-1944. Eshowc, 1l!44.
Fuze, Magema M.,A Visit to King Kebhwayo' inlvlacmillan Magazine. March 1878
Gray. R .. Black. Christians and white missionaries, London. New lIaven. 1990.
Guy. J .. Tlw deslruction of" the Zulu kingdom. the cil'il \Var ill ZlIluland. 1879 18X,. Pietermaritzburg:
University of Natal Press, 1994
Hale. F., (ed.) NOI"\I"egian Missiol1s in Natal and Zululand. selected correspolldellce 1844-1 900 Cape Town:
van Ricbccck Society, 1996.
Hernaes, 1'., 'The Zulu kingdom, Norwegian missionaries, and Rritish imperialism. 1845-1879', In Simensen,
L (cd.) Vonvr'giall missions in A/i'iean HistolT I: SOlllh A/iicu 1845 1906. Oslo: Norwegian University
Press: 102-186.1986
Hutchinson, Some sociul conse'/lIenc,'1 0/ 1')lh ("elltllrl' missionwy activity among Ihe SOlllh A(i-icall HIIIIIII.
Africa. 27/2: 160 177.
Laband. J.. 'The Cohe>ion orlhe Zulu polity under the impact of the Anglo-Zulu War', in Conference' on the
history of Natal and Zululand, Durban: Uni\"Crsity of Natal/Durban: 1-28 1985.
Laband, J., Rope o/s({llil: Ihe use andfidl oflhe Zulu kingdom ill the ninele!'nth C!'I1I1I1T. .Iohannesburg:
Jonathan Ball, 1995.
Laband, J.. and Wright. J.R .. Killg ('("1111I\"u\"ll /,,' .I/pandc (C. 1832 1884). Pietermaritzburg: Shuter and
Shooter. 19RO.
50 Maqhamusela Khanyile :5' life and testimony
Maylmn, P., A history of the African people of'South Aji"ica!inm the earlr iron age to the 1970,1; Cape
Town: John Philip, 1986.
Robertsoll, R., The Mission Pield, Oct 1. 1R77: 462-7\ f, I H77
Samuelson, S., Report in jJl(' Ncl, June 1, 1 95 and 161-163,1877.
Simensen, l., 'Religious changc a'i transaction: the Norwegian Mission to ZululamL South Ali'ica 1 X50
1906', in Pctersen, K.I 1..( cd.), Religion, dn'e!opment and African identity, Upp'iala: SIAS and Nordic
Institutc of Missionary Research: X5-102, 1987.
Simenscn, J. et al. 'Chri'itian mission'i and 'iocio-cultural changc in Zululand 1850-1906, Norwegian strategy
and African response', in Sil1lcnscn. 1. (cd.). Norwegian Missions in Aji-ican Hi.IWIT. /: South A/rica.
Oslo: Universit) Press: 1 X7-275. 1985.
Thompson. L., 'Thc subjection of thc African chiefdoms, 1870- 1898', in Wilson, M. and Thompson, L.,
(cdd.), The ()xfi)/'d History ofSouth Africa 11: 261 - 267, London: Oxford Univcrsity Press, 1969.
Vijn. C, Cets!nvayo:S Dutchman, being the privatejollrnal of'a white trader in Zulu land during the British
invasion, trans. and ed. by the Rt Rev. ,LW. Colenso, London, Greenhill, rcprint 1988
NOTES
I. Follesoe et al 1944:34f
2. 1911,1965:3
3. CPSA 1993:52
4. Fowler MS 19]5:4. 16
5. Binns 1963: 7,
6. 'E' in Natal Colonist 1877'8.:1
7. Maylam 1986:85: Ilclllacs 1986:4
8. Etherington 1977:3(,
9. Fowler Ms 1935:.:1
10. Guy 243
11. Simensen 1986:70
12. according to Gluckmann, in Guy 1994: 11
13. Binns 1963: 78
14. Sundklcr 1987:78
15. Fowler 1935:2
16. Kyllingstad 1873)
17. Jocrgcnsen 1987, Note 159
18. Ollebro 1873
19. Kyllingstad 1973
20. Oftebro in Hale 1996:8.:11'
21. Simcnscn
22. Fowler 1935: 1
23. Laband and \\right 19RO:3, S: \1aylal11 1986:73-78
24. Cetywayo 18XO: I]: Ilale 19X6:79-X3
25. Oftebro 1877
26. Oftcbro 1877
27. Of'tebro ill Hale 1996:79
28. GUllderscll 1876 in Hale 1996:72; Cetywayo 1880: 19: Rinns 1963:97: Maylam 1986:72f; Hcrnaes
1985:(i8
29. (,ulldersen 1877
30. Cctywayo 1880:25
31. Guy 1994: 39(t)
32. Laband and Wrigh( 19RO: 14
33. 8il1115 1963:99
34. Laband and Wrigh( Il)XO 11: \1aylnlll 19X6:77; Guy 1994:83
35. Guy: 1994:48
36. Binns 1963:9lJ, Ilcmaes 1985: 12: Laband ami Wright 1995: 14
37. Colcnso to Chesson. 1Xn-;, Pieterlllaritzburg ,\rchivcs Rcpository
38. llale 1986:53: Simcllsen I Ll811: 2.:11'
39. Oftebro 1868
40. Oftcbro 1868
42. Gundersen 1974
43. Fowler MS 1935: 13
44. Follesoe et al 1944:35
45. Fowler MS 1935:3.16
46. Fowler MS 1935:31'
47. Fowler MS 1935:11
48. Fowler MS 1935:15
49. Fowler edited version 1935:5
50. Kyllingstad 1873: (,undersell 1874
51. Fowler MS 1935: 4,8
52. Ol1ebro 1873: Fowler MS 1935:4
53. Oftcbro 1968
54. lIernaes 1985: 13
55. Oftebro 1973
56. Kyllingstad, 1873
57. Oltebro 1868
59. Kyllingstad 187:1
60. Gundersen 1874
61. Binns 1963:78; (iuy 1994 82.89.437
62. Gundersen 1874
63. Hutchinson 1957: 162 170
64. Oltebro 1877. Gundcrscn I R74
65. Fowler MS 1935, 14
66. Binns 1963:6: Guy 1994:29
67. () ltebro 1868. and Oftebro to Robertson 1877
69. Oftebro 1877: Simensen 1987:89
70. Oftebro to Robertson 1877
71. Hernaes 1985:61'
72. Gundersen 1874
73. Oftehro to Rohertson 1877; Oftebro 1877
74. Robertson 1877
75. Oltebro to Robertson 1877
76. Oftebro to Robertson 1877
77. Oltebro 1877
78. Oltehro 1877
79. undated letter from Fm\ ler to Fr Victor. 1935
80. Fowler MS 1935: 5
81. Fowler MS 1935:6
82. Ftherington 1978:84-5
83. Hale 1996:70-73; Laband and Wright 1980:10; Laband 1985:1
84. Guy 1994:29
85. 1996:83
86. Oltebro 1877
87. Oftebro 1877: Fowler MS 1935:8
88. Fowler Ms 1935:11
89. Fowler 1935:9
90. Fowler MS 1935:91"
91. Fowler MS 1935: 10
92. Fowler MS 1935: 10
93. Fowler MS 1935101'
94. Fowler MS 1935: 12
95. Fowler MS 1935: 13
96. Oftebro 1877
97. NMT ./une. 1877:203
52 Maqhamusela Khanyile:S l(re and testimony
98. lncwadi yeJuhilee 13
99. In: Hale, 1996: 84ff
100. NMT 9.1877:338; Hale 1996:80, 93; Hemaes 19R5:9
10 I. Hale 1996: 114, note 5Sa
102. Hale 1996: 1 1 4 f ~ 1'4
10.1. h)wler MS 1935:14
104. Oftebro 1877
105. Fowler MS 1935:13
106. Oftebro 1877
107. The Net I June 1877:95
108. The \IIission Field I Oct 1877:466
109. In7, 1fT
110. Kolb 1987:16
Ill. Sil11ensen 1987:89, and Knud Skaar in Hale 1996:18
112. NMT 1872, 1331T
113. Hemaes 1985:9f
114. Hemaes 1985: I 0
liS. Hemaes 19R5:9f
116. Llherington 1977:10 .. 37
117. \IIaylam 1986:78
118. (juy 1994: I 85ff
119. 19land 1978:6
120. Collection lists in NMS Archives SA:2a/8
121. lnfonnation supplied by his sons; bter from G Borgen to Pastor Rodseth, 23.7.1929, NMS Archives
SA 2A/8
122. Letters from Fowler to Fr Victor (undated). to Fr Victor of 16.2.1935. to Pr Bull of 21.2.1935
In. FollesoeNMetal1944
124. Froise,G 1998: The Christian go.lpe! never cC'{{ses. Ilowick. Brevitas
125. Minutes of 'Neighbours' 20.3.1979
126. CPSA 1993.
127. Oftebro 1877
128. Gray 1990:80
Alan Paton and Neville Nuttall:
A Literary Friendship
My father, Neville Nuttall, kept a diary for over sixty years, from I March 1921, the day
he registered as a student at Natal University College (NUC) in Pietermaritzburg at the
age of seventeen, until 1982, the year before his death at the age of seventy-nine. The
diary extended to twenty three volumes, the entries being made at intervals varying
from daily to twice weekly and, in later life, to weekly or longer.
Among the many threads running through the diary were details of his lifelong rela
tionship with the South African author Alan Paton, whom he met during his first year as
a student. I have extracted from the diary a record of their time together as students and
as young schoolmasters and this has been published under the title A Literary Friend
ship. Also included in the book are extracts from hitherto unpublished letters and poems
exchanged by the two in the period during which Paton's best-selling novels Oy, the
Beloved Country (1948) and Too Late the Phalarope (1953) were written.
Neville Nuttall was among the first - if not the very first - of Alan Paton's many
friends to recognise that he was a person of prodigious talent. The first reference to
Paton by name occurs in a diary entry dated Thursday 5 October 1922 after the two had
Neville Nuttall (leji) and Alan Paton as young men
Nalalia 31 (2001) , .Jolyon Nuttall pp. 53- 57
54 Alan Paton and Neville Nuttall: A Literary Friendship
appeared in a play together, first on the Pictcrmaritzburg campus and then in Durban.
My father notes:
Alan came down on Tuesday & I saw a good deal of him ... he ... came to
dinner on Friday ... Alan is distindly entertaining & I am finding a good
deal of pleasure in his company. This is due to more than his humour
though I can't exactly dctcllnine what. ..
It was Nuttall's and Paton's deepcning literary interests that drcw the two closcr
together as this entry later in October records:
I suppose I really must work this telln - but I wou Id much rather smoke &
read Swinburne & write all sorts of stuff & somc delightful letters & chat
rot with Alan .. .I shall try a little French prosc as an antidote.
In January 1923, my father recorded in his diary:
Yesterday I had a splendid lettcr from Alan Paton - almost brilliant- hc
has the truc litcrary gift ...
The relationship grcw in my fathcr's third year at NUC. His cntry on Saturday
17 March 1923 reads:
On Thursday evcning Alan and I had one of our 'rare Ben Jonson' stunts
- Mcrmaid Tavern indeed! We spent two hours in the Creamery (Hotel in
Longmarket Street in central Pietellllaritzburg) comfortably ensconced,
listening to exquisite music, smoking delicious cigarettes & talking poetry
- a splendid time.
On 9 May 1923 he wrote:
Alan & Tsat in the Creamery last night till 11.15 p.m. - sipped coffee
smoked & talkcd litcrature. Hc is remarkably original- I imagine hc has
a spark ofgcnius ....
In an entry on Tuesday 12 June 1923 Nuttall reflected on those tI-iends who influ
enced him most in those days. About Paton, he writes:
Alan brings chiefly an intellcctual stimulus - chiefly? - no - I am not
sure about that - he's not so exceptionally intellectual- aesthetic? - aye,
but more than that. I wonder ifit's not just a fine sense ofunderstanding...
Then he notes briefly and succinctly on Saturday 21 July whilc on holiday at Umh1anga
Rocks:
I had a delightful letter from Alan he is a genius!
****
The two remained friends for life, encouraging each other, urging each other to ,sTite
and publish, consulting each other at critical moments in their lives, exchanging letters
and verse at varying intervals.
In addition to thc diarics. I havc a small box of Alan Paton's contributions to thesc
exchanges, kept by my father and, subsequently, in our family. Two of the Iettcrs are
55 A/an Patol1 and Neville Nuttall: A LiterGl)' Friendship
particularly relevant to the emcrgence ofPaton as the author ofan international bestseller
and rei1ect the on-going stimulation and encouragement that each invested in the other.
The first of the two is written from Johannesburg on 17 January 1941. By this date.
after having taught initially at Ixopo High School, Paton was wcll ensconccd as princi
pal ofDiepkloofRcformatory, a post he had taken up in 1935 at the youthful agc of32.
My father was Senior English and Latin master at Durban High School (DHS) at the
time. He opens:
My dear Neville
I used to bc a great letter writer. But I dare not promise you that it can
happen again. I can only say that your last letter has made me write this
one. I \\onder often ifI shall ever again be able to sit still & look out over
the hills or in my study - as you do and read poems or submit myself to
the discipline of writing...
Later in the letter, he writes:
I sometimes wonder if this deep conviction that I could write a great story
is not mere compensation for a much deeper conviction that I couldn't.
Two days later he continues the letter:
I am proud to think that you believe I am destined to Great Things. I am
glad to say that I do nothing to hasten such a destiny. Ifit comes, it comes.
But I do live, at times greatly, at times cheaply, with a zest that thank God
does not seem to abate ...
Later Paton lets his mind dwell on a deep nostalgia for all that is past,
... for the days when we were young together, which for all their
crudities ... were swect beyond recapture. J long for them at times, as man
longs for a perfect love that cannot be recallcd, with an ache that can only
be described as being at the 'heart of things.'
My father's passion for English literature never flagged and hc often wrote poetry
while castigating himself for not settling to a novel. One other passion sustained him
and that was his love for trout fishing. Expeditions to trout streams in various parts of
the Natal Midlands and the Drakensberg represented an escape from routine in the city
and led, in turn, to a further outpouring of poetry and prose. In 1947, four years after he
had been posted as headmaster to Newcastle High School in thc Northern Districts of
what was thcn Natal, far from the ncarcst trout strcam, he published a slim volumc
entitled Trout Streams ofNatal: A Fisherman :\' Philosophy. It was a gcntle, nostalgic
little book, punctuated with his poems.
While hc had been writing it, a momentous process was undelway in Alan Paton's
carcer. In 1945. after ten ycars at Dicpkloof Refot111atory, hc dccided - as hc put it in
Towards the Mountain, the first volume of his autobiography - to 'qualify myselffor the
eminent national post of the Director of Prisons '. This entailed studying prisons in sev
cral countrics of the world, including Britain, Swedcn, the Unitcd States and Canada.
I re decided in addition to visit Norway 'not to sec prisons, but to see the country wherc
Knut Hamsun wrote Growth oftf7e Soil and the many adventures of August. ,
56 Alan Paton and NevifLe Nuttall: A Literary Friendship
It was in the Norwegian city ofTrondheim, after a visit to the cathedral, that Paton
intensely homesick - sat down in his hotel room and wrote the famous opening lines:
There is a lovely road that runs from Ixopo into the hills. These hills arc
grass-covered and rolling, and they are lovely beyond any singing of it.
As is well documented, he continucd to write what was to be calledCn; the Beloved
Country on his travels. visiting prisons during the day and writing fcverishly at night,
and he finished the novel in the United States. He returned to South Africa in March
1947, knowing that nine publishers out of the fifteen to whom six chapters had been sent
had asked to see the rest ofthe book and having made the legendary Charles Scribner's
Sons of New York his choice. The book was to be published in January 1948 and Paton
described the wait as 'being akin to an agony'.
Meanwhile, my father's slim volume appeared and, having been told by his friend
that he had begun a novel in Trondheim and completed it in San Francisco, Nuttall
inscribed on the tlyleafofthe copy he sent to Paton: 'Started in Newcastle and finished
in Dundee, two towns in KwaZulu-Natal about twenty-five miles apart.'
On 14 December 1947 Paton wrote from Johannesburg the second ofthe two letters
to which I referred earlier. He was warm and generous in his praise, describing the book
as 'a natural, Nuttall in essence .. .I enjoyed every page... I could see you & hear you in
every line & ] think it is a lovely piece of work... '.
He adds:
I think I told you that we hope to come back (to Natal) ncxt year. Well,
that hope is rekindled & the desire to achieve it strengthened by this most
lovely book... the heart leaps up to hear again the names of the loveliest
places on the earth. Forwe have been in exile.] have neverregretted what
] did, but it's time to bring it to an end.
Thus Alan Paton signalled his intention to leave Diepkloof, even though the recep
tion to be given to his novel remained unknown at that stage. His involvement at the
reformatory, he wrote:
... made possihle another kind of creative activity, in which the creative
imagination was employed as much as in writing. It developed gifts of its
own, it taught me to know South Africa in the very place where South
Africa was being made & it filled my memory with such a store ofevents,
pictures, visions, that no novelist could ever have had a richer. The story
] wrote could never have been written had] stayed amongst the streams
and hi lis.
Paton concludes:
I hope I shall do with your approval what you always said] should do.
write, write, write & do with words what I thought I ought to do with men.
On 15 February )948 he sent my Llther one of the first six copies o reI)" the Be/m'cd
Country. In a covering letter to a book that over the years was to sell not 'hundreds and
thousands of copies' as Charles Scribner predicted but millions, Paton wrote:
] am not sending you any reviews .. .1 want your review lirst.
57 Afan Paton and Neville Nuttall: A Literary Friendship
Then he adds:
Yes, we are leaving for certain on June 30. Where can you find me a
house*? I hopc to come down & look for one in March, & to see you all
too. A chapter is finished. thirteen years long; and a good one too. But the
next one will be better.
* Not near anr
.
tOWIl O/' cill'
.
Reviews of the novel Jiltered through before Paton left Diepkloof and it became
clear that the book was going to be a triumph. Some eight months after the Scribner
edition, the London finn of Jonathan Cape published an cdition that was to circulate in
curope and South Africa. By 1952 Cape had issued the twenticth impression, and trans
lation into other languages followed. Film rights were sold in the first year and so were
the rights to create a musical. Royalties began to flow in - as indeed they would for the
rest of his life - and Paton settled to the life offulltime writer.
His success was to sour his relationship with some of his friends from his university
days and Paton mlLst have wondered whether it would have the same effect on my father.
It did not - and Paton acknowledged this in Journey Continued, the second volume of
his autobiography. He wrote:
For at least two of myoid friends. my shooting into the world sky was
painful. They continued to be on speaking terms with me, but the warmth
was gone ... Some ofmy readers will remember the name of Nevi lie Nuttall,
with whom in my student days I entered the world of English literature.
His admiration for Cry, the Beloved COUllt!)' was unbounded. But more
remarkable was his total lack of envy. After all, it was he who had been
the student of English and French and Latin, whereas I had been the student
ofphysics and mathematics. And still more remarkable, one of his dearest
desires was to gain recognition as a writer. .. His generosity towards me
and my writing continued until his death in 1983.
Thus a friendship founded on a love of literature became a lifelong relationship of
mutual encouragement and support.
JOLYON NUTTJ\LL
NOTE: Copies ofA Literary Friendship can be ordered from thc author at 22 Thistle
Street. Ncwlands 7700, Cape Town, at R65,OO a copy including postage.
A briefaccount of
The J.H Hofmeyr Memorial
Trust in Natal 1949-2000
This account was written in June 2000, consulting the minute books ands
other records o(the Trust, which are now kept in the Alan Paton Centre
at the University o(Natal, Pietermaritzburg. Thirty copies ofthe booklet
were printed.
Who was Jan Hofmeyr?
When Jan Hendrik Hofmeyr died in 1948 at the relatively young age of54, South Africa
lost a very exceptional man. His academic career was breathtaking - a BA from the
University ofCape Town atthe age of 15, followed by a Rhodes Scholarship to Oxford;
he was a professor ofClassics at 22 and Principal ofthe University ofthe Witwatersrand
at 26!
Then came his entry into public administration and politics. The Prime Minister,
General Smuts, appointed Hofmeyr, then aged 29, Administrator of the Transvaal, one
of the four provinces of the Union of South Africa. Later he was elected to Parliament,
and was appointed Minister ofFinance and Minister ofEducation during World War n,
and eventually became Smuts's Deputy Prime Minister.
All the details ofHofmeyr's life, thought and work can be read in the great biogra
phy Hofmeyr, written in 1964 by his friend, the famous writer and liberal politician Alan
Paton. What emerges very clearly is that during his political career Hofmeyr became
convinced that prevailing South African racial attitudes and policies could not be recon
ciled with either his Christian principles or his understanding of liberal democracy. In
his time, J.H. Hofmeyr was one of the few white politicians in South Africa prepared to
question the status quo and point the way to political and social change.
He died in 1948 - the very year that General Smuts's United Party, in which Hofrneyr
had worked, without much success, for liberal change, was defeated by the Afrikaner
Nationalists of Dr D.F Malan. South Africa would have to endure almost 50 years of
enforced racial separation and repression - apartheid. Hofmeyr was dead, and in the
years of Nationalist rule that followed, those who stood for liberal ideas and policies
became the enemies ofthe apartheid government. They were insulted, denounced, per
secuted and banned.
Natalia 31 (2001), John Deane pp. 58-63
59 The J.H. Hofineyr Memorial Trust in Natal 1949-2000
In memory of Jan Hofmeyr
After his death, many people who had been Hofineyr's friends or who had accepted his
leadership of the liberal mo\ement in South At,'ica felt that his name and his ideals
should be remembered in some special way. It was decided to set up a J.H. Hofmeyr
Memorial Fund, with branches in each of the provinces.
On 10th September 1940, ten months after his death, eight people met together in
Pietermaritzburg to form the Natal hranch of the Fund. They were Mr C.J. Armitage,
l'vlr C.K. Bolton. Senator E.H. Brookes, Professor C.I 1. Dun'ant. Lt-Col B.W. Martin.
Professor O.J.P. Oxley, Mr R.F. Sansbury and Dr L.M. Young. Four other people -
Messrs 1. Alien, K. Kirkwood, R. Hughes Mason and B. Notcutt - though not prcsent,
had obviously indicated thcir interest. These twelvc constituted themselves into the Natal
Committee of the Jan Hofmeyr Memorial Fund. electing as their chainnan The Hon.
Edgar Brookes, an academic liberal thinker, friend of Hotmeyr's, and at the time a
Senator in the South African Parliament representing the interests of African people.!
The names or various other possihlc members wcre listed. and they would be ap
proached. By thc second mecting latcr in the same month, a further twelve had agreed to
serve on the Committee: Dr W.J. O'Brien, Messrs Alan Paton, R.O. Pearse, G.c. Seully,
T.O. Williams, S. R. Dent, H. Jones, EV Evans, Revd W.R.P. Evans, Mr D. Mtimkulu,
Or L Steenkamp and Mr C.M. Booysen.
At the third meeting, 011 the last day of September 1949, it was noted that three
prominent Natal churchmen were willing to become patrons of the Fund: Rt Revd L.N.
Fisher, Anglican Bishop of Natal; Rt Revd D.E. Hurley, Roman Catholic Vicar Apos
tolic of Nata\; and Revd H.T. Young. Chainnan ofthc Natal District ofthc Methodist
Church of South Africa.
Various peoplc and organisations were approached to donate moncy to the Fund,
and when a reasonable capital sum had been raised it was decided to award a number of
hursaries each year, for university studies. Later, there was a proposal to run an annual
essay competition for schools, but the Natal Director ofEducation considered that there
were enough essay competitions, and that teachers would not welcome yet another. He
suggested, instead, an annual high schools' public speaking competition, and this was
accepted by the committee. His other suggestion. also accepted. was that instead of
conventional silver cups as !loating trophies, the committee should purchase paintings
by South African artists, to be displayed in places of honour at the winners' schools.
The first 1an Hofmeyr Memorial Speech Contest was held in August 1951.
From the outset, at each round ofthe Contest, and at cvery venue, the chairperson or
a guest speaker was required to address the audiencc briefly about Jan Hofincyr's life,
work and ideals. And among the 'prepared speech' topics from which speakers could
choose there was always one relating to Hofmcyr himself, requiring knowledge of those
ideals, and their application in present circumstances.
For the ncxt 45 years the 1.H. Hol,neyr Memorial Bursaries and the annual Speech
Contest would be a part of the Natal educational scene. Hundreds of young people
would be helped to finance their studies, or be encouraged to think and speak publicly
about important social and political issues. In this way the memory of Jan Hofrneyr
would be kcpt alive.
60 The J.H. Hofmeyr Memorial Trust in NataI1949-2()()()
Only in Natal
Although it was hoped to form branches ofthe Memorial Fund in all thc provinces, only
in Natal did that happen. and the 'Natal branch' became (as far as we know) the only
J.H. Hofmeyr Memorial Trust in the country. (Until 1967 its minutes and othcr
correspondence are headed 'The 1.H. HotlTIeyr Memorial Fund', but from 1 9 6 ~ it becamc
known as 'The J.H. Hofmeyr Memorial Trust'.)
After its unsuccessful attempts to set up other viable branches, the central commit
tee seems to have disbanded in 1956 and an amount of 428 from its funds was trans
ferred to the Natal committee. In 1957 the Natal committee donated 100 to the Jan
Hofmeyr Library at the South African Institute of Race Relations in Johannesburg.
A very educational flavour
In looking through the records ofthe Trust, one notices that most of the people involved
were in education, either at schools or the university. Professors, ot1icials in the Natal
Education Department, school principals and teachers were in the majority alllong the
office-bearers, probably because Hofmeyr himself had been an academic, minister of
education, and an active member of the Students' Christian Association, many ofwhose
members became teachers.
The Speech Contest itself simply could not have taken place without the enthusiastic
assistance of very many teachers in the schools. Its organiser was either a teacher or an
education department official, and for years the Natal Education Department took care
ofthc printing and distribution ofnotices, and other secretarial work connected with the
Speech Contest, at no cost to the Tmst. But it was the scores of teachers in the schools
who sustained the Contest year after year, by encouraging pupils to enter, selecting the
candidates to represent thcir schools, and volunteering to act as organisers, chairper
sons or adjudicators at the preliminary, semi-final and final rounds.
Separation and integration
The Speech Contest began at a time when the Natal Education Department controlled
school education for all races in the province; but it ran the schools for Whites, Africans,
Indians and Coloureds in separate sub-divisions. Even before the word apartheid was
known, there was segregation in education, often justificd on the grounds that competition
in an integrated system would be unfair to those (meaning chiet1y thc Africans) who
were at the greatest disadvantage in 'official-language competence' and socio-economic
development.
The unfortunatc rcsult ofthis separation was that the Speech Contest had to be run in
two parts, the so-called 'European' and 'Non-European' contests. This arrangement
became less and less acceptable to the Trust, and despite increased educational separat
ism during the apartheid years, the Hofmeyr Speech Contest became integrated, with all
pupils able to enter thc same contest.
The Speech Contest had always welcomed Afrikaans-spcaking contestants, and had
a number of Afrikaans or superbly bilingual speakers among the winners over the ycars.
But the ethos of the contest and the ideals it sought to uphold were clearly not accept
able to many in thc Afrikaans community, and in Natal the E.O. Jansen Redenaarswedstryd
was established, to provide a purely Afrikaans speech competition for high schools.
61 The J.H. Hofmeyr l'vfemorial Trust in Natal 1949-20()O
Ne\ crtheless, the Hoflneyr Speech Contest continued to be well sUPPOlied by the paral
lel Illcdium high schools in country towns.
The Specch Contest had become intcgrated but there was concern about the almost
I\)wllack of rarticipation by African schools. Various rcmedics for this werc explored,
but \\ithout much success. African schools - and the attitudes of African teachers and
pupils had been profoundly damaged by the government's policies, and it was perhaps
ulllluly optimistic to think that the ]iotllleyr Speech Contest could do much to change
tilclll.
The paintings
I11 1952, with f I 00 donated by Alan Paton, two paintings were bought, to become floating
truphies for the two sections of the f lofmeyr Speech Contest. Amazing as it seems now,
that sum was enough for the Trust to acquire a landscape by Pierneef and a still life by
Prellcr. A further 5 was spent on engraved si Iver plates to be affixed to the frames, and
thcse two <111 works were ready to bc handed over to each year's winners, to hc displayed
at their schools Lmtil thc following year.
In 1959 it was reported that onc of the paintings had been returned in a dirty state, as
though it had been splashed with mud. It had to be taken to an art dealer for expert
cleaning. In 1960 the committee realised that the raintings were not insured, and this
\\as attend cd to, but for an amount which later provcd to be quitc unrealistic. Over the
years there was some concern that they were not being properly cared for by the schools.
Sometimes they were hung in the principal's office, but as often as not they spent the
year in more vulnerable places like the wall of a foyer, passageway or school hall.
In 1989 the committec suspected that the valuc of its floating trophies had appreci
ated enormously in 35 years, and that the insurance cover would have to be increased.
An art dealer was consulted, and what he told them was quite astounding. The Pierneef
was now worth R27 000 and the Preller R 12 500. An all-risks policy on these values
would cost about R200 a ycar, and special tra\elling cases would have to be made to
reduce the risk of damage in transit.
To spend this amount every year would reduce what was available for nmning the
speech contest and awarding bursaries, and the Trust with the concurrence ofthe origi
nal donor Alan Paton beforc his death, as it turned out) sold the two paintings to
Pietcrmaritzburg's Tatham Gallery, where they \\ould be propcrly cared for and exhib
ited. There they can be seen, still with the silver plaqucs on the frames, preserving the
Hofmeyr connection.
The sale brought almost R40 000 into the Trust's funds, which enabled it to increasc
the amount allocated to bursaries each year, and to increase the value of till' individual
book prizes for the Speech Contest winners.
Two prints of landscapes by the South Afl'ican artists Richard Rennie and Christo
pher Haw wcre bought and framed, and these became the new 110ating trophies. Thc
fl-aming actually cost morc than the prints themscln:s!
The bursary awards
For SOI1lC alkr thc Trust was founded, its Illcmbers were personally il1\olved each
\L'ar in ad\ nti,ing the hlll:<lries, inlcn iewing applicants, deciding who thc recipients
62 The J.H. Hofmeyr Memorial Trust in Natal 1949-2000
would be and receiving reports on their progress at university. Later this became too
much to be done part-time by committee members, and for a number of years the South
African Institutc of Race Relations acted as the Trust's agent in awarding and
administering the bursaries. The Institute had experience in this field, and had the staff
and expertise to select suitablc candidatcs for thc Hofmeyr Memorial bursaries. Thc
Trust continued to receive reports on the progress of those it was assisting, and in the
files therc are many letters from appreciativc students.
In more rccent years the same function was performed by a voluntary worker in
Pietermaritzburg who acted as agent for a number of bursary-awarding bodies, includ
ing the lH. Hofmeyr Memorial Trust.
Consolidation of committees
When members ofthe main Trust committee rctired or died, it became dimcult to recruit
new members. For this rcason, in 1976 the following resolution was adopted: 'That the
distinction between the School Committee [which ran the Speech Contest] and the Main
Committee should fall away, and that all those serving on both committees should form
onc committee- the lH. Hofmeyr Memorial Trust Committee.' From thell on both
aspects of the Trust's work - the allocation ofmolley for bursaries and the organising of
the Speech Contest -. were the responsibility of one committee.
Changing circumstances
The establishment ofa democratic order in South Africa in 1994 meant the realisation
of most of Hofmcyr's liberal ideals. In education, the previously separate 'racial' de
partments were unified, though to undo the effects of40 years of unequal provision and
increasing divergence would be the task of many years.
In thc past the Speech Contest had relied on the goodwill of the different education
depatiments in the province to support (or at least not forbid) the Contest in their schools.
The number of participating schools had increased over the years, and thc logistics of
organising an increasing number of preliminary and semi-final rounds, with suitable
venues and dependable chairpersons and adjudicators for each, was becoming a formi
dable task. Although the reluctance of African schools to enter candidates was regret
table, their absence did mean that it was still possible for two volunteers to organise the
contcst, which was drawing entries from White, Indian and Coloured schools.
It \vas obvious that in the new united education department, all high schools would
have to be given equal encouragement and opportunity to participate. The previous
reluctance of the African schools would probably disappcar. Under the new dispensa
tion there was the very real possibility of now ha\ing to accommodate not scores but
hundreds ofspeakers in the preliminary rounds. The committee had to take urgent stock
of the situation.
Appeals for more teachers to volunteer for organisational and roles
had been unsuccessful. Could the Trust afford to employ someone as a full-time organiser
of the Speech Contest, possibly for six months each year? The answer was clear: to do
that would cat into the limited capital and the Trust would be bankrupt in a \cry short
time.
A possible alternative was to persuade the new unified KwaZulu-Natal Education
Department to take over the mnning ofthe contest. This possibility was not pursued for
63 The J.H. H()jineyr Memorial Trust ill Natal 1949-2000
two reasons. Firstly, it secmcd unlikely that the department would be willing or able to
do so as it had other far more pressing priorities; and secondly. the committee was not in
favour of handing over control of the Hofmeyr Speech Contest, with no guarantee that
its ethos and purposc would be retained.
It was therefore resol\cd to discontinue the Speech Contest. The step was taken with
great regret by the members of the Trust. and the news was received with similar regret
in many schools for whom competing in and often hosting 'the Hofmeyr' was an impor
tant event in their annual programme. The last Hofmeyr Speech Contest was hcld in
1995.
The end of the Trust
[n the following few years, for reasons not fully understood - but partly related to changed
circumstances in South African universities - applications for bursaries, both to the
Trust and to other bursary-awarding bodies. decreased considerably. At the cnd of 1999
the Trust was again faced with unccrtainty about its role and capabilities. It was dccided
to dissolve and dispose of the funds in donations of approximately R 12000 to each of
four deserving institutions' whose ethos and endeavours could readily be associated
with Hofmeyr's ideals. The donations were conditional upon the money's being used
for durable and educationally valuable things, specifically linked with Hofrneyr's name
as further memorials to him. The procedure was concluded and the donations were
made in June 2000.
From the 1950s until the late 1980s. the liberal and democratic ideals now enshrined
in the South African Constitution of 1996 seemed almost unattainable. It was important,
however. in the stifling atmosphere ofthe dominant ideology, to hold them up before the
younger generations as sources of freshness, inspiration and hope. In this task the J.H.
Hofmeyr Memorial Trust played a valuable role. It reached out and touched many thou
sands of young South Ati'ieans, as recipients of its bursaries and as participants and
audiences at its speech contests.
When good and powerful ideas are sown, as with bread cast upon the waters, the
results arc neither predictable nor measurable. but there is every reason to believe that
they are real and significant.
NOTES
I. Details of those early meetings, and indeed of all suhsequentmectings during fifty years, can he I(llmd
in the minute books, of the Trust, in the Alan Paton Centre at the University oCNatal, Pietcrmaritsburg.
2. Kings School. Nottingham Road; St Nicholas Diocesan School. Pietem1aritzburg; The Brookby Learning
Centre, Pictennaritzburg: the Alan Patoll Centre. University 01' Natal.
JOHN DEANE
'Maritzburg s most famous
accident
Most'Maritzburgers waking lip to their Natal Witncss on 18 August 1932 would have
already felt the shock waves emanating from the event - and all its attendant rumours
of the day before, when a passenger train from Dalton, due in at 8.00am, 'crashed into
and totally wrecked a special single-decker tramcar carrying between thirty and forty
schoolchildren. '
The site of this long-remembered accident is today somewhat submerged. The 'up
per road' /i'om Botanical Gardens to town was separate from Mayor's \Valk and ran
behind the present row of houses on the Signal Hill side. It has long since been buried
under extended sheds and marshalling yards. The tramline ran alongside the road, and
crossed the Grey town line some hundred meters above today's railway bridge (the braneh
line having itselfbeen rc-contoured in the late fillies, when a bridge replaced the Mayor's
Walk level-crossing).
Eyewitnesses that morning noticed two trams taking regular commuters to town at
about 8.00a111 in the direction of the crossing, guarded by swivelling gates and manned
by an Indian gatekeeper. The first tram, a double-decker, went over successfully. But
then the second tram, a single-decker travelling a short distance behind, \\as caught by
the train and smashed to bits in sounds of 'crashing woodwork, breaking glass and the
screams and shrieks of children'. The tram was 'tossed like a crumpled matchbox' to
one side, its roof coming to land some 15 meters away. Most dramatic of all, the Garratt
locomotive teetered and then went over on its side in a huge cloud of coal dust.
The first indication that residents of Mayor's Walk had of anything being amiss was
(says the Witncss) 'the sight of bleeding and limping children making their way, sobbing
bitterly. to their homes'. The average age of the passenger complement was six years:
thirty nine were declared injured, and nine seriously so. Parents who arrived at the scene
and saw the pulverised condition orthe tramcar- fi'om which, says the paper, 'workmen
were busy extracting shoes and scraps of clothing' - became hysterical, since they did
not realise that many of the children had already been removed to hospital. One little
boy was found alive with his head stuck in the wreckage and his feet in the air. Another
rushed home and huried his head under his pillow. Another, on being extricated, shook
himself, rummaged through his pockets, and asked 'where is my season ticket?' A few
days later, the WitllPSS announced the death from injuries of six year old Ronald Taylor.
There were 'pathetic scenes' at the funeral, \\hich was conducted by the Reverend Mort
of'St Pcter's.
Na/alia 31 (2001), Bill Lli,le\ pp. 64-67
65 'Maritzburg's mostfamous accident
On the day of the accident rumours flew round the town. There were claims that
municipal trams often raced trains at that point, that six children had been killed, that it
was the gatekeeper's fault, that it was the engine driver 's fault, but most ofall - since the
single-decker had been observed to accelerate before impact - that it was the tram
driver 's fault. He, Mr J.B. Thomas, now lay at Grey's Hospital with a stricken back and
under a cloud of accusation.
An official inquiry was mounted by the Department of Transport and started on 21
September. A few days before commencement the Tramwaymen's Union announced
that they would have legal representation at the inquiry, suggesting that there was a
touch of proletarian defensiveness in the city and a support-group for the driver. Thirty
witnesses were sub-poenaed, and proceedings started with congratulations to the Witness:S
senior photographer, Mr Henry Murray, for the portfolio he arranged. The paper re
ported a ' divided' public: the tramwaymen were obviously out to withstand the tide of
public sentiment. (For instance one of them, the conductor on the tram, Mr Cecil Stewart,
wondered - under cross-question - whether the 'glare of the sun on the glass of the
sliding door had not temporarily blinded the driver ' .)
THE LEVEL CROSSING FROM THE TRAMWAY LINE. The itlIated car approached down the
line!;'om the Botanical Gardens and was struck at the crossing at the right-centre of the picture.
The Gan'all articulated locomotive is seen at the le/i, hall buried in the railway bank.
Most of the evidence turned on whether or not the gatekeeper, the Indian Tibhoo,
had followed correct procedures. Some said that he held up a furled flag, some an un
furled one, some that it was red, some that it was green, and some (like driver Thomas
himself) that he had set the gates against the train and not the tram. But this latter detail
proved to be very much a minority interpretation. Reading between the lines seventy
years later, one can see that it was the accumulating testimony ofjuvenile witnesses that
swung the case against Thomas. Eventually very few had any doubt that the gates were
closed against the tram. Thus, for instance, the testimony of two young cousins cycling
on the road alongside at the time of the accident: fifth former Providence Eileen
Thompson and her cousin Noel Desmond Clarence, one day to be Principal of the Uni
66 'Maritzburg smostfamous accident
versity of Natal. Miss Thompson 'noticed that the road gates were closed, and that the
Indian stood where the lines intersected, and that he was holding an unfurled red flag'.
At the moment of impact she 'saw the gatekeeper jump aside and run to his hut. .. ' .
Likewise the young Desmond Clarenee noticed the closed gate and the unfolded flag.
CI.EARING TilE WRECKAGE. 011 the right is OIl C o(the bogies o/the tram-car
"''I"cnch"dji-om its fittings. III thejiJregroulld is the cow-catcher of the locomotive which
struck the tram am/H'as lom ott: The rear lellder oj'lhc engine, Ivillg on ils side, is shown
at Ih" side of lhe pietllre.
The newspaper of 22 September reports the interrogation of Driver Thomas him
self, lying on his bed on a verandah at Greys' hospital, his face ' flushed as though with
a light fever', and giving his evidence, says the report, in a ' finn if somewhat subdued
voice' . (This is about as near as the Witness gets to trading on 'revelation'. Was it out of
respect for the slIbjudice principle that not a single leader was written on the crash in all
these weeks? We get instead cosy editorial chat on the centenary of WaIter Seott, a
writer whom 'only those sodden with the gin and jazz standard' fail to appreciate.)
Driver Thomas must have realised that blaming the gatekeeper was no longer the way to
go; he rested his case on the braking procedures for municipal trams. The cause of the
accident was a twenty yard skid, 'barring which he could have stopped in time '. He had
been travelling at the regulation rate of between ten and twelve miles per hour, at which,
if there had been no skid, he could have stopped the tram in two car-lengths.
He still maintained, however, that the gate been open to him. When it was Gatekeeper
Tibhoo's turn to deny this, he added a spicy detail that, twenty years later, would have
ignited political tire, but in 1932 apparently caused no stir. Tibhoo reported that, as
Thomas crossed the intersection he shouted at him: 'Move aside you black coolie ... '!
Mr R.G. Forbes, superintendent operating for Durban Municipal ity, rapidly became
the technical spokesman for the case. He had no doubt that the engine driver, Mr Wain
wright, ' did everything in his power. It must be remembered that all the events took
place in less than thirty seconds .... ' And he had no doubt that the gatekeeper was free
from blame, and had 'closed both road gates and went with a red flag to face the ap
67 'Maritzburg :5' mostfumous accident
proaching tram ... '. (Incidentally, when Forbes, under cross-question, told onc of the
commissioncrs, 'Mr Morris', that the gate could not have physically stopped the tram, I
presume that he was addressing Harry Morris KC. who, in the past months, had been the
key figure in the trial of the . Maritzburg couple Tollputt and Mollalieu for the murder of
taxi-driver Arthur Kimber. Morris's ballistic cxpertise was to make him even more fa
mous at the trial. in Nairobi in 1941, of Sir Henry Broughton, charged with the murder
of thc Earl of Errol.)
The majority of the Board ofInquiry found the tramcar driver to be entirely respon
sible. It is intercsting to note however that the City Coullcil's representative, Councillor
G.C.Jolliffe, returned a minority report. One can only speculate: did the council suspect
that some blame did attach to braking procedures after all?
The final piece in the saga is best summarised in thc 1933 Report of the General
Manager ofRaihmrs and Harhours. It seems that, following the majority decision of
the Public [nquiry, Cl charge of culpable homicide was in fact laid against Thomas, but
that 'the Jury returned a verdict of not guilty ... .
REFERE'Jt:ES
Th" iV"I,,1 Ihll1!'ss for August and September 1932
Pictemwril::hll!g CO!flOralio/7 }'1'ur Book, 1931
Rc;wrl o/"lh,' (;""1.'1"111 }.4al1"!f('f" (If Rllil\l"{l\',1 ""d Harbour,. 19.1J
BILL I3lZLEY
Review Essay: At the Altar of
Ethnography
Zulu Testimony and Colonial Influence in
The lames Stuart Archive: Volume Five and
its Untold Legacies
The James Stuart Archive is now one-quarter-century-old. Edited by two historians,
John Wright and the late Colin De B. Webb, theArchive's five volumes transform granular
information into coherent, usable text. Webb and Wright painstakingly deciphered the
notes of interviews conducted by Natal colonial official James Stuart with a range of
informants, especially insightful Zulu elders. Transcribed by Stuart between the 1890s
and 1920s, these discussions explored rituals, customs, politics, and lineage histories of
southeast Africa. I
The newest instalment, Volume Five, arrives at a time when increasing numbers of
scholars instinctively consult the Archive for the most comprehensive ethnographies of
KwaZulu-Natal. In the last decade they have used evidence from Stuart's informants to
propel South African historiography into unmarked terrain.
2
A compelling example of
the Archive's groundbreaking data can be found in the testimony of Volume Four's
master interpreter of Zulu power, Ndukwana ka Mbengwana. His observations now
appear in nearly every revisionist study of the known 'facts' of Zulu expansionism
(Mfecane) and Shaka's despotism.
3
Ever timely, the endnotes in Volume Five reflect
these topical appraisals of historical methodology. Editor John Wright explains in the
preface: 'By the time we picked up work on volume 5, we were starting to take note of
currents of thought ... which suggested that oral histories should be seen as stories
containing a more or less fixed "core" of facts rather than as fluid narratives whose
content could vary widely' (p. x). Whatever the case, the Archive is a touchstone for
polemical, epistemological, and 'meta' narratives of Natal and Zulu pasts.
Volume Five, like its four predecessors, will appeal to forward- and backward-look
ing audiences. For example, an intriguing view of 'racialism' emerges in the 1924 testi
mony of African National Congress pioneer Pixley Seme, whose black separatism re
flects a potent strand of twentieth-century liberation thought. Other readers haunted by
the galloping AIDS epidemic may discover a close analogue in Qalizwe ka Dhlozi's
1899 remarks on virulent, sexually transmitted diseases in colonial Natal. For those
Natalia 31 (2001), Benedict Carton pp. 68-72
69 Review essay: At the altar ofethnography
interested in the events honored by monuments near the battle of Ncome (Blood) River
and folk rebel Bhambatha's stronghold, eyewitness accounts in Volume Five describe
the late I fOOs conflict pitting king Dingana's regiments first against voortrekkers and
then rival Ndebele fighters, and the 'Zulu' insurgency inflaming the 1906 poll tax dis
turbances in colonial Natal.
Perhaps one of the more revelatory passages in Volume Five suggests an alternative
interpretation of Zulu warfare. Informant Ngidi ka Mcikaziswa, a Zulu soldier in his
youth, recalled in 1905 seeing the 1838 murder of' Piti' (Piet Retiet), and participating
in a subsequent battle against Mzilikazi's army. Considering the deployment of Zulu
fighters during this turbulent period, Ngidi asserted:
all of us youths (izinsizwa) were hidden so that Mzilikazi 's men should
not see us. Only the mature men (amadoda) on the Zulu side appeared
[while the] youths were not allowed to begin lighting. It was begun by the
small amakanda, by the older, headringed men ... who would not run
away, the older men. Ifboys were sent forward they would hesitate about
pushing or facing the attack, and perhaps turn and flee (88).
Ngidi's testimony sheds light on an under-researched aspect of matiial strategies in
the kingdom. I lis cohorts were not inevitably in the first ranks of battle; in fact, the
excerpt above kindles uncertainty as to whether young men fought at all. Ngidi 's recol
lections should, at thc very least, spur a reconsideration of Zulu men's military pre
paredness, particularly in relation to the many studies documenting when and how soci
eties (preindustrial and industrial) mobilizing ror war, and why certain soldiers older,
seasoned men versus less experienced youths - were destined for c o m b a t ~
Volume Five's extensive testimony on Bhambatha's uprising also provokes a central
question about the politics of military mobilization in historic KwaZulu-Natal: Was this
1906 African revolt against a colonial poll tax the iconic event that ignited twentieth
century Zulu nationalism" ror onc reply, consider the evidence of Stuart's informant,
NSllze ka Mfelafuti, who assessed both Bhambatha's reputation and the popular resis
tance allegedly fostered by a Zulu cultural revival. A poll tax protestor and armed rebel
in 1906, Nsuze witnessed Bhambatha, then a fugitive after killing colonial policemen,
seek haven in Nkandla forests and confront local skepticism. Nsuze remembered a promi
nent African man assail Bhambatha as all unreliable chiefprone to hot-headed behaviour:
'Who is it who is bringing the madman here to our home?' (p.ISI). Despite this initial
reaction, Bhambatha and his followers hid in Nkandla, rallied support, and waited tix a
retaliatory strike by the Natal government.
Nsuze recalled that as the standoff between white power and the rebels ended with
colonial forces attacking the Nkandla region, Bhambatha faded from action and then
'deserted his men' (p.161). This may explain, in part, why the revolt in Nkandla sput
tered. But Nsuze's testimony highlights a problem in the crucial psychological prepara
tions ti)r combat. He believed the rebellion 's failure stemmed from the '[e ]xtent to which
[the J Zulu military system was not observed'. The 'rebel force was got together and
prepared for hostilities in an irregular manner', he said, and 'doctoring, sprinkling, eat
ing of intelczi Jshielding medicine 1etc. took place all in one day, whereas vomiting
should have been the beginning' (p.ln). Erratic ritual, Nsuze claimed, imperiled the
rebels and made them distrust Bhambatha, whose leadership in ceremonies spiritually
70 Review essay: At the altar ofethnography
armouring fighters offered no protection against bullets. At one point, when faced with
defeat, Nsuze's compatriots in the 'impi' turned on Bhambatha, denouncing him: 'You
have been deceiving us' (p.179).
Nsuze doubted that vestiges - cobbled memories, symbols, and rituals - of a once
formidable Zulu kingdom could have inspired the unified anticolonial feeling required
to turn 1906 into a victory rather than a loss. He explained that a significant number of
chiefs in Natal and Zululand like 'Ndube etc.
refrained from going [into revolt] because not wishing to associate
themselves with a madman's affair. I think it certain that even ifDinuzulu
had come to the forest (rebelled) all N. [sic] would not have joined, for
there were many Natives having the ear ofthe chiefs who persuaded them
... not to take up arms against Europeans because certain [sic] to be shot
down and defeated. The object ofrebellion was to protest against payment
ofpoll tax. They accuse Europeans ofexhausting (katazaing) them. They
as a matter of fact no longer cared for Cetshwayo, many of them, on the
ground that he killed off many of them, hence they elected to accept the
white man's rule as more congenial, until the poll tax arose when, taken in
conjunction with other matters, they felt they ought to openly protest (pp.
174-75).
To be sure, the evidence ofNsuze and other Archive informants must be sifted for
contradictions and exaggerations. Scholars, too, should be cognizant ofStuart's role as
a literate mouthpiece of oral historians. Moreover, as a representative of the colonial
anny during the 1906 poll tax violence, his position was ambiguous: Was he an inter
loper, or worse, a defender of the government's repressive policies that responded to
Nkandla rebels with summary executions?
Stuart's shadows of prejudice and self-interest may never be fully revealed. Yet
informed speculations about his motives in transcribing interviews with Zulu informants
may be grounded in a deeper understanding of his contradictory oeuvre, the English
and isiZulu-language books, pronouncements, and correspondence he wrote over sixty
years. For example, Stuart's classic A History ofthe Zulu Rebellion 1906 contains para
phrased segments of Nsuze's Volume Five testimony. While Nsuze's voice is absent
from an introduction that portrays the 1906 uprising as a conflict 'between a race of
savages on the one hand, and a number of Europeans or representatives of Western
Civilization on the other', his allusions to 'Europeans katazaing [tiring] Africans' are
echoed elsewhere. Stuart's epic 500-page narrative inA History ofthe Zulu Rebellion
finishes with a plea for colonists to bolster the exhausted 'tribal system'. He appealed
for 'sober reflection', lamenting that African
necessities, from their own peculiar points of view, are given expression
to by no one. No one seems to have courage enough to champion their
cause and to defend a system of life which, if evolution means anything
whatever, must be ofintrinsic value, from the mere fact that it exists after
the countless generations .... Natives, even the uncivilised masses, are, in
the fullest sense ofthe words, British subjects, and, as such, entitled to at
least the elementary rights [to live in] the great, natural system of Africa.
71 Revievv essay: At the altar ofethnography
... If the tribal system is to succeed, it should be given a chance. That
chance. it would appear, should be to revive and encourage such
unobjectionable and salutary forms of control as were customary under
the old system.
What arc we to make of these statements, the first perfunctorily racist, the second
plaintively critical ofwhite rule'? Are these opinions congruous with proto-segregation
ist ideology?5
Perhaps this question should be addressed in a project that unfolds in conjunction
with the future Volume Six. In the preface of Volumc Fivc, editor John Wright hints that
such a parallel undertaking may be possible with growing interest in 'a detailed appre
ciation ofthe contexts in which Stuart produced his work' (x). This reviewer thinks that
there lllay be no other scholar better equipped to tackle a biography ofJames Stuart and
his network oCknowledge-bearers than one of the founding editors oftheArchive.
REFERENCES
I. C. De B. Webb and .I. \\'right. etb.. The J(fl/WI STlI,I!'1 Archi!"c. Volulllc One- Volullle Fil'l'(Pietermaril/burg:
University of Natal. 197h. lIne), 19X2. 19S6. 200 I), .Tames Sluart grew up speaking isiZulu: his intcrest
in the language beL'ame a li klong de\ otion, Ilcld in Durban's Killie Campbell Librar>, Stuarl's private
papers. comprising his intervi"ws, corre,pondenLT. and book manuscripts. reveal that he otkn eonsulled
knowledgeable Zulu elder" even on ChrislnICh Lv e in a Ladysmith hotel while his falllily wailedl,'r him,
In repeated meetings with Zulu inl'mnanh. Stuart meticulously transcribed their worcb in both isi/ulu
and English, A career in the Natal administratIon as a magistrate and. in 1909. as the assistant secretary
lilr native alhirs afforded Stuart an insider's look at colonialism, including perspectives of deleterious
white rule, Throughout the Archive, he acknowledges how Natal settlers impinged on many aspects of
African life, For a contemporary historian's critique ofStuart\ methods and attitudes, see:.T, Cobbing,
"A Tainted Well: The Objectives, Historical Fantasies, and Working Methods of .lames Stuart, with
Counter-arguIllent," Journal ofNatal and i'uht HistoFI' 2 (1988): 115-54, For a sketch ofStuart's linguistic
and research skills and official career, see: Introduction and Chapter Four. C. Hamilton, Terrific Majest!':
POll'CFS of Slwka i'ltlu and the Limits of' Historical rllvu/tion (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University
Press. 19(8),
2, Significantly, since the 1970s L'ditor -'ohn Wright has shown the value of the /IFCltil'l' in his 0\\ n
investigations of preeolonial Nalal hi,lory. using African testimony that Stuart colleeled to support
pathbreaking scholar,hip, Sce: -" \\'right, "I'rc-Shakan Age-Group Formation among the Northern Ngul\i,"
Natalia 8 (1978): 23-29,
3, See: C, Ilamilton, ell. flte lvlfcullle llie/'llwlh: Reconstructive Debates in Southcmlfi-iwlI lIi,I/OFI'
(Pietermaritzburg and -'llhallneshurg: Lniversity of Natal Press and Witwatersrand lniversilY Press,
1995): D, Golan, IlIl'l'lIlillg Sludo: Csing lIislUlT ill the Construction oli'ulu Naliollo/i.11II (Holllder:
Lynne Rienner. 1994); D, R, Edgecombe, et al. eds .. Thc Dehate Oil Zulu Origills: A Selection olPapers
on the Zulu Killgdom and Earlv Colonial Natal (Pictenl1arit/burg: University of Natal Press, 1992); D,
Wylie. SUl'age Delight: White Myths oj'Shaka (Pietermaritzburg: University of Natal Press, 2(00), C.
Hami Iton, Ti'rrific Ma/estv (1998).
4, The worldwide transition in warfare from set-piece battles between veteran corps to large-scale campaigns
involving (mass) conscripted young men gained momentum only in the nineteenth century, with the
advent of the' People's Army' during the French Revolution in 1789, The notion that young men
instinctively sought combat to advance the goals of their nation is a recent development in military
annals, Moreover, this image becallle cm bedded in the modem mind with the wide distrihution of anli
war novels such as hich \1aria Rcmarqllc \ "Ill Quiet on the Western Front and media coverage or anti
conscription protests in Vietnam-era America and late-apartheid South Africa. For hi,luriographies of
warfare and militar> strategies. see: C. lowmcnd, ed" The O\jimf Histoty of'Modem Hill' (()xford:
Oxford University Press. I ')l)7 I: L. ;\ddington. The Patterns of' HiJr Since the Eigllleenth Cell/lilT, ]l1d
Edition (BloomingLOn, IN: Indiana l.nivcrsity Press, 1(94); M, van Creveld. Technolog,1'{flld lfill'(Nc\\
York: The Free Press, 19WJ), For anti-conscription and anti-war youth protest, see: R, .kthL'ys-Jones.
Pmc/! NtHI' I American Society and the Ending olthe Vielni/III Haven: Yale University Press,
72 Review essaJ': At the altar ofethnography
1999). Somc historians still believe that Zulu young men inevitably went to war because throughout the
ages that is what young men were required to do. Why study this universal phenomenon when the
answer is already known') they might ask. An analogous scntiment was voiced not long ago. similarly
couched as an ahistoriccll question but posed. dismissively, to Marxists and materialist historians: \Vh)
study the poor? The poor have 3lw,ws heen with us.
5. For 'between a race .. on the other'. sce: J. Stuart, A Historv oFth" Zulu Rehdlioll 190(, (London:
Macmillan and Co.. 1(13). I: '\\ants and necessities.,. natural system of Africa', sec: ibid, 527 2X.
BENEDICT CARTON
Department of History, George Mason University, USA
Obituaries
Clement Abbott (1914-2001)
Clem Abbott was born in Cape Town and did
his schooling at Rondebosch Boys' High. Upon
leaving school he decided on an agricultural
career and enrolled at the University of Pretoria.
It was there that he met his wife Loide. After
graduating they were married and were spared
to enjoy 61 years of conjugal happiness,
together with their two daughters, loan and
Rikki. For his doctoral studies Clem decided to
go to Iowa State University in North America.
His first teaching post in Dairy Science was
at Glen Agricultural College in the Eastern
Cape, followed by a stint at the University of
Pretoria before he accepted a lecturing post in
Dairy Science (upgraded to a full professorship
in 1954) at the University of Natal,
Pietermaritzburg, which he occupied for some
20 years. A few years ago he was honoured with
a special award by the South African Society
Cferl1 Ahbott
of Dairy Technology - a prestigious achieve
ment and an eloquent testimony to the high esteem in which he was held by his aca
demic colleagues.
Clem 's academic career at the university ended prematurely through rationalisation
but he refused to give any thought to retirement and immediately accepted a teaching
post at the Cwaka College of Agriculture where he worked for a further 11 years, teach
ing inter alia, nature conservation.
Clem was a true academic. His considerable intellectual gifts made him an outstand
ing research scholar and a highly respected lecturer and supervisor of research degrees.
He was punctilious in his use oflanguage and also set high standards for his students in
this regard. This ability made him an obvious choice for Editor of the Natal University
Press. In retirement he edited A Rockstcwl1 River o/Milk, the diary of Emile Getaz, a
pioneer of the dairy industry in South Africa.
He served on a number of Senate committees, most notably the Academic Ceremo
nial Committee responsible for the arrangements of the university graduation ceremo
nies. Under his ettlcient and watchful supervision these public occasions were con
ducted with a relaxed and entertaining dignity and decorum.
74 Obituaries
Clem's scholarly and scientific interest in the Eland species enabled him to do con
tract work for the then Natal Parks' Board at his favourite resorts ofInjasuti and Cathe
dral Peak. Once again his outstanding contribution was acknowledged by the award of
a Certificate ofMerit from the KZN Game Conservation Services. To crown his notable
achievements he was given a Civic Award for Environmental Excellence by the
Pietermaritzburg City Council in 1994.
One ofCl em 's regular weekend activites was hiking. He joined the Pietermaritzburg
Ramblers' Club in 1960 and by 1962 was a leader and on the committee. Apart from his
absence in Empangeni - where he promply founded a Zululand hiking club - he contin
ued as a leader into his eighties, though leading quieter walks once he had passed that
milestone. He remained a committee member until two months before his death. During
his 41 years in the club he did a stint as chairman, he represented Natal on the National
Hiking Federation, was on the Hiking and Mountaineering Committee ofthe Parks Board
and right up to the Easter weekend, a week before he died, was doing honorary officer
duties at Cathedral Peak. Over those 41 years many hundreds of ramblers have walked
and talked with Clem and will treasure their memories of this greatly respected and
much loved man. They are the better for having known him.
Clem was a devout Christian and a prominent member ofthe Metropolitan Method
ist Church in Chapel Street for many years and latterly at St Alphege's in Scottsville.
Yet his religion was not merely a private affair. He was very active as a volunteer in
Padmro which provided milk products for the under-nourished ofthe city, as well as in
Nicro for the rehabilitation ofcriminals. He also supported the Boy Scouts, Boy's Town
and the Salvation Army.
He was never happier than when out in the open, amidst the magnificent flora and
fauna and the mountains and rivers ofthe garden province. For him nature conservation
was a divine mission. Caring for the environment was as important as caring for his
home and family.
Pietermaritzburg has lost one of its noblest sons and all its inhabitants, white and
black, are the poorer for his passing. Here was a true gentleman who displayed par
excellence the cardinal Christian virtue of compassionate love. We rejoice in a life so
nobly lived and shall thank God upon every remembrance of him.
VICTOR BREDENKAMP
George Bishop (1943-2001)
Internationally recognised rabies expert George Bishop, chief veterinary researcher at
Allerton Laboratory, died suddenly in Pietermaritzburg on August 25. Bishop (58), the
son ofveterinarian Dr Bunny Bishop, a lecturer in animal diseases at the Natal University
Agricutural Facuity, was educated at Merchiston, Maritzburg College and the University
of Natal, Pietermaritzburg, where he completed a Masters degree in Microbiology in
1972. He joined Allerton in 1968 and initially specialised in the treatment of brucellosis
(an infectious disease ofcattle, goats and pigs) but more recently was heavily involved
in the fight against foot and mouth in the province.
But it is principally for his work in the field ofrabies that he will be remembered. He
served as secretary of both the KZN Rabies Action Group and the SA Rabies Advisory
75 Obituaries
Board. As secretary of the Southcrn and East Af
rican Rabi es Group for the past 12 years, he was
the main driving force in addressing the rabies
problem in sub-Saharan Africa.
Recognised as a leading rabies expert interna
tionally, he delivered papers at congresses both in
Africa and overseas, travelling to the U.S., Aus
tralia, Malaysia and Vi etnam. He penned 15 sci
entific articles for various journals and was the
author offive chapters -and co-authored five oth
ers - in the new veterinary textbook Infectious Dis
eases o/Livestock wilh special reference to Soulh
ern Afi'ica. This two-volume publication was pub
lished by the Oxford Press in 1994.
Together with Dr Paul Kloeck, he was the co
producer of the Rabies video If" Only f Knew in
English and Zulu, which is used in the education ofthe general public, while a highly
regarded video Rabies in Humans and Animals is widely used in the training of doctors
and veterinarians.
His interests and endeavours in the field of veterinary science, together with his
knowledge and expertise, led to Bishop being awarded an honorary life membership of
the SA Veterinary Association in 1988.
Brian Weaver, the director of veterinary services in KZN, said that 'because of his
modest nature, many people did not know that George was a superb microbiologist who
was respected by vets throughout South Africa. It is going to be difficult, if not impos
sible, to replace someone of his calibre and of his experience and in-depth knowledge of
animal diseases. His specific expertise was rabies, for which he was world renowned. '
Bishop travelled extensively throughout Africa with paediatrician John Godlonton,
each addressing the problems of rabies from their different perspectives. 'George played
the major role in controlling and decreasing the incidence of both human and animal
rabies in the province,' said Godlonton. 'His dedication and generosity were remark
able and he was held in the highest regard internationally.'
Bishop leaves his wife, Margie, and two sons.
JOHN BTSHOP
Phillip Alexander Clancey (1917-2001)
Phillip Clancey, noted as both an ornithologist and an artist, died in Durban in 200 I. He
was born in Glasgow in 1917. As a young man he was a field assistant to the famous
ornithologist Colonel Meinertzhagen, an eccentric Englishman ofGerrnan ancestry who
had fought in the World War T East African campaign, and had at one time been a spy.
They once nearly shot each other in a heated disagreement over bustards in Namibia.
Guns were drawn before the hired skinner stepped between the protagonists. Sanity
prevailed and tempers cooled. On another occasion Clancey fell ill in a remote spot and
was abandoned to his fate by Meinertzhagen.
76 Obituaries
Clancey himself saw service in World War
1I , where his pursuit of birds was probably a
greater passion than the pursuit ofGermans. He
is on record as skinning a wryneck by torchlight
in a trench during the battle ofCretc. Thc speci
men was of particular taxonomic importance.
Clancey had no formal tertiary educatioll
when he emigrated to South Africa in I 95().
Nonetheless he was appointed curator o/' the
Natal Museum in Pietermaritzburg. In the short
time that he was in charge, he changed the ap
pearance of the first two galleries downstairs
Phillip Clancey completely. He moved the West African ethno
logical material out of gallery on the left, repainted, and restyled the entire gallery and
turned it into a bird gallery. He taught himself to paint, most successfully, and did most
of the artwork himself. Some of the murals are vast, and must have required immense
dedication.
At the beginning of 1952 Clancey took up the position of director of the Durban
Museum and Art Gallery where he remained until his retirement thirty years later.
He was a con finned bachelor and the most ruthlessly dedicated and hardworking of
ornithologists. He once said that there was no time for marriage. His professional life
was everything to him. He produced over 700 scientific papers, mostly on taxonomy
and biogeography. He was very well read in every sense, and enjoyed exercising his
vocabulary when describing colour. He also wrote a number of books of which The
Birds o/Nala/ and Zulu/and (1964), the first comprehensive account of the birds of the
province, The Game Birds olSouth Afi-ica (1967) and The Rare Birds olSouthern Ar
rica (1985) arc now valuable Africana. These he illustrated himself in his characteristic
style, much admired.
H is contributions to science were recognised by a number of awards and fellow
ships. In 1972 he was awarded the prestigious Gill Memorial Medal for services to
omithology, an award made in'egularly, and only when an outstanding candidate is avail
able. He received the honorary degree of Doctor of Science from the University of
Natal in 198 I.
Clancey had a famous professional rivalry with Colonel John Vincent, one time
head of the Natal Parks Board and himself an ornithologist of note. On onc occasion
Vincent had him arrested for collecting without a permit. His shotgun was confiscated
but, not deterred, Claneey bought it back at a subsequent auction.
Clancey never had much regard for unnecessary luxury, and retired to a small room
in a residential hotel. He continued to write papers, but increasingly devoted himselfto
his painting. The style was unmistakable, rich colours, attention to detail , and always
the correct ecological background. No more murals, by now there was great demand for
his bird pOliraits. He was ever ready to paint pictures for his friends, charging on a
sliding scale depending on his (always gencrous) assessment of the rccipient's necd,
worth iness and tinances. Admirers' opinions ofhis paintings mattered to him. One thought
that the eye colour in a commissioned painting was wrong: Clancey corrected his 'error'
on the spot with a single stroke of his paintbrush.
77 Obituaries
To many, Clanccy scemed a fonnidable figure. Imposing in staturc as wcll as achieve
mcnt , never one to waste words, he did not appear to seek friendships. Indeed, they
might have interfered with work. Serious and polite, he was also shy; brusqueness was
mcrcly a defence. Once this barrier was overcome he enjoycd company. Now out came
his subtle humour. He was a great story-teller, of detailed memory, who never ran out of
Slllllcthing worth hearing. He was also modest, one reason why none of his stories have
bccn recorded. except in the memories of those fortunate to hear them first hand.
At Clanccy's memorial service tributes were paid. But the most impressive tribute,
~ l 1 l d the only one that would have embalTassed him, was the large number of his friends
11110 camc to wish him tarewcll.
DAVID JOHNSON
Lorna Davies (1911-2001)
Loma Louise Davies died pcaccfully on Junc 29
at the age of90.
She attended school at Collegiatc and Girls '
I ligh and then trained as a general nurse and mid
wife at Grey's Hospital. She won the provincial
gold medal for first place in her final examination
and the Kenneth G loag medal for first place in the
1933 final exams of South Africa (under the regu
lations of the SA Medical Council). She finally
attended the University of the Witwatersrand and
.'
acquired a Diploma in Nursing Education and was
appointed sister tutor at Grey' s.
Her potential for nursing administration and
nursing education was recognised in 1951 when
she was appointed the first chief nursing officer
for Natal- a post which she held for 19 years until
1970. This position made her responsible for all
nursing services and nursing education in all hos- Lorna Davies
pitals and clinics in Natal (over 50 in number) , apart from psychiatric and public health
institutions which were not under the control of provincial authoriti es.
Davies immediately began the huge task of becoming familiar with each institution
until in the end she was fully aware of the problems and needs ofeach. This enabled her
to plan and implement programmes to enhance the standards of nursing services and
nursing education.
She promoted the creation of a nursing inspectoratc at head office. Through the
appointment of highly qualified and experienced nurses to inspector posts in the fields
of nursing service, nursing education and operating theatre technique, high standards of
professional nursing practice were attained.
She herselfvisitcd cach hospital and clinic regularly. This entailed travelling across
the length and brcadth of Natal, often on poor roads in very isolated areas.
78 Obituaries
Davies was renowned for her work in nursing education in Natal, which evolved
from the early courses for auxiliary nurses, general nurses and midwives to more highly
organised courses in nursing colleges in big hospitals and finally to the academic courses
in collaboration with the University of Natal - the Diploma in Nursing Education and
the degree course for nurses.
She was a gentle woman with a strong personality, great intellectual ability and a
warmth for her fellow man. She was a pleasure to work under and with. She left to her
successors a province with an efficient and competent nursing service and a varied
nursing education system.
She was a member of the board of the South African Nursing Association and the
South African Nursing Council. To both these statutory bodies she brought her vast
experience of nursing requirements and a sound grasp of the basic health needs of all
Natal's varied communities, both rural and urban. Her debating skills made many a
meeting a valuable learning experience. In appreciation ofthe contribution Lorna Davies
had made to nursing educationin South Africa, her profession awarded her their presti
gious B.G. Alexander medal. She was also awarded honorary life membership of the
SA Nursing Association. Another award in 1953 was the Coronation medal.
We valued her as a real friend and respected her for the wisdom and understanding
she had for the many difficulties our profession often experienced.
BARBARA DEEKSand PADDY HARRISON
(Reprinted from The Natal Witness)
Renee Haygarth (nee Schuurman) (1939-2001)
Renee Schuurman (61), one half of the famous
South African Tennis Twins, died in her home at
Amberglen, Howick at the end of May after a 12
year fight with cancer.
At her bed when she died was her former play
ing partner and close friend, Sandra Reynolds, who
had travelled up from Port Elizabeth to be with
her.
Reynolds and Schuunllan, later to become Price
and Haygarth respectively, repeatedly made world
headlines in the late 1950s and early 1960s. Two
of the most popular players on the international
circuit for nearly a decade, they took the South
African women's doubles title three times, the
French Open crown on three occasions and were
Rend: Schuurman
runners-up at Wimbledon in 1960 and 1962.
Schuurman took the French doubles title a fourth time with English player Ann
Jones. She reached the singles semi-finals at Wimbledon in 1961 and advanced to the
quarter-finals on three occasions. She added the Autralian doubles title to her list in
1959 when she was also the runner-up in the singles event.
79 Obituaries
She went into tennis coaching at the end of her playing career and spent over 25
years helping budding young players while also assisting the Natal squads.
Sandra Price said her friend 'fought the bravest of battles for 12 years.' 'We trav
elled overseas together six times and have remained the closest of friends since our
playing days. I am in awe of her courage. She was someone special, the most compas
sionate of people and an incredible example to us all.'
Renee, a widow, leaves four children, one ofwhom, Brent Haygarth, had to fly back
for the funeral from Paris where he was playing in the French Open.
JOHN BISHOP
(Reprinted from The Natal Witness)
Ruth Edgecombe (1944-2001)
Dorothy Ruth Edgecombe was schooled in Port ,----------,=c--o---------,
Elizabeth and graduated at Rhodes University
and Cambridge, where she completed her
doctorate. She was temporarily employed on
the Durban and Pietermaritzburg campuses of
the University of Natal and worked at UNISA
in Pretoria before returning to Pietennaritzburg
in 1979. Thereafter she rose in the academic
ranks from lecturer, through senior lecturer and
associate professor to full professor.
But, ofcourse, there was much more to Ruth
than a bald list of biographical information, or
a conventionally polite eulogy, might suggest.
She detested sanitised obituaries which reduce
the dear departed to cardboard cutout figures
in a nativity scene. On three occasions during
the last year ofher life she pointed out examples
which pussyfooted around delicate issues, and
once vigorously expressed the hope that she
would not be subjected to such treatment. It is
Ruth Edgecomhe
often said that one should never speak ill ofthe
dead, but if that were strictly adhered to, we
historians would be even more out ofajob than we are already. In deference to her own
wishes it needs to be said that Ruth trod on many toes (including some very senior
extremities), often inadvertently but sometimes quite deliberately; she had more than
her fair share of disagreements, on and off campus, and she could be overtly possessive
of shared research projects, shared teaching modules, and promising shared students.
She crusaded passionately for a succession of worthy causes with a resolve that toler
ated no opposition: women's rights, human rights, animal rights, the significance ofthe
potato and of coal in human history, environmental history and environmental conser
vation. As colleagues and students will attest, it was easy to slide quickly out ofthe ice
cream category on Ruth's scale of approval down to depths unmentionable.
80 Obituaries
But redemption, even rapid redemption, was also possible, and it was always clear
to tLose perceived as Philistines in the path of onc or other of her causes that her disap
prov,d was motivated by a deep sense of conviction and total commitment. She often
put those around her under stress, but never more than shc did herself - pcrhaps, with
thc historian's benefit of hindsight, to thc detriment ofhcr health. Ifneutrality is a \ice,
Ruth was never guilty of it. Her opinions, like her infonnal tree-loving, animal-loving
lifestyle, were tlnn and unambiguous. The round trip between her front gate and the odd
lounge chair without a canine or feline occupant must have been quite an ordeal for the
very occasional non-animal lover who visited the caring home which she and Nicolc
sharcd. Her passion for cricket was developed at an early age, honing her playing skills
with and against her brothers. At junior school she resented the fact that there was no
girls' team so organised onc herself which, after several unsuccessful challenges, de
feated the standard five boys on the very last day of term! When Mark Andrews, then a
member of her Economic History class, was selected for the national rugby team, she
extended her sporting interests to that code and participated in many corridor post
mortcms on match performances.
As an academic and a teacher Ruth was aptly named if, as I understand it, thc Bibli
cal Ruth personifies faithfulness and devotion to duty. Her publication output was not
highly prolific by comparison with some, but it was extremely thorough and conscien
tious. She and I eo-authored several artieles on aspects of the Natal coal industry, but
her major literary contributions were the edited version of lW. Colenso's Bringing
Forth Light (Kil1ie Campbell Africana Reprint Serics and University of Natal Press,
Pietcrmaritzburg, 1982) and The Constilllcy olChange - A Hist(}lY olB/ohollc Co/liery
1898-1998 (The Vryheid, Natal, Railway Coal and Iron Company, Vryheid, 1998).
She was inspired by the teaching ofthe late Winnie Maxwell, professor of History at
Rhodes, where she was a senior student and I a junior lecturer in the mid 1960s. Profes
sor Maxwell was at pains to emphasise the importance of teaching rather than mere
lecturing. In that muuld, Ruth was herself an inspiring, innovative and dedicated teacher.
Highly intelligent. she was tolerant ofthosc who were not, but not of idleness, and she
had a ready sense of humour, especially if the joke \vas at hcr expense - surely the
noblest form of humour. Ruth was willing to go to any lengths for students who were
serious about thcir studies and it was appropriate that, during her tenn as assistant dean
of the faculty, she took special responsibility for undergraduate students. Taxi fares,
lunch money, and 12\ en an occasional supply of grocerics to facilitate the completion of
a thesis were all a rellcction of her dccp pcrsonal commitment to those in her academic
carc.
In the last few weeks of her Iife, though her strength was ebbing, she was heavily
involved in the planning of a new teaching module, 'Africa in thc World', which is to
form part of a year-long Human Science Access Programme for promising disadvan
taged students who do not qualify for automatic admission into a degree eoursc. It was
her 1110St worthy cause and, in some respccts, is a memorial to hcr dedication as a tcacher.
Thc Pictennaritzburg campus, and thc broader world of scholarship, will bc less \ibrant
and less caring without Ruth Edgecombe.
BILL GUEST
Notc: I am indebted to C. Riehardson, D. Proctor and J. Parle fur items ofinfonnation.
Notes and Queries
MUSIC REVIVAL IN PIETERMARITZBURG
In 1997 Christopher Duigan stat1ed a project known as 'Music Revival'. Tt was his
intention, for which he received tremendous support, to convey his love of classical
music to a wide audience. In his attempt to reach out to young people he has also
presented to schools a number of appealing programmes which he has enhanced with
interesting commentary about the music.
To appreciate fully what Duigan is doing, however, it is also necessary to reflect on
some of the milestones of the past which havc helped shape thc musical history of
Pietermaritzburg. Music has always been an integral part of the cultural life of the city.
Research has shown that the early manifestations of music-making came from the Zulu
speaking people who lived in the area and whose music was mainly vocal. Numerous
songs depicted the social life, customs, rituals, historical and religious aspects of their
lives.
Following on this was the intluence ofrcligious music which emanated from the early
churches and particularly from the missionaries who introduced hymn singing as well as
other works ofa rcligious character. Fur
ther aspects of Western music came in
by way of the early settlers and gradu
ally secular as well as church music domi
nated the musical scene in Pietermaritz
burg.
From an early date, there were many
interesting public performances. In 1864
Handel's Messiah was first performed
in St Peter's church. Mrs Visick played
thc small organ and hcr elevcn children
played various instruments which
tleshed out thc orchestral score and
acted as accompaniment to the thirty
voices singing the voeal parts. The Mes
siah then became an annual event, with
many voices singing to the accompani
ment ofa full orchestra and the City Hall
organ.
Christopher Duigan
82 Notes and Queries
This great organ was installed in the
new City Hall (rebui It after the devastating
fire of 1898) in 1901. The official ceremony
opening the restored building was per
formed by the Duke and Duchess of
Cornwall and York (later to become King
George V and Queen Mary). It was a splen
did musical occasion. The Municipal Or
chestra and a choir of250 voices, directed
by Mr A.H. Day, who was also the organ
ist, performed Handel's Hallelujah Cho
rus, the Coronation Hymn, and the Na
tional Anthem.
In addition to playing at official gath
erings, the regimental bands of the British
garrison gave many public performances,
succeeded in the course of time by the
band ofthe Natal Carbineers. Famous over
seas artists also came to Pietermaritzburg
Soprano Angela Gilbert to give public concerts. In the early 20th
century, Dame Amelita Galli-Curci, Erna Sack, and Richard Tauber (amongst others)
performed in the city, so that even young scholars were able to hear them.
In 1881 , the Pietermaritzburg Philharmonic Society was formed, and a series of resi
dent conductors was appointed. Under their guidance many excellent concerts were
arranged, with the orchestra augmented at times by the K waZulu-Natal Philharmonic
Orchestra. The society had its Philharmonic Choir, which continued to be active. A
second major choir is that of the Pietermaritzburg Choral Society under the direction of
Mr Joshua Radebe, and the city has many church choirs and other singing groups.
The year 1997 brought a sad change, however. The Transitional Local Council with
drew the grant hitherto paid to the Philhannonic Society, and without this subsidy the
Society could not survive. Financial constraints also compelled the KZN Philharmonic
Orchestra to discontinue its visits to Pietermaritzburg, and there was a dearth of live
serious music in the city.
It was at this time that Christopher Duigan, acting in conjunction with Gilly and Taffy
WaIters, introduced the project known as ' Music Revival' . With great vision and imagi
nation, Duigan presented a series of varied soiree-style concerts, which awakened pub
lic interest. The first of these took place in October 1997 and since then the project has
flourished. Well before the end of 200 I alone, more than sixty well-attended perfor
mances have been given. Some have been at public venues, but for the most part the
venues are the private homes ofBriar Ghyll in Montgomery Drive or the Waiters' home,
which was designed with such recitals in mind.
Christopher Duigan is well-qualified to run such a project. In 1990 he received his
Bachelor of Music degree cum laude from the University ofNatal , and in 1995 he com
pleted a Masters degree at the University of Cape Town. Since then he has won numer
ous scholarships and awards, both in South Africa and abroad. One of these enabled
him to study at the Royal Northern College ofMusic in Manchester in 1995/96, where he
was awarded the Professional Performers' degree and was placed first in the RNCM
Recital Prize for pianists. Othcr prestigious awards include that for the best South Afri
can pianist in UNISA's Intcrnational Piano Competition.
When he is not being invited to play with orchcstras all over the country or to give
rccitals in placcs such as London, Edinburgh, Dedham and thc Thamcs Valley, he has
devoted his talents to resuscitating live classical music in Pietel111aritzburg. Apart from
his piano recitals, he has accompanied many top artists who have come to perform in thc
city, such as Joanne Rozario (the clarinet and saxophone playcr), the soprano Angcla
The Kerimov Trio - Elena and Boris Kerimov with Christopher Duigan
Gilbert, or togethcr with Elena and Boris Kcrimov in the Kcrimov Trio. He has rcached
out to both young school audiences and to older folk who have found his presentations
intcresting and inspiring.
Duigan continucs to host ovcrseas artists such as the German pianist Florian Uhlig
and thc Italian harpist Susanna Mildonian, and, during his rcccnt visit to Scotland,
where he was invited to give a number of piano recitals at the Edinburgh Festival, he
made contact with a number of performers who are keen to visit KwaZulu-Natal.
Music Rcvival is not just a projcct: it is a manifcstation ofthe love and fcrvour which
Duigan has for his subject and his desirc to share this with others by bringing classical
music to the people of the province. He recently received a well-deserved nomination for
a Daily Ncwsllngababa award for this work, and hc dcscrvcs the highcst praisc for what
he has done for music-lovers in Pietermaritzburg.
PES SA WEINBERG
CARDINAL WILFRED FOX NAPIER
Thc Catholic diocesc of Natal was established in 1850 and two years later Bishop Jean
Francois Allard and his party atTived from France to begin their work. In the next 149
years thcre have becn only flvc Catholic bishops, a testimony to the healthy conditions
enjoyed in Natal. Three of these bishops came from France - Allard, Jolivet, Delalle
and two, Hurley and Napier, were South African born. Hurley became the first archbishop
in 1951 when the Catholic hierarchy was created and now Napier, his successor as
archbishop of Durban, is South Afriea's second cardinal. In the former Portuguese
colonies of Mozambique and Angola there have been cardinals for a long time but South
A t]'iea 's only cardinal prior to this was Owen. Cardinal MeCann of Cape TO\\lL who
received the hat in 1965; he died in 1994.
Wilfred Fox Napier was born on g March 1941 in Matatiele, East Griqua1and in the
Catholic diocese of Kokstad. He is one of seven children: five boys and two girls. He
was educated at the Holy Cross Convent in Matatiele and then at Little Flower lIigh
School in Ixopo, matriculating in 1960. He then joined the Francisean Order, vvhieh had
been serving the diocese of Kokstad since 19l9, and was sent to Ircland to be trained: he
entered the Franciscan Novitiate at Killarney.
After completing his novitiate he studied at the University of Galway, graduating
with a Bachelor of Arts degree with majors in English and Latin. After this he continued
his studies in Philosophy and Theology at the Catholic University at Louvain in Bel
gium, graduating with a master's degree. He was ordained to the priesthood in Kokstad
on July 25, 1970, initially serving the parishes ofLusikisiki and Tabankulu. Eight years
later he was appointed apostolic administrator of the diocese ofKokstad and three years
latcr, in 19X I, he was ordained Bishop ofKokstad, succeeding Bishop John Evangelist
McBride OFM. In 1992 he was appointed to succeed Archbishop Denis Hurley in the
post of Archbishop of Durban and also, from 1994, as Administrator of the diocese of
Unuilllkulu.
Cardinal Napier has had considerable administrative experience. From 19X7 to 1994,
and again from :WOO, he served as president ofthc Southern African Catholic Bishops
Conference. He has served for some years on the Council of the secretariate of the
Synod of Bishops which meets in Rome, and was involved in the preparation of the
Synod of Africa in 1994. Since 1998 he has served as consultor for the Sacred Congrega
t ion for the Evangelizat ion of Peoples. lIe speaks several languages fluently, including
French, Xhosa and no\\ Zulu. He is currently studying Italian.
Pope John Paulll held the largest consistory on record on 21 Pebruary 200 I, when 44
new cardinals were created. They came from twenty-seven countries and five conti
nents, kneeling individually before the pontiffto receive their red skull caps, birettas and
gold rings, as wcll as words of encouragement and a warm emhrace. The College of
Cardinals now has a membership of I ~ 4 : of these 135 are below the age of80 years and
arc eligible to vote in the papal conclave \\hen the next pope is elected.
Cardinals arc expected "to shine in wisdom and holiness" as they guide the Church
in all parts of the world. Each cardinal was required to make a profession offaith and an
oath of fidelity and obedience to the Pope.
Usually each cardinal is assigned the honorary care of a church in Rome. although
those ft'om the Eastern Church declined this: Napier's titular church is St Praneis of
Assisi on the outskirts of Rome on the road to Ostia. He officially took possession of it
on 20 May 200 I.
South Africa has a comparatively small number ofCatholics, estimated at about IO ~ ; )
of the popUlation, and feels honoured to have its own cardinal and the closer relation
ship with the Vatican that this brings. We wish him well ad multos amws.
JOy BRAIN
CEMETERYTOURS
As part ofHeritage Week 200 I, the Commercial Road Cemetery Action Group organised
a tour ofthe cemetery on the afternoon of Sunday 23 September. Shelagh Spencer dealt
with the Anglican, Methodist and Catholic sections, Louis Eksteen with the Dutch
Reformed and Presbyterian sections, and Gillian Tatham, los von Fintel and Brian Spencer
assisted those who wanted to locate specific graves. Approximately 50 people attended.
Eksteen pointed out, among others, the memorials of Hendrik van den Berg, who
died in 1839 and was the first person to be buried in the cemetery, on the old Grey's
Hospital side. Erasmus Smit, who looked after the religious needs of the Voortrekkers,
and his fiery wife Susanna, the first proponent of women's rights in the town; the
Boshofffamily, including that of1. N. Boshoff, second President ofthe Free State and
Philip Ferreira, third Mayor ofthe city.
Spencer covered a cross-section ofthe community in singling out people like Martin
West, first Governor of Natal; Peter Davis, long-time proprietor of the Natal Witness;
Alfred Kershaw, twice Mayor of Maritzburg, and after whom Kershaw Park is named;
Major lames Grantham, who in the 1860s made a detailed survey ofNatal and produced
a topographical map of the area.
Eksteen and Spencer, both experts in their fields, were encouraged by the new con
tacts they were able to make, who, in some instances, have been able to produce valu
able previously unknown information.
The tour on 23 September was not the first to be organised, but certainly the most
successful. This was undoubtedly due to the article by Nalini Naidoo that had appeared
in the Natal Witness some days before, in which it was shown that a walk through the
cemetery with a knowledgeable guide would be an interesting experience.
BRIAN SPENCER
CHANGING GUARD AT GOVERNMENT HOUSE
Natal's Government House is reckoned to have grown from one of the oldest buildings
in Pietermaritzburg. (See Brann and Haswell, 'The Oldest Houses in Pietermaritzburg',
Natalia 13.) In 1849 Lt Governor Benjamin Pine purchased the wattle-and-daub cottage
on Erf 1 Longmarket Street from Surveyor General Dr William Stanger, and subsequently
sold it to the government to become the official residence of his successors. Rebuilt in
dressed shale and enlarged several times (with the addition ofa red-brick wing fronting
Longmarket Street to accommodate the Duke and Duchess of York when they visited in
1901), the house remained such until the fom1ation ofthe Union ofSouth Africa in 1910,
when the colonial administration withdrew.
Vacated by the governors and not wanted by the first Administrator of the new
province, the building was then altered and further enlarged to serve the needs of
Natal's original teacher training college. The Natal Government Teachers' Training Col
iege (later more simply the Natal Training College - NTC or 'TC' to generations of
student teachers) had been founded in 1908 and moved to Government House in 191 I.
For roughly half of the ensuing century it was the only college for white teachers in the
province, and, because of links between the college and the University of Natal in
Scottsville, every teacher to qualify in Natal received at least part of his or her profes
sional training on the Government House campus.
~ 6 Notes and Queries
By mid-century, the Natal Education Department had established a second college
(later to become an Afrikaans-medium institution) in Durban, and in the 19605 was
planning further expansion. So strong was NTCs attachment to Government House at
this juncture that the college resisted relocation to a larger, pU'lJose-built campus, and in
due course the department opened instead Edgewood College in Pinetown.
When in 1977 it was decided to ccntralise all English-medium courses for senior
primary and junior secondary teachers at Edgcwood, many thought that rc \vas doomed
to closure, hut this did not happen. Catering only for the junior primary and pre-primary
phases, NTC flourished as a specialist college, pioneering the competence-based ap
proach which later became the cornerstonc of the national teacher education ctmiculum.
Meanwhile, the cducation depal1ment had embarked on another new venture, estab
lishing a distance college for serving teachers on the premises of the former Harward
school. In 1987, this College of Education for Further Training (CEFT) and NTC were
amalgamated on the Government House campus to form the Natal College ofEducation.
Almost immediately, and without exploring the possibilities ofthe (now widely adopted)
'mixed mode' combinati on of full-ti Ille residential courses with resource-based distance
tuition, the department decided to close the pre-service component of the college. NCE
thus became a distance college only, and again complcte closure seemed imminent as
the national government started a ncw round of college rationalisation.
In campaigning to kecp the pre-service section open, NCE had pointed to the advan
tages of opening its specialist courses to teachers of all races. Even though apartheid
was clearly a failed ideology and there was a huge demand for college places amongst
aspiring black teachcrs (which demand subsequently manifested itself in two politically
inspired invasions of the campus by would-be students) the government of the day had
chosen to close a thriving and forward-looking insitution rather than to open a valuable
resource to people who wcre not white.
Exploiting a precedent set by CEFT, however, NeE was ahle to promotc an inter
departmental agreement whereby it could enrol teachers in the employ ofthe then KwaZulu
education department in its distance programmes. Within a very few years the initial
quota of 100 selected students fell into abeyance, and, even before the democratisation
ofthe state in 1994, the college was effectively open to all, with some 5 000 prcdomi
nantly black students.
The reduction of apartheid's many education structures into one national and onc
provincial education department brought a new impetus to rationalise the superabun
dant colleges in the country. K waZulu-Natal alonc had some 15 colleges, with three
offering distance education - NCE. the former KwaZulu gmernment's Umlazi College
for Further Training, and the distance component of Springfield College of Education,
founded to cater for the Indian community. Oncc again, irrationality governed the
rationalisation process. Despite the merits of a suggestion that NeE could be combined
with Indu1l1iso College and linked to the University ofNatal in Pictennarit7burg to create
in the Midlands a mixed-mode institution offering a full range of qualifications, it was
decided to amalgamate the three distance education providers into a single college with
two campuses onc in Durban and one in Pietermaritzhurg.
Even hefore the ambitiously-named 'South Afi-ican College for Opcn Learning' was
officially constituted, the national government hac! floated the idea of incorporating all
colleges into the universities and technikons, and of having only one national provider
of distance education. Since teacher education, once a provincial concern, had under
the new constitution become a national competence, the adoption ofthis policy meant
an early end for SACOL as a separate institution. In February 2001 the college was duly
absorbed into the University of South Africa.
For the moment, UNISA has retained the 'SACOL' name for its KwaZulu-Natal sub
sidiary, but this will doubtless fall away as the students who first registered with the
college move on. Similarly, the question ofwhether the Government House campus will
continue to be used as a centre for teacher education will presumably be negotiated
between the university and the KZN Department ofEducation and Culture, and it has to
be guessed that the Pretoria-based UNISA will see little point in maintaining a full
college establishment in Pietermaritzburg.
It is probably valid to trace a direct line of succession (albeit an increasingly diluted
one) from the Natal Government Teachers' Training College of 1908 through NCE to
SACOL, but the absorption ofthe college into an existing university surely puts an end
to that line. The increasing independence that the college had grown to enjoy as a semi
autonomous institution is now wholly surrendered.
The building that was the governor's residence of the nineteenth century and be
came the college campus of the twentieth, looks set to find new occupants and a new
function in the twenty-first.
MORAY COMRIE
MSUNDUZIHERITAGE FORUMFORMED
On 6 August 2001, the Msunduzi Heritage Forum was formed with the constitution
being ratified by those in attendance. This was the culmination ofmonths ofdeliberations
involving many organisations concerned with the preservation and promotion ofheritage
in Pietermaritzburg.
It all began a year before as a collaborative effort to coordinate and jointly promote
all Heritage Day activities arranged by the various bodies. The activities in the week
surrounding Heritage Day were promoted in a brochure and through the media. That
success led to discussions towards forming an organisation which - in the words ofthe
preamble to the constitution - 'would seek to achieve a greater understanding and unity
of purpose in the conservation and celebration ofa common, yet diverse, South African
heritage through the sharing ofexperiences and resources and the planning, implement
ing and promoting of relevant programmes and activities'. Towards this aim, the initial
group, consisting mainly of museums and archives, contacted as many organisations
concerned with heritage and the promotion of culture as possible. Not all those con
tacted committed themselves to the constitutional process but the committee would like
to hear from any body conforming to the aims laid down by the Forum.
An ad hoc committee had been elected to run the Forum until the Annual General
Meeting due to be held in July 2002. Pieter Nel ofthe Pietermaritzburg Archives Reposi
tory is the elected chairman of the Forum and his address (Private Bag X9012,
Pietermaritzburg, 3200) was chosen as the domicillium. Ros Devereux acts as secretary
and Jos von Fintel as treasurer. They are supported by committee members Paul Thomp
son and Louis Eksteen.
ROSDEVEREUX
HERITAGE SOCIETIES
Heritage societies are by no means new phenomena, but they seem to be enjoying a
fresh surge of interest and respect. The Pietermaritzburg Heritage Socicty is onc such
organization. As its name suggests. most of its activities centre on Pietermaritzburg as it
explores the architectural and cultural heritage of the city, but its excursions also go
further afield. Thus, for example, outings to Greytown, Byme and Otto's BlutTare planned
for the winter and spring of 2002. The latter has a direct link to this journal, for Stcphen
Coan will be talking ahout the subiect of his article in Natalia 30- the filming of Kil1g
Solomo/1:1 Mil1es. Providing a second connection. Dr Bill Bizley will be presenting an
illustrated talk on Pietermaritzburg's tramway era later in the year, and no doubt will
touch on the accident which is the subject of his note in the present issue.
Relating the heritage of the city to contemporary affairs, the society has invited
Col in Gardner. Speaker of the Msundusi Council, to address its members on the subject
of the naming and renaming of streets in the Pietermaritzburg. With the name of the city
itself being the subject of much current discussion, this talk is likely to excite li\ely
discussion.
The Pietermaritzhurg Heritage Society has links to other similar organizations, and
Natalia would hc happy to dra\\ these to the attention of its readers. The Ileritage
Society itself can be contacted at r.o. Box 100358, Scottsville 3209.
f\10RAY COMRIL
THE IM PERIAL CONNECTION
The Bonaparte connection with KwaZulu-Natal has, over the past six years, been
imaginatively developed through the initiative and drive of Ms Glenn Flanagan of the
French Department at the Technikon Natal.
In June of each year a 'French presence' symposium has been held, followed by a
ceremony at Uqwek\\e in ZululamL \\here the Prince Imperial was killed on I JUlle I X79
during the Anglo-7ulu War.
In 200 I, for the first time. a Requiem Mass was held in the original Cathol ic chapel ill
Loop Street, Pietl'rmaritzburg. \\here the Prince's body had lain in state \\hi le ell route to
Durban, and thence 10 Chislehurst ill Surrey wl1ere his widowed mother was thell li\illg.
The Mass was celebrated ill Latin by Father John Patterson 0 ~ 1 1 . of St rvlary\
parish. Musical accompaniment was provided ill the form of works by Giovanni
Francesco, V'v'i1liam BYI'd, Sergei Rachmaninol1 (iionanni da Palestrina and Anton
Bruckner, beautifully rendered by the University Madrigal Singers under the direction of
Michael Lambert.
The site where the catafalque had stood 122 years ago was cO\cred with a pall, on
which was a plaque depicting the face ofthc Princc. Flcur de Lis, and tall candlesticks at
each corner.
It is hoped that a Requiem Mass \vill become a rcgular feature of the allllual Prince
Imperial commcmorations in Pictermarilzburg. A link is also bcing forged \\ilh the Impe
rial Chapel in Biarritz, where sLlch f\'lasses arc celebratcd annually on the dates of the
deaths of the Pri nce and his parcnts.
SHELAGH SPENCER
Select List ofRecent
KwaZulu-Natal Publications
CAMP, Steve. Historic Pietermaritzburg. Pietennaritzburg: Shuter & Shooter, 2001. R75,00
MORRELL, Robert. From ho]!.\' to gentlemen: settler masculinity in colonial Natal,
1880-1920. Pretoria: Univcrsity orSouth Africa, 200 I.
BAILEY, NeiJ. Oh, hur \\'hat a saint. Pictermaritzburg: Priv. print, 2001. 274p.
BAZLEY, Denzil. Nil dClj!cmnilulIl: the Bazley stOIY. Durban: The Royk trust, 200 I.
R90,OO
CHRISTIE, Yvonnc. Earll'pionc('f's o/Grcl'towl1 up to 1910. Grey town, Pri\. print, 1999.
146p. illus. R60,OO
D'ASSONVILLE, Y. E. Blood River. We1tevreden Park: Mamix, 2000.71 p. illus., map.
DESAJ. Ashwin. The poors ofChats worth. Durban: Madiba and The Institute for Black
Research, University ofNatal , 2000.
GUY, .letT. The view across the r i v e , ~ Cape Town: David Phi lip, 200 I. R 150,00
LABAND, John. The atlas of the later 7..11111 )\'(/rs 1883-1888. Pietermaritzburg:
University of Natal press, 2001.
McCRACKEN, Donal Patrick. /11 the sleps ofNellie: a history ofMitchel1 Park ({nd
Robert Jal1lCSOIl Park, and o/tlie /oological Gardens, Durban. Durban: Durban
Parks Dept., 200 I. 112 p. illus., tables. R75,00
MA DJ. Phinda Mzwakhc. reac/('f'ship lessons from Emperor Shaka /ulu the Great.
Randburg: Knowledge Resources 2000
TARR, Moira. The Nalal iv/oors. !::steollrt: Private print, 1999.230 p. illllS.
THOMPSON. Paul S. The 7..ulu rebellion of 1906 ill maps. Howick: Brevitas, 2001.
ISBN I 875976245
WEBB, C de Band WRIGHT, John, eds. and trs. The .fames Stuart Archive ofrecorded
oral evidence relating to the history o( Ihe /ulu and neighhouring peoples.
Volume 5. Pietermaritzburg: University orNatal Press,and Durban: Killie Campbell
Africana Library, 200 1.446 p. diagrs., tables. R345,00
WHITFIELD, Tim and CAMP. Stne. Pilddling and portaging: 50 years of the DlI::i
Canoe Marathol1. [Pieterlnaritzburg] Umgeni Water, 2001. RI40,OO
ZALOUMIS, Alex. 7.lIlil trihal ({ri, by Alex Zaloumis, photographs by lan Dirttm.l.
Amazulu publ ishcrs, e. 2000
Index to Natalia Vols 1-30
Volume numbers appear in bold fvpe
AL'TIIORS AND TITLES
Absentee landowners, by John Lambel1
Adcock, ~ e i l
Derrick John ('Jaekie') MeGlew, 1929-1998 (obituary)
Alan Paton: often admired. sometimes criticised. usually
misunderstood [Natal Society lecture]. by Colin Gardner
The Albany connection: Natal and the Eastern Cape
150 years ago, by Colin de B. Webb
Alice Werner and 'Kisimus' at Bishopstowe, by Aliee Wcrner
All aboard for Howick!, by William H. Bizlcy
The Anglican Diocese of Natal : a saga of division and healing,
by Ian D. Darby
Anon.
Aurct van Hecrdell, 1918-1997 (obituary)
Cecil Recs, 19:20 1997 (obituary)
Christophcr Dering Stainbank, 19221997 (obituary)
Cyri1 Nycmbezi, 1919-2000 (obituary)
Gcrhardus Adriaan ('Horace ') Rail, 1916-1997 (obituary)
Owen Pieter Faure Horwood, I 917-1998 (obituary)
Regina1d Bhekum1lZi Hadebe, 1957-199:2 (obituary)
Thomas George Vernon Inman, 1905 1989 (obituary,
reprinted frolll the Bishops' Newslclter)
Architects versus Catholics: the Emmanuel Cathedral
controversy, by Peter Spiller
ArgyIe, John
Eileen Jensen Krige, 1905-1995 (obituary)
Bainbridge, Bill
Lake St Lucia and the eastern shores: the Natal Parks
Board's role in the environmental impact report
Ballard Charles
The historical image of King Cetshwayo of Zululand:
a centennial comment
On a tough missionary post in Zululand: the life
experiences of the missionary Friedrich Volker
[editorial note]
Garnes. PameIa
The great flood of 1856
Barracks and hostels: a heritage conservation case tor worker
housing in Natal, by Roberl Home
Barrett, A.M.
John Wingate Macquanie, 1904-1996 (obituary)
Ronald George MaeMilIan, 1910-1998 (obituary)
William George McConkey, 18981987 (obituary)
23/24:119-120
28:72-74
18:19-29
4:5-7
26:12- 16
7:24 27
11 :43-46
27:99-100
26:88
26:90-91
30:71
27:94-96
28: 74
22:76
19:50-51
15:89-94
25:9295
23/24:4560
13:29-42
9:7-19; 10:7 15
14:33-41
28:45-52
26:86-87
28:69-70
17:77-78
Index
91
The Battle of Ivuna (or Ndunu Hill), by John P.C. Laband
The Battle of Talana Hill, as described in the campaign journal
of I.t. R. Ernest Reade, DSO
Baudert. ".M.
Index to Prof. A.F. I lat1ersley's Porlmit of" city
Baycr. Adolf Joseph Wilhelm
Discovering the Natal t10ra
Bell, Brendan
Bonakele (Bonie) Ntshalintshali, 1967-1999 (obituary)
Benyon, John A.
Isandhlwana and the passing of a proconsuI
Bertram M itford and the Balllbatha Rebellion. by .I.A. Kearney
Beyond school: some developments in higher education in
Durban in the 19205 and thc influence of Mabel Palmer,
by Sylvia Vietzen
Bhamjee, Yusuf
Ismael Meer, 1918-2000 (obituary)
Bhana. Surendra, ed.
haste mv Lord' Iletter to the Protector of Indian
Immigrants]. bv S. John
Bird, John
Natal, 1846-1851 [reprint]
Bishop, John
Keith Oxlee, 1934-1998 (obituary)
Bizley, WiIliam H. (Bill)
All aboard for Howick'
By post cart to I larding: from Mary loorc", diary,
1892, cdited by W. H. Bizley
Further notes on the sinking of U-197, 20 August 1943
John William Bews - a coml11cmorative note
'Maritzburg during the siege of Natal', as reflected in
The Natal Witness from October 1899 to March 1900
about the L-Boats
Pictermaritzburg _. thc missing decades
The political carccr of Mr Reid's 'Ten Wheeler'
The Rail conversations
A remarkable survey: the Natal scene at Union
A trip to see the Prince of Wales: interview
U-Boats ofTNatal: the local ocean war, 1942-1944
BlenduTf. Susan
Rabies in Natal
Bou .-twn .\1.
Deux ans aNatal: n:miniscenees of a trmeller
Itranslated from the French by Fleur Webb]
Bozas, A.
The Natal Provincial Council, 1910-1986
Brain, Juy B
The centenary of the Augustinian Sisters in Natal
Health and disease in \\hite settlers in colonial Natal
Mariannhill Ce11lCllury: a look at the early years
Paul Carton Sykes, 1903-1983 ( obituary)
125 years - the arrival of Natal's Indians in pictures
10: 16-22
29:16-22
5:53-58
4:42-48
29:99
8:38-45
25:43-53
14:48-58
30:64-65
15:7-9
1:7-22
28:66-69
7:24-27
25:7-20
27:101-104
14:1721
29:61-90
25:81-83
17:25-48
19:43-49
20:50-61
13:22 28
25:21-25
23124:76--98
20:43-49
18:6-18: 19:6-22;
20:7-23
16:45-50
21:54-65
15:64-77
12:58-70
17:65-72
15: 18-35
92
Brann, R.W.
The oldest houses in Pietennaritzburg, by R.W. Brann
and Robert F. Haswell
A brief history of the Boseh Hoek. by Fraser
Brooks, Shirley
The Natal Society llluseum (1851 19(4): potentialities
and problems
Brother Nivard Streieher: architect of Mariannhill, 1884- 1922,
by Robert Brusse
Brown, Peter
Henry Sellly [\Isilllang (obituary)
Brown, R.A.
Maps of Natal and Zululand. 1)0\24 -191 ()
Natal mission stations (excluding Zululand) [list ofnalllcsJ
Brownell, Frederiek Gordon
Heraldry in Natal [Natal Society lecture]
Brusse, Robert
Brother N ivard Streicber: architect of \1ariannhill. 1884-1922
Bucklcy, David
Closure of O. K. Ba"aars
J. Gilmour Willialllson, booksellers
Mary Elizabeth Cooke
The Natal Society Library. 1975-1995
Royal Logistical Corps and the Dalton Barracks
'We come unto our fathers' God: their rock is our
salvation': the story of the Metropolitan Methodist
Church. I'ictcrlllaritzburg. 1 X46 1996
Bundhoo, D.
Gandhi honoun:d in Pietermaritzburg
Burger Street Gaol, by T.B. Frost
Burnett, B.B.
!\Iphacus Hamilton Zulu. 1905-1988 (obituary)
By post cart to Harding. by Mary Moore
Bymc settler commemorations, by Shelagh Spencer
'\ Byrne settler's experiences in early Natal [letters of
Archibald Keir 'vlurray Snr]
Byrom, James
Reginald Oliver Pearsc. 1900--1995 (obituary)
Calpin, G.H.
The eentenarv of Pietermaritzburg [reprint]
George
Italians in I'ieterlllaritzburg
Captain Alien F. uardiner. by Elizabeth (iardiner
Captain Alien Francis uardiner: first missionary to the Zulu,
by Colin de B. Webb
Catherine Portsmouth's letter to her family in England
The centenary of Pietermaritzburg [reprint], by G.H. Calpin
The centenary of the l\ugllstinian Sisters in /\'atal. by Joy B. Br,lin
Changing the Church guard. by T.B. Frost
Chctty, Sam
Interview with ?vir Sam Chctty. by \1oray Comrie
Christopher, A.J.
The Natal Land and Colonization Company in colonial times
Civic honours, by J.M. Deane
Index
13:6775
15:95-99
18:5969
15:7X88
12:71-73
2:34-J()
3:50-51
17:15-24

29:107 IOK
23/24: 117
23/24: 123- 124
25:77-80
30:77-78
26:59 T1
23/24: 117119
23/24:116-117
18:93 --96
25:7 20
30:75-77
30:1-13
25:99-100
17:914
18:70-79
4:28-41
3:5-7
27:6 -18
17:9 14
21 :54 -65
30:73
15:10-17
4:4954
30:73-74
Index
93
Clancey, P.A.
A one-time Mecca for ornithologists
Clark,John
Alexander Petrie, I RR 1-1979 (obituary)
Colenso's greatest sermon
A curiosity of Natal settler literature: Viator, by John Coventry
The historian of Victorian Natal: Alan Frederiek Hattersley
Closure of the O.K. l1a7aars, by David Bucklcy
Coan, Step hen
King Solomon's Mines at Otlo's B1utT
'When I was concerned with great men and great events':
Sir Henry Rider Haggard in Natal
Coghlan, Mark
The Horticulturists, Freedom Radio and the Erase Erasmus
Society: Pietermaritzburg-based protest against the
Nationalist Government in the 1950s and early 1960s
Colenso, Frances EIIen
Colenso letters
Colenso, Harriettc Emily
Colenso letters
Colenso, John William, Bishop o.fNatal
Ekukanyeni in 1R57
Praying for rain: a sermon preached by Bishop
Colenso [reprint]
'What doth the Lord require of us'!' A sermon preached
in the Cathedral Church of St Peter's, Maritzburg,
on Wednesday, March 12, 1879 [reprint]
The C:olenso cases: a perspective oflaw in nineteenth century
Natal, by P.R. Spiller
Colcnso letters
Colcnso's greatest sermon [editorial note] by John Clark
C:olin de Berri Webb, 1930-1992: an historian's tribute,
by John Laband
Colin de Berri Webb, 1930 1992: speech at the naming of
the Colin Webb Hall. 27th August 1992, by Colin Gardner
Colonial Coalopolis: the establishment and growth of Dundee,
by Sheila Henderson
Commercial coal-mining in Natal: a centennial appraisal,
by W.R. Guest
Commons, Hector
Norman Wynne Bowden (obituary)
Comrades of a particular type: an alternative history of the
Marathon, 1921-1983, by Christopher Merrett
Comrie, Moray
Interview with Mr Sam Chetty
Jennifer Chew, O.B.E.
A new monument at Isandlwana
Vryhof AnIon (Home) Van der Hmen, 1921-1993 (obituary)
A contemporary docllment: Durban, Feb. 1 X79 [instructions
given by R. Jameson regarding the defence of his house in
the event of a Zulu attack]
Cope, A.T.
Harry Camp Lugg. 1 XR2 197X (obituary)
Cross, Robert N.
Geoffrey Sutherland, 1941-1992 (obituary)
5:29-35
10:4X-50
6: 12-14
6:28-.13
6:5R-() I
29: I07-IOR
30:17-23
26:17-58
25:54-64
21:17-30
21: 17-30
13: 14-21
13:7-13
6:15-23
13:76-84
21:17-30
6:12-14
22:7-10
22: I 0--14
12: 14 2()
18:41-5R
14:98-100
25:65-76
15:10-17
30:74-75
29:108-109
23/24: 114115
8:71
9:43 46
22:71-73
94
A curiosity ofNatal settler literature ... , by John Clark
Dale, George
Natal Training College, 1903-1987 (obituary)
Daly, Michael
Alexander John Milne, 1929-1993 (obituary)
Alexander Milne, 1899-1987 (obituary)
Allan Carlyle Mitchell (obituary)
Neville James, 1911-1991 (obituary)
Pamela Ann Reid, 1925-1996 (obituary)
Darby, lan D.
The Anglican Diocese of Natal: a saga of division and healing
Praying for rain: a sermon preached by Bishop Colenso
[editorial note]
Deane,John
Alexander Nixon Montgomery, 1918-1995 (obituary)
Civic honours
Donald Raymond Hunter, 1927-1999 (obituary)
The fever ward [Victoria Hall, Maritzburg College]
French connection [investiture of Ms Glenn Flanagan
as 'Chevalier de l'Ordre National du Merite']
Making light of war [war comic strips]
Solomon Levinsohn (obituary)
The defence of Ekowe, by W.N. Lloyd [reprint]
Deux ans it Natal: reminiscences ofa traveller, by M. Bourbon
[translated from the French by Fleur Webb]
Dick King: a modest hero, by Jacqueline A. Kalley
Dickson, John
Natal and Zululand Study Circle
'No recollections worth recording': the 2/5th in Natal,
1863-64, by John James Robinson; edited by John Dickson
Diesel, Alleyn
The tradition of Hindu firewalking in Natal
Discovering the Natal flora, by Adolf Joseph Wilhelm Bayer
Dominy, Graham
Fort Napier: 150 years from fort to hospital
George Tatham, 1929-1986 (obituary)
Pietermaritzburg's imperial postscript: Fort Napier
from 1910-1925
The New Republicans: a centennial reappraisal of the
'Nieuwe Republiek' (1884-1888)
The reminiscences of Thomas Green, edited by Graham Dominy
Douglas Livingstone - Natal poet?, by David Robbins
Duff, Thomas
First impressions of Natal, by a Perthshire ploughman [reprint]
The Duke's people, by Jean Nourse
[note]
Duminy, Andrew
Christopher Cresswell, 1933-1998 (obituary)
Durban's court-house: its opening and early years, by Peter Spiller
The early African press in Natal: 'Inkanyiso Yase Natal' [reprint]
The early Chinese mariners, Natal and the future, by David Willers
Early Natal historian [William Clifford Holden], by N. Snell
Early 'Varsity days (by a foundation student), by S.E. Lamond
Ekukanyeni in 1857, by John William Colenso
Index
6:28-33
17:85-87
23/24: 107-109
17:80-82
14:103-105
21:66-68
26:89-90
11:43-46
13:8
25:95-97
30:73-74
29:94
30:72
29:106-107
29: 109-111
14:105-106
5:15-28
18:6-18; 19:6-22;
20:7-23
16:39-44
26:94
26:6-11
21:31-39
4:42-48
23/24:123
16:79-80
19:30-42
14:87-97
22:15-26
17:49-54
7:8-23
5:39-41; 6:40-41
28:70-72
14:42-47
16:6-11
21:7-16
26:93
14:13-16
13:14-21
Index
95
ElIis, Beverley
Game conservation in Zululand, 1824-1947:
changing perspectives
ElIis, Chris
Johan Cornelius Colenbrander, 1912-1999 (obituary)
The embossed postage stamps of Natal, 1857-1869, by E.C. Wright
Emery, Frank
The Revd John David Jenkins (1828-76), Canon ofthe
Cathedral of Natal [Natal Society lecture]
Soldiers' letters from the First Anglo-Boer War, 1880-81
Soldiers' letters from the Zulu War: a source of
historico-geographical value
An Empress in Zululand, by John Laband
An environmental manifesto for the greater Pietermaritzburg
area, by Dai Herbert and Gavin Whitelaw
Ethnomusicology and its relationship to some aspects of music
in Cetshwayo's time, by Pes sa Weinberg
Exotic yet often colourless: the imported place names of
KwaZulu-Natal, by Elwyn Jenkins
Farrer, June
Lucy Evangeline Dudley, 1907-1996, by Jennifer
Lancaster and June Farrer (obituary)
Ursula Evelyn Mabel Judd (1917-1976): a tribute,
by June Farrer and Jennifer Whitelaw
'The fate of the natives': Black Durban and African ideology, by
Maynard Swanson
'The father of Natal botany': John Medley Wood, by Rudolf G. Strey
Feist, Helen (translator)
experiences of the missionary Friedrich Volker
The fever ward, by J.M. Deane
First impressions of Natal, by Thomas Duff [reprint]
First list of Natal artists, 1824-1910 [and supplementary lists],
by Jennifer A. Verbeek.
FitzPatrick, Natal and the unification of South Africa, by w.R. Guest
Fort Napier: 150 years from fort to hospital, by Graham Dominy
Francis, Peter
Gordon Robert de Carle, 1916-1995 (obituary)
Francis, T.E.
The influence of the geology of Durban on the supply
of water from wells to early settlers
Fraser, Maryna
A brief history of the farm 'Bosch Hoek'
French connection [investiture of Ms Glenn Flanagan as
'Chevalier de l'Ordre National du Merite], by John Deane
Friedlander, Frank
Robert Elliott Stevenson (obituary)
From the Cape to Natal and back, 5 January-5 February 1846:
the journal of an unknown visitor, edited by BJ.T. Leverton
Frost, T.B.
Burger Street Gaol
Changing the Church guard
Frank Emery, 1930-1987 (obituary)
George Allan Chadwick, 1923-2000, (obituary)
Harry Lundie, 1903-1989 (obituary)
Shepstone centenary
23/24:27-44
29:91-92
7:28-33
14:22-32
11:16-26
8:54-60
30:45-57
28:53-63
8:61-68
28:14-22
26:82-83
6:9-11
14:59-68
7:43-45
9:7-19; 10:7-15
30:72
7:8-23
1:38; 2:38; 3:58
11:47-56
23/24: 123
25:86-87
21:40-53
15:95-99
29:106-107
14:100-103
5:7-14
23/24: 116-117
30:73
17:83-84
30:67-68
20:62-64
23/24:124-125
96 Index
Fuggle, Frank
George Selwyn Moberly (obituary)
A further note on Alan Paton the school teacher
Further notes on the sinking ofU-197. 20 August 1943.
by w.H. Bizley
Gadsden, R.J.
Francis Farewell
Game conservation in ZululalllL 1 f\24-194 7: changing
perspectives. by Beverley Ellis
Gandhi honoured in Pietennaritzburg, by D. Bundhoo
Gandhi's Natal: the state of the colony in 1893. by W.R. Guest
Gardiner, Alien Francis
Natal journal for 1838
Gardiner, Elizabeth
Captain Alien E Gardiner: a memoir by his wife,
written for his grandson
Gardner, Colin
Alan Paton: often admired. sometimes criticised,
usually misunderstood []\atal Society lecture]
Colin de Berri Webb. 1930-1992: speech at the naming
of the Colin Webb Hall, 27 August 1992
Mark Fiennes Prestwich (obituary)
'Natal literature . a scrap of history and a glance at some poems
Peter Campbell Kerehhotl 1934 1999 ( obituary)
Gillings, Ken
Darrell Dickon Hall, 1928-J996 (obituary)
A glimpse into Bushman presence in the Anglo-Boer War, by EE. Prins
Gordon, Ruth E.
Henry Ogle
John Ross
Gordon-Gray, K.D.
Adolf Joseph Wilhelm Bayer, 1900-l97f\: a man
of Natal (obituary)
Gourley, Brenda
Issues in tertiary education [Natal Society lecture]
The great flood of If\56. by Pamela Bames
Green, Thomas
The reminiscences of Thomas Green
Guest, W.R. (Bill)
Commercial coal-mining in Natal: a centennial appraisal
FitzPatrick, Natal and the unification of South Africa
Gandhi's Natal: the state of the colony in 1893
'It was the best of times, it was the worst of times':
Natal and the Anglo-Boer War of If\99-1902
Jetfrey William Horton, 1921-1998 (obituary)
The meaning of Majuba for Natal
Haddon, Gordon W.
The incident of the' Brazilia' and the Rev. Pieter Ham
Hale, Frederick
The If\82 ]\onvcgian emigration to Natal
Racist attitudes and prison reform in George Webb
Hardy's The Prillce and The Black Peril
Hall, Andrew
National monuments: a ncw focus in Natal
15:102-105
28:77-79
27:101-104
23124:27 44
23124:117-119
23/24: 68-75
3:9-12
4:28-41
22:10-14
15:100-102
13:43-66
29:95 9 ~
26:84-86
29:50-60
4:23-24
4:26-27
9:36-38
23/24:7-14
14:33-41
22: 15-26
18:41-58
11:47-56
23/24: 68-75
29:23-49
29:92-94
11:27-28
7:38-42
12:35-44
25:26-42
22:55 64
Index
97
Hallowes, Kenneth B. Bishop Suffragan ofNatal
A new Cathedral-centre for Pietermaritzburg
Hanks,John
Institute of Natural Resources: Natal takes a lead with
computer aids to optimum land use planning
Haswell, Robert F.
Indian townscape features in Pietemmritzburg
The oldest houses in Pietermaritzburg, by R.W. Brann
and Robert F. Haswell
Themba Harry Gwala, 1920-1995 (obituary)
The Voortrekker dorps of Natal
Havemann, B. Administrator olNatal
Speech at the opening of the Hall of Natal History,
Natal Museum, 8th Nov. 1972
Haw, Simon
Philip RudolfTheodorus Nel, 19151997 (obituary)
Health and disease in white settlers in colonial Natal, by Joy B. Brain
Henderson, Sheila
Anthony and Maggie Barker (obituary)
Benjamin (,Pitch') Christopher, 1919-1996 (obituary)
Colonial Coalopolis: the establishment and growth of Dundee
Douglas Mitehell, 1896-1988: a personal memoir
Hennessy, Esme
Memories of a country doctor's daughter
Heraldry in Natal, by Frederick Gordon Brownell [Natal
Society lecture]
Herbert, Dai
An environmental manifesto for the greater Pietermaritzburg
area, by Dai Herbert and Gavin Whitelaw
Natal Museum dredging programme
Heritage day event, by Jewel Koopman
Her Majesty's loyal and devoted Trekker leader: Petrus Lafras
Uys, by lan S. Uys
Herrman, Louis
Nathaniellsaacs
Hesp, Tony
Hubert Ralph von Klemperer, 1914-1999 (obituary)
Hillcrest and its contribution to Natal education, by Robin Lamplough
HilIebrand, Melanie
Mary Stainbank -- sculptress of Natal
The historian of Victorian Natal: Alan Frederick Hattersley,
by John Clark
The historical image of King Cetshwayo of Zulu land: a
centennial comment, by Charles Ballard
History ofthe wattle industry in Natal, by S.P. Sherry
Hlobane: a new perspective, by Huw N. Jones
Hogg, Piet
Pict Hogg's reminiscences
Home, Robert
Barracks and hostels: a heritage conservation case for
worker housing in Natal
Hooper, Anthony S.c.
Special collections of the Natal Society Library
1:31-34
9:20-29
15:57-63
13:67-75
25:88-90
10:23-33
3:36-39
27:93-94
15:64-77
23/24:99-10 I
26:79-81
12:14-26
19:64-69
30:31-37
17:15-24
28:53-63
23124: 122-123
29:110-112
18:30--40
4:19-21
29:102-105
17:55-64
17:73-76
6 : 5 8 ~ 6 1
13:29--42
3:40--44
27:42-68
23/24:15-26
28:45-52
10:41--44
98
The Horticulturists, Freedom Radio and the Erase Erasmus Society:
Pietenllaritzburg-based protest against the Nationalist
government in the 1950s and early I 960s, by Mark Coghlan
Hosking, G.A.
Reginald A Ifi'ed Banks, 1890-1980 (obituary)
A house for Harry: an architect looks at the fonner residence
of Harry Escombe, by Brian T. Kearney
Humphreys, William Clayton
The journal ofWilliam Clayton Humphreys: Port Natal
to the Zulu country, August-October 1851
Hurley, Denis E.
Father Denis Howard St. George OMI, 1902-1989 (obituary)
Hutson, Terry R.
Wooden railway on Durban's Bluff
Images of the Natal Drakensbcrg, by John Pickles
Important collection of Zulu woodcarving, by Frans Prins
The incident of the 'Brazilia' and the Rev. Pieter Ham, by
Gordon W. Haddon
Indian townscape fcaurcs in Pietermaritzburg, by Robert F. Haswell
Thc indigenous forests of colonial Natal and Zululand, by
Donal P. McCracken
The influence of the geology of Durban on the supply of water
from wells to early settlers, by T.E. Francis
In search of Mr Botha: an investigation into a Natal place-name,
by Robin W. Lamplough
Institute of Natural Resources ... , by John Hanks
Interview with Mr Sam Chetty, by Moray Comrie
lsandhlwana and the passing of a proconsul, by John A. Benyon
Issues in tertiary education, by Brenda Gourley
Italians in Pietermaritzburg, by George Candy
'I travelled to other worlds', by Maphelu Zungu
'It was the best of times, it was the worst oftimes': Natal and
the Anglo-Boer War of I 899-1902,by Bill Guest
.lames, Neville
Francis Napier Broome, 1891-1980 (obituary)
Jameson, R.
A contemporary document: Durban, Feb. 1873
[instructions given by R. Jameson regarding the
defence of his house in the event of a Zulu attack 1
Jenkins, Elwyn
Exotic yet often colourless: the imported place names
ofKwaZulu-Natal
J. Gilmour WilIiamson, booksellers, by David Buckley
John, S.
'Make haste my Lord' [letter to the Protector of
Indian Immigrants 1
John Bird, by C. de B. Webb
John William Bews: a commemorative note, by William H. Bizlcy
Jones, Huw M.
Hlobane: a new perspective
The journal ofWilliam Clayton Humpheys: Port Natal to the
Zulu Country, August-October 1851, by William Clayton
Humphreys
Index
25:54-64
10:45--46
2:21-23
19:23-29
19:52-55
26:74-78
11 :29--42
29:113-114
7:38--42
15:57-63
16:19-38
21:40-53
12:27-34
9:20-29
15:10-17
8:38--45
23/24:7-14
18:70--79
28:6-13
29:23--49
10:47--48
8:71
28:14-22
23/24:117
15:7-9
1:56
14:17-21
27:42-68
19:23-29
index
99
Judd, Ursula Evelyn Mabel
The origins of the Natal Society
Previous homes ofthe Natal Society Library
Kalley, Jacqueline A.
Dick King: a modest hero
Kearney, Brian T
A house for Harry: an architect looks at the fomler
residence of Harry Eseombe
Sense or fashion' Victorian architecture in Durban
Kearney, J.A.
Bertram Mitford and the Bambatha Rebellion
Ketley, Jenny
Heather Leone Hogg, 1946-2000 (obituary)
King, Terence
Derek Milton Leigh (obituary)
King Solomon's Mincs at Otto's Bluff, by Stcphen Coan
Knight,lan
Nothing of value: the British soldier and loot in the
Anglo-Zulu War oC 1879
Koopman, Adrian
Scratching out one's days: graffiti in the old
Pietermaritzburg prison
Koopman, Jewel
Heritage day event
Kotze, Steven
Une souvenir du France
Laband, John P.c.
The Battle of Ivuna (or Ndunu Hill)
Colin de Berri Webb, 1930-1992: an historian's tribute
An Empress in Zululand: the pilgrimage in 1880 by the
Empress Eugenic ..
Labuscbagne, J. Andre
The oldest houses in Pietermaritzburg reconsidered
Lake St. Lueia and the eastern shores: the Natal Parks Board's
role in the environmental impact report, by Bill Bainbridge
Lambert, John
Absentee landowners
Nude bathing
Lamond, S.E.
Early 'Varsity days (by a foundation student)
Lamplough, Robin W.
Hillerest and its contribution to Natal education
In search ofMr Botha: an investigation into a Natal place-name
Lancaster, Jenny
Lucy Evangeline Dudley, 1907-1996, by Jenny Lancaster
and June Farrer (obituary)
Le Roux, Andre L
Andre Roceo de Villiers, 1917-1992 (obituary)
Letters from Natal, by Martha (Patty) Lofthouse
Leverton, Basil J.T.
From the Cape to Natal and back, 5 January
5 February 1846: the journal of an unknown visitor,
edited by BJ.T. Leverton
2:30-33; 3:45-49;
4:55-60; 5:42-52;
6:24-27
5:36-38
16:39-44
2:21-23
14:69-86
25:43-53
30:65 -67
23124:101-103
30:17-23
22:39-48
27:69-91
29:110-112
30:14-16
10:16-22
22:7-10
30:45-57
16:51-78
23124:45-60
23/24: 119-120
23/24:120-121
14:13-16
17:55-64
12:27-34
26:82-83
22:65-68
11:7-15
5:7-14
lOO Index
James Saunders King
John Cane
Thomas lIalstead
Lieutenant Joseph Nourse, by Jean Nourse
Lines of power: the Iligh Commissioner, the telegraph and the
war of 1879, by C:olin de B Webb
Lloyd, W.N.
The defence of Ekowe [reprint]
The locust invasion of Zululand, 1933-1937, by Anthony de V. Minnaar
Lofthouse, Martha (Patty)
Letters from Natal
Lutherans, Germans: Hermannsburgers, by Hans-JUrgen Osehadleus
Macquarrie, J.W.
Dr Emst Gideon Malherbe (obituary)
'Make haste my Lord', by S. John
Making light of war [war comic strips], by John Deane
Maps of Natal and Zululand, 1824-1910, by R.A. Brown
Mariannhill centenary: a look at the early years, by Joy B. Brain
'Maritzburg during the siege of Natal, as ret1ected in the Natal
Witness from October 1899 to March 1900, by William H. Bizley
Martin, Bruno
The opening of the railway between Durban and
Pietermaritzhurg - 100 years ago
Mary Elizabeth Cooke, by David Buckley
Mary Moore writes of war: Talana and after, edited by Sylvia Vietzen
Mary Stainbank - sculptress of Natal, by Melanie lIillebrand
Mathews, A.S.
George Mauriee Jex Sweeney (obituary)
McCracken, Donal P.
The indigenous forests of colonial Natal and Zululand
McKenzie, P.c.G.
Sites of significance [Lambert Wilson Library building]
The meaning ofMajuha for Natal, hy W.R. Guest
Mediation efforts in turbulent times, by Michael Nuttall
Meintjes, Sheila
The early African press in Natal: 'Inkanyiso Vase
Natal' leditorial note J
Memories of a country doctor's daughter, by Esme Hennessy
Merrett, Christopher
Comrades of a particular type: an alternative history of
the Marathon, 1921-1983
William Stanger and the early years of cartography in
Natal, 1845-1854
Merrett, Patricia, ed.
Pi et Hogg's reminiscences, edited by Pat Merrett
Mesthrie, Vma Shashikant
Reducing the Indian population to a 'manageable
compass': a study of the South African assisted
emigration scheme of 1927
Sushila Gandhi, 1907-1988: guardian of Gandhian
traditions in South Africa (obituary)
Milton, J.R.L
Exton Mahbutt Burchell, 1917 1982 (obituary)
Minnaar, Anthony de V.
The locust invasion of Zululand, 1933-1937
4:18
4:22
4:25
2:24-26
8:31 37
5:15 28
20:30-42
11:7-15
22:27-38
13:85-87
15:7-9
29:\09-110
2:34-36
12:58-70
29:61-90
10:34-40
23124: 123-124
29:6-15
17:73-76
11:59
16:19-38
23/24:116
11:27 28
30:24-30
16:6- 7
30:3137
25:65-76
9:30-35
23/24: 15-26
15:36-56
19:55-63
12:76 78
20:30-42
Index
101
Mkhize, Ernest H.B.
Daphne Duduzile Tshabalala, 1930-1983 (obituary)
Mkhize, Khaba
Enos Zwelabantu Sikhakhane, 1917 1993 (obituary)
Robert 'Treeman' Mazibuko, 1908-1994 (obituary)
Moore, Mary
By post cart to Harding: from Mary Moore's diary, 1892
Mary Moore writes of war: Talana and after
More about the V-Boats, by William H. Bizley
Motala, D.M.M.
Appiah Saravanan Cherty, 1929-2000 (obituary)
Mtshali, Mabongi
The Revd Victor Vivian Sipho Afrieander, 1930-1990 (obituary)
Muir, R.K
John McGregorNiven, 1921-1991 (obituary)
Murray, Archibald Keir,Snr
A Byme settler's experiences in early Natal, [letters],
edited by Shelagh Spencer
Natal, 1846-1851, by John Bird rreprint]
Natal and Zululand Study Circle, by John Dickson
Nataljoumal for 1838, by Alien Franeis Gardiner
Natal Land and Colonization Company in colonial times,
by A.I. Christopher
'Natal literature': a scrap of history and a glance at some poems,
by Colin Gardner
Natal Mieroscopical Society, 1878-1885?, by Comelis Plug
Natal mission stations [list] , by R.A. Brown
Natal Museum dredging programme, by Dai Herbert
Natal Provincial Council, 1910-1986, by A. Bozas
Natal Society Library, 1975-1995, by David Buckley
Natal Society Museum (1851-1904): potentialities and problems,
by Shirley Brooks
National monuments: a new focus in Natal, by Andrew Hall
The Native question, by Francis William Reitz
The Native question rreply to F.W Reitz], by Sir Theophilus Shepstone
A new Cathedral-centre for Pietermaritzburg, by Kenneth B. Hallowes
New legislation for cultural heritage, by G. Whitelaw
A new monument at Isandlwana, by M.H. Comrie
The new Republicans: a centennial reappraisal of the
'Nieuwe Republiek' (1884-1888)" by Graham Dominy
Nicholls, Brcnda, ed.
Alice Wemer and 'Kisimus' at Bishopstowe, by
Alice Wemer, edited by Brenda Nicholls
Colenso letters, edited by Brenda Nicholls
'No recollections worth recording': the 2/5th in Natal, 1863-64,
by John James Robinson
A note on the centenary of a famous Natal school [Hilton
College], by Neville Nuttall
Nothing of value: the British soldier and loot in the
Anglo-Zulu War of 1879, by Tan Knight
Nourse, Jean
The duke's people
Lieutenant Joseph Nourse: early Natal pioneer and port captain
Nude bathing, by John Lambert
13:87-89
23/24: 113- 114
23/24: 1 04-1 07
25:7-20
29:6-15
25:81 83
30:68-70
20:65-66
21:68-71
30:1-13
1:7 22
26:94
3:9-12
4:49-54
13:43 66
22:49-54
3:50-51
23/24:122-123
16:45-50
2 5 : 7 7 ~ 8 0
18:59-69
22:55--64
2:10-14
2:14-20
1:31-34
30:58-63
29:108-109
14:87-97
26:12-16
21:17-30
26:6-11
3:32-35
22:39 48
5:3941
2:24-26
23124: 120-121
102 Index
Nuttall, Michael
Mediation efforts in turbulent times
Nuttall, Neville
A note on the centenary of a famous Natal school
[Hilton College]
Of mountains and money: Bergwatch and threats to the
Drakensberg, by Jon White
Old days at N.U.C. (by a foundation professor) by Alexander Petrie
The oldest houses in Pietermaritzburg, by R.W. Brann and
Robert F. Haswell
The oldest houses in Pietermaritzburg reconsidered, by
J. Andre Labuschagne
On a tough missionary post in Zululand: the life experiences of
the missionary Friedrich Volker, by Dorothea Volker,
translated by Helen Feist
A one-time Mecca for ornithologists, by P.A. Clancey
The opening of the railway between Durban and
Pietermaritzburg - 100 years ago, by Bruno Martin
The origins of the Natal Society, by Ursula Evelyn Mabel Judd
Oschadleus, Hans-Jiirgen
Lutherans, Germans: Hermannsburgers
Papini, Robert, ed.
'I travelled to other worlds', by Maphelu Zungu, edited
by Robert Papini
Parker, J.W.
Peace on earth and mercy mild: KwaZulu-Natal Anglo-
Boer War Centenary defies its critics
Paul Carton Sykes, 1903-1983, by Joy B.Brain
Peace on earth and mercy mild, by J.W. Parker
Perception of landscape in Natal: the geographer's point of
view, by N.C. Pollock
Perthshire Ploughman (pseud) See Duff, Thomas
Petrie, Alexander
Old days at N.U.C. (by a foundation professor)
Pickles, John
Images of the Natal Drakensberg
Pietermaritzburg - the missing decades, by William H. Bizley
Pietermaritzburg's imperial postscript: Fort Napier from 1910 to
1925, by Graham Dominy
Piet Hogg's reminiscences, edited by Pat Merrett
The pioneer Natal settler house, by Dennis Radford
Pistorius, R.A.
Town and regional planning in Natal
Planning and planners - issues to be addressed in the Natal
KwaZulu region, by P.S. Robinson
Player,lan
Nicholas Arthur Steele, 1933-1997 (obituary)
Portrait of my friend, Magqubu Ntombela
Qumbu Magqubu Ntombela, 1900-1993 (obituary)
Wilderness and the environment
Plug, Cornelis
The Natal Microscopical Society, 1878-18857
30:24-30
3:32-35
23/24:61-67
14:7-12
13:67-75
16:51-78
9:7-19; 10:7-15
5:29-35
10:34-40
2:30-33; 3:45-49;
4:55-60; 5:42-52;
6:24-27
22:27-38
28:6-13
30:38-44
17:65-72
30:38-44
1:26-30
14:7-12
11:29-42
17:25-48
19:30-42
23/24: 15-26
28:34-44
3:27-31
18:80-90
27:96-99
7:34-37
23/24:109-112
2:27-29
22:49-54
Index
103
Pohle, H
Unusual observations in the year 1914
The political career ofMr Reid's 'Ten Wheeler', by William H. Bizley
Pollock, N.C.
Perception of landscape in Natal: the geographer's point of view
Portrait ofa city: index, compiled by H.M. l3audert
Portrait of my friend, Magqubu Ntombela, by lan Player
Portsmouth, Catherine
Catherine Portsmouth's lctter to her family in England,
about her experiences during the first six months of
the Second Anglo-Boer War
Praying for rain: a sermon preached by Bishop Colenso
Pre-Shakan age-group formation among the Northern Nguni,
by John B. Wright
Previous homes of the Natal Society Library, by Ursula
Evelyn Mabel Judd
Pridmore, J ulie
The journal ofWilliam Clayton HUl11phreys: Port Natal to
the Zulu Country [editorialnoteJ
Prins, F.E.
A glimpse into l3ushman presence in the Anglo-Boer War
Important collection of Zulu woodcarving
'Putting the Playhouse together again' [Natal Society lecture],
by Gordon Small
Raab, Roger
J.A.y. Fairbrother, 1907-1996 (obituary)
Rabies in Natal, by Susan Blendulf
Racist attitudes and prison reform in George Webb Hardy's
The Prince and The Black Peril, by Frederick Hale
Radford, Oennis
The Pioneer Natal settler house
RaIl, Gerhardus 'Horace'
The Rail conversations: a Natal politician's story, as
told to William H. Bizlcy
A rare piece of Africana [Thomas DufT'sFirst impressions of
Natal], by Shelagh P.N. Spencer
Reade, Robert Ernest
The Battle of Talana Hill, as described in the campaign
journal of Lt. R. Ernest Reade, DSO
Reducing the Indian population to a 'manageable compass':
a study of the South African assisted emigration scheme of
1927, by Uma Shashikant Mesthrie
Reid, Pamela
Harry Lundie, 1903-1989 (obituary)
Mrs E.E.M. Russell (obituary)
Reitz, Francis William
The native question
Reitz, Shepstone and native policy, by Colin de B. Webb
A remarkable survey: the Natal scene at Union, by William H. Bizley
The reminiscences of Thomas Green
The Revd John David Jenkins (1828-76), Canon of the Cathedral
of Natal [Natal Society lecture], by Frank Emery
Rickard, Carmel
Bishop Kcnneth Hallowes, 1913-1995 (obituary)
John Mowbray Didcott, 1931-1998 (obituary)
25: 112-114
19:43-49
1:26 30
5:53-58
7:34-37
27:6-18
13:7-13
8:22-30
5:36-38
19:23 29
29:50-60
29:113-114
16:12-18
26:83-84
20:43-49
25:26-42
28:34-44
20:50-61
7:7
29: 16-22
15:36-56
20:64
11:57-58
2:10-14
2:7-9
13:22 28
22: 15-26
14:22-32
25:91
28:64-66
104
Professor AS. Mathews, 1930-1993 (obituary)
Ripley, S.H.
George Maurice Jex Sweeney (obituary)
Roadside memories: the reminiscences of AE. Smith of Thomville
Robbins, David
Douglas Livingstone - Natal poet?
Robert Morley's mother, by Shelagh Spencer
Roberts, Simon
Denis Gower Fannin, 1907-1997 (obituary)
Gordon Small, 1927-1995 (obituary)
Robinson, John James
'No recollections worth recording': the 215th in Natal, 1863-64
Robinson, P.S.
Planning and planners - issues to be addressed in the
Natal-KwaZulu region
Rohwer, Rolf
Maria Katharina Schmidt-Ihms, 1914-1995 (obituary)
Royal Logistical Corps and the Dalton Barracks, by D. Buckley
Russell, George
The wreck of the 'Minerva'
Saving the Queen's colour, by Jennifer A. Verbeek
Schreiner, Deneys
Dulcie May Somers Vine, 1916-1991 (obituary)
Schreiner, G.D.L.
Professor Karl N athanson (obituary)
Scratching out one's days: graffiti in the old Pietermaritzburg
prison, by Adrian Koopman
Sellers, John
Oliver Davies, 1905-1986 (obituary)
Sense or fashion! Victorian architecture in Durban, by Brian Keamey
Shepstone, Sir Theophilus
The Native question (reply to F.w. Reitz)
Replies to critics of his native policy [reprint]
Shepstone centenary, by T.B. Frost
Sherry, S.P.
History of the wattle industry in Natal
Sir Theophilus Shepstone and his local critics
Sites of significance [Lambert Wilson Library building],
by P.C.G. McKenzie
Slaney, Denis E.
Reginald Oliver Pearse, 1900-1995 (obituary)
Slater, R.G.
Neville Nuttall, 1903-1983 (obituary)
Small, Gordon
'Putting the Playhouse together again' [Natal Society lecture]
Smith, Alfred Edwin
Roadside memories: the reminiscences of AE. Smith
of Thomville
Smythe, Susan
Patrick Montrose Smythe, 19l3-1999 (obituary)
Snell, M.
Early Natal historian [William Clifford Holden]
Soldiers' letters from the First Anglo-Boer War, 1880-1881,
by Frank Emery
Soldiers' letters from the Zulu War, by Frank Emery
Index
23/24: 103-104
11:60
12:7-l3
17:49-54
23/24:125
27:92-93
25:101-104
26:6-11
18:80-90
25:100-101
30:77-78
20:24-29
8:46-53
22:68-70
12:73-76
27:69-91
16:81-84
14:69-86
2:14-20
3:7,l3-26
23/24: 124-125
3:40-44
3:13-26
23/24:116
25:97-99
13:90-91
16:12-18
12:7-l3
29:99-101
26:93
11:16-26
8:54-60
Index
105
Une souvenir du France, by Steven Kotze
Special collections of the Natal Society Library, by A.S.c. Hooper
Spencer, Brian
John Clark, 190919g7 (obituary)
Spencer, Brian and Spencer, Shelagh P.M.
Charles Thcodore Binns (obituary)
Spencer, Shelagh P.M.
Byme settler commemorations
A Byrne settler's experienccs in carly Natal [tellers of
A.K.Murray, Snr] edited by Sllt:lagh Spenccr
Catherine Portsmouth's letter to her family in England ... '
edited by Shelagh Spcncer
Daphnc Margaret Child, 1920-1998 (obituary)
GeOl'ge Russell's account of the wreck of the 'Minerva'
[editorial note]
Lofthouse letters from Natal [editorial note]
Naney Ogilvie (obituary)
A rare piece of Afrieana [Thomas Duff's First impressiom
ujiVotul] [ed itoria I note]
Roadside memories: the reminiscences of A.E. Smith of
Thomville [editorial note]
Robert MOl'Icy's mother
Spiller, Peter R.
Architccts versus Catholics: thc Emmanuel Cathedral
controversy
rhe Colenso cases: a perspective of law in nineteenth
century Natal
Durban \ court-house: its opening and early years
Steyn, Richard
William George McConkey, 1898-1987 (obituary)
StiJIwell, Pat
Mhlabunzima Joseph Maphumulo. 1950-1991 (obituary)
Strey, Rudolf G.
'Thc t ~ l t h e r of Natal botany': John \1edley Wood
Stuckenberg, Brian R.
Vasco da Gama and the naming of Natal
Swanson, Maynard
'The l ~ l l e of the natives': Black Durban and AIi'ican ideology
Swinny, George H.
A Zulu boy's recollections of the Zulu War [reprint]
Toponymic lapses in Zulu place names, by Phyllis J. Nonhlanhla Zungu
Town and regional planning in Natal, hy R.A. Pistorius
The tradition of Hindu firewalking in NataL by Alleyn Diesel
A trip to sce the Prince of Wales: interview. by William H. Bizley
30:14-16
10:41--44
18:91-92
8:69-70
30:75-77
30:1 13
27:6-18
29:91
20:24
11:7
23/24:112-113
7:7
12:7-13
23/24: 125
15:89-94
13:76-84
14:4247
17:79
21:71-72
7:43-45
27:19-29
14:59-(iS
8:8-21
28:23-33
3:27-31
21:31 -39
25:21 25
U-Boats off Natal: the local ocean war, 1942-1944, by William H. Bizley 23/24:76-98
The Umsindusi: a 'third rate stream"!, by Trevor Wills
Unusual ohservations in the year 1914. by H. Pohle
L!rban decav. by Deborah Whdan
lIys, lan S.
Her Majesty's loyal and dcvoted Trekker Icader:
Petrus Lafras Uys
Van Heyningen, Christina
H.W.D. Manson. poet and playwright, and his
cOTlllection \\ ith Natal
Vaseo da Gama and the naming of Natal, by Brian R. Stuckenberg
12:45-57
25:112-114
29: 112 -113
18:30-40
1:23 25
27:19-29
106 Index
Verbeek, Jennifer A.
A first list of Natal artists, 1824--1910, and supplementary lists
Saving the Queen's colour
Vermeulen, H.J.
Christoffel (Stoffel) Johannes Michael Nienaber
1918-1988 (obituary)
Vietzen, Sylvia
Beyond school: some developments in higher education
in Durban in the 1920s and the influence of Mabel Palmer
Mary Moore writes of war: Talana and after, edited
by Sylvia Vietzen
Vincent, John
Jack Vincent, 1904-1999 (obituary)
Volker, Dorothea
experiences of the missionary Friedrich Volker,
according to the notes of his wife
The Voortrekker dorps of Natal, by Robert F. Haswell
Walker, A.D.M.
Noel Desmond Clarence, 1921-1995 (obituary)
Wallis, Shona
Lorraine Kettley ('Joanna'), 1920-1999 (obituary)
Warman, Trevor
Fred Clarke, 1925-1992 (obituary)
Webb, Colin de B.
The Albany connection: Natal and the Eastern Cape
150 years ago
Captain Allen Francis Gardiner: first missionary to the Zulu
Deux ans it Natal [editorial note]
Edgar Harry Brookes, 1897-1979 (obituary)
John Bird
Lines of power: the High Commissioner, the telegraph
and the war of 1879
Reitz, Shepstone and native policy [editorial note]
A Zulu boy's recollections of the Zulu War [editorial note]
Webb,Fleur
Deux ans it Natal: reminiscences of a traveller, by
N. Bourbon, translated from the French by Fleur Webb
'We come unto our fathers' God; their rock is our salvation':
the story of the Metropolitan Methodist Church,
Pietermaritzburg, by David Buckley
Weinberg, Pessa
Ethnomusicology and its relationship to some aspects of
music in Cetshwayo's time
Werner, Alice
Alice Werner and 'Kisimus' at Bishopstowe
What Da Gama missed on his way to Sofala, by Gavin Whitelaw
'What doth the Lord require of us?': a sermon preached by
John William Colenso, Bishop of Natal [reprint]
Whelan, Deborah
Urban decay
'When I was concerned with great men and great events':
Sir Henry Rider Haggard in Natal, by Stephen Coan
1:38; 2:38; 3:58
8:46-53
18:96-98
14:48-58
29:6-15
29:101-102
9:7-19; 10:7-15
10:23-33
25:84--86
29:98
22:73-76
4:5-7
3:5-7
18:6-7; 19:6;
20:7-8
9:39-42
1:5-6
8:31-37
2:7-9
8:6-7
18:6-18: 19:6-22;
20:7-23
26:59-73
8:61--68
26:12-16
27:30-41
6:15-23
29:112-113
26:17-58
107
Index
White, .Ton
Of mountains and money: Bergwatch and threats to
the Drakensberg
Whitelaw, Gavin
An environmental manifesto it)r the greater
Pietennaritzburg area, by Dai Herbeti and Gavin White law
New legislation for cultural heritage
What Da Gama missed on his way to Sofala
\Vhitelaw . .Tennifer
Ursula Evelyn Mabel Judd, 1917-1976: a tribute,
by June Farrer and 1cnnifer Whitclaw
Wilderness and the environment, by lan Player
WilIers, David
The early Chinese mariners, Natal and the future
[Natal Society lecture 1
William Stanger and the early years of cartography in Natal.
1845-1854, by Christopher Merrett
Wills. Trevor
The Cmsindusi: a 'third rate stream '7
Wooden railway 011 Durban 's R 1 u f t ~ by Terry R. Hutson
'Wreck of the 'Minerva' , by George Russell
Wright, E.c.
The embossed postage stamps of Natal, 1857-1869
Wright, .Tohn B.
lIenry Francis Fynn
Pre-Shakan age-group fonnation among the Northern Nguni
A Zulu boy's rccollections of the Zulu War, by George 11.
Swinny [reprint 1
Zungu,l\Iaphelu
'1 travelled to other worlds'
Zungu, Phyllis J. Nonhlanhla
Toponymic lapses in Zulu place names
125 years: the arrival ofNatars Indians in pictures, by Joy B. Brain
The 1882 Norwegian emigration to Natal, by Frederiek Hale
BOOKS REVIEWED OR NOTED
Abbott, C.W. (ed)
i\ rock-strewn river of milk, by Emile Edmond Getaz,
edited by c.w. Abbot!
Ackhurst, John
A field guide to the Natal Drakensberg, by Pat and
David Irwin and JollD Ackhurst
Anderson. Robert Watt
William Anderson (1790-1873) and his descendants
Bailey, Gerard C.
Seven months under Boer rule
Bailey, Harold
Pietermaritzburg and the Natal Midlands
Ballard, Charles C.
10hn Dunn: the white chief of Zululand
The Anglo-Zulu War: new perspectives, edited by
Andrew Duminy and Charles Ballard
Rarter, Catherine
A lone among the Zulus
23/24:61-67
28:53-63
30:58-63
27:30-41
6:9-11
2:27-29
21:7-16
9:30-35
12:45-57
26:74-78
20:24-29
7:28-33
4:14 17
8:22-30
8:8 -21
28:6-13
28:23-33
15:18-35
12:35-44
30:87-88
11:83-84
15: 126
29: 123-124
6:39
15:123-124
11:81-83
25:120121
108
Bassett, Brian (ed)
The buildings of Pietennaritzburg. Vo!. I
Battles of the Anglo-Boer War [SCI;CS]
Bee, David
The victims [novcl]
Beeton, D.R.
Dictionary of English usage in Southern Africa, by
D.R. Becton and Ilelen DOI'ner
Behrmann, Adolt alld Behrmann, lan
The Behnmmn family from Ocean Lodge, 1883 to 1983
Benyon, John A.
Constitutional change in South Africa
Proconsul and paramountcy in South Africa
Bhana, Surendra
A documentary history ofIndian South Alricans,
edited by Surendra Bhana and Bridglal Pachai
Gandhi's editor: the letters ofM.H. Nazar, 1902-1903,
edited by Surendra Bham and .Tames D Hunt
Gandhi's legacy: the Natal Indian Congress, 1894-1994
Setting down roots: Indian migrants in South Africa,
1860-1911. edited by Surendra Bhana and Joy Brain
Bourquin, S.
Paulina Dlamini: senant oftlVo kings, compiled by
H. Filter. translated by S. Bourquin
Brain, Joy
Catholic beginnings in Natal and beyond
Catholics in Natal, Vo!. JI, 1886-1925
Christian Indians in Natal, 1860-1911
Setting down roots: Indian migrants in South Africa,
1860-1911, edited by Surendra Bhana and Joy Brain
Breitenbach, J.J., ed
South Africa in the modern world, 1910-1970
Brink, Elsabe
1899: tbe long march homc: a little-known incident
in tbe Anglo-Hoer War
Brookes, Edgar H.
A history of '\Iatal, by Edgar I I. Hrookes and
Colin de H. Webh l2nd ed.]
Brown, Judith M. (ed)
Gandhi and South Atrica: principles and politics,
edited by Judith M. Brown and Martin Prozesky
Brownlee, Charles
Reminiscences of Kafir life and history [reprint]
Byrom, James
Dragon's wrath: Drakensberg climbs, accidents and
rescues, by R.O. Pearce and James Byrom
Carton, Benedict
Blood fi'0111 your children: the colonial origins of
generational conflict in South Africa
Castle,lan
Fearful hard times: the siege and relief ofEshowe, 1879,
by lan Castle and lan Knight
Cetshwayo kal\1pandc
A Zulu king speaks ... edited by C. de B. Webb and
.r.B. Wright
Index
16:112-113
29: 122 123
3:66
6:56 57
15: 126
8:83-85
11:77-79
14:119-120
19:fl8
27:120-121
20:87-8S
17:101 105
6:54-55
12:90-93
13:115
20:87-88
5:67-68
29:120-121
18:123124
26:97-99
7:63-64
16:113
30:94-97
23/24: 131-132
9:62-63
109
Index
Chadwick, G.A., ed.
The Zulu War and the Colony of Natal, edited by
G.i\. Chadwick and E.G. Hobson
Champion, A.W.G.
The \iews of Mahlathi: writings of A.W.G. Champion,
a black South African, edited by Maynard Swanson
Chapman, Miehael (ed)
Voorslag 1-3 [reprint] , edited bv Colin Gardner and
Michael Chapman
Child, Daphne
i\ merchant family in early:--Jatal. ..
Portrait of a pioneer: the letters of Sidney Turner
The Zulu War joumal of Co!. Henrv Harford
Christison, Grant
Loyalliltle Natal
Churchill, Winston Spencer
London to Ladysmith via Pretoria [facsimile reprintl
Cilliers, B.
Genealagice van die Afrikaner f;llllilies in Natal
C1ammer, David
The last Zulu warrior
Clark, John
Natal settler agent
Clarke, Sonia, cd.
Invasion of Zululand, 1979
Zululand at war, 1879
Clifford-Vaughan, F. MeA. (ed)
International pressures and political change ill South Africa
Coghlan, Mark
Pro Patria: another 50 Natal Carbineer years, 1945-1995
Coleman, Terry
Passage to America
Colcnbrandcr, A.B.
The 1\ alal Colcnbranders (AddenduIll to the Pigaud Papers)
Colenso, Frances
My Chief and I, or, Six months in Natal after the
Langalibalcle outbreak, and Five years later: a
sequel [reprint]
Colin Webb Natal and Zululand series (X lilieS)
Cope, Jack
Student of Zend (novel)
Cope, Nicholas
To bind the nation: Solomon kaDinuzulu and Zulu
nationalism, 19]] 1933
Cope, Richard
The ploughshare of war: the origins of the Anglo
Zulu War of I R79
Cortesao, Armando
Portugal iac Monumcnta Cartographica, by Armando
Cortesao and Avelino Texeira da Nota (6 vo1s)
Coulson, Charmian
Beaulieu-on-lllovo, Richmond, Natal
Crcalock, John i\orth
The road to Ulundi
9:63-65
13:112-114
15:119 121
9:67
1l:R5
8:80-X I
16: 112
12:99
16: 110
8:79-80
3:66
10:75
14: 122-124
8:85-X6
30:97-98
3:66-67
16: 112
25:117--119
23/24:140 141
3:66
23/24:12X 129
29:117-IIR
16:X7
17: 105 -I 07
8:78
110 Index
Currey, R.N.
Vinnicombe's trek
Cyrus, D.P.
Bird atlas of Natal, by D.P. Cyrus and N.F. Robson
Davey, Arthur (ed)
The defence of Lady smith and Mafeking: accounts of
two sieges, 1899-1900
Davies, Marjory
Twin trails: the story of the Fynn and Southey families
Delegorgue, Adulphe
Travels in Southern Africa, translated by Fleur Webb.
Vol. 1
Vol. 2
Dick, David
Who was who in Durban street names
Dictionary of South African biography; Vol.3
Vol.4
Diesel, Alleyn
Hinduism in Natal: a brief guide, by Alleyn Diesel and
Patrick Maxwell
Dorner, Helen
Dictionary of English usage in Southern Africa, by
D.R. Beeton and Helen Dorner
Dower, William
The early annals of Kokstad and Griqualand East [reprint]
Downe, David
Isandhlwana and all that
Dowson, T.A.
Rock paintings of the Natal Drakensberg, by
J.D. Lewis-Williams and T.A. Dowson
Drooglever, R.W.F
The road to Isandhlwana: Colonel Anthony Durnford
in Natal and Zululand, 1873-1879
Du Buisson, Louis
The White man cometh
Duckworth, J. (ed)
Grey's Hospital, Pietern1aritzburg: a commemorative
brochure, 1855-1985
Duffield, Ernie
Through my binoculars
Duminy, Andrew H
The Anglo-Zulu War: new perspectives, edited by
Andrew Duminy and Charles Ballard
Natal and Zululand from earliest times to 1910, a new
history, edited by Andrew Duminy and Bill Guest
Edgecombe, Ruth (ed)
Bring forth light: five tracts on Bishop Colenso's Zulu Mission
Edwards, lain (ed)
The people's city: African life in twentieth century
Durban, edited by Paul Maylam and lain Edwards
Emery, Frank
The red soldier: letters from the Zulu War
The 24th Regiment at Isandhlwana
Everson, Cordon R
The South Africa 1853 medal
19:88-89
10:73-75
13:116
5:60
21:85-87
27:117-118
28:92-93
7:61-62
12:98
23/24:137-138
6:56-57
8:82-83
11:86
22:92-93
22:88-89
17: 108
15:125
12:98
11:81-83
20:85-86
12:94-95
26:100-102
8:81-82
10:75
10:76
Index
III
Fey, Venn
Valley of the eland
Fiasconaro, Gregorio
1'd do it again
Filter, Heinrich (comp)
Paulina Diamini: servant of two kings, compiled by
H. Filter. translated by S. 130urquin
Frame, Richard
For hearth and home: the story of Maritzburg College,
1863-19X8, by Simon Ilaw and Richard Frame
Freund, Bill
Insiders and outsiders: the Indian working class of
Durban, 1910-1990
Frost, T.B.
A brief history of Government House and Natal
Training College
Fuze, Magema M.
The black people and whence tlley came: a Zulu view,
translated by I Le. Lugg
Gandhi, M.K.
The South Afi'ican Gandhi: an abstract of the speeches
and writings ofM.K. Gandhi, IX93-1914,
edited by Fatima !VIeer
Gardner, Colin O.
Voorslag 1-3 [reprintJ , edited by Colin Gardner and
Miehacl Chapman
Getaz, Emile Edmond
A rock-strewn river of milk, edited by C. W. Abbott
Gibson, Janet M.
Wild flowers of Natal (coastal region)
Gon, Philip
The road to Isandlwana
Gordon, Ruth E.
Alive, alive-o
Honour without riches
Natal's Royal Show
Petticoat pioneers
The place of the Elephant
Victorian Pictennaritzburg [paintings by Matt Louwrens,
text by Ruth Gordon]
Gray, Stephen
John Ross: the true story [novel]
(iuardian of the light: tributes to Archbishop Denis Ilurley OMI.
on the golden jubilee of his priestly ordination, 1939-19X9
Guest, W.R. (Bill)
Enterprise and exploitation in a Victorian Colony, edited
by Bill Guest and John Sellers
Natal and Zululand ti'OIll earliest times to 1910: a new
history, edited by Andrew DUllliny and Bill Guest
Receded tides of empire: aspects of the economic and
social history ofl\atal and Zululand since 1910,
by Bill Guest and John Se llers
A guide to unofficial sources relating to the history of Natal.
[University of Natal. Durban. Dert. of History and
Political Science. Research monograph 4J
15: 126
16:95-100
17:101 105
19:X4 85
25: 121-123
9:66
10:64 67
25: 123 124
15:119-121
30:87-88
5:61
9:65-66
15:127
9:67
14:125 126
18:124 125
l1:XO X I
14: 126-127
18:122-123
20:79-82
t 6: 107
20:85-X6
23/24: 132-1.3:\
7:5-6
112 Index
Gump, James O.
The dust rose like smoke: the subjugation of the Zulu
and the Sioux
Guy, Jeff
The destruction of the Zulu kingdom
The heretic: a sludy of the life of John William
Colenso, I R14 1883
Haggard, Sir Henry
Diary of an ;\ frican journey
Hale, Frederick (ed)
Norwegian missionaries in Natal and Zululand: selected
correspondence, 1844-1900
Hall, Darrell
The Hall handbook of the Anglo-Boer War, 1899-1902
Hamilton, Carolyn
Terrific majesty: the powers of Shaka Zulu and the limits
of historical invention
Hamilton, Georgina
An appetite for po\\er: Buthelezi's Inkatha and the
politics of 'loyal resistance', by Gerhard Mare and
Georgina Hamilton
Harber, Rodney
Traditional Hindu temples in South Africa, by Paul
Mikula, Brian Kearney and Rodney Harber
Harford, Henry
The Zulu war journal of Col, Henry Harford, edited
by Daphne Child
Haswell, R.F.
An historic townscapes conservation scheme for Natal
Pieterll1aritzburg 1838-1988: a new portrait of an
Ati"iean city, edited by John Laband and Robert Haswell
Hathorn, Peter
Henderson heritage, by Peter Hathorn and Amy Young
Haw, Simon
Bearing \\itness: the Natal Willlesl, 1846-1996
For hearth and horne: the story of Maritzburg College,
1863-1988, by Simon Haw and Richard Frame
Head, Bessie
Maru, and When rainclouds gathcr lnovels]
Herd, Norman
The bent pine
Killie's Africa
Heydenrych, Heinie
The Natal mainline story, by Heinie Heydenrych and
Bruno Martin
Hillermann, H.G.
Dic geschiehte Neu-Hannovers zum 125 jahrigen
gemei ndejubi laulll
Hilliard, Olive
Flowers of the Natal i)rakensberg
Grasses, sedges, restiads and rushes of the Natal Drakensberg
Trees and shrubs of the Natall)rakensberg
Hobson, E.G., ed.
The Zulu War and the Colony of Natal, edited by
G.A. Chadwiek and E.G. Hobson
25:115-116
10:67 70; 12:98
14:115-1IR
30:91 LJ4
28:85-87
30:83-85
28:87-89
18:119 122
12:96 97
8:80-81
14: 127
19:82-83
3:66
26: 103- 104
19:84-85
3:66
6:57-58
13:107-108
22:95
13 : 115
20:90
17:110
16:IOR 109
9:63-65
113
Index
Hocking, Anthony
Renishaw: thc story ofthc Crookes Brothers
Hodson, Arnold W
Trekking the greattbirst [reprint]
Hopkins, H.E. (Paddy)
The South African connection of the Hulett family
Hunt, James D.
Gandhi's editor: the letters of M.H. Nazar, 1902- 1903,
edited by Surcndra Bhana and .lames D. Hunt
lrwin, Pat, and lrwin, David
A field guide to the Natal Drakensberg, by Pat and David
Irwin and John Ackhurst
Jeppe, Barbara
Natal wild flowers
Joumal of Natal and Zulu history
Joyner, Patsy
William Joyncr ( 1818-1887) and his dcsccndants
Juul, Natalie
Harvest or optimism: the story of Thomas Fannin and his family
Kearncy, Brian T.
Architecturc in Natal from 1824-1893
:vlikula, Brian Keamey and Rodncy Harber
Verandas in the mist: the architecture of the Dargle.
Howick and Karkloof
Kentridgc, Matthew
An unofficial war: inside tbe conflict in Pietermaritzburg
King, Lestl'r
The Natal monoclinc
Knight,lan
The anatomy orthe Zulu army from Shaka to
C'etshwayo, I R I R-1879
Brave mcn's blood: the epic of the Zulu War, 1879
'By orders of the Great White Queen': campaigning in
Zululand through the eyes of British soldiers, 1879
Fearful hard times: the siege and relief or Eshowe, IR79,
hy Tan Castle and Tan Knight
Nothing remains but to figbt: thc defcnee ofRorkc's Drift, 1879
Koopman, Adrian
Zulu language change
Laband, .John P.e.
The battle of Ulundi
The BufTalo border. 1879: the Anglo-Zulu war in
northem Natal, by John Lahand and Paul Thompson.
with Sheila Henderson
A tleld guide to the war in Zululand, 1879, hy John
Laband and Paul Thompson
A tleld guide to the war in Zululand and the defence
of Natal. 1879, by John Laband and Paul Thompson
Fight us in the open
The illustrated guide to the Anglo-Zulu War, by John
Isandlwana, by John Laband and .lefT Mathews
King Cetshwayo kaMpande. by John Laband and John Wrighl
22:93-94
7:58
12:98
19:88
11 :83-84
5:61
8:87; 9:67; 22:96
6:57--58
13: 115
3:67
12:96-97
21:8R-91
20:82-85
3:64
26: I 04-105
20:89
22:88-89
23/24:131-132
23/24: 130-131
30: 89-90
19:85 R6
14:118-119
9:58-61
13:114
15: 127
30:82 83
22:86--87
13: 116
114
Kingdom and colony at war, by John Laband and
Paul Thompson
Kingdom in crisis: the Zulu response to the British
invasion of IR79
Pictermaritzburg I R31'-1988: a new portrait of an
African city, cdited by John Laband and Robcrt Haswell
War eomcs to the Umvoti, by John Laband and Paul Thompson
Lambert, .Iohn
Betraycd trust: Africans and the state in colonial Natal
Lantern. May 1974 (Natal commcmoration number)
Leverton, B.J.T.
Records of Natal. Volume I, IR23 August IR28
Levinc. Lou
Faith in tunlloil: the seven days war
Lewis-WiIliams, .1.0.
Rock paintings of the Natal Drakensberg, by J.D. Lewis
Williams and T.A. Dowson
Liaison Committee for the Preservation of Historical Amenities
first listing of the important places and buildings in
Durban, 1974
Liebcnberg, Doyle
The Drakensberg of Natal
Loudon, J.B.
White farmers and black labourers
Louwrens, Matt
Victorian Pietcrmaritzburg [paintings by Matt Louwrens,
text by Ruth Cordon]
Lynsky, Rory
They built a city
McClure, .Iames
The caterpillar eop [novel1
The steam pig [novel1
MaeLean, Charles Rawden
The Natal papers of '.lohn Ross" edited by Stephen Gray
Mc\lenemy, Niekie
Chaka and the slave-girl
Malherbe, E.G.
Never a dull moment
Manson, Andrew
The Hlubi chicCdom in Zululand-Natal. by .lohn Wright
and Andrew Manson
Marc, Gerhard
An appetite for plmer: Buthelezi's Inkatha and the
politics of 'loyal resistance', by Gerhard Mare and
Georgina Hamilton
Margaret Anne, Sister, SSJD
What the world counts weakness: a centenary history
of the Society ofSt. John the Divine, Natal
Marks, Shula
The ambiguities oC dependence in South Africa: class,
nationalism and the state in twentieth century Natal
'Not eilher an experimental doll' the separate worlds
of three South African women
index
21:87-88
22:86-87
19:R2-83
11 :R6
25:124-126
4:62
16: III
30:85 87
22:92-93
5:66
3:64
2:47
14:126-127
13:110-112
3:66
2:48
22:R9-92
3:66
11 :86
13:106-107
18:119-122
17:107
16:103-107
17:101-105
Index
115
Martin, Bruno
The Natal main line story, by Heinie Heydenrych and
Bruno Martin
Mathews, Jeff
Isandlwana, by John Laband and JeffMathews
Maxwell, John
Reminiscences of the Zulu war
Maxwell, Patrick
Hinduism in Natal: a brief guide, by Alleyn Diesel and
Patrick Maxwell
Maylam, Paul (ed)
The people's city: African life in twentieth century
Durban, edited by Paul Maylam and lain Edwards
Mazel, A.D.
People making history: the last ten thousand years of
hunter-gatherer communities in the Thukela basin
Meineke, E.N.
Municipal engineering in Pietermaritzburg: the first
hundred years, by E.N. Meineke and G.N. Summers
Mesthrie, Rajend
A lexicon of South African Indian English
Mikula, Maggie
The Adams story
Mikula, Paul
Mikula, Brian Kearney and Rodney Harber
Miller, Yvonne
Acutts in Africa
Dear old Durban, by Yvonne Miller and Barbara Stone
Mitford, Bertram
Through the Zulu country: its battlefields and people [reprint]
Moodie, D.F.C.
Moodie's Zulu War [reprint]
Moran, S.M.
The first hundred years, 1882-1982: Durban Girls' High School
Morrell, Robert (ed)
Political economy and identities in KwaZulu-Natal:
historical and social perspectives
Natal Museum Journal ofHumanities Vo!. 1
Natal research journals
N.E.o.N. [Natal Education Dept. Magazine]
Nicholson, John Duggleby Edwin
The Nicholson family tree
Nisbet, James
Tradition in transition: the story of Hilton College, 1968-1995
Nkabinde, A.C.
Isichazamazwi, I
Nomsimekwana of Emkhambathini
Norenius, Constance
Bestemor Schramm: her story and her descendants, 1843-1979
Norgaard, Sofie
A Norwegian family in South Africa
Nuttall, Neville
Lift up your hearts: the story of Hilton College, 1872-1972
22:95
22:86-87
10:75
23/24:137-138
26: lOO -102
19:89-90
13:116
23/24: 135-137
11:68
12:96-97
9:67
16:111
22:88-89
19:87
12:87
27:118-119
19:89-90
22:96
3:56; 4:61-62
17:109
26:99-100
13:114
29:119-120
11:68
9:67
2:47
116 Index
Oberholster, J.J.
Historical monuments of South Africa
Pachai, Bridglal
A documentary history of Indian South Africans,
edited by Surendra Bhana and Bridglal Pachai
Pager, Harald
Ndedema
Paton,Alan
Towards the mountain
Pearse, R.O.
Dragon's wrath: Drakensberg climbs, accidents and rescues,
by R.O. Pearse and James Byrom
Joseph Baynes: pioneer
Phillips, John
Agricultural and related development of the Tugela Basin
and its influent surrounds [Natal Town and
Regional Planning Commission. Report 19]
Picton-Seymour, D.
Victorian buildings in South Africa
Podbrey, Pauline
White girl in search of the party
Pooley, Eisa
A field guide to the wild flowers of KwaZulu-Natal
and the eastern region
Posselt, Wilhelm
Wilhelm Posselt: pioneer missionary among the Xhosa
and Zulu and the first pastor of New Germany, Natal:
his own reminiscences, translated and edited
by Sighart Bourquin
Prozesky, Martin
Gandhi and South Africa: principles and politics,
edited by Judith M. Brown and Martin Prozesky
Robbins, David
Inside the last outpost
Robson, N.F.
Bird atlas of Natal, by D.P. Cyrus and N.F. Robson.
Samways, Michael
Dragonflies of the Natal Drakensberg by Michael
Samways and Gael Whiteley
Sanderson, John
Memoranda of a trading trip into the Orange River
(Sovereignty) Free State and the country of the
Transvaal Boers [reprint]
Saunders, Katharine
Flower paintings ofKatharine Saunders
Schreiner, Olive
Thoughts on South Africa [reprint]
Scotney, Pearl
Lions River Division Agricultural Society, 1884-1954,
by Pearl Scotney and Charles Scott-Shaw
Sellers, John
Enterprise and exploitation in a Victorian colony,
edited by Bill Guest and John Sellers
3:65
14:119-120
2:47
11:86
16: 113
13:109-110
3:64
7:58-60
23/24: 138-140
28:89-91
25:119-120
26:97-99
15:121-123
10:73-75
27:121-122
12:98
10:72-73
7:62-63
14:125-126
16:107
Index
117
Receded tides of empire: aspects of the economic and
social history of "atal and Zululand since 1910, by
Bill Guest and John Sellers
Shamase, M.Z.
Zulu potentates - frolll the earliest to Zwelithini ka Bhekuzulu
Shaw, Charles Se ott
LiollS River Division Agricultural Society, I RR4 -19R4, by
Pearl Scotney and Charles Scott-Shaw
Stories from the Karkloof Hills [2nd cd.]
Shaw, Charles Rollert Scott
Rare and threatened plants of KwaZulu-Natal and
neighbouring region
The Silver wreath: being the 24th Regiment at Isandhlwana and
Rorke's Drift
Skota, T.D. Mweli (compiler)
African yearly register: being an illustrated national
biographical dictionary (Who's who) of black
folks in Africa LI93 I]
Smail, J.L.
Those restless years
Speirs, Eustace Fairlie
Menfolk: the Speirs family
Spcirs, Waiter A
Ox-wagon to space travel
Spencer, Shelagh O'Byrne
British settlers in Natal, I R24-1857: a biographical register
Spiller, Peter
A history of the District and Supreme Courts of Natal
1846-1910
St. George, Howard
Failure and vindication: the unedited journal of Bishop
AlIard, OMI, indexed and fully annotated by
Howard St. George
Stayt, Don
Whcre on earth')
Steyn, M.T. (Chairman)
Report of the Committec of Inquiry into the possible
incorporation of Fast Griqualand into Natal (1977)
Stone, Barbara
Dear old Durban, by Yvonne Miller and Barbara Stone
Strachan, Harold
Way up way out: a satirical novel
Strutt, Daphne H.
Fashion in South Africa, 1652-1900
Stuart, Esme
I remember
Summers, G.M.
Municipal engineering in Pietermaritzburg: the first
hundred years, by E.N. Meineke and (i.M. Summers
Swaisland, Cecillie
Servants and gentlewomen to the golden land: the
emigration of single women fToll1 Britain to
Southern Africa. 1820-1939
23/24: 132-133
27: 127
14:125-126
21 :R8-91
30:90-91
10:75-76
9:49-50
2:46
13:114
16:112
12:89-90; ]4:127;
]5:127; 17:109;
20:89
16:109- 110
]2:90-93
2:46
7:60
16: III
28:91 92
6:55-56
15: 126
13: 116
23/24: 134-135
118
Swanson, M.W. (ed)
The views of Mahlathi: writings of A.W.G. Champion.
a black South African
Switzer, L.E.
Problems of an African mission in a while dominated
multi-racial society [unpublished thesis 1
Tabler, E.C.
Pioneers of\!atal and south-eastern Africa
Taylor, Peter
The smaller mammals of K waZulu-Natal
Taylor, Virginia
Two families of lle de France: a story of the Roiiillards
and de Chazals. Book I
Te.\eira da Mota, Avelino
Portugaliae Monumenta Cartographica, by Armando
Cortesao and Avelino Texeira da Mota
Thompson, Paul
The British civic culture of Natal, South Africa, 1902 1961
The Buffalo horder. 1~ 7 9 : the Anglo-Zulu war in
Northern \latal. by John Laband and Paul Thompson.
with Shcila Henderson
A field guide to the war in Zululand, 1879, by John
A tleld guide to the war in Zululand and the defence
of Natal, 1879. by John Laband and Paul Thompson
Illustrated guide to the Anglo-Zulu war. by John Laband
and Paul Tholllpson
Kingdom and colony at war, by John Laband and
Paul Thompson
Natalians first: separatism in South Africa, 1909 1961
The Natal Native Contingent in the Anglo-Zulu war
War comes to the Umvoti, hy John Laband and Paul Thompson
Turner, Sidney
Portrait of a pioneer: letters, edited by Daplll1e Child
Tyrrell, Barbara
Suspicion is my name
Van Niekerk, Barcnd
Durban at your feet
Verbeek, .Jennifer
1\Iatal art before Union
Victorian and Edwardian Natal, compiled by Jcnnifer
and Alistair Vcrheek
Vietzen, Sylvia
A history of education for European girls in Natal. 1837-1902
A history of education for European girls in Natal.
1837-1902 [2nd ed]
Vinnicombe, Patricia
People of the eland: rock paintings of the Drakensberg
Bushmen as a rctleetion of their Iile and thought
Wa1ten, I-:.V.
Terror and resistance: a study of political violence
Webb, Colin de B.
A history of Natal by Edgar H. Rrookes and
Colin de B. Webb [2nd cd]
Index
13: 112-114
2:48
7:60-61
29:121-122
16:111
16:87
30:80-82
14:118-119
9:58-61
13: 114
30:82-83
21:87-88
20:86-87
27:122 124
11 :86
11:85
2:47
10:70-71
4:66-67
12:95-96
2:48
11 :85-87
6:53-54
2:46
18:123-124
Index
119
The James Stuart archive of recorded oral evidence
relating to the history of the Zulus and neighbouring
peoples. edited and translated by Colin de B. Webb
and John Wright. Vol. I
Vol. 4
A Zulu king sPeaks: statements made by Cetshwayo
kaMpande on the history and customs of his people,
edited hy C. de B. Webb and .l.B. Wright
Webb, Mary
Precious stone: the life and works of Mary Stainbank
Wehb's guide to the official records of the Colony of Natal. 3rd cd.
Welsh, David
The roots of segregation
Whiteley, Gael
Dragont1ies of the Natal Drakensberg, by Miehael
Samways and Gael Whiteley
Wild Life Protection and Conservation Society, Natal Branch
Proposals for the green belt
Wilks, Terry
One hundred golden years: a history of the Natal
Building Society. lili'2-19i12
Willcox, A.R.
The building of the Berg: the geology of the
Drakensberg of Natal
Shipwreck and survival 011 the south-east coast of Africa
Wolseley, Sir Garnet
The South African diaries ... : Vo1. 1, 1875
Woodley. Valerie
On the high flats of Natal: earliest pioneers in thc
Highflats/Ixopo area of southern Natal
Wright. John B.
Bushmen raiders ofthc Drakensbcrg. 1840-1870
Thc Hlubi chicfdom in ZlIllIland-NataL by John Wright
and Andrcw Manson
The lamcs Stual1 arehi\e ofreeorded oral evidence
relating to the history of the Zulus and neighbouring
peoples. edited and translated by Colin de B. Webb
and John Wright Vol. I
Vol. 4
King Cetshwayo kaMpande, by John Laband and John Wright
A Zulu king speaks: statements made by Cetshwayo
kaMpande on the history and customs of his people,
edited by C. de B. Webb and J.B. Wright
Wylie, Dan
Savage del ight: white myths of Shaka
Young, Amy
Blaikic of Aberdeen
Hcnderson heritage. by Peter Hathorn and Amy Young
Zulu mcdicinal plants: an inventory
8:78
17: I 09
9:6263
17:109
12:120-122
2:46
27:121-122
3:64
12:99
20:88
15:125
2:46
14: 128
2:47
13: 106-1 07
8:7iI
17: 109
13:116
9:62-63
30:94-97
2:48
3:66
27:125-126
120 Index
SUBJECT INDEX
Absentee landowners
Acutt, Ernest
Adams, Alfred
Adams, Newton
Adams family
Adams Mission
Addison, Richard H.
Africana
Africander, Revd Victor Vivian Sipho (obit)
African newspapers
Africans in Durban
Africans in Natal
African Yearly Register
Afrikaner dorps
Age-group formation - Northern Nguni
Agulhas current
Alan Paton Centre
Alan Paton Literary Competition
Albany settlement
Aldridge, Dr C.M. - Ledger
Alfano, Alberto
Aliquo, Marilena
Allan, Elizabeth
Alien, lames
Allsopp, A.H.
American Board Mission
Ammunition boxes - Role in battle ofIsandlwana
Anglican Church
Anglo-Boer War, 1880-1881
Anglo-Boer War, 1899-1902
African participation in
Bushmen participation in
Cartoons and comic strips
Centenary celebrations, Natal
Centenary publications
Concentration camps
Economic effects
Effect of agriculture
Effect on coal mining
Guerrilla warfare
Invasion of Natal
Klip River Dutch
Marwick's march
Pietermaritzburg during
Refugee relief work
Transvaal refugees
Anglo-Zulu War, 1879
Ammunition boxes - Isandlwana
Artists
Battle souvenirs
Causes
Conference, 1979
Death of Melvill and Coghill
23/24:119-120
17:59-60
5:61
15:72
11:68
11 :61
10:16-22
3:56-57
20:65-66
16:6-11
14:59-68
1:8
9:49-50
10:23-33
8:22-30
27:24-26
28:75-76
12:84
4:5-7; 5:59-60
10:59
18:76
18:76-77
22:82
15:74
17:86
11:69
8:72-73
11:43-46; 13:103-104
11:16-28
27:6-18; 29:6-49
29:34-35
29:50 - 60
29:109-111
30:38-44
26:92-93
29:38-40
29:40-46
29:35-36
29:35-36
29:33
29:28-32
29:36-38
29:27-28
29:61-90
29:26-27
29:26-27
8; 27:42-68
8:72 -73
3:57
22:39-48
8:31-45
8:78
8:46-53
121
Index
Maps
I\lissionary support for
Role of Sir Bartle
Soldiers' letters
7ulu boy's recollections
Sec a/so Battles
Anglo-Zulu War Research Society
Angus, FT
I\ngus. G.
Anti-republicanism in Natal
theft
Archaeology in Natal and Zululand
Archbell, Revd lames
Architects
Architecture
Victorian. Durban
I\rchival records
Armstrong, George Shearer
Al1ists or Natal - Catalogue
Arts 80 \1 eck, Durban
Assisted Emigration Scheme, Indian
Astronomy in Natal
Augustinian hospitals
Durban
Estcourt
Ladysmith
Pietennaritzburg
Sisters in Natal
Ayres. Thomas 11.
Babanango - Archaeological exploration
Baboons in Natal
Badges, emblems and insignia
Badock, Violet
Raines. Thomas
Baker, E1l9n
Baldwin, William Charles
Bambatha rebellion. 1906
Banks. Reginald Alfred (obit)
Banoobhai . Shabbir
Barker, Anthony and Maggic (obit)
Barlow, Frederick Watkins
l1arracks Housing
Bartcr, Charlcs
Bat Intercst Group
Battles
BIllodRilcr, 1828
Hlobanc. 1879
Inyezanc. 1879
8:74-75
9:7-8
8:31-45
8:5460
8:6- 21
23/24: 126
3:41
3:41
25:56
9:56-57
4:63 -65; 6:36-.17
2:31; 18:35;
26:59-60
15:n-94; 16:92-93
2:21-23: 6:38-39:
8:73-74: 9:52-53:
10:54-56; 11:61-64;
12:8485,87
14:6986
27:113-114
7:24
1 :38; 2:38; 3:58;
4:66-67
10:60-61
15:40 -56
6:45-47; 7:53; 12:79
21:59-61
21:58-59
21:6163
21 :63-64
21:54-65
5:32
6:36-37
6:48
20:73-74
17:62
5:62-63: 10:62-63;
21:75-79
17:60
4:65
25:43-53
10:45-46
13:64-65
23124:99-101
11:70-71
2845 52
2:31 32
25:111
18:17
27:42 68
5:5-6; 15-16
122 Index
Isandlwana, 1879
Colenso's sermon
Ivuna, 1888
Laingsnek, Il;l; 1
Majuba, 1881
Ndunu Hill, see Ivuna
Rorke's Drift
Talana Hill, 1899
Battleficlds - Vandalism
Bayer, Adolf Joseph Wilhelm (obit)
Bayncs, Arthur Hamilton, Bishop ofNatal
Baynes, Joscph
Bayview [Harry Escombc's Durban house]
Baywatch '97
Beale, Alexander
Beaulieu-on-the-lIlovo (Richmond)
Behrens, 1 I. E.O.
Bergtheil, Jonas
Bergwatch
Bews, John William
Bhojpuri language
Biggar, Robcli
Bigge, Capt. Arthur
Binns, Charles Theodore (obit)
Binns, Sir Henry
Bird, Christopher (Kit)
Bird, John
Bird, John - House
Bishopstowe
Destruction, 1884
Restoration
Black peril (novel)
Blamey, John Cardcll
Bleek, Wilhelm lleinrich Immanuel
Blencowc, Rcvd George
Blomefield, George
Blood River, Battle of, 1838
BlufTrailway, Durban
Boast Family
Border Horsc Regiment - Battle ofHlobane
Borthwick. Jane [hymn writer]
Bosch Hoek (farm)
Boshof: Jacobus Nicolaas
Botha, Comelis
Botha, Louis
Botha, P.R.
Botha's HalfWay House
Botha's Hill
Bourbon, M.
Bowden. Norman Wynnc (obit)
Breakfast Rock
5: 17; 8:6-2 L 46-53,
72-73; 29:108-109
6: 12-23
10:16-22
11:18 21
11 :23-28; 27: 107-109
30:77-78
29:1 (l 22
21:74
9:36-38
11:45
7:25; 27:114-115;
28:82
2:21-23
27:110-112
6:5-7
5:39-41
22:28
22:30
23/24:64-67
14:17-21
15:107-108
4:5,22
30:46-57
8:69-70
7:24
13:93- 94
1 :5-6: 5:50; 6:24;
9:32-33; 26:23-30
25:109-110
26:12-16
21:23-30
25: 110
25:26-42
15:66-70
5:63-64
26:66
26:35,4 1
18: 17
26:74-78
11:7-9
27:42-61;
27:114-115
15:95-99
5:50
12:37-34; 13:94 95;
17:56
29:32 34
12:27-28
12:27-34
12:27-34
18:6-7: 19:70-71
14:98- 100
21 :81-82
Index
123
Brookes, Edgar I laiTY (obit)
Broome, Francis Napicr (obit)
Brown, John Roland
Brown, R.A.
Brllcc. Sir David
Bru-de-Wold, H,
Bryant, Alfred Thomas - discussion of his works
Buecleuch, WaIter Franeis, 5th Duke of
Buchanan, David Dale
BlIlleL Sir Redvers
Bu!\\eL Sir Henry E.
Burchcll. Lxton Mabbutt (ohit)
Burger SL Prison, Pietermaritzburg
Burial registers
Bushman paintings .lee Rock paintings
Bushmen Anglo-Boer War
Busby, Ralph
Byrne settlers
1501h anniversary commemorations
Caldeeott, Alphonso Torkington
Calpin, George Henry
Cameron, Revd .lames
Camphell, George GOI'don (ohit)
CamphelL Margaret Roach (Killic)
Campbcll, Roy
CampbclL S,G.
Campbell, Revd William
Cane, John
Cane family - Relation to Fynn family
Capital of KwaZulu-Natal
Carnarvon, Herbert Henry Howard Molyneux, 4th Larl of
Cartography in Portugal
Cartography of Natal
During Anglo-Zulu War
History
See also Maps of Natal
Cato, George
Calo Manor House
Cetiara Agricultural College
Ccmeteries and graves
Centacow Mission Church
Cetshwayo kaMpande
Coronation
Chadwiek, George Allan (ohit)
Champion. A.W,G,
ChartL Samuel Courtenay
Chelmsford, Frederic AUgustlls Thesiger, 2nd Baron
Chcng Ho [Chinese Admiral]
Chetty, Appiah Saravanan (obit)
Chetty, Sam
Chew, Jennifer, OBE
Child. Daphne Margaret (ohit)
9:39-42
10:47-48
15:106-107
23/24: 126
23/24:32
12:36
8:22-30
5:39-41
3:47; 4:55,56,59;
5:7-9,13,42,52; 26:61
29:31-32
26:18-31
12:76--78
23/24:116-117;
27:69-91
14: III
29:50-60
8:57
19:76; 20:76-77
30:75-77
5:51; 6:24; 26:61
17:9-10
26:66-67
7:49-50
1l:65
13:49-50
14:49
5:50; 6:24,27
4:8,22 -24
5:59; 10:62
25:109
8:3133,38

8:74-75
9:30-35
7:18,23; 26:76
6:38-39
14:113
13: 100; 14: III
15:86-87
8:18-21: 9:12-19;
10:10-15; 13:29-42
21:78-79
30:67-68
14:62-68
17:60-61
5:6.17; 8:39,49
21:7-16
30:68-70
15:10-17
30:74 75
29:91
124
Children - Destitute
Chinese explorers - Visits to Eastern Africa
Cholera
Christopher, Benjamin ('Pitch' ) (obit)
Churches
Cathedral Church of the Holy Nativity, Pietermaritzburq
Centacow Mission Church
Emmanuel Cathedral, Durban
Italian Church, Pietermaritzburg
Lourdes Mission Church
Mariannhill Monastery
Maria Ratschitz Mission Church
Mariazell Mission Church
Metropolitan Methodist Church, Pietermaritzburg
Reichenau Mission Church
St George's Garrison Church, Pietermaritzburg
St Joseph's Cathedral, Mariannhill
St Mary's Catholic Church, Pietermaritzburg
St Mary's Church, Richmond
St Saviour's Church, Randjesfontein
St Thomas's Church, Durban
Churchill, Marianne
Church mediation political violence, 1980-1 994
Church registers
Cinnabar
Civic awards - Pietermaritzburg
Clarence, Noel Desmond (obit)
Clark, John (obit)
Clark, Marjorie
Clarke, Fred (obit)
Clarke, Sir Marshall
Cloete, Henry
Cloete, Pieter Lourens G.
Coalfield (farm)
Coal-mining
See also Dundee
Cochrane, Arthur
Coghill, Nevill J.A.
Colenbrander, Johan Comelius (obit)
Colenso, Agnes Mary
Colenso, Frances Ellen
Colenso, Francis Ernest
Colenso, Harriette Emily
Colenso, John William, Bishop olNatal
Church schism
Death of
Ekukanyeni Mission Station
Legal cases
Sennons
Praying for rain
What doth the Lord require of us?
Index
23/24:123-124
21:7-16
15:74
26:79-81
1:31-34; 6:41-43;
8:75-76; II :43-46
15:86-87
15:89-94
18:73-75
15:82
12:58-70; 15:78-88
15:82-85
15:86-88
17:89; 26:59-73
15:84
28:79-80
15:85
30:14-16
5:40
15:108-109
20:68-69
15:66,75
30:24-30
10:58
18:104-107
30:73-74
25:84-86
18:91-92
18:100-103
22:73-76
23/24:32-34; 26:31
2:30-31; 3:46-48;
4:43,55-57; 5:11,
44-45; 18: 18,59-61,65
4:56-57
12:15-18
12:14-26; 18:41-58;
29:35-36
26:34-43
8:46-53
29:91-92
21:17-18
21:17-18
21:17-18
21:17-18
2:32; 14:26-29; 26:23
11:43-46; 13:104;
14:26-29
21:17-23
13: 14-21,100,105
13:76-84
13:7-13
6: 12-23; 9:47
Index
125
Colcnso, Robcrt John
Collcy, Sir Gcorge
Communications - England and South Africa
Comradcs Marathon
Concentration camps - Anglo-Ro<.:r War
Confederation schemc
Connor, Sir Henry
Conyngham, John
Cooke, Mary Elizabcth
Coolllbs, Henry
('ope, Henry
(oqui, i\dolph
(mcntry, John rViator]
("c"well, Christopher (obit)
Curling, Lt
('lIs,ons, Shcila
])ahulalllanz i kaMpande
Attack on his ikl1l1J/da
Attack on patrol at White Ulllfolozi
])a Gallla, Vasco
Naming of Natal
])alton, James Langky
f)oughter olsin
Davics, Oliver (obit)
Davis, Peter
Dc Carlc, Gordon Robert (obit)
I kCCI1i lication
Ik[cgorgue, Adulphe
Dcnnison, CG. - Anglo-Zulu War, 1879
Descriptive guide and official handbook: Natal Province, 1911
De Vi[liers, Andre Roeeo (obit)
Dhlomo R.R.R.
Dickinson, Charles
Dickson Revd R.
Didcott John Mowbray (obit)
Dingane kaSenzangakhona
Dinizulu kaCetshwayo
War against Libhcbhu
Drakensberg
Drakensberg Approaches policy, 1990
Drakensbcrg policy statement, 1976
Drcge, Carl Friedrich
Drege, Johann Franz
Dube, John L.
Dudgcon, Philip
Dudlcy, Lucy Evangeline (Eva)
(obit)
Duff, Thomas,
Dundee (Natal)
Anglo-Roer \Var
Masonic Hall
Dunn, John
DUI1IL Roher!
21: 17
26:29; 38-39
8:31-37
25:65-76
29:38--40
8:31-33,38--45
13:77-84: 26:29
28:77
23124: 123 [24
11:[9
13:78-79
4:49
6:28-33
28:70 -72
8:50
13:59
5:21-22
8:[5
21:[2-13
27:19-29
30:77-78
30:78
16:81-84
6:47
25:86-87
9:24
4:43; 5:30
27:51-68
13:22-28
22:65-68
13:45
6:39--40
6:24,26
28:64-66
3: 10; 4: I 5,16,
20-25,31-33
14:89-91,94
10:13,16-22
11:29--42; 23/24:61-67
23/24:62
23/24:61-62
4:42
4:42
13:44-45
2:21 23; 14:80
13:92 93
26:82-83
7:7-23
7:51-52; 11 :66;
12:14-26; 17:9192
29:11,29 30
17:91-92
9:9-19; 1 0 : ~
2:37
126 Index
Durban
Africans in
Architecture, Victorian
Art Gallery
Bay
Bayview [Harry Escombe's house]
Bluff Railway
Botanic Gardens
Chelsea Houses
Conservation
Court House
Description
1910-1939
Early residents
Emmanuel Cathedral
Lntabeni Hospital
First railway commemorated
Flood of 1856
Geology
Girls' High School
Higher education
Library
Maritime museum
Museum
Natal Playhouse Theatre
Ornithology
Point Railway
Port
Queen's Tavern
Railway station
St Augustinc's Hospital
St Thomas's Church
Unidentified post
Veranda houses
Voortrekker planning of
Walking tours
Water supply
Wells
Dysentery
Ecclesiastical appointments
Education
Cedara Agricultural College
Higher
Tertiary
See also individual schools
Fgeland, Jacob
Lkowe sce Eshowe
Ekukanycni Mission Station
Ekuhlengeni Mission Station
Elephants
Ellis, Henry Vaughan
Ell is, ,lames
14:59-68
14:69-86
14: 114
15:106-107
2:21-23
26:74-78
11:74
16:91-92
2:21-23; 5:66;
6:38-39; 10:54-56
14:42--47
1 :7-22; 4:6; 6:30;
7: 11-18
17:95-97
22:19-21
15:89-94
10:60
15:109-113
14:33--41
21:40-53
12:87
14:48 58
5:45--46
19:74
17:94
16:12-18
5:29-35
15:109-113;
18:111-112
2:24-26
10:54-56
18:111-112
21:59-61
20:68-69
16:101
11:61-64
10:28-29
16:90-91
21:40-53
21 :40-53
15:74
30:73
17:55-64; 21:82-83
14:113
14:48-58
23/24:7-14
12:36-37
13:14 21,100,105
9:9; 10:8-15
11:74; 20: 14-20
3:33
7:19,23
Index
127
Ellis,Owen
Emery, Frank (obit)
EmlaTazi Mission Station
Emlllanuel Cathedral, Durban
Empangeni - Meaning of name
Environmental policy ~ Pietermaritzburg area
Entabeni Hospital, Durban
'Erase Erasmus Society'
Erasmus, F.e.
Erskine, Mrs St. Vincent
Escombc, Harry
Eshowe
Defence during Anglo-Zulu War
Origin and spelling of name
Preservation of fort
Prince of Wales visit, 1925
Estcourt - Augustinian Hospital
Ethnomusic01ogy
Eugcnie, Emprl'ss Pilgrimage to Zululand, 1880
Evans, Maurice Smdhurst
Evans Rowe, Agnes
Evans Rowe, Revd Samuel
Extra-terrestrial trm'el
Fairbrother, l.A.V. (obit)
Falcon, William
Fannin, Denis Gower (obit)
Fardella, Sa1vatore
Farewell, Franeis Cieorge
Fass. Adolph
Fass, Gertrude Emily [Robert Morley's mother]
Federation of South Africa
Feilden, Eliza
Fell. Robert Black
Fcrreira, Philip
Fiasconaro, Gregorio
Filter, P.
Fire-walking, Hindu
Fitzpatrick, Sir Perey
Flanagan, Glelln
Floods, 1856
Flora of Natal
Forests of Natal
Fort Buckingham
F ortifi cations
Fort Napier
Cemetcry, desecration of
Founding of
Regimental theatre
Fort Pearson
Forty-fifth Regiment
Foster, W.E. (Mashiya)
hJ/lI' hooks oft/zc Prophet 19l1o/'(/mus
Franklin, Dr Francis Arthur
8:56
17:83-84
9:819
15:89-94
17:98-99
28:53-63
10:60
25:61-62
25:61-62
15:71
2:21-23
5: 15-28
5:66-67; 12:80
8:73-74
25:24-25
21 :58-59
8:61-68
30:45-57
22:50-53
22:82
26:67
28:6-13
26:83-84
3:33,34
27:92-93
18:75-76
4:813
23124:125
23124: 125
8:31-33,38--45
15:65
8:57-59
3:45--46
1 6 : 9 5 ~ I 00; 18:7275
29:52-53
21:31-39
11:47-56
29:106-107
14:33--41
4:42--48; 5:61-62
16:19-38
26:8
9:60-61
16:85-87; 19:30--42;
22:77; 23/24: 123;
26:8,10
21 :74-75
22:21
26:10
5:15; 21:79-80
22:21-23
19:72-73
3:54
30:31-37
12S
'Freedom Radio'
Fregona, Mr [of Hillcrest]
Fren::, Sir Henry Bartk Edward
Friends of the Sick Association (FOSA)
Fuze, Magema
Fynn, Henry Francis
Fynn family
Fynney, F.B.
Game conservation Zululand
Gamc reserves
Zululand
Gandhi, Mohandas K.
Gandhi, Sushi la (obit)
Gandhi's typist?
Gelder, Betsy
Genealogical Society
Genealogy
German aeroplanes over Natal, 1914
Germans - Internment at Fort Napier, First World War
German settlers
Gerrard, William T.
Gillitt, William
Ciilmour Williamson, Booksellers
Gold-mining
Gordge, Henry
Gordon, Stephen B.
Graaff-Reinet
Graffiti - Prisoners
Grahamstown
Cathedral bells
Grant- William
Graves sec Cemeteries and gravcs
Greater Pietermaritzburg Environmental Coalition
Greathead, Mary Milner
Green, Rcvd lames
Green, Morton
Green, Thomas
Greenaere , Benjamin
Grey's hospital,Piete7maritzburg
Gueinzius, Wilhelm
Guide to ullofficial resources relating to the histOlY ofNalal
Guisc, C.D.
Gwala, Harry Themba (obit)
Gwala, Mafika Pascal
Gysae, Kapitanleu{nanl [U-Boat captainl
Hadebe, Reginald Bhekumuzi (obit)
Haggard, Sir Henry Rider
Haggard, Louie
Hall, Darrell Dickon (obit)
Hallowes, Kenneth, Bishop (obit)
Index
25:54-64
17:58 63
8:31-45
17:67-70
13:44
4:10,11,14 17,23;
10:62-63; 15:64
5:59 -60
26:33
23/24:27-44
25:110-111
23/24:27-44
13:98-99;
23124:68-75; 117-119
19:55-63
28:83
3:5-7,9-12; 4:23,
28-41; 20:68-69
11:68-69
12:82-83; 14: 111
19:75-76
25:112-114
19:35-39
11:69-70; 22:27-38
4:45-46
17:57-59
23/24: 117
7:48-49
5:33
4:58-59
10:24
27:69-91
4:5-6; 5:46; 10:24-26
22:80-81
3:20-26
28:55-56
12:82
4:59; 5:40, 46;
11:43-46
18:64
22:15-26
18:41,43
14: 113
4:43; 5:30-31
7:5
23124:32
25:88-90
13:63-64
23/24:85-86
22:76
13:44; 26:17-58
26:3558
26:84 86
25:91
Index
129
Halstead, Thomas
Ham, Revd Picter
Hambanati Mission Station
Hamilton, Bruce
Hamu [Zulu chief]
Harding, WaIter
Hardy, George Webb
Harford, H.C.
Harms, Ludwig
Harris, R.H.T.P.
Harris fly traps
Hartlaub, KJ.G.
Hattcrsley, Alan Frcderick
Eightieth birthday tribute
Hattersley Road
Obituary
Portrait ola city: index
Head, Bessie
Health and disease
Heaton-Nicholls, Georgc
Hennessy, Esme
Heraldry in Natal
Heritage day event
Hermannsburg
Hermannsburg mission
Hermannsburg Mission House Museum
Hicks-Beach, Sir Michael
Higginson, W.
Highbury School, Hillcrest
Hillcrest
Hillcrest School
Hilldrop [Rider Haggard's farm]
Hilton College
Hiltonian Society
Hindu customs - fire-walking
Historical and Developmcntal Atlas of KwaZlIIll-Natal
Historic sites - Vandalism
History and historiography
Hlobane, Battle of, I 879
Hoffman, John Philip
Hogg, Heather Leone (obit)
Hogg, Piet
Holdcn, Revd William Clitford
Holley, Jamcs Hunt
Hongwou [Chinese emperor]
Hookworm
Horses - Breeding for military use
'Horticulturalists'
Horton, Jeffrey William (obit)
Horwood, Owen Pieter Faurc (obit)
Hostels - Housing
Houses - Early settler
Howell, James Michicl
4:20,25
7:38-42
3:9-11; 4:31-33
11:22
10:10-13
13:76-84
25:26-42
8:51
22:28-32
7:35; 23124:40-41
23/24:41
5:32
3:52-53
13: 101
6:58-61
5:53-58
28:76-77
15:64-77
16:46-47
30:31-37
17: 15-24
29:110-112
22:32-38
9:7-19; 10:7 -15;
22:27-38
22:79-80
8:33-39
8:50-52
17:60
17:55-64
17:60-61
26:35-46
3:32-35
3:32
21:31-39
23/24: 126
21:74-75
11:75-76
27:42-68
5:51; 6:24,27
30:65-67
23124:15-26
26:93
3:40-41
21:14-16
20:77
6:45
25:54-64
29:92-94
28:74
28:45-52
28:34-44
2:31; 3:45-47; 5:49-52;
6:26-27; 18:37-39
130 Index
Howick - Settler house, Morling St
Humphreys, WiIliam Clayton
Hunter, Donald Raymond (obit)
Hunting
Legislation
Hurley, Denis, Archbishop ofDurban
Hursthouse, William
Hyslop, James
Indian architecture - Pietermaritzburg
Indians in Natal
Bhojpuri language
In Pietermaritzburg
Repatriation to India
lnkanyiso Yase Natal [African newspaper]
Inman, Thomas George Vemon, Bishop ofNatal (obit)
Institute of Natural Resources
Inyezane, Battle of, 1879
Isaacs, Nathaniel
Isandlwana, Battle of, 1879
Colenso's sermon
Monuments
Museum
Italian Church, Pietermaritzburg
Italians in Pietermaritzburg
Ivuna, Battle of, 1888
James, Neville (obit)
Jameson, Robert
James Stuart Archive
Jardine, Joseph
Jenkins, Canon John David (1828-76)
Jigger fleas
John, S.
John Bird's House
Johnson, Charles
Johnston, Charles
Jolivet, Charles, Bishop
Joubert, Piet
Judd, Ursula Evelyn Mabel (obit)
kaMnyayiza, Nkathazo
Keate, Robert, Governor ofNatal
Kendall and Strachan [printers]
Keppel-Jones, Arthur
Kerchhoff, Peter Campbell (obit)
Kettley, Lorraine (obit)
Killie Campbell Africana Library
Oral history programme
Register of researchers
Killie Campbell Bursary Fund
King, Clara
King, James Saunders
22:62
19:23-29
29:94
18:12-14; 20:12-21;
23/24: 15-44
23/24:29-44
27:109
3:47; 4:56-58
15:74
15:57-63
15:7-35; 17:66-68;
23/24:68-75
15:107-108
15:57-63
15:36-56
16:6-11
19:50-51
9:20-29
5:5-6,15-16
4:12,19-21,26
5:17; 8:6-21,
46-53,72-73
6:12-23
29:108-109
22:78
18:73-75
16:95-100; 18:70-79
10:16-22
21:66-68
8:71
6:35-36
6:45
14:22-32
20:77
15:7-9
25:109-110
15:71
5:50-51; 6:24,26
12:58; 15:89-94;
21:54-65
8:33,44; 29:32-33
6:9-11
13:65
17:90
17:93
16:85
29:95-98
29:98
6:34--35
9:48-49
20:73
6:34-35
16:43
4:10-13,18-20
Index
131
King, Richard (Dick)
King's House, Durban
King Solomon's Mines [film, 1936/37] - Shooting at Otto's Bluff
Kirkman, Thomas
Kitchen suits
Knight-Bruce, Wyndham, Bishop
Knox, A.S.
Krauss, F.C.C.
Krige, Eileen Jensen (obit)
Kruger, Paul
Kunene, Mazisi
Kwa Mondi Mission Station
K waZulu - Coat of arms
KwaZulu-Natal Heritage Act, 1997
Ladysmith
Anglo-Boer War
Augustinian Hospital
Siege
Lady Usher Literary Award
Laingsnek, Battle of, 1881
Lake Chrissie
Lake St. Lucia
Lamberti, Enrico
Lamberti, Mingo
Lamberti, Victor
Lambert Wilson Library, Pietermaritzburg
Landscape perception
Langalibalele uprising, 1873
Lantern [magazine]
'The last outpost' [television documentary]
Law, lawyers, etc.
Leathern, William
Leigh, Derek Milton (obit)
Leverton, Basil J.T.
Levinsohn, Solomon (obit)
Lincoln City - Link with Pietermaritzburg
Lindley, Revd Daniel
Lines, John
Lister, J. StOff
Literature in Natal
Livingstone, Douglas
Lloyd, William Whitelocke
Local government
Durban
Pietermaritzburg
Locusts
Lofthouse, Patty
Lofthouse family
Longmarkct Girls' School, Pietermaritzburg
Lourdes Mission Church
Lucas, Gould Arthur
Lugg, Harry Camp (obit)
Lundie, Harry (obit)
Luth, Wolfgang [U-Boat captain]
4:5-6; 16:39--44;
22:24-25
22:84-85
30:17-23
7:26-27
10:59
12:81-82
20:53-54
4:43; 5:30-31
25:92-95
8:33,44
13:60
5:5-6
17:19
30:60-63
29:30-32
21:61-63
29:30-32
17:94-95; 18:114-115
11:18-21
29:53,55
23/24:45-60
18:71
18:71-72
18:72
23/24:116
1:26-30
3:55
4:62
10:57-58
13:76-84; 14:42--47
12:9
23/24: 101-103
9:6
14:105-106
25:109
3:46--47
8:56-57
16:32
13:43-66
13:61-62; 17:49-54
8:57
25:105-107
25:107-108
20:30--42
11:7-15
11:7-15
20:74-75
15:82
3:33
9:43--46
20:62-64
23/24:83-85
132
Lutherans - Natal
Luthuli, Albert
Maclean, Charles Rawden see John Ross
Macleroy, George
MacMillan, Ronald Gcorge (obit)
Maequarrie, John Wingate (obit)
Macrorie House Muscum
Majuba, Battle of, 1881
Malaria
Malherbe, Emst Gidcon (obit)
Mandlakazi - War with Usutu
Mann, Chris
Manson, Harlcy William Daniel
Manson, Si,. Patrick
Maphumulo, Mhlabunzima Joseph (obit)
Maps of Natal
Maria Ratschitz Mission Church
Mariazell Mission Church
Maritz, Gert
Maritzburg College
Marks, Shula
Mariing, Percival Scrope
Marquard, John David
Marwick's march
Mason, Revd Frederick
Mason, George
Mathews, A.S. (obit)
Mayhew, Cecil [Miss]
Mazibuko, Robert 'Treeman' (obit)
Mazooku [Rider Haggard's servant]
Mbilini [Zulu chief]
McConkey, William George (obit)
McDonald, Hugh
McDonald, John
McGlew, Derrick John (Jackie) (obit)
McIntyre, Kenneth H.C. (obit)
McKen, Mark J.
MeKenzie, John W.
MeLeod, Ellen
McMillan, Sibella
Mechanics Magazine and Literary Journal
Meer, Tsmael (obit)
Meller, Henry
Melvill, Teignmouth
Methven, Cathcart. William
Merehiston Preparatory School. Pietermaritzburg
Metropolitan Methodist Church, Pietennaritzburg
Mgungundhlovu [Dingane's capital] excavation of
M'hlopekazi
Mieroscopy - Natal
Midlands Arts and Crafts Society
Midmar Historical Village
Index
22:27-38
20:52-53
5:46,49; 6:24,27
28:6970
26:86-87
21:73 74
11 :23-28; 27: 1 07-1 09
15:75
13:85-87
10: 16-22
13:64
1 :23-25; 13:57-58
2:37
21:71-72
2:34-36,38; 4:66; 5:68;
6:37; 7:47-48; 8:74-75
12:58 70; 15:78-88
15:82-85
15:86-88
18:30-35
18: 103-104; 30:72
6:7-8
11:17 23
3:47; 4:56 59;
5:43,45,47
29:27-28
26:66
17:56
23124: 103-104
17:61-62
23/24: 1 04-1 07
26:33-58
27:43-45
17:77-79
5:9,14; 6:30
5:7-13
28:72 74
7:50-51
4:44-47; 5:32-33
3: 19-20
15:71
17:60
5:62
30:64-65
13:78
8:46-53
16:92-93
22:82
17:89; 26:59-73
4:64; 6:37
26:33
22:49 54
18:113-114
14:114
Index
133
Millar, A.D
Millar, Harold M.
Milne, Alexander (obit)
Milne. Alexander John (obit)
Milne. John
Mission stations of Natal [list]
See alsn names of individual mission stations
Missionary activity in Zululand
Mitehell, Allan Carlyle (obit)
Mitehell, Douglas
( obit)
Mitford, Bertram
Moberly, Gcorge Selwyn (obit)
Moffat, Robert, Jllr
Molluscs
Mogale, Dikobe wa
Montgomery, Alexander Nixon
Monzali, Guido
Moodie, Donald
Moore, Mary
Moorosi [Chiet]- Relations with Bushmen
Moreland, John
Morris, Donald R.
Morris, George
Morris, w.J.
Mpandc kaSenzanqakhona
Msimang, Henry Selby (obit)
Mtshali, Oswald Nbuyiseni
Murchie House, Durban
Murray, Archibald Keir, Sill'
Murray, Archibald Keir, .fllr
Murray, Sir Thomas Keir
Murray, Father William
Music
Nagana [cattle sickness]
Natal
Anglo-Boer War
Anglo-Boer War - Centenary celebrations
Botany
Coal-mining
Coat of arms
Description
Forests
Health and disease
Heraldry
History
Sources
5:34
5:34
17:80-82
23/24: 1 07-109
7:16,23; 26:74 -78
3:50-51
9:7 -19: 10:715
14: 103-105
20:54-61
19:64-69
25:43-53
15: 102 -105
5:51;6:27
23/24: 122-123
13:65
25:95- 97
18:70-71
3:47--48; 4:59; 5:50;
6:24,27
25:7-20; 29:6-15
29:52 -53
5:49-52; 6:24
6:8; 7: [port]
8:56
11:18
19: 10-22,24; 20: 1 0-12
12:71-73
13:62
6:38
30:1-13
30:1-13
7:25
15:9194
8:61-68
23/24:32-44
29:4--49
30:38 -44
4:42--48; 7:43-45
12:14-26; 18:41-58
17:16-18
1 :7-22; 5:7-14;
6:28-33; 7:8-23;
11:7-15; 13:22-28;
18:6-18; 20:7-23;
27:30--41; 30:1-13
16:19-38
15:64-77
17:15-24
11:47-56; 18:6-18;
19:6-29,70-71;
22: 15-26; 23/24: 15-26,
68-75; 30:1-13
7:5
134 Index
Hospitals
Land ownership
Law
Naming of
Natural resources - Preservation
Ornithology
Planning
Prehistory
World War, 1939-1945
Natal Agricultural and Horticultural Society
Natal and Zululand Study Circle
Natal Carbineers
Natal Coal Owners Society
Natal College of Education
Natal Cotton Company
Natal Historical Documents Project
Natal Land and Colonization Company
Natal Mechanics Institute
Natal Microscopical Society
Natal Midlands Bird Club
N ata I Museum
Dredging programme
Ernest Warren Hall
Hall of Natal History
History [1851-1904]
Natal Observatory
Natal Parks Board
Natal Playhouse Theatre
Natal Police - Anglo-Boer War
Natal Provincial Council
Building
Natal Reading Society
Natal Society
Constitution, I t;51
History to I R51
Natal Society Library
History
1975-1995
Librarians
Alexander Beale
George Challinor
C. Cock
J. Hiscock
A.S.C. Hooper
Ursula E.M. Judd
John Meek
Shona S. Wallis
Museum
New building
Special collections
Natal Society of Arts
Natal Training College
15:73; 21:5R-65
4:49 54; 23/24:1I9-120
13:76-84
27:19-29
9:20-29
5:29-35; 11 :73 74
18:RO 90
27:30-41
23124:76-98
4:44
26:94
10:56-57
18:46-49
16: 100-101
7:11,23
6:34
4:49-54; 23/24:119-120
5:62
22:49-54
18:107
26:95; 28:R3-t;4
23/24: 122-123
13:104
3:36-39
18:59-69
6:45-47; 7:53
20:57-61; 23/24:45-60
16:12-18
29:25-26
16:45-50
19:77-79
3:48-49
6:24-25
2:30-33; 3:45 49;
4:55-60; 5:42-52;
6:24-27
5:36-38; 17:5-{5
25:77-80
6:5-7
5:37
5:46
5:46
10:6
5:6; 6:9-11
5:37; 6:28
10:6
18:59-69
5:6; 25:77-80
10:41-44
15: 109
16: 1 00-1 01; 17:85-R7;
19:72
Index
135
Natal University College
Natal volunteers - Anglo-Roer War
Natalia, Repuhlic - Flag
Nathanson, Karl (obit)
National Heritagc Resources Aet, 2000
Nationalist Party - Opposition to
National monuments
Policy
Proclaimed - see separate list
National Monuments Act. 1969
National Monuments Council
Native administration - Natal
Natural resources of Natal - Preservation
Nature conservation
Ndunu Hill see Ivuna, Battle of
Neisoll, Edmund N. see Ne\ill, Edl11und N.
Nel, Philip Rudolf Theodorus (obit)
N.E.O.N.
NevilL Edmund N.
Newcastle - Anglo-Boer War
New Republic
Newnham, William Orde
Newton, A.F.H.
Nguni, Northern - Age-group formation
Nienaber, Christoffel .Tohannes Michael (Stotfel) (obit)
Nienaber, Gabriel Stephanus (Gawie)
Niven, .lohn McGregor (obit)
Nongalaza kaNolldcla [Zulu chief]
Northumberland Fusiliers (2/5th Regiment)
Norwegian settlers
North. Frederick
Norwich - Conservation
Nourse, Joseph
Nqeto kaKhondlo
Ntol11bela, Qumbu Magqubu
(obit)
Ntshalintshali, Bonakele (Bonie) (obit)
Nude bathing
NuttalL Michael, Bishop
Nuttall, Neville
(obit)
Nyel11bezi , Cyril (obit)
O'Brien, William .lohn - private library
Oerder, Frans David
Ogilvie, Nancy
Ogle, Henry
O.K. Razaars - closure
Opperman, D.J.
Oral history
Ornithology of Natal
Osborn, Sir Melmoth
Otto, P,A.R.
Otto's Bluff
Overlishing
14:7-16: 20:69-71
29:41 42
17:15-16
12:73-76
30:5/;-63
25:54 64
4:65-66
22:55-64

22:55-64; 30:58-63
2:7-20; 3:13-26
9:20-29
2:27-29; 7:34-37;
9:20-29
27:93-94
3:56
6:46; 7:53

14:87-97
3:33,35
25:65 67
8:22-30
18:96-98
6:7
21
19:27-29
26:6-11
12:35-44
18:41.44
7:53
2:24-26
4:8
7:34 37
23/24: 1 09-112
29:99
23/24: 120-121
20:76
17:86; 19:71-72
13:90-91
30:71
10:41-42
2:38; 6:37-38
23124: 112-113
4:23- 24
29:107-108
13:54-56
6:35-36; 9:48-49
5:29-35; 11:73-74
23/24:29-32; 26:33
5:50; 6:27
30:17-23
9:22--23
136
Overpark
Overpopu lation
Oxlee, Keith (obit)
Oxley-Oxland, Revd
Ox waggons
Paarl
Pagate [Zulu chief]
Palmer, Mabel
Palframan, Thomas
Paraffin box furniture
Parish rcgisters, Presbyterian
Paton, Alan
Pcarse, Revd Horatio
Pearsc, Reginald 01iver
( obit)
Pearson, C.K.
Petersen, Johan Lodcwyk
Petrie, Alexander (obit)
Pfanner, Franz, Abbul
Phillips, Henry Lushington
Phipson, Thomas
Photographic collections - Documentation and care
Photographs
Pietennaritzburg
Anglo-Boer War
Augustinian hospital
Bird sanctuary
Burger SI. Prison
Cathedral Church of the Holy Nativity
Centenary publication
Commercial Road Cemetery
Conservation
Description
1846-1851
IS63
19201939
Early residents
Fort Napier
Girls Collegiate School building, Burger St.
Government Housc
Grey's Hospital
History
Hotels, taverns, etc.
Indian community
Indian townscape features
Italian Church
Italian community
Index
10:53-54; 11 :61
9:20-26
28:66-69
17:60
1:9-10
10:24
26:25-28
14:4858
17:8890
28:83
14: I11
13:56-57; 18: 19-29;
19:71-72; 20:67-68;
23124: 116; 28:75-79
26:61,66
19:71; 20:67-68
25:97-100
5:5-6,15-2S
4:9,11
10:48-50
12:58-70
13:78 85
17:56
12:83
10:59
29:61-90
21 :63-64
22:81-82
23/24:116-117;
27:69-91
1:31-34; 6:41-43;
8:75-76; 11 :43-46
17:9-14
7:48; 10:28,32,56
9:52-53; 10:53;
13:101; 14:107-108;
15:114-115; 17:93;
18:113 114
2:30-33; 7:19-20;
15:10-17
1:89
26:S
17:25-48; 18:99-100
22:22-24
16:85-87
22:61
3:37-39; 12:87 88
14:113
17:1014
9:53-56
15:10-17
15:57-63
18:73-75
16:95-100; 18:70-79
Index
137
Lambert Wilson Library
Lanes
Leighton St.
Longmarket Girls' School
Maritzburg College
Merchiston Preparatory School
Merchiston School boarding hostel, 231 Prince Alfred St.
Mclfllpolitan Methodist Church
O.K. Bazaars
Oldest houses
Overpark
Parish regi sters
Presbyterian manse
PrO\idence Terrace. Pietenllaritz SI.
Public Houses
Public Library
Public transport
Sowdell and Stoddart [shop]
Spires, turrets, etc.
St. Georgc's Garrison Church
St. Mary's Catholic Church
Tatham Art Gallery
Urban decay
Voortrekker houses
Voortrekker planning of
Wesleyan Infants School
Wykeham School
Sec a/so Natal Society. Natal Society Library
Pietermarit7burg Choral Society
Pieterl1laritzburg Philhanllonie Society
Pietermaritzburg Ramblers' Club
Place names
Zulu
Planning in K waZulu-Natal
Plant. Robert W.
Playhouse see Natal Playhouse
Plomer, William
Poetry and poe!;,
Political violence
Pollution
Portsmouth. Catherinc
Port SI. JOh11S
Portllga/iac JfoJlllmeJlto C. 'orlographicll
Portuguese explorers
Possel!. Carl Wilhellll
Postage swmps
Ptlst carts
Post cart trm c'l
Potgicter, Hendrik
Prestwich, Mark Fie11nes (obit)
Pretorius, Andries
Prince [Durb,\I1 weekly newspaper]
Prince ofWalcs . Visit to Natal
Printing presses
23124: 116
12:84
12:84-85
20:74-75
18: I 03-104; 30:72
22:82
22:61-62
17:89; 26:59-73
29:107-108
13 :67-75; 16:51-78
10:53-54; 11:61
14: III
10:53-54: 11:61
22:83-84
9:53-56
4:59
15:/0-17
29:107-108
13:95-97
28:79-80
30:14-16
14:107,114: 20:72
29:112-113
13:67-75: 16:51-78
10:26-28
26:71
25:18-19
20:71
15:117-118; 27:112
11:71-73; 21:81-82
28: 14-22
28:23-33
3:27-31; 18:80-90
4:45
13:5051; 28:76
13:43-66; 19:79-80;
20:67-68
30:24-30
19:76-77
27:6-18
15:114
16:87-88
18:112; 21:12--13
7: 18,23; 22:30-31
7:28-33
12:11-12
25:7-20
18:30,39
15:100-102
18:36
25:26-42
25:21-25
11:70-71
13S
Prisoners-of-war - World War 1I
Prison reform
Queen's Tavern [Durban]
Rabies in Natal
Radebc, Joshua
Railways
Alfred County railway
Durban
BlutIRailway
Point Railway
Station
Durban to Pictcnnaritzburg line
Howick line
Ixopo-Donnybrook narrow gauge line - closure
Rail routc centenary
Shongweni Dam line
'Ten Wheelcr' locomotive
RaIl, Gerhardus Adriaan (1Iorace)
( obit)
Rampa. Umberto
Rces, Cecil (obit)
Regimental colours - Significance of
Reichenau Mission Church
Reid, Alexander
Reid. Pamela Ann
( obit)
Reid Ten Wheeler locomotive
Rcitz, Francis William
R e t i e f ~ Pieter
Reus, Cornelius
Richards, Revd John
Richmond [Natal]
Road transport
Robcrtson, Thomas
Robcson, Paul
Robinson, George Eyre
Robinson, Sir John
Rock paintings
Rorke's Drift, Battle of
Rorke's Drift Museum
Ross. John (Charles Rawden Maclean)
Rousscau. Ina
Royal visits to Natal
Russell, Eleanor Ethel Mariella (obit)
Russell, George
Russell family
Ruston and Homsby steam engines
Sanderson, John
Sanciwonns
Sannyasi, Bhawani Dayal, Swami
San stone saga
Sastri, VS. Srinivasa
Schmidt-Ihms, Maria Katharina (obit)
Schoptlin, Friedrich
Index
16:95-100; 18:72-75
25:26-42
10:54-56
20:43-49
20:71
6:43-44
18:107-108
26:74-78
15:109-113; 18:111
18:111-112
10:34-40
7:24-27
16:93-94
21:80-81
18: 108 -Ill
19:43-49
20:50-61
27:94-96
18:77
26:88
8:47-48
15:84
17:86
17:5-6
26:89-90
19:43-49
2:7-8
18:15-17,30-40
7:38-40
3:47,48; 4:55-57;
26:60 61
5:39-41; 6:40 41
12:7-13
5:51; 6:24
30:17-18
5:51; 6:24
7:26
4:62-63
30:77-78
22:78
4:26-27
13:59-60
25:21-25,108-109
11:57-58
20:24-29
20:24-29
27:105-107
4:44-45; 22:51
20:77
15:37-56
21:83-84
15:43-56
25:100-101
16:31-32
139
Index
School children - Uniforms
Schools
Durhan Girls' High School
Girls Collegiate School. Pietermaritzburg
lIighbury School, lIillcrcst
IliIIcrest School
Hilton College
Longmarket Girls School, Pietennaritzburg
Maritzburg College
Merchiston Preparatory School, Pietermaritzburg
St Margaret's Girls School, Hillcrest
Wesleyan Infants School, Pietermaritzhurg
Wykeham School
Schramm family
Schreuder, RCI'd Hans
Schroder, Rcvd Heinrich
Schulz, ./ulius
Scott, 0.13.
Scott family
Secbohm, Henry
Seine net fishing - Durban
Sekhukhune [Zulu chief]
S6neque, Clement
Settlers in Natal, 1824-1857: biographical register
Shaka kaSenzangakhona
Spelling of name
Shells
Shelley, George Ernest
Shepstone, Sir Theophilus
Ships
.\ctea
Active, H.M.S.
Amazon
Amphion H.M.S
Antelope
Barracouta
Belvidere
Brazilia
British Tar
California
Cockburn
Comet
Conquering Hero
Oiana
Douglas
Dreadnought
Durban, S.A.S.
Elieser
Elizabeth and Susan
Fawn, H.M.S.
r rances Charlotte
10:59
20:75-76
12:87
22:61
1760
17:60-61
3:32-35
20:74-75
18:103-104
22:82
17:61-62
26:71
25:18-19
11:68
12:36; 19:24-29
13: 10 I-I 02;
14:108-111
15:73
5:50; 6:24
5:61
5:.33
21:84
26:30
14:107
3:53- 54; 10:61
4:11-26
12:80
23124: 122-123
5:33
1:17-18; 2:8-9;
3:13-26;47; 4:56,59;
5:7,50; 23/24: 124-125;
26:24-43; 27:54 56
10:35,39
5:16,24
6:28
4:9
4:10-11
4:9
15:18,23,25
7:38-40,42
6:30,33
5:10,14
4:9
4:24
7:23,49
5:13,14
6:31
7:23
19:74
12:38
4:12-13
2:24-26; 22: 18
4:9
140 Index
GenTIan
Haidee
Hannah
Helicon, H.M.S.
Henry Tanner
Himalaya. H.M.S.
Ina
Inanda
Jane Morice
Julia
Kate
King William
Lady Bruce
Lapland
Leven
LlandaffCastle
Lord George Bentinck
Louisa
Macedon
Maranon
Margaret
Mary
Mazeppa
Minerva
More, J.R. [tug]
Nancy
Natal, R.M.S.
Northampton
Nova Scotia
Orange Grove
Phantom
Pilot
Richard Mount
Salisbury
Skeme
Souffren
Southampton, H.M.S
Sovereign
Spirit of Trade
Spray
Thunderbolt, H.M.S.
Travers Spaight
Truro
Winchester [frigate]
Sihayo kaxongo (Sirayo) - British attack on
Sikhakhane, Enos Zwelabantu (obit)
Sim, Thomas RobcI1son
Simon van der Stel Foundation
Sinclair, Charles Ross
Slocum, Joshua
Small, Gordon (obit)
Smarfitt, James
Smellecamp, Johan Amold
30:47
6:60; 11:7-9; 26:64
7:16
2:24-25: 4: 18
7:23
26:7
7:8,23
21:57
7:43
4:10-11,23
5: 13,14
7:11,15,43
5:39
12 :39
4:9
23/24:88-89
15: 18
5:7,9,12,13
5: 13
6:29
5:8,13
2:24: 3:11:
4: 12,l8,2(),26.33
4:43; 5:30: 23/24: I ~ :
26:60
20:24-29
19:74
5:7,13
4:45
5:59
23/24:85-87
4:5,9
3:53
5:8,13; 22:18
5:7
4:10.18
4:30
5:8
2:24; 7:39; 18:17
7:12
15: 18
19:73-74
5:13,14; 22:17
5: 13,14
15: 18,23,25
22:21
8: 10,14.19,49,52
23/24:113114
16:32- 38
10:52 53
5:51; 6:27
19:73 74
25:101-104
26:64
5:51; 7:38-40
Index
141
Smit, Erasmus
Smith, Alfred Edwin
Smith, Andrew
Smith, Sir Harry
Smith, Marjorie [born Clark]
Smith, Peter
Smith-Dorien, Sir Horace
Smythe, c.J.
Smythe, Patrick Montrose (obit)
Soldier settlements
Soldiers' letters
Anglo-Boer War, 1880/81
Anglo-Zulu War
South AfTican Heritage Resources Agency
South African National Tuberculosis Association [SANTA]
South Staffordshire Regiment
Southern African Ornithological Society
Sowden and Stoddart, Pietermaritzburg [shop]
Spencer, Shelagh P.M.
"pioenkop Museum
Sprigg, Sir John Gordon
~ t . George, Father Denis Howard (obit)
SI. George's Garrison Church
St. loseph's Cathedral, Mariannhill
St. Lucia Wetland Park
Environmental Impact Assessment
Mining controversy
St. Margaret's Girls School [Hillcrest]
St. Mary's Catholic Church, Pietermaritzburg
SI. Mary's Church, Richmond
SI. Saviour's, Randjiesfontein
St. Thomas's, Durban
Stain bank, Christopher Dering
Stainbank, Henry Ellerton
Stain bank, Mary
Sculptures
Stanger, Dr William
Steele, Nicholas Arthur (obit)
Stevenson, Robert Elliott (obit)
Stirling engine
Strachan and Co. [Umzimkulu]
Strachan family
Strauss, Peter
Street-Wilson, William
Streicher, Brother Nivard
Struggle against apartheid in Natal
Strutt, Daphne
Stuart, lames
Submarine attacks - Natal coast - World War II
Sutherland, Geoffrey (obit)
Sutherland, Dr Peter Cormac
Sutton, Sir George Morris
Swazi - Attacks on Bushmen
18:35-37
12:7-13
5:30
1:16-17
18:100-103
12:15-19
8:50
7:24
29:99-101
17:94
11:16-26
8:54--60
30:58-63
17:69-70
19:32
10:60
29:107-108
3:53-54; 17:7
11:66
8:42-44
19:52-55
28:79-80
15:85
23/24:45-60
23/24:50-60
23/24:45-60
17:61-62
30:14-16
5:40
15:108-109
20:68-69
26:90-91
22:50
17:73-76
28:83
3:47; 4:44,59; 5:43;
9:30-35
27:96-99
14: 100-103
6:44
7:47
25: 19-20
13:63
15:89-94
15:78-88
22:79
5:64
6:35-36
23/24:76-98; 25:81-83;
27:101-104
22:71-73
4:46; 6:6
3:41,42; 12:17-18
29:54-55
142
Sweeney, George Mauricc Jex (obit)
Sykes, Paul (';1110n
Talana Hill, Battle of, 1899
Talana Museum
Tatham, George (obit)
Tatham Art Gallery
Teacher training
Telegraphic link to South Africa
Tertiary education
Thompson, John R.
Thukela [TugelaJ B,bin - Archaeological exploration
Time zones - Natal and Cape
Togt labour
Toohey, Daniel Charles
Torry, Dr John Cooper
Town and regional planning in Natal
Town planning - Voortrekker period
Town trails
Trade tokcns
Trai n (rave I, 1925
Transport riders
Transvaal - Annexation
Trappist mission stations
Travel in Natal, 1892
Tsetsc flies
Tshabalala, Daphne Duduzile (obit)
Tuberculosis
Tulbagh
Twcntieth Regiment, Second Battalion
Twenty-fourth Regiment at Isandlwana
Typhoid
Tyrrel!. Barbara
L-Boats, World War 11
UFOs
Uitlander Council
Ultimatum Tree
Umfolozi Gamc Reserve - Archaeological exploration
Umsindusi River
L.mzinto
Unification of South Africa
LJsLlthu
Utrecht
Uys, Petrus Lafras
Vandalism at Natal's battlefields
Van der IIoven, Vryhof Anton (Hoffie) (obit)
Vanderplank, Charks
Vanderplank, John
Van Heerden, Auret (obit)
Varley, Charles
Vause, Richard
Velho, Alvaro - Narrative of Da Gal1la's voyage, 1497-1499
Verity, Thomas
1
7
ia{ol" [John Coventry]
index
11:59-60
17:65-72
29:16-22
14:112-113: 16:8R-90
16:79-80
14:107,114: 20:72 73
16:100-101
8:31,36
23/24:7-14
4:10
4:63-64
25:20
28:47--48
5:51
5:51; 6:24
3:27-31; 18:80-90
10:23-33
10:51-52
7:46--47
25:21-25
12:7-13
8:32-33:39--45
12:65-(,7
25:7-20
18:115-117:
23/24:29--44
13:87-89
17:68
10:23-24
11:70-71
8:46-53
15:74
7:54
23/24:76-98: 25:R I -83;
27:101-104
28:6 13
29:26 27
21:79-80
6:37
12:45-57,83
30:31-37
11:47-56
10:16-22
10:31
18:30-40
21 :74
23/24: 114-115
3:40
3:40
27:99-100
26:67-68
2:37-38
27:20-29
4:31
6:28-33
Index
143
Victoria, Queen - Diamond Jubilee celebration, 1897
Victoria Club, Pietennaritzburg
Victoria Tlall, Maritzburg College
Vietoriana
Victorian architecture Durban
Vilakazi, Bcnedict Wallet
Vincent, Jack (obit)
Vine, Ducie May Somers (obit)
Violence
Volker, Friedrich
Von Klelllpcrer, Hubert Ralph (obit)
Voortrckkcr houses
Voortn:kker Museum
Voortrekkers
Town planning
Vryheid
Wahlberg, Johan August
Walker, R(:t'd Amold
Walker, Arthur
Walmslcy, J,
War graves
Water supply - Durban
Watt, Elizabeth Paris
Wattle industry in Natal
\Vcatherly, F.A. - Anglo-Zulu war, 1879
Wehb, Colin de Berri
( ohit)
Weenen
Welch, l.W.
Wells - Durban
Wesleyan I n t ~ l n t s School, Pietermaritzburg
West, Marlin
Wildebeest - Natal emblem
Wildell1ess Leadership School
Willowl'ountain
Willson, Charles
Wilson, R.B.
Wilson, William Robert Shaw
Wiltshire Regiment
Window - Zulu words for
Wolselcy. Sir Garnet
Women's Institutes - Area analysis
Wood, Sir Evelyn
Anglo-Zulu war, 1879
Visit of Empress Eugenie
Wood, John Medley
Woodgate, Edward
Woodward. Revd l.D.S.
Woodward, Ren/ R.B.
Workers Educational Association, Durban
Workers hostels and barracks
Yellow-wood
Yongc. Ceeil Audlcy Sachaverell
27:112-113
26:92
30:72
14: 114
14:69-86
13:51-54
29:101-102
22:68-70
19:80; 30:24- 30
9:7-19; 10:7-15
29:102-105
13:67-75; 16:51-n
28:83-84
1:7-8,12-16; 18:30-40
10:23 33
14:94
5:30-31
26:70
3:47-48; 4:56; 5:9-1 L
14,50,52; 6:26-27
5:50
13:100
21:40-53
16:40-42
3:40-44
27:52-68
6:5; 9:5
22:7-14
10:29-30
12:30-31
21:40-53
26:71
5: 11,14
17:16-18
2:28-29; 7:34-37
10:61-62
12:19-21
5:34
13:105
19:31
9:51-52
8:39-45,47; 9:9,16-17:
10:8
5:65
27:42-68
30:45-57
3:40; 4:46-48; 7:43-45
8:59-60
5:33
5:33
14:51 58
28:45-52
9:56
7:25
144 Index
York [NatalJ
Church of St John the Evangelist
Yung Lo encyclopaedia
7aloulTlis, Or Oliver (Nolly)
Zibhebhu kaMapitha War against the Lsuthu
7ielslTlan, lohan Philip
Zietsman, Paul Hermanus
Zulu, Alphaeus Hamilton, Bishop (obit)
Zulu artifacts in USA museum
Zulu Civil War, I RRVR4
Zulu Dawn [film]
Zulu history and traditions
Zululand
Game conservation
Locust invasions
Maps
Zulu music
7ulu War see Anglo Zulu War
Lulu war dance
Zulu weapons
Zulu woodcarving
Zungu, Maphelu
ILLUSTRATIONS
11 :6R-69
7:46
21:3
11:74
10:10-22
3:45; 5:51,52
2:3 L 3:45,46; 6:27
18:93-96
17:93 94
10:10-15
10:57
6:35-36; 8:22-30;
9:4R-49
23/24:27 44
20:30-42
8:74 75; 14:93
8:61-68
26:25-2R
22:39-4R
29:113-114
28:613
Notes: No page numbers are given in references to the first 10 issues, where illustrations
appeared on unnumbered plates,
Accommodation structures, Berg region
Acutt Ernest
Addison, Dick
i\ fT'iean Boating Company barracks, 190?l
Africander, Revd Victor Vivian Sipho
'Airy Alf and Bouncing Billy' [cartoon]
Ammiraglio Cagni [Italian submarine]
Anglo-Boer War commemoration scenes
Augustinian Sisters. Natal
Banks. Reginald Alfred
Bau11l<1nville [plan]
Gayer, Adolf Joseph Wilhelm
Bealc, Alexander
Bews, John Willial11
'The Big Budget' [comic strip]
Binns, Charles Theodore
Bird. Christopher
Bird. John
Birds
Buffspotted tlufTtail
Natal nightjar
Boston Sawmills. 1857
Botha, Louis and Annie (born Ell1l11ett)
Rowden, Norman Wynne
'Brig 011 the waters'
23124:63.65
17:58
10
15:31
20:65
29:110
23124:96
30:39-42
21 :cover. 58.60.63
10
28:4R
9
6:cover
14: I R.19
29:111
8
I
5
5
16:26
14:RR
14:99
6
Index
145
Bmokes, Edgar Harry
Broome, Francis Napier
Buccleuch, Waiter Francis, 5th Duke of'
Buller, Sir Redvers - civic reception in Pieterlllaritzburg
Burchell, Exton Mabbull
Bushman paintings
Cathedral of the Holy Nativity, Pictcrmaritzburg
The cattlc guard
Centacow Mission Churcll
Cetshwayo kaMpandc
Chadwick, Georgc AIlan
Champion, A.W.G.
Chelmsford, Lord
Child, Daphne
Christopher, Benjamin (,Pitch')
Cl arence. Deslllond
(,lark, John
Clarke, Fred C.
Cloete, Henry
Colcnbrander , 10han
Colenso, John Willial11, BishoJi Ii/Aalal
Colley, Sir George POll1eroy
Corset, ca 1891
Cresswell, Christopher
Dabulamanzi kaNpamk
Davies.Oliver
De Villiers, Revd Andre Rocco
Didcott, John
Dinuzulu kaCetshwayo
'Down it swept'
Drakensberg
Dudley, Lucy Evangeline (Eva)
Dundee
Dutch Reformed Church. 1900
Coalfield store and/or homc
Lower Victoria Street
Durban
Alice SI. Powcr Station. I
Bayside, 1900
Bayside, 1997
Bayview House
Bluff and Point, 1850
BlutTrailway
British immigrants landing at the Point
Coal loading plant
Cloete's cottage, ca 1845
Commercial Hotel dining room
Congregational Church. Smith SI. I
Court House
Customs House. I X51
Dalton Road harracks rplanJ
Durban High School. 1 X94
Durban Hospital. 1870
Eastern Stevedoring Company llostcl, IX90
Emmanuel Cathedral
9
10
5
29:72
12:77
6
11:46
29:4
15:86,87
13:37
30:68
14:63
22:40
29:96
26:80
25:93
18:92
22:74
3
29:96
6; 13:cover
11:21
6
28:67
8:cover
16:83
22:65
28:67
10; 14:89,90
25:45
l1:cover, 34,39,42
13:92; 26:80
7
12:18
12:22

14:cover
27:111
2
7:cover
26:75
14:36
18:46
28:36
15:34
14:71
14:43
11 :13
28:49
14:81
15:69

15:90-93
146 Index
Farewell's encampment, Port Natal, 1824
Gardincr St., 1890
Girls' Modcl School, Galc St.. 1896
Greenwood Park Ilouse. 1
Grey Street Mosque
Harbour. I
'Longlands', home of Cieorge Russell, 1875
Marine Hotel
Masonic lla11. 1894
Methodist Church, Musgra\e Road, 1893
Mitchell Girls' High School, 1890
.\IIyers Bros, cm Gardiner and Smith Streets, I
Natal Bank
Natal Playhouse
'Nithsdale' , 1895
Old Well Court
Old Well House
Overport TTouse. 1860
Point Station
Portsdown House, I
Queen's Warehousc. Point Rd, 1902
Revd Rolfc's homcstead. I
Seaview Congregational Church, I
St Thomas's Church. Berea. 1864
T.A. O'Flahe11y's house, Broad St, 1889
Tower Buildings, West St. Bridge
Town Hall, 1885
Umbilo Wesleyan Church, 1904
Veranda houses
Victorian buildings
View from Berea Ridge, 1851
View from Moreland's office in West St.
West St., I
West St.. I
West St., 1880
Embossed postage stamps as uscd in Victorian Natal
Emery, Frank
Emmanucl Cathedral. Durban
Empress Eugenic
Evans. Mauricc S.
F airbrother. John
Fannin, Dcnis Gower
Farewell. Francis George
FitzPatrick, Sir Percy
Flags, standards, etc.
Flanagan. Glenn
'Flying for their lives' [cartoon]
Forests
Fort Napier
Cavalry Ol1kers' ['vless, 1890s
F011y-fifth Regiment Monument to
- OHieers
Freedom Radio suitcase transmitter
French Forcign Legion soldiers watching a display by Zulu Wan-iors
Frere. Sir Bartle
4:cover
14:78
14:81
28:42
14:X2
27: 111
14:70
13 25
14:79
14:X2
14:79
14:75
14:78
16:13,14,16
14:75
21 :41
21 :41
14:74
15: lLO
14:74
14:X4
14:70
14:72
14:71
14:76
14:85
14:76
14:84
11.62-64
14:70 86
11 :8
14:34
11:76
14:39
14:72
7
17:84
15:90-93
30:45
22:50
26:80
27:95
4
11 :51
17: 16,18-21,24
29:lO6
25:31
16:22
19:co\cr.33,36,40
22:77
19:40
14:25
25:58
29:107
8
Index
147
Fynn, Henry Francis
Gandhi, M.K.
Gandhi, Sushila
Gandhi's home at Phoenix
Gandhi's printing press
George Bell's team, Kokstad, 1903 [post cart]
Gennan internees in Fort Napier, 1915
Gillitt, William
Government House
Gower, Samuel
Graffiti in old Pietennaritzburg prison
Gwala, Harry
Haggard, Sir Henry Rider
Haidee [ship]
Hall, Darrell
Hallowes, Kenneth, Bishop Suffragan ofNatal
Ham, Revd Pieter
Handley, Mr and Mrs Harry Pybus and family
Hartlaub, KJ.G.
Hattersley, Alan Frederick
Hennannsburg, Gennany, 1849
Hennannsburg missionaries in Natal, 1888
Hillcrest
Hilldrop fannhouse [near Newcastle]
Hindu firewalking
Hindu temple
Hogg Leone
Hooper, Anthony S.C.
Horton, Jeffrey
Horwood,Owen
Housing
Howick
Settler home, Morling St.
Hunter, Donald
Improved barracks at Esperanza, near Umzinto
Inchanga Viaduct, Natal
Indian assistant, Stevens' School of Tailoring
Indian delegation to First Round Table Conference,
Cape Town, 1926
Indian delegation to Second Round Table Conference,
Cape Town, 1932
Indian immigrants in Natal
Indians at Diamond Fields, 1870's
Inhlobane Mountain
Inman, Thomas George Vernon
'In the whirl of the rising'
Italians in Pietermaritzburg
James, Neville
Jenkins, Canon John David
Judd, Ursula Evelyn Mabel
Kerchhotf, Peter
Kettley, Lorraine
King, Richard (Dick)
King Cholera dispenses contagion with drinking water [cartoon]
4
23/24:69
19:57
19:60
19:62
3:cover; 4
25:cover
19:36
17:57
16:72; 17:cover
15:73
27:69-9 I (passim)
25:93
26:cover,44,53
6
26:80
1; 25:93
7
12:25
5
6
22:32
22:29
17:59,62
26:53
21 :33,35,36
15:cover
30:66
10.
29:96
28:67
18:87
22:62
29:96
28:50
10
15:32
15:39
15:47
15:18-35
15:25
27:47
19:50
25:51
18:74
21:66
14:23,25
6
29:96
29:97
16:41
21:51
148 Index
King Solomon's Mines - scenes from film
'King Twala's royal homestead' below Otto's BlulT
A lady's bedroom, ca I RR7 [Natal Museuml
Lake Banagher
Lake Bhangazi
Lamond, SE
'Last sleep of the brave' , by A de Ncuvilk
Leigh, Derek Milton
Levinsohn, Solomon
Locust invasion of Zululand
Longmarket Girls' School
Lourdes Mission Church, East Griqualand, 1895
Lugg, Ilarry Camp
Lundie, Harry
Luth, Wolfgang [U-Boat captain]
Lutheran Church, Enyezane
Lutheran Church, Hermannsburg, Natal
Machoqwane, Kl3as
MaeMillan, Ronald
Maequarrie, John
Majuba battlefield
Malherbe, Emst Gideon
Mansel, Commandant
Manson, Harley Willial11 Daniel
Maphul11ulo, Mhlabu117il11a Joseph
Mariaman Temple Tower
Maria Ratsehitz Mission Church
Mariazell Mission Chureh
Maritzburg College
Maritzburg College staff, 1928
Marks, Shula
Marloth, H.W.R.
Mathews, A.S
Mazibuko, Rober! 'Treeman'
Mazooku [Rider Haggard's servantJ
McConkey, William Cieorge
McGlew, Jackie
Milne, Alexander
Milne, Alexander John
iv/illEr\'{{ [ship]
Mitchell, Allan Carlyle
MitehelL Douglas
Moberly, Cieorge Selwyn
MohoITum festival
Montgomcry. Alexander N ixon
Monuments and graves
Moore, Mary
Morris, Donald R.
Msimang, Henry Selby
Natal [railway engine 1
Natal House, Madras
Natal Museum
Natal Playhouse
30:19-21
30:cover
3
29:57
23/24:52
14: 1cl
8
23/24: I 06
14:106
20:32,35,39
20:75
15:R2
9
20:62
23124:83
22:36
22:34
29:54
28:67
26:85
11 :27
13:R6
10
21:72
15:cover
12:eover,59,50,67,69;
15:RI,R5
15:R3,R4
15:87
7
28:78
6
14: 19
23/24: I 06
23/24: 106
26:49
17:77
28:67
17:81
23/24:106
20:26
14: 104
19:64
15: I 03
15:35
25:93
19:40
25:8; 29:7
6; 7
12:71
15:112
15:45
3; 7; 18:(, I,(,()
16:13,14,16
Inde.x
149
Natal Provincial Council Buildings
Natal Socicty Library
Natal Training College
Nathansoll. Karl
I\el. Philip RudolfThcodorus
I\elsrust station
Nienaber, CJ.M.
Nienaber, GS
Nivcn, John McGrcgor
NOAA satell ite image of Southem Africa. 1997
I\orwcgian Evangelical Lutheran Church, Marburg
Nourse, .Ioseph
I\tombela. Qumbu Magljubu
I\tshalintshali , Bonakeli
Nuttall, Neville
Nyembezi, Cyril
Officers of the 2nd Battalion, 5th F usilicrs, 1860/61
Opening of tirst Natal Parliamcnt, 1893
Ordinary of war: fortunate survivors
Ox\cc. Kcith
Palmer. T\label [bom AtkinsonJ
Pascoe, Mary Aire lborn Ritchic]
Paton, Alan
Peniston children's grave, Estcourt
Petrie. Alexander
A hhot
Pi et ermari uburg
Alexandra Park
Amod Bayat's store, Church St.. 1890s
Berg St., Nos 205, 219, 413/415
Briar GhylL ca 1884
Bridgcs
Black Horse Bar
flotanical Gardens
flolha House
flurgcr St., No. 10
Cathedral ofthc Holy Nativity
Christic's Cafc-de-luxc
Church of the Vow
Church St., 1\0 2, 1867 (Govcmment House)
Church St., 1880's
Church St., 1933
City and Port Ilotel
Clothing factory and workers
Colonial Of1ice Buildings [old]
Colonial Of1iee Buildings [new J
Commercial Rd., 1914
Commercial Rd .. ca 1930
Crown Hotel
Ciovernmcnt Housc
Grey's Hospital, 1870s
Horse Shoe Hotel
Hindu tcmple
Indian stores. upper Church St.
Indian storc and halTacks, Longmarkct St.
16:covcr
5; 5:cover; 25:79
17: covcr
12:74
27:95
15:27
18:97
6
21:6g
27:27
12:40
2
7; 23/24:107
29:97
13:90
30:71
26:9
23124:73
29:cover
28:67
13:50,53
12:17
18:cover,21; 28:78
15:67
10; 14:8
12:59,65
13:23; 17:29
15:60
16:67-70
28:cover
12:47-49
9
17:33
13:74
16:() I
11:46
17:43
16:73
16:72
17:26
9
17:44
1
7
19:31
15:(,2
9
16:72; 17:cover
15:69
17:28
15:58
15:61
15:<;7
ISO
Italian Church
Kritzingcr House
Longmarket Girls' School. 1912
Longmarket St.. '\Ios 54, 64, 66, 4n, 412
Loop SI., No. I ()
Mariaman Temple tower
Maritzburg College
Market Square
Mason' Mill. Umsindusi
MeFarlane Bridge
McFarlane's hat shop
Methodist Chapel, 1880s
Methodist Church premises, 1854
Natal Colonial Parliament Buildings
'\Iatal Musem
Norfolk Hotel
'Oldest House', 333 Boom St.
Oldest houses
Old Supreme Court Building lnow Tatham Art Gallery1
Onc o'clock gun
Oxenham's Bakery, Com111ercial Rd
Plough Ilotel
Prince of Wales Hotel
Providence Terrace lplan J
Rawat's building and cntrancc to ylosquc, upper Church St
Rinko Bio-Vaudeville
Ripking House
St. Anne's College, Loop St
SI. Mary's Catholic Church
SI. Saviour's Cathedral, ca 1870
Scott's Bridge
Seot!' s Theatre
Shri Vishnu Temple
Sowden and Stoddarfs shop
Spires, turrets, etc.
Star and Garter Hotel
Tembalctu Com111unity Education Ccntre
Temple tower and minaret. Bengal Alley
Theatre Lane
Town Hall
Trams and tramlines
Twelve pounder gun from H.M.S. Fwm
Umsindusi River
Van Vuuren house
Victoria Bridge, 1863
View from Fort Napier, 1851
Viljoen house
Pit sawing
Player, lan
Postcart
Prestwich, Mark Fiennes
Provincial synod delcgates who led the i\ngl ican peace
initiative in Natal
Punch - selection of cartoons 11'0111
Index
16:99; 18:74
13:72
20:75
16:62,64,66
16:60
15:cover
7
2
12:55
12:4;':
17:35
26:68
26:62
16:cover
3: 7; 18:61,66
17:28
16:57
13:71-74: Hi:57-63
20:co\er
2
13:71.72: 16:61
9
9
22:;':3
15:61
17:41
13:74
29:8
30:14-16
1
12:49
13:26
15:59
17:36
13:9697
9
28:4
15:59
5:cover
13:24
17:29,30
2
12:47-55
13:73
12:47
13:70
13:73
16:30
7
25:cover
15: I 00
30:26
4
Index
151
Railways
Advertisement for opening of main line ... Durban to
Pietermaritzburg. Dec. 1880
Arrival of inaugural train at Pietemlaritzburg station,
I Dec. 1880
Donnybrook to Ixopo line
OMA Garratt steam locomotive
Incl1anga viaduct, 1880 and 1892
Natal [railway engine]
N.G.R. locomotive No. 88
N.G.R. locomotive Perseverance, ca 1876
N.G.R. passengcr calTiage, 1878
~ . G . R . train, 1 '1177
Point Station
Reid Ten Wheeler locomotive
Shongweni line
Sweetwaters station
RaiL Gerhardus Adriaan (I1orace)
Rccs. Cecil
Recs. 'vV.S.
Rcichenau Mission Church, 189'11
Reid, Pamela
Reitz, Francis William
'Reserve Territory Carbineers'
'Resting' [cartoon]
Richmond
Early school
Early settler cottage
St. Mary's Church
Robinson, Sir John
Ross, John [photograph of statue]
Ruins of barracks near Oribi Gorge
Russell. rvlrs E.E.M.
Ruston and Hornsby steam engine
Sanderson, John
Sannyasi, Swami Bha\\ani Dayal
Sastri, V.S. Srinivasa
'Saving the Queen's Colour', by 1\. de Neuville
Schmidt-Ihms, Maria
Sco11 's Theatre
Sculpture
Shcpstolle, Sir Theophilus
Ships and shipwrecks
Sikhakhane. Enos Zwelabantu
Sixteenth century navigators using thc nautical astrolabc and
cross-staff
Small. Gordon
Smith, Maljorie [bom ClarkJ
Smoking scene [Natalllluscullll
Smythc. Patrick
South Stal10rdshire Regiment otliccrs
Spioenkop Muscum
St George, Falher Dcnis Howard
St Lucia Wctland Park
Stainbank. Dering
10
10
16:94
7
10
15:112
15:112
15: I10
) ():cover
7
15:110
19:44
18:)09,110
13 :2'11
20:55; 27:95
26:85
3
15:84
26:85
2
10
25:36
5
5
5
23/24:69
4
28:50
11 :58
27:105
22:51
15:38
15:42
8
25:94
13:26
17:75,76
2; 26:30
6; 20:26
23/24: 107
27:4
25:94
18: 103
3
29:97
19:co\'cr
11:67
19:52
23/24:49
26:85
152 Index
Stanger, Willialll
Steele, Nieholas Arthur
Stcvenson, Robert r: Il iott
Strachan family, EZlVcni, 1875
Strl?icher, Nivard
Summary demolition or buildings
Sutherland, GeotTrcy
Sutherland, Peter
Sweeney, George Mauriee Jex
Sykes. Paul Carton
Tatham, George
rheophilus Shepstolle and his stafT en route to annex the
I'ransvaal Republic
Tshabalala, Daphne Duduzile
U-J60 [U-Boat]
U-504 [U-Boat]
Ugubhu
UlTlsindusi River
LJ ys, J acobus
Uysklip
Van Heerden, Auret
Vaseo da Gama and Adamastor
Veld conservation
African kraal showing poor veld management and
consequent erosion
Result of winter veld burning
Severe case or soil erosion
Typical river sccnc
Victoria Mounted Rit1es, 1873
Vincent, Jack
Vine, Dulcie \1ay Somers
Von KlempereL Hubert
Vryhcid, 1886
Wahlburg, Johan August
Water-collecting
Water trough
Webb, Colin de Berri
Weenen
WoJseley, Sir Garnet
Wood, John Medley
Woodward, Revd J.D.S.
Woodward, Revd R.B.
Wright. John
Yellow-wood tlreplace [Natal MuseumJ
York [Natal]
Church of St. John the Evangelist
Zibhebhu ka\laphitha
Zulu, Alphaeus, BishujJ
Zulu carved sticks
'Zulu procession bel()re Dingane'
Zulu war shield
3; 9:cover
27:95
14: 101
25:12
12:65; 15:7R
28:55
22:71
15:73
11 :59
17:70
16:80
26:30
1 3 : ~ 8
23/24:91
23/24:cover
8:64
12:47--55
18:34
18:36
27:95
27:cllYCr
9
9
9
9
21:76
29:97
22:69
29:97
14:94
5
1 8 : ~ 8
7
6; 22:coYer,9
10:30
8
7
5
5
22:9
3
7
10
18:94
22:43
4
22:45
153
Index
NATIONAL MONUMENTS PROCLAIMED IN NATAL
as listed in Na/alia
Agricultural Hall, Murraj I'ark, Estcourt
Albert LLlthuli Housc. Ciroutvillc
B,lIlostand in gardens in Cront oJ"Town flail. Kukstad
l:3antu Administration Building, Landdrost St, Vryheid
8aynes House, Nels Rust, Richmond district
Baynes Mausoleum, Nels Rust, Richmond district
Bcachwood mangrove swamp, Durban
Bellair railway station. Durban
Bcriltheil I louse, 16 Queens Ave., Westville
Boom St 23X, Pietennaritzburg
Buffalo River Bridge between ;\Ieweastlc ami L trccht
Carnarvon Masonic Lodge, Russell SI.. Richmond
Carnegie Library building, Vryheid
Castor and Pollux' - cannons used during siege of Ladysmith
Cattle dip. Meyer's lIoek. Richmond district
Christian Science Church. Pietermaritzburg
City Ilall. \1ain St, Kohtad
(olintoll Ilouse, 6R Ridge Rd. Durban
Collingham Shelter. Mpendle District
Commandunt's Housc and Doctors' Quarters, Weston
Agricultural College
Conservatoirc de Hammerstein, 141 Alexandra Rd, Pietermaritzburg
(orinthia Rd, Durban glaciated pavement
Dairy, Nels Rust, Richmond district
Dirk Uys Jlouse, 242 Church St, Utrecht
Dorchestcr House, 190 Loop St, PietcrmaritLburg
Dower House. Dower St, Kokstad
Durban Light Inl;lIltry Headquarters, Durban
Dutch Corps mcmorial, Elandslaagte
Dutch Reformed Church. 151 Smith St, Durban
Dutch Rcfonned Church. I 03'vlurchison SI. Laciysmith
Felst St 21 9, Vryheid
Liandslaagte battlelield
Fairfell homestead, f10wick
Farm housc, Greystones, near Esteomt
Fort Napier, Pictermaritzburg
G.A. Riches Printer Building, 423 Smith SI. Durban
Gemge Shaw House, 67 Church St, Utrecht
(iirls' High School, Alexandra Rd, Pietcrmarit7.burg
(,rcen Point Lighthouse. Lmzinto district
Helen Bridge, Mooi River
l-icrmannsburg Lutheran Church. Hennannsburg
Hilldrop House, Newcastle
Himeville Fort
I lullis Ilouse, 178 Florida Rd. Windermerc, Durban
Ho\\ard College, Univcrsit\ oJ" Natal, Durban
Indian shop buildings. Rctief St, Weenen
John Dube House, Ohlangc, Inanda district
ludith Church, ludith Church farm. Dundee district
Kambula battlefield, Vryheid
King's House, Eastbourne Rd, Durban
Knciscl's Castle, 24 Reynolds St, Port Shepstonc
17:100
30:75
15: 116
12:R6
26:96
28:82
12:R5
17:100
15: 117
26:95
14:112
15: 116
11:65; 13:103
26:96
26:96
11:65; 13:102
19:80
15: 115
27:115
16: 102
27: 115
12:R5
26:95
17: 100
27: 115
23/24: 127
28:RO
14 : 112
26:95
26:96
11 :65; 13: 103
15: 116
26:96
12:R6
28:XI
16: 101
17: 100
16: 102
27:115
18: 11 X
14:112
13: I 03
11:65
28:81
17:99
12:86
27:115
12:R6
16:102
27: 115
15: 116
154
Law Court building, Victoria Embankment, Durban
Library Building (Kruger Church) , 27 Smit ~ t , Paulpictcrsburg
Little Chclsca, 1 R Windermere Rd, Durban
LlandatT Chapel, Lot 115 Van Rccncn Town
Lutheran Church building, Hcnnanllsburg
Lutheran Church building, l\ew Hanover
Lynmouth Glacial Pavement, I10pcwell brm, Richmond
Main Building, LJni\ersity of Natal, Pietennaritzburg
Marian Villa, 2R2 Alexandra RtL Pietermaritzburg
Mhlwazini Cave, Solar Cliffs Farm, Berg\ilIe district
M orewag, 14 N uttall Gardens, Durban
Morewood Memorial Garden, Lower Tugcla
Museum Building, 104 Main St, Kokstad
Musgravc Rd 73, Berea, Durban
Narainsamy Temple, Newlands, Durban
Natal Botanical Gardens, Pietermaritzburg
Ngoduyanuka, Zuurlaager farm, Bergville district
Norfolk Villa, 196 Loop St, Pietcrmaritzburg
North and South Gun Points, Lancaster Hill, Vryheid
'Onc O'Clock Gun', Pieterlllaritzburg
Ottawa House, Inanda district
Overpark House, 122 Loop SL Pieterlllaritzburg
Paddock Station complex, Port Shepstone
Passive resistance site, Umbil0 Rd/Ciale St, Durban
Pietermaritz St 131, Pielermarilzburg
Pielermaritz St 149, Pietermaritzburg
Pietcrmaritz St 151, Pietermaritzburg
Port Shepstone lighthouse
Portview, I R3 Cowey Rd, Durban
Post OtTicc building, Longmarket St, Pietermaritzburg
President St 5R, Vryheid
Prison, Burger St, Pietermaritzburg - original cel1 block
Queen's Tavem, 16 Stalllford lIill Rd, Durban
Reid's Cabinet Works building, 214 Longmarket St, Pietennaritzburg
Residency, Eshowe
Residency, Wright Rd" Ladysmith
Richmond and Byrne Museum, 46 Victoria St., Richmond
Riverside Mosque. Umgeni, Durban
Rock engravings, Ilattingsvlakte nmll, Estcourt district
Rothman House, Church St, Utrecht
Ryley's House, Karel Landman St, Dundee
S.A. Railway Institute Building, cm Murchison and
Albeli Sts, Ladysmith
Sans Souci, 65 Trelawney Rd, Pietermaritzburg
Satya Vardhak Sabha crematoriun, Cremome Cemetery,
Pietermaritzburg
Soofie Mosque, Ladysmith
St Andrew's Presbyterian Church, R6 Commercial Rd, Durban
Stone wall between farms Glcnbcllo and Stockton, Weenen district
Supreme Court, Col1cgc Rei, Pietcrmaritzburg
Talana battlefield
Tatham Art Gallery, Commcrcial Rd, Pietermaritzburg
Thomley House, Talana lIill
Town Hall, Greytown
Town Hall, Ladysmith
Index
12:85
16:102
IS: 117
15:117
14: 112
16: 102
28:R2
17:100
17: 100
27: 115
18: 118
27: 116
15: 116
16: 10 I
16: I 01
15:116
27: 116
27: 115
23/24: 126
26:%
29: 115
13: 102
14: 112
29: 115
29:115
13: 103; 15: 116
16:102
27: 115
23/24:126
18:117
13:103
28:81
15:116
18: 117
18: 117
29: 115
26:96
12:85
27: 115
18: 118
11:66; 13:103
15:116
14:112
23/24: 127
26:96
19:R I
13:103
29:114
14:112
28:g1
17: 100
12:g5
26:96
155
Index
Trevean House, 258 Wakesleigh Rd, Durban
U Illgeni Water l10ard Building, Longlllarket St, Pietermaritzburg
Umhlatunna Rock Shelter, Camperdown district
Umzinto, Erf 313
Upper Umgeni Presbyterian Church (St. John's), Nottingham Rd
Vryheid, Erf 997
War Department Lord's Ground boundary marker,
2 Old Fort Rd, Durban
MAPS
Agulhas Current
Baumannvi lie - plan
Bluffrailway, Durban
Coalfields of Natal
Development in Natal
Distribution of Natal forests
Durban, 1845
Early spread of the Afrikaner dorp
fort Napier
Game resenes -Zulu land
Greater St. Lucia Wetland Park
Hlobane, Battle of
Inma (Ndunu Hill), Battlc of
Main railway line, Durban to Pietennaritzburg
Natal and Zululand and the Anglo-Boer War
Natal Land and Colonization Company land holdings
New Republic
Pietermaritzburg street plans
Plan of Central Durban showing wells and boreholes
Plan of fort at Ekowe
Port Natal and adjacent territory
Providence Terrace, Pietermaritzburg [plan]
Ships sunk off the Natal and Pondoland coasts, 1942-1943
Sketch of road from Fort Tenedlls to Eko\\e
South-east coast of Africa
Southern Africa recorded by NOAA Satellite, 1997
Umsindusi River
Wecnen, 1843
Zululand, divided between British and Boers
13:102
14: 112
29: 116
19:81
16: 102
18:118
28:80
27:21
28:48
26:77
18:42
3
16:20
10:28
10:25
16:86
23124:33-37
23124:46
27:44
10
10
29:24
4
14:93
10:27; 13:68;
16:56,58
21:47
5
14:38
22:83
23124:77
5
27:32
27:27
12:52
10:29
14:93

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