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aBToprr, e B Texcra Aa ce ri3[o;I3Bar Apyro Heulo, r(!M Koero ce e crpeMl-.tJl no-MaJIKoclKpaureHnr. Pe:ylrarrr B'ra3[ HacoKae o6e:rypaNure.teH, aro ce D B cb.[ll flo llt,'tfttg cllrrchK or chKpau]eHr-rt nH.qeKca r{pa{ Ha KHntara ([Ma r Herlt,trxpaHxcrrpaureurr). ABTop'r,T 6,laroAapeu Ha MHoro xopa, Korrro ca My noBJrl.{rlltr e alpxy $opr{[paHero Ha reKcra. Or ro,rertre B r(areapa "CTo6ururelHa texuuxa" ule noAqepra, noMoura Ha Eserr4lrafleu,resa fi Muxalr,r Muxog, Korro KparrlqHo rIper,teaaxa qacrn or KHlrara, r Mapuaxa He.{srrosa, Kotro ce armxhpa c rexcroo6pa6orxara. Cneuna.:uro6naro.qapr na Maprapnra ATarracoBa ,{enapor TaMeHrano esrxono o6y.reune ua TY-Co{ur, (orro c 3ae c rpyilrrara 3aaarra ,[a 'te HaflpaB[TaKa, e3rK'brHa KHurara,4a nptlnua na 6r,,rrapcxlr. Arroprr qe ce pa,qBa lloryr]u BctKaKBxla6enexrr, KpurxK[ H KoneHTaaa pn ua e-mail: bpt@tu-sofia.bg.

@eepyapr, 2006r. O ,qou.A-p HH;lr. Eopuc llerroa I{anroa, 2006 r., arrop O Mouqu,r MHxafiros, ATI4A, xyAox(Hr,rx Kopnuara Ha @ I4s4arercreoHOBH 3HAHLI-fl. CodHq ISBN-10:954-93 l5-58-4 ISBN- l3: 978-954-9315-58-5

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- Ot4KcupaHu, x Mo6hnB' lP TeneKoMVHr(aql,th 'le Moxe Ka3BaMe, ro:lt a6oHar rJlH KJIUeHT AHec easa ru e neo6xornuo aa ure tl3no"13Ba(rot''lnrotrp, Qarc-r'raruuna) Htle na He e qoBeK,a HtKaxBaMau[Ha najrn roBa e caMo repMHHa"a6onar" u HtMa aa ce nHTepecyBaMe no-nutu** "a r{oBe(. '-" MauI{HaI-'UII-i rpr6aa '4a ce npeHact B xnurara ute roBopl'tMHai-qecro 3a cnyqaure' xoraro n o6parHo' T e or mqxa Ao roqra lrHQopMauntor ealiH a6oHar ,qo apyf a6oHar o6MeHHa uuQopt*aqu t.l no3BoJltBar (Qrlr.'1.1). Cr,npeueunnrere,reKoMyH}'IKaul'l[ Bpb3(]I' npe'[aBaHeno"a"a or aBa yqacrHxKa.llpuuepl ca KoHQepeHTH[Te "a"tayeanH KpaeHrIacTHnK xa rouu 6poii ,apyru yqacTHl'lu[ n o6veua (rara napeTOOr - multicasting).,{Hec acern Moxe cbc cBot GSM re'leQou aa uanr" "yntr*uat"Hr cbo6lllHt,eeAHoBpelresso ntro'tro a6oxara' sa egno SMS usnparr yHI{BepBp'L3(x Mex'{y noBeqe or asa a6oHara He HaMaJItBar I4:6poeHure carrrocfia Ha oHr. l.l. (broadcasting)' (aro pa'q[opa3npr'cl(Crrceru gpyr crqrvai e pa3[pbcKBaHero Ho pa3rIpGcKBaHe' ro He e o6err Ha Hacrocttloro pa3rTeJIeBI'I3HoHHo BaHeI,IJII{ [UCaHtlOTpaAl.',lollHxeHepl.l' KHt4fI'I' 3a Hefo cI4I{MaAOCTarr'qHo nenuaHe. paaueaar're nocteaoBarenHo po:ltra Ha ereMeHTltre Ha reJIeKoMyHI.rKaqH,{a oHHaracl'IcreMaor our. l.l. A6ouamuume mepr4uHaruZ a re,rerouyunrauwlTe ca MHoro paluoo6pasHn: re,re$ouu, vo6nrsu releQouu, TeneoaKcHuaflapar]t, reJleKcHrianaparr.r'ISDN KoMtrrorplr(naluron, Janron, Hoyr6y(, .lecxTon), rlrpaeull pontra tl TepMItHanH, [pouec xaro npeo6Bcuqru re yqacrBar B TeJIeKoMyHIlKauI{oHHl{t r"p"""-. g a.f,raxhs cl.lrHan 't(''J' "i pasyrar r.rut[opuauusra a(t), mtrpauaHa or a6onara l, Ho o6uxnoreno e eleKTpl{qecKl't, MHofo vecro Curnal, r, Ir3nx3anror repMl4Ha.ira, B c[creMa) ce npeo6pa3yBa onrllqeH' (no-KbcHoB TneKoMyH[KauIloHHara ?"nrpae aaxua polt n nPlr lj3rpaxlaHero l,I Pa3naAaHeroHa Bpr'3xfire (pean:a H!r finfl BIrpryaJIHI'I) o6ruenna uxrfopMau[tra Mex'qy a6onaruTe' a6ouamna nuuun A'rI, B TpaanunonHara QnrcxpaHa Hafi-pa3npocrpaHeHara Mpexa, e ycyKaHa aBo[Ka or MeaH[ npoBoaHl'lutt (o6urHoaeHo c ll-laMerl'p :a 0,4=0,6 mm) H e I{H,IIr.lBHAyarHo a6onara ycrpoficrBo. 3arrpuraa Ha Bxoaa Ha crrcreMaK. Orryx sararsr BcfiqKHcbopaxeHltt B TeJIeKOMyHI.IKoMyraur.roHHara \e KauuoHHara cHcreMaca KoJIeKr[BHI'I. .{trec e uogepno aa ce Ka3Ba, A'ry e \acr e or cucmeuama sa docmt n (ax. Qlr. l-2). AJI uoxe .u.a 6e3x[qHa' Moxe aa e HapeqeHodyruercna AJI u za KoreKrnBHa(HtMa c npeaBsa Heaopa3yMeHnero, caxalleHl.te Bce oue h3rloJnBauor 6urapcrnre rereRoMyHl.tKall[lt), Moxe 'qa e MynTEnneKcr{paHa. Konymaqunma K e qecro sl'cpe.qoroqeHa B cbopaxeHxt, HapeqeH{ ueHTpa:Ill KOM)"TaIIr,OHHH Bt3tl'I, Mapup)'rr{3aroplt t{,qp., Ho roBa He e 3aAbnxl',lrerHo'KaKro e HaIIpI.rMep noxalHnre r"rpexn (LAN). npu e Hafi-raNnara $yurunr ua KoMyraulltra K B TeneKoMyH[KauI{I.rre ,{a oc[cllcTeHa Ha KOneKTI-IBHOTO H3nOJI3BaHe PeC)?CIrTe TeneI(OMyHI'lKaUHOHHara rypH ua. Ilopa,qn roBa, ABa a6oHara Morar aa 6taar o6c4axnaHh L rIpI4 orct crBHero Ha H.sxouor 6noroBere Ha cxeMara or Slrr. l.l, xo He u 6er K. ,{o6rp npr.t"repca uo6n,rnure reJIeKoMyHl'I(autlI,Kbaero rBr'pae orpaHlrqet2

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Hlrrr pecypc or paar.roraHirnu aocrbn .[o Mpexara (a nafi-4o6pnr cnyqafi cro3a Tuun KaHanfl)o6cryxBa MHoro uoseqe (,{o crorxqn uu.rrioua) a6onaru, 6larogapeHxe Ha KoMyrarI[oHHuTeyclpofrcrBa (H TexKnr uu coQryep), pa3nonoxeHH oule B npr..reMo-rrpeAaBarerHr{Te craHrlr.tn,a cGltlo B KoHTponeprrre 6a3oB[Te Ha cranqnu n pa:6upa ce s cavltre Mo6fiaHlrrleHTpann. KoMyrauaoHHararexHHKaocHryprBa B3anMHa cBsp3aHocrHa orAerHl,lTe paiiofln I-I[oAMpexu, Karno r HacoqBaHe r.iH(DopMaur,r-'Ta Ha Mexny r{x, B paMKr.rre Ha o6uara reJreKoMyHuKaquoHHa Mpexa. ToBa e [o(a3aHo cbc crpeJrKr Ha n Ofir. l.l, Bnrr3atlu.r n:,rr:aua or K. Mytmuntexct'm M (yn,rsrHme.nlara cr..rcreMa) ocnryprBa e.qHoBpeMeHHo npeAaBaHe MHoxecTBocurua,rn s(l) no eAHax crua npeHocHa Ha cpeAa.I][OpoBoro MyJrrrn;reKcr.rpaHe Mo,llepH],rre r.r Mero.qu 3a Ko.qspaHena unQopuauarra pa3uHpqBaT Hel.rMoBepHo pecypcr,r npeHocHrrTe Ha.4HeuHr.lTe TereKoMyHriKarltu. Cueduuumentume nuuuu CJI crnpzzat KoMyrarIuoHHHTe86::rl r, 3a pa3nr.rKa or AJI sutraru ca Kolrexrr.rBuu cbopbxeHr.rr. Cluo raxa, CJI no"tu BHHaTH ca \rynTHnJrer(cHpaHH. flpeuocua cpeda IfC. Ilpeo6,ra.uaeauoro KornqecrBo uu$opuaqrr I reneKOMyHT{XaUHOHHTTe MpeXfi Ce pa3npocTpaHrBa npeHocH[ cpe,wr oT 3aTBopeH B run. Tosa ca rlaBHo Merarr[ tl onruqun ra6e,rn. Ktu fIC or 3arBopeHTrln ycJ.roBHo MoxeM Aa npruucnt-rMn paguope,reftnlrreJlnHr.{l,[p]r Kolro e;IeKrpoMarHxrHr.{Te B6JrHl.r, Hocequ r.rHoopMauur, pa3lpocrpaH.f,BaT TeceHHacoqeH ce B raq. EAHo cluecrseHo [3KrroqeHre luec e a6onarHnsr ]locrbrr s ]rro6urHr.ne Mpexr4,KofiToce oct[IecrBrBa [o eOfip. B nperocuara cpe.qace pa3rrpocrpaHrBa rpynoBusr cxrHan sr(r), rofro o6ecxrHana J(t) Ha Bpb3Kara 4r.rr..I .l clc clrrualrre or npyrlt Bp63Kn. ar,rHrBa or B o6rqlrg cnyuafi unQopuaqut a'(r) npu norftarenr ce pa3rr{rraBaor r.lHa(t), H3npareHa nolarenr. Ipn.rranre ca ,rpn: a) cuyrqeHar s1(l), or OopMaur.rrra r(orrro rrocrsnBar ornru; 6) u3Kpr{BrBaHe [oJre3H[r c rHur s(t) or Hec6B6pHa IxeHcrBoro Ha npeHocHara cpeAaH Ha.[pyfr,rre ccopbxeuur; r) nerouxo npeo6pa_ 3yBaHe r.rHQopMaurrrra B [peHocHur c[rHan J(t). THnrrqeHrrpfiMep3a rrocHa a(t) JleaHoro e uyM'r,T or r(BaHToBaHgro npu urQpoBrcall,trra Ha aHalroroBara xHQopMaur.tr, Karo peq r.rBxAeo. Ha Qur. l. I e noKa3aHa caMo e.4naraflocoKa Ha npe,qaBaHe txQopuauurua ra. floapa:6rpa ce, qe llMa npenaBaHe r o6parnara nocoxa. B reJrcKoMyH[KaI qhnTe [orrTlt BI]Harrz r.tMaMe aBynocoqHariJrriaynJle(cHaBpb3Ka. KouqeHrplrpaHeroHa KoMr"Tau[oHnara! MyJrrl.rnneKcHara npeHocHararexr.r nnxa n o6oco6enn 6rorqera ({Dl-rr.l.l) e.qo rofisMa creneH ycroBHo. Taxa nanpuuep AJI u C"7 cr,ulo ca npesocHacpe.qa. Bb3MoxHr.t BpG3Kr..r, Koxro Htrcox or 6,toronere ua ca npn Qurypara ne yracrsar. flpu re.neQouHa Bpr,3Ka Mexay a6ouaru or egua re,teQoHnarregrpara HrMa aa ce x3rron3Bar Mynrurutexcupaal CJ. Hacroquara KHr-rra pa3rne)K.qa rnaaHo KoM).TaunoHHara, MyJrrr-InJIeKcHara H npeHocHaTa TexHHKa.

TeneKoMvHhKaqrx - Ou(chpaHY, Mo6HnHYh lP

frasa /.TereKoMvHrKaq[oHHa cucreMa,TeIeKoMvHyxaqyroHHh.., CaMOCTO_STeJrHO, AO[tJrHUTeJrH[Te ycnyfll Ca Br]Hafr.I AOKaTO cB:bp3aHK IOCTaBTT C Hoceua ycJryra uflI,rTeneycnym. Hocet4ume yc,tyzu ce [3rro]r3Bar3a "[po3paqHo" npexBbpJrrHe r.rHQopua_ na qul. Crarqaprure Ha re3Ir ycnynr norpliBar $yn"qnlrte lt nporoKoJrrjreHa cJ'roeBe or I Ao 3 Ha eranonnur r4ole,r OSI (sa OSI sN. c"'reaBa lara r,laBa). C uoceutara ycnyra o[eparopbr Ha Mpexara npeAocraB.s ri]111egrrare Ha cr.r (Koraro Mo)(e Aa ca oleparopu rr Ha.{p}Tri vpeNz) npocro elHa "rpaucnoprHa cucreua" :a uuQopltauur, ll:no,r:gafiKN (oMyrarlrioHllrrre, MyrrunJlexcHl-ltr npeHocHlrpecypcu. HoceqNre yc,ryrl ocflryprBar c6BMecrnMocrcaMo Mex.qyr.Hap. ycxpaiiun rvrpexoeuycrpoficlna (network termination), a x,rueHr:rr ua HocerJlara cbBt\'recrHMoc Haa6oHarHHTe nHa,lx. rra nyr a crM ocHryprBa rep[4 Te,teycnyzune 3a KoNryHHKau[r ca "or abouar go a6ouar" (upr.rrrx yqacrBar a6onarnure repunra,rn). flpnr"reprl 3a reneycJlyrr4 ca re:re$oHnx, re:reSarc, u lpeAaBaHeHa AaHHHr.rgp. Teleyc,ryrure BKrroqBarQyxnquure tr flporoKon[Te, K'bM[peHac.f,He ]rH$opMaqx{, KoI-ITo llpllcbxllr Ha HoceuI-ITe opueHTr-.rpaH Ha ca ycnyru. Ho reneycnyrure BxrroqBar cluo n Sysrcquure or no-ropHlfle croeBe (or 4 ao 7) Ha OSI - sa ynpaBneHneHa rereKoMyHr.rraur.toHHrr npouec, 3a o6pa6orxa u peqarunpaue na nHQopmaqurra. B3a[MoorHor.[eHneroMe)K.{y rrocetrlurr reneycnyrn e loxa:aHo Ha $rlr. 1.3. Ha Qrrypara He e rroKa3aHa lpyra rouOuuauur, rplr Korro HocerllaMpexa, nocrpoeHa 3a rrpelaBane Ha,4aHHH I4nrepuer. ce fl3non3Ba3a peaJut3xpaHe Ha re,reSonaa. Craua Ayua 3a rrolynrpnara AHecycnyra VoIP - Voice over Internet Protocol(BX. fmua26 t27). roJItM uHTepec,KaKTo:a a6onara,{ontnuttmeatume ycJtyat npeg.craBr]sBar Te, TaKaIi 3a ofleparopure B TeJreKoMyHI{KarIume. a6ouarure re AaBar Hecr,M3a HeHHy.4o6crna, a 3a oneparopr4Te yBelriqaBar npr{xo.qure npn ua,rnuurr 6poi a6osar:tt. fiorl:tHureluure ycJryr[ ca utw pasnpedeteuu (pa3[olo)KeHHno KpaiiHrare qenrpa,ru) urv qeHmpqru3upaHu (cbcpeloroqeHu B npe.qB[^qeHrfi ueJrraBb3eJr 3a rla cnoMeHarurerlo-rope rrHTeJrtn-enruu upexn - IN). Cr,ulecrnyoar ro,rxu 6poii AorrbJrHurelrHu ycnyrir! KaKro a.rn QuxcllpaHara ny6ruvna (o6qecrrena) KoMyrnpyeMare,reQorna upeNa (OKTM), raKa I-rB r.,rHrerparrHaMpe)Ka ISDN - Integrated Services Digital Network, a cbuo r.rg t{o6u,,rHHTe Mpexx. Hrrou nony,rapuu [pr{Meptr 3a Ao[bJrHrzre:rHr.r ycJryru ca: * ITudura4utt sa uo.uepauq GuKaulun a1ouam (CLIp - Calling Line ldentification Procedure) B:hpxyII,rcnrer HarepM lraJra Br,rl(aHrzq Ha a6oHar. .l .{aKqqo noaurceaue (CW - Call Waiting), Koero o3HaqaBa, no BpeMe qe Ha /qaAeHO rroBIlKBaHe nocTT,nBa HoBoTIOBAKBaHe HtKOii Or,(Sara a6oHara.TtpKbM cenuqr a6onar e rlnQoplrupan 3a roBa c rrrx H xpar,r,xrroBTaptruce roHaJIeH curlla,], a rofi uz6upa ga.nu np[eMe qaKauloTorroB[r{BaHe. Aa To[ ltoNe 4a ce npexEbpr'rtMexay aBeTellogtrreaH].Ig aa tfi npeKr,cBa. 6eg

Ha B lnreparypara [ERI] Moxe aa ce cpeulHeI4 no-Mo.[epHocrpyKTypnpaHe (O r' 12) I'Iua rprj c'bulecrBeHl{pa3IIr{K}lc cucreMa TeleKoMyHltKauuoHHara Ha cxeMa.Illpnara par'nuxa e o6oco6eHarauHmeruzeHmHocm c c' rrpeAxoAHaTa rexnura Toaa ce qe e noKa3aHa Karo qacr or KoMyraul-IoHHara t""uru, "unup o6rculnacHa,'lnqr{eToHac'r,IlecTBeHuKoMnrcTI'pHI-Ipecypcl-rBKoMyTauI,oHHI,rT TelA 3aAa-1r' B63IafaT'uoIIbJlHI-ITerHL HaqHH nO Ha cT,op6xeHrI-{, KOUTO ecTecTBeH I{ rrl'lcro KoMyraq ounme $yuxqltll [o Ij3rpiDKAaHe pa3c ca cB1,p3aHli auAu", ycJly"a donutuumetuu Bn'qoBe c a Ha naAaHe Bpr,3l{l-'ITe,rJIaBHo [peAocraBtHsro ua cleu[aJlHa reKHoJlort-tt'noa I4MelI craHAaprl3l-IpaHa rl,l. 3a uenra e pa:pa6oreua Mpetcu lN (wK "t, 11 5)' ro uHmenuzeHmHu

cucreua Ha <Drr. L.2,Eauo no-uoAepnocrpyKTyplrpaue reJIenoMyIItlKaultoEBa r{e lltloro QyHKLlHoHupaHe Ha BTopara pa3ruKa e B6s $oplry,'rlpoBKara, cricreMa JIexI'I Bbpxy eAHannarQopMa3a MeHrLuxMbHT' KalruoHHara TeJreKoMyH u Craaa gyua 3a ruIacuqecKoro oleparuBHo (agvunucrpararno) o6c'lyNaaHe TexHuIIecKono.trl'bpxaHe(eKcnloaTa[[g)Hac6opbxeH['Ta,no3HaToBJIIITeparypara Karo O&M (Operation&Maintenance). fiopagu uapacraaueo6eMa Ha re3]4 3afiorrHaxa npeararar cneaa B Qyurqlin rrpolr3BoarrreJll{Te TereKoMyHI-{KaIIHI-ITe qr-nr O&M, a ITU (ga ITU sN roaroqra 15) pa:pa6orlr crart"toputn"nuq * Telecommunication ManagementNetwork' TMN aapr, Hape.reH c AJI ornuKa e, qe a6onarsara IL:.t.HVr Ber{ee 3aMeHeHa t pelca 3a Tperara e [o ,[Be npltqllnlt. EaHara e qucro rexHoJlofurlHaI'I ce cacrol'I B docmun. Tosa e orroBop Ha B6rlpocaKaKBa AII - 3a aocrLn ao I4nrepuer u''Ix 3a aocTbn ,[o MOBropara npNvuua uoxe aa ce Hapeqeflortlirlrqecra' Tfi e cB]p3a6ruruara upeNa. MOXeM (npes '4a Ha c aepefynauntra Ha reJIeKoMyHIlKallHI.ITe aeH BbBBeCTHHUIITe oKoJIofipoc:IoByrara "nocneasa llt't:t1", lto apyr e B'b[npor*ir :a 6oplrvxaHe craBaAyMa)' pocGTAaJIsxypHarlcure pa:6upar Ao6pe3a KaKBo

vcryru 1.2. TEnEKOMyH14KAqt4oHH14

sre: Cnopea craHAaprure ua ITU rrMa rpli Bllaa ycJlyrn B TeneKoMyHLKaIr yctty(telesenices) 14 donbttHumeutu Hocel4uycnyzu (bearer semices),meneycnyzu rr ocHoaHu Morar aa ce [pezu (supplementary).Irpenre aBa Bllaa ca HapeqeHH

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Ha B n[Teparypara ce cpeula chrqo raKa x36porraaHe rereycnyfnre, Karo: - pe'1, - dauuu. - sudeo, xrlero ",Ianlr" e o6o6ulerne ra 2, 3 u 4 or no-ropnoro n:6poneaue.3a roBa HMa c9p[o3rr]r ocHoBaH[r, floHexe re. KaKToce Brixla no-aoJly, ]'INtarcpoaHrrrI3IlcKBaHl,l{ KE M TeJIeKOMyHIIKaIIXOHHaTa CUCTeMa.

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Ierel,ci.t?1r: npe.uauaHc Ha Aax ---_ _-_ -----

no Tencycryrxre l'rorar Aa 6r,Aar rpyflnpaHl4 u cnopel HaerrHa, xoiiro a6oHarbr nonygaBauHqlopMau[tTa. ltralrozoeu ycJryzu (lntaractive Services). fpynara rutovea ycJryfrr, Koriro npeaaBaHe rrQopvauur Mex,qy,1Eara rra a6onara.K.rraaaynocorrHo no3BOJrrBar crqecKr.irr npuMep 3a raKtrBaycnyr[ e re,leOol'l[tra. ycJryrx, ttoVc;tyzu cuc cto1ulerwn (Messaging Services). fpynara BKnlo'{Ba Ha trro u3rror3Bar[pr{Hr]r-i[a rra "ocTaBtHeTo cT'o6qeHrIe",T.e. aa ce 3arrulxeI,rHqyra or ro3u, 3a Koforo e npeaHa3HadlopMa[[r, Ko{To Aa 6r,qe lporrereHa u,TH .lcHa. TrnuqeH lprrMep e raxa Hapeqerrara "f,qacoBa nou]a". Kracrlrata e l. rcJrcKc'ba SMS E-mail ca eJHr o r Iraii-rlony,rtpHre ,aHec. Vcttyztrc tBatutatte (Retrieval Sen ices). T*r,r ycJryru npelocraBrr Bb3Moxga rrocr Ha a6oHarr.rre u:r,ruvar uu$oplrauri-sor 6a3aaauHu.flpuuepate ca lruoro: "l o.rHoBpeMe","flporuo:a :a BpeMsro"tlntl "Korupoexu ua croroaara 6opca", no , jrHecBcHqKo roBa e roranHo o6ce6enoor WWW (World Wide Web) na tr4urepner. (Distributive Services).Tezu ycllyru ca eAHonoPasnpoanpauneaup ))cJtyzu coqH . E.qrrH rrplrNrep reJrereKcrlr, Ho uaii-lracorn ca paar{oro a TV pa:rprcxeae
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a @rr. 1.3,tspuna Mer{aynoceruatr reJrreycJlyl * Euycros o npeHacoqlcute a noluKlaHutt (CFU - CaLLFontarding UnconditiotMl), Koero Iro3BonrsaBcLrqKrrocrbrBar(tI noBIrKBaHIrt 6brar Haco.iAa BaHr1 KbMyKa3aH Apyr rroMep. (CDNA - CaLlDit,ersiottot1No Answer). + ITpeHaco\aaHe ueoueoeapnrrc npu * flpeHacoesaHe npu sqem a6onam (CDB - Call Diversion on Blrsy). Tc.;reyc,ryrnrc Momr aa ce o6oco6rr a c,lerHure 5 rpynr, clopea nu.4an a xoiiro nntpopuaqat{'I ce rpeaocraBs Ha a6oHarnre: rere$ourr, vo6u,'rHare,reQoHHt,VoIP). I . Pev (Ot,tKcnpaHa (rereKc, rerrere(c, SMS, E-mail). 2. Terccm ttso6pawenue(rete$axc, Qopuarn r:rol:eanu n I4urepuer). 3. Henodrsuttcuo 4. fiauuu (Mpex(tl3a .larrHrl,I4urepHer). (sn.neore,re(ronrr,Tpero noKoJreHue 5. Budeo tttu nodeutrcrrouso(tpatrceuue Iro6rl:rr'tuupexu, 14urepner). Mox(e,qa ce aKJIIoquII ou{e eAHarpyfla rejleycJlyfri, !o.4 uMeTo"MyJ[uMee AlIr". B AeiicrBfiTexHocr Mynrr'IMcrllrffTa ycryfa, Korro ce c]crorl or ABe llnu c roBerre oT no-rcpe fi36poerrr'rTe, a'h3r'loxHocraa ce npeAocraBrr eIHoBpeMeHHo \Iex:ly Ttx xnu aa ce [peBIiJ]roLIBa

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ryr[, npori3Boaxrelr n rpaiiult x,rueurn l4:6poen[Te Kareropltll cera arrpeKTHo a,trurr ta pa6otara no craHAapr[Te. EguH rIpo4yrr ua ETSI, rofiro e B63rlp[er It n:ltu Enpona, e craH.qapr]T3a uo6u,run xouyHuttaqnlr GSM - Global System for Mobile Communication. Hauuona,rHn opraHri3aqlrH. EAC (Errraplls), DIN (Iepnaunr), BSI (BelnopraHll3allr{l-l. 9,rencrgoto sa El,rraro6pnraHnr), ANSI (CAU-{) ca HauuoHaJIHr.i ETSI. IlbrHo Bl3rlp[eMaHeHa craHAaprl.rre a Enponeiicrut carc3 B0AH.qo pnr opraHu3au[]t. l'lucrrrylbr Ha uHxeHepsreno ejleKrpoIlpoQecuouarnn rexHrKa n eleKrpoHuKa (Institute of Electdcal and Elecfonics Engineem IEEE) cseroBna rlpo$ecIloHarHauHxeHepHaopraHn3aLut. Cpe4 4pyrue Hail-ro:uNrata opraHllre cu reiinoctlt (u:aare.n Ha usoro r npu roBa Boaeula cfir,tcalllrt, KHl4rH, Ha npulra crorlurr rou@epeuunn tr r.H.), IEEE e c'h3.4areJl MexayHapo.qno 3arop I{e craHAaprx B reJIeKoMyHLIKaunnre. locovlllu 802.3 3a Ethernet LAN ti eru LAN. 802.11 3a 6e3xH'leH rexHororfftl g3npeBapBa @opyMu. Pa:gurneto Ha reJle(oNlyHl'IKaqllofiHI-ITe Ha BL3Mo)KHocrr.ITe craHAapru3HpaqllTeKoMLTer[ Aa parlrQ[q]rpar craHAapr[. [poqelypu u ecrectseHo ca 6agHo cac KoM[Ter[ ca opraHl-{3aulzta cBo]4Te Te3u 3a ga nocpeunar Hyx.ure or pa6oreun Moae;Ill I{ aofoBopeHocrll It rro,qBnxHr.r. c:b3aaaoMHoro fpynH no uHTepecl4 rlpoqeca Ha cTaH.[apTl'I3l-rpal{e' 3a JIayJ'recHqT fl npol'I3Boa[reJrlr ycOopyMnre paOorar c yHuBepcurerll, KJIneHTT'I, xa Qopyr'lr,t. xop-sBar flp[raraHero Ha HoBIlre pelxeHllt B TerexoMyHltraul'lxre. OopyMtlre o6gKnoseHo npeacraB-{Tpe3ylrarllTe cl{ [peA craHAaprrl3[pauf r{Hcrtrryqtllt. flpNuepu ca: Frame Relay Qopyu, ATM Qopyu tr 1p. Cpaauurenuocropo (1998 r') 3GPP (Third Generation Partnership Project) no pa3e c'b3Aa.AeH KoHcopqllyM,hr uo6u,rHI.rlrpexlr. Cpe,4 rlopytnure pa6oreane Ha craH.qapr 3a rpero noKoJIeHHe Ha cneunaJlHo Mtcro 3aeMarnocBereHHTe I4urepHer. OpraHr ra crangaprn3alrnfl Ha I'Inrepner. Hava,'trrulr xaoc, ot roiro rlgnc oprauu:auur, aocra cso6oaria nocreneHHoce 3aMecrBa HtKaI{Ba ,ryBa14HTepHer, r,t pa3KperlocreHa cbBrlaaaulac llaeoJrorr{tra ua Mpexara Koltepxcnam:upan nero na I4urepne'r u o6n,p:naHero i c aocraB'lllutl Ha rlJrarenlt reJIeKoMyHl'IIIO-cTpOrllIIpaBuJIa' Ha OU]e yCllyflt MOXe,{a AOBeAe BT'B)K,4aHeTO KaIIHOHHII AO HeiiHlzreynpaBntBauri ncropl'It Ha I'IHTepHerI-,I flpecravafiru r.rHTepecHara 3a opraHn ue nocoqriM, qe ,rlHeccraHAaprl'ITe I4HrepHer ce pa3lpocrpaHtBar or IETF (Internet Engineering Task Force), r.e. Herqoraro "fpyna 3a pearr{paHeno npoeKrr,rpaHero I,lHTepHer"(6e: nperenuuu 3a [peBoaa ua 6urapcru) CraHHa nycraH[ or IETF ce Hapuqar c eQevn:ua "MoJOa 3a xo,r'renrap" RFC Aaprxre! (RequestFor Comment). Anec cT,:aasaHeroua RFC c:reara Qoplta,rua lpoqe,qypa [o npeM(HaBaHe erarrure Ha rrpearTafaHe, o6clNAage II np[eMaHe.Bcnqr[re RFC ca aocT,nuu Ha aapec www.ieft.org/rfc. Hxorxo RFC ce pa3rnexaar B rlocJreanrrefraB .

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cpe.{crBacraBa no Bcern o6veH na ltutloptuautlr upe3TeJIeKoMyHH(auI{oHHH ca npau,ra. Eleuexr Ha re3h npaBl'Ina I.taeHru$Nqltpaneroua a6oonpe,4ejreHr.{ Ha Harsrei nocJIeAoBareJIHocrra Anallora; (aKBo Aa ce npaBlr,aKo lrHQopMaqlitra B c'bo6qeHuero e rlacrfiqHo pa3pyuega r,4p. Taruna npaBnta ce cla3Bar Mexay xopara npu rereQoH[qra. flpfiMep ca no3Harlrreopa3fi: - A.to, rozo mupcume? - O6qJrcda ce l4aau, uocrce nt da zoaopn c feopeu? - Moxeum da npoaepn danu e mYx. 'tBnyKa u Heme pat6pax. Eu ,,tunoemoptttt,Heu.lo

- ,\ouyeaue, o6adu ce nax. flpasn,rara 3a BoaeHeHa al{anor Me)Kry xopara ca HeQopua.nun,uee,{uot3a HaqHI{H cJtoxHH3a onl|caHHe.TaKxBa[paBKra He Morar Aa ce I{3noJBBar '{fiaqpe3MauuHLI(unx uex4y tuaunnr). Jror olllicauxe Ha npaBlnara HaiHeo6xoanuoro Qopuanuo, HeaBycMI'IcJIeHo r{ecro craBa c npomoKoJt. Egua cparnnre,rno crpora $opuylltpoBKa Ha QyHKIII.II,ITe Ha nporoKona e: npomoKon'bm ce u3nor3ss npu csbp3sa&e Ha doa npoqeca vpa cbo6ulu' mentrc cpedcmso u at<nmqaa ,tHoJrcecmro cnopa3yrtertun netcdy max za Qop' omo pa3noroJrce+tte6te apeuemo na ofuttenttun e cbofulettutt.rrama u Bau repMHH uHmepTepuumr nporoKon e cBcp3aHc no-oraaBHau3noJI3BaHIlt cncreMn craBar roJIKoBacroxHl, qe ce Koraro reneKoMyHIlKaqHoHHIrre $eitc. OnpeAeneHanara aa ce pa3.{ettT Ha roacucTeMl'I,Bb3H[KBaHy)rIaTa OT CTpOTO Ha Hr{eHa B3ar.rMoaeficrBl.{ero noacl{creMlre. I4HrepQeficr,rne rpr6aa ,qace pa:6rpa raro ycrpoficrBo 3a B3al{Mo,(eicrBtteHa rlolctcreMl.{Te, a Karo rpaHnlra, npe3 Ko.gTo cBlp3BaTnoac[cTeMI{Te. ce napaMerpl.ll'l I4urepQe[cr,r gana rlirla Ha cl{rHarl.tre,rexHlrre ererTpur{ecKl4 npoueAypa cJIo)KHa tr'lHrepQeficrrMoxe.4a e cpaBHxrenHo cMlrclJraHa cr.{rHaJrrre. r'I c ana,ror ua cro6qeHr.It, pa3AertHeHa cto6ueurrra Ha 6.noKoBe T.H. Or ra:aHoro ce Brxqa, tre xHTep$eichre HarloAo6tBarnporoKonlrre. PIBJIIIKara e, qe xHTepQeiicr,Tce orHact 3a rloac[creMl.t, Koltro ca HenocpeacrBeHo cBap3aHr.i He ca repfiTopriarHo orAaJleqeH[.AoKaro rxnH']Hl.rrr nporoKoJl ce r..r oTHacr 3a rroacr.{cTeMH, Korrro ca Ha pa3cTotH[e eaHaoT,qpyfa, He ca Henocpe,qc22

I{arupaunlr no-rope ueQoprrlaneH nporoKon npn re,reQoxeu pa3roBop e or no-ropHrlre H[Ba (qacr or reneyclyrara). flpelu rona, no.qpyru [paBn,Ia (nporororu), ce o6NreHqrcrrHa,'lu (nanpnuep uorrlepoHa6r.rpaue) vexAy reneQoHHll.[ anapaT lI qeHrpanaTaI.I Mexay pa3nxqHll qeHTp:rJt[,3aaa ce r,r3fpaa[ BpB3KaTa. ToBa ca nporoKonu or no-Ao.[Hr.t Hr{ga(qacr or Hoceularaycnyra). - flaauume cmpaHu Ha npomoKora cq dae: deicmeumanHomo 3HatteHue Ha pquuqHume 6umoee uuQopsta4un u pa3norazaHemosbs 6pe ,remo Ha ma3u uH_ QopMq4un. Paggnrrero l-rycJloxHrBaHeroHa reneKoMyHr.rKaunnte, oco6euo cneA norBara Ha reJreyclymra "npe.qaBaHe 4aHuu" 3a KoMyHnKaur.tr r.i Mexly KoMnror_ na c pH, Hanarar crpeMeNaea tl36srsaHeHa eBp[crr.tqHxr [o.{xoA npr4opralr.r3[paHero rrM u 3aMtHaTa c1'c ct{cTeMaTH3 My paH Haq[H 3a OpfaHfi3[paHeTo on]tcaHl,IeTo LI rlr. luec urlpoxo ce H3[oJr3Bar Hap. cnoecrr4crpyrcrypn ua uoaennre. Cpe.A r. Trx cneur'a'flHoMqcTo 3aeMaeTanoHH[tT MoAeJI3a 63AWtOApb3KA OmKpUmU HA cucmeuu (OSI - Open SystemInterconnection). }L4o1erbrOSI e arnrcuen u e lpelropbxure sa ITU-T raro nperopr,ra X.200. Ocsoanrarr npr.rHqx[ Ha OSI e pa3Ae,rHero u Ha cr{creMrrreI{ Ha BpB3Kara Mex,4yrrx sa J roqso 4eQuunpaul c,ro.r. C,roesere ca noape.{eHr.l fiepapxnuua cNcreua. 3a pa:6tpaue cMrrcr:ra Ha gTaa noHHr.rrMoAeJr OSI Moxe aa noMorHe n:6po.nrauero Ha Kpxrepnl,me,Konro ce Ir3no;r3Bar npu pa3cloraaxero ua rpynK(ltoHr{panlara cncreMa: * 6porr ua cJroeBere, xolrro ce geQtNnpar, rpr6na Aa e AocrarbqHo foJr.f,M, ra(a qe OyH(uuognpaHero Ha scerr c,'loft.qae necHo pa36[paeM.B o.lugoro apeue He rpr6na ga r.rMa npeKaJreHo MHoro cJroeBe, rroHexe roBa 3arpyAHrBaoflncaHfleTox npoercltpaHeToHa ugJIaTa cHcTeMa; * rpaHlrqtlTe rpr6na aa ca u:6paut raxa, ve nogo6unre $ynrqnn ,qa ca cr,6paHnl eglrH c,roi u o6parHo - QyHKrlr..rre,Kolro He ca cB6p3aHH HrKaKbB rro HaqI.IH, ca pa3nonoxeHrrB pa3nnqHr.r aa cnoeBe.Toaa noln 4o HaMa[rBaHe B3aHa xMo.4eicrBurra npe3 rpaHr.{Ur4Te croeBeTer{ onpocrrBa on}.rcaHleroHa caMI4Te Ha rpaHr{rlll; * rpaHnqure rprbna ga 6rgar t:6pagr..r raKa, qe aa ce crxMynnpa rbBKaBocr B crpyKrypeH culrcu. Aa.qeuo pa3.rleflrne rpx6aa ga ce npeaBr.t,uraM, Kbaero unra (lrrr ce nponro:lrpar) npt,tHrlnnHo pa3J'lnqHtrexHo;rort[t. Toga no:gorna crloMeHarrre rexHoJlorltl-r ce B.bBex,qar uJtI{[poMeHtr 6es roaa aa u,rure ar,pxy aa

- 0uKcupaHu, u Mo6unHulP TereKoMvHr,4Kauu6 apyrrire cnoeBe.I,I:6oprr Ha rpanruara rpr6na 4a e cro6paseu ctc c'bBpeMeHHIlU Te cTaHAapTLI [poUeAypti, TaKaqe cbrlecTByBaullrrecbopbxeHrlt aa ca ti3rIoII3pa3Bllrl-ie. fpanzulrre rpr6na aa ce u:BaeMr{B fipoqeca Ha gaHo eBojrtoqlloHHo 6rpar rara, r{e aa ce cruMynupa pearu3xpagero Ha Qyurulrre B cJloeBsrec Mr{HnMzulHo ay6rnpaHe r,t JlecHoroBxrfoqBaHe,IrrL o6parHo aa ce crHMyJIIrpa Ha Her..r3nojBBaHero AollT'[HrirerH]lre (He3aAT,[xxre,']HH) QyHKuull' T.e. KpatHara 6e: peann3arl[r aa e r.rKoHoMHqecK[ uenec'bo6pa3Ha, aa ce HapyuaBa crpymypHH'T NO,IIXOA. Ilpoqec fla o'faoPenacHcreMaA trcpM fian, xocT,

fraaa 2 Cr oecn4 etanoH H14 MoAer u B TerekoMvH 14 qu {Te Ka

Ilpouec Ha orBopefia cncreMa B (TepMnlIa,r,xocr) 14MeHa Ha o6MeHtHme AAHH'I

DANA

on[caHlze ca,qbpxa HgKaKBo .4Hec no.{Tx BctKa KH[ra no rereKoMyt{I-IKaul{u BapuaHrHa roBa or [IIAH2]. ocbBpeMeHeH Ha MoAela OSI. Hne nle H3rIoJI3BaMe s: flo-noapo6no [peacraBtHe Ha MoaeJIaxMa, HanpI.IMep [ERI], [FOR]' [TAN]. Crrqecrryaar rcHurlrrocBereHn Ha OSI, Mexay xouro e [WET], rt e cnelJnallHo c[ea He K'bMxopaTa or Te[eKoMyHl-'IKauHHTe, KaM KOMTIrcT:bpHrire opueHTtlpaHa
UI,IAJ]II CTII. fpaHuua Harerre(oMyHr.rxaluoHHa Mpexa

6An P

EAnS

6,q[ r

OSI 2.2.MOAEn
Ha HaLIMeHoBaH[traHa cJroeBere, rlporoKollrire Ia Ha o6MenqH[re raHHu ca C IIo HtKoJIKo ayMtr qe orrnlneMrcerlt c:tofi, :aloqgaiirn ot aaAeHHHa Qur.2.1. (TaKaBa HoMepaq[tra Ha cJloeBere npenoplxara X.200). B e Haii-aolnus (physical) c,roft. Haff-go:lrnrr croii e 3a Qmnvecrnre aepn1 Ou:sqecrn ereKTpHfu, no KoHToce npeaaBar 6lrroBe. C Hero ca cBtp3aHx MexaHHqHnre, qecKure r npoue,{ypHuTexapal{repllcTHKu ll3rpa)(AaHe,noa4bpxaHe H pa3[a3a Te:u xapaxreprculrll ce onpe.{entr or r[rla Ha 4aHe na Quruuecxara Bpr,3Ka. cpeAa, no Kotro ce npeaaBar cI,IrHaJIure1re:reQonen [3no;r3BaHaraQu:uuecra ra6e:r, BraKHecro-onrlzqeu xa6e,r lr lJtl-t uupoKoreHToB KaHaJI,eJleKTplrqecnu Ha cJlot ce roBopu 3a Heua Karo aMnnHTyra Ha [MnyJrca !p.). IIpn on[caHriero (BonroBe),.46JIxr.IHa xMnylca (nanocexyH4l), 6pofi ua rpauerara Ha (ynJlynra Ha r Ap. 2. Kaua.ren (data link) c,rofi. Tytt ce ocuryptBa npexBtpnsnero Ha 6,rorose pa3[o3HaBaHe ToBa BKJItoqBa or aaHHrzH ylrpaBlreHrleroHa roBa npexBbp,'1tHe. 14 rpeuK[Te rlps npe.4aBa{e orKpaBaHe Kpar Ha oror<osereor,qaHHI.I; Harlaroro r.r Koraro Ha Il3rpax.{aHeI{ pa3naaaHe Bp63Kara, Ha llnQOpUaUrlra; B',r,3CTaHOBrBaHe xoneKTItBHo T.H. I-{ $lr:uvecrnff rana,r ce I,I3[0JI3Ba or aanHlt, ryx o6rrnoeeno, ce waputa Qpefiu. KaHarHI.tflpegaraxurr 6:rox ar cnoii rpl6aa,qa rapanTxpa (3a ro-ropHllt Mpe)(oBclloii) npeaananeua aauultre (acknowledge6e: rpeurru. Ilpneuauero na Qpeiiu 6e: rpeura ce nomet'pcrcdaaa ce npe.qaBar orHoBo. ment), a cfpelJteEvre KaHa.rH[rr cnoii tlMa Qyuxunara aa ynpasnn*a noroKa or Qpeivore (fiow contol) uexay ,uBaraBr,3eJra, He e MHofo 6:sp: tl 4a ne nperorapna (6y0epa aa or na) npueuuura. Karro ce aurt(Aa @r.rr.2.1,Kana,tH[.{t c,'Ioi pa6oru ueNAy ara I{ B63en. B63eJIa I-.IJlu MeXAyTepM[Han
IIaKer

Bl{r

MpexoB nporoxon repMr,Ha.n-Br,3et KaHaneHnporoKo, TepMrHa,r-B!3en Ou3u\ec(,t fiporoxor repMgHiur,B63elt

@ur. 2.1.Era.nouesuo4e.rOSI (:a cpanHeflse I|MeHara cJroeBere r|a ca AaAeHrl 6r,,trapcKllBJIflBo, Ha anr,rnicrcu agacno) Ha a EIII A - Erotn o\ g^aHflu lporoKon A(pplication); Ha av^ror 'rtro 6,41I P - P(resentation) lr r.fl. flonyrrpuu craHgaprlr'ca l-AP B, I"4P D (Link AccessProcedure B u,tu D) ta lTU-'t uttu HDLC (High-level Data Link Control) Ha ISO. Te ca onucauu uogpo6HOB CnpaBor{HaTa JrnTepaTypa. 3. Mpexon (network) c,rofi. flpororonnre or rrr,pBr.rre cJro{ Morar Aa ca ABa .qocrar6qHr.r, Koraro ce rcnomBa eAHa-eIHHcrBeHa Jrr.rHHr. flpu paoora r upeNa, MpexoBntr c,'IoI Ao6asr OyHrquure Ha Mapupyrr43aqr4.{ npe3 Mpexara. Tofi AaBa cpeAcTBara [3fpax,4aHe, noa.]l.bpxaHe pa3naaaHe Bpa3KaTa 3a I-l Ha npe3 MpexaTa qpe3 KoM)rraIl[oHH[Tec6op:bxeHHt.Tasu tp, :xa ue e 3a,q,I,JlxrIreJrHo c6rrecr,qa ByBa Ox3n.recKr{. Moxe Ia e BnpryzrlrHa Tfl [Jrrr lro zlrecKa,uo 6laro4apenae ua Het no-ropHlrre croege aeicrsat, (aro qe Jrucr,ulecrryna Qu:l.lvecra ap.r:ra.

25

- drKcupaHr. n Mo6[nH$ lP TereKoMvH146aulx ce or @ynxuuure ua orgerHure cJIoeBe notcHtBar c rlpHMepa Qnr. 2.2, r'rAerlpe3H'KOnKO a60Hara(orBopeHHcucreMl't)npeMuHaBa Mex\4y lEara ro Bp63Kara Kollro or cceal-IHqBa B'b3eJIa' (oMyraquoHH[ ar,:ena. Bc.rxa Ql:fiqecKa J]IIHI-II aBa npoueaypl{Te Ha croeae I H 2' sa.4a o6veuqr aaHH[Te, H3nOJI3Bar "uo" "tpunu, Bpa3xafi ocl.lryptBa onpocreH l,tHrep$efc Ha a6oC,roi 3 cr,:gaaa Bl'Ipl'yanHara no-ropHl{TecroeBe .qo Het. T.e. Ha HaTa, I ttZ

fnaRa 2.C,.oecr[ eranoHHtiMoAeru BreneKoMyHrKaurl|Te

6u7 (DIrr.2.2. Pa3npocrflpafle oyHKur|r|Te cJroeBsre ua ua OC- orBopesn 1,2, ...,7 - uonepata cnoeaere; qrcreuu (repuxxa,ru, xocroue); C - ceascl Ha flp r.r3non3BaHe naKerHaKoMymIrHt, c:roi 3 pa:gelr cao6ureH[ero (aKo e.{'uro) sa naKerfi, ocbllecratBa KoMyrauns, npexBlpntHe Ha naKsr[Te [pe3 Harpax cr,6npa naKernre B cco6ueHne, npealt aa ro rloaaae Ha noJlyMpexara r..r qaTellt. 4. Tpancnopren (transport) crofi. Karro ce BHXAa or 0ur.2.1, Ha[Mpexa 3a KoJIeKaonHr,rTeTpI.r cnot npeacTaBtT o6uara TeneKoMyHIrKauI.loIrHa Ce.qO OTHaCtnIfi C:rOi 4 rr.nrcvna QyHKIII',Ill, a6OHaTIj. OT r.{3nOJr3BaHeMHO|O Tr.rBHO ynpaBneH e npexBapntgero Ha aaHHIrMexay aBa a60Hara, HaMnpau[ ce B rlpouec Ha o6ueu (cecut nv ceaHc). npeAocraatHo Tpancnoprunrr c,rofi pa:uupraa KaqcrBoroHa oOcJIyxBaHe' or MpexoBr.It c,rofi, Hanpnuep noBtjlxaBa fiKoHoMxlecKaraeQerrlrnocr ua nsqpe3 rloBlruaBa Haaex,qHocTTa floJ[BaHe caopbxeHHtTa qpe3 MynT]'Inne(cfipaHe, or lpeaocraBrHe Br3MoxHocr 3a [oBTopeHI{eHa crpeueHx 6rorose .qaHHI.r a6oHar no a60Har. Ponsra ua rpaHcnoprHrt cttor Moxe onpocreHo ra ce H3tcHIl rlo cileaHllt Havuu. onpu,ravanaT ce noueHcKfiTeycnyrfi B crpaHaTa(gocraara'ra Ha nllcMa), 3a KoI,ITo KoJTeKTHBHI BcHqKua6ouarn, c aonHlrre rpll c:ror..{aa a6onara uoca (ctofi 4). 3a aa ca ylepeul a6oHarurar aa yctBtpueHcrBar KopecnoH.qeHuutra Bl'IperuHa HoMepaqnt Ha Te T, r{e He uu ce ry6m nr.rcMo, Morar aa cll BT,Be.{ar 26

r.r Ha flHcMara.flpr]Mepbr noKa3Ba roBa, qe OyHxUt-rrire cnoft 4 He ca cBr,p3aHr.t c oHHaMpexa lna re,leKoMyHHKau H:6poeHr.rreqerlrplr cJror rlopurpar rpaucnopruoro o6cnyxaaHe. Te oc[rypcBar rpaHclopr[paHeto Ha 6,toroae or 6nrose or eAt ttnr 4o gpyrur a6oHar. "or reafi ao Kpafi" Crci|. 4 e ntpBlrtr (meAafiKl.rorAojry Harope) ncnrHcKr.r 'r?t,t cnot cnofi (Bx. Qar. 2.1). TaKhBa ca x no-ropHl.ITecrloese, Hafi-ao,'rHr.rre Bb3Jru repMrHaJlu. u (TexHr-rre nporoKonfi) ca Mexay cbceaHr-r 5. C.noft ceasc (session). <Dyuxulrure Ha ro3n cnoi ynpaBJrrBar r alora vex,qy a6onarure. OfiKcupar ce llpaBtttara, no KoHTo ule ce BoAri ,4r{alrorbr. e re }t3npaulaHe cro6qenre, na HarprMep, .qanr,r ure ce x3qaKBarr.rJrr'rAonycrr.rMo lrpeAura e rIortyqeHorroBop Ha npeaHoro. Tetr npaax.raHa.qxirnorace c]rnacyBar flpeAu Aa 3a[oqHe ceaHcr,r.TaKa c.noi 5 ycrauoaraa, xa6nrcganau npnrlrcvBaceaHca. 6. C.nofi npegcraacHe (presentation). I4ua ce [peABr{a Haqt,lHtr Ha npeAcpa3lonaraHero Ha HHKoAoBe, TaBrHeHa aaHHure. CtrnacyBar ce I-t3noJI3BaHI-tre (ynparmnauu) ulMBoJrr{3a npe.qcraBrKoHTponHn QopruauHrratl r.t3flor3BaH[Te nocrbnBal! B He Ha.qaHHmeHa eKpaHrlJrx:a ne,lar. Taxa, flororrr or ct-tMBoJlt-t, Hocrr a cHMBon[Te,qpe3 Kolrro ce Qopr.,lrparAaHur.rre, repMr..rHaJa, npecKaqarce penoBe.iana3Bar ce nonera x np. (axo e rexcr). 3a pa:rura or croeBsre aoryK. Korlro noA pa3nxqHaQopnlaca:aeru c npraBHxBaHeroHa uHQoprvraqnma, c,roft 6 e aHraxupaH cLc crrHTaKcnca ceMaHTuKat,t 'ra ua unQopuaqurra. 7. C.rofi npxnoxenre (application). Togr nai-sncoxo [ocraBeH n fiepapxutra Ha MoAeJIa cJroi oc[r]?rBa cpeAcrBara3a .qocran Ha KoHXpeTH[Te rrp[noxHr.i npoqecHAo OSI cpe4ara Ha BlrcoKocHcreMHoHnBo.npflMepH MoxeM Aa B3eMeM or pa6orara Hn c I4urepuer. Ilfupoxo u:no:r:naH nprrloxeH npororoJr e IITTP (Hyper Text Transfer Protocol), roiro e ocHogaza WWW (World Wide Web). Koraro AaAeHa ml'pcauKa (browser) Tbpcu WWW cTpaHuua, n3rlpaua r.rMeTo Ts Ha ra3r crpaHHr{aAo crpBapa, r.r3non3Barq HTTP. Crpatprr u3npaua crpaHHrlara o6paruo. [pyrr [pr.rJroxHrrrrporoKonr.r, flonynrpHl.t r I4xrepner, ca 3a npexBbp,rrue ua rlafiloae, :a eneKrpoHHa noua n r.H. Ha Qur. 2.3 e noKa3aH nbrrr Ha npexBbpJrxne ltQopvaqurra (3a e.quara na rocoxa Ha o6uexa) n cauara Qn:n,recra rtrH[s. BnK.qa ce, rar $yxrqllrre ua Bb3Jrr{Te MpexaTace noKpr.tBaT nBpBHTe B c TpH cnor. Ha Qur. 2.4 e lora:aHo onaKoBaHero HHQopMaurisra. Ha Ha BceKHcrofi, no nocora Ha.{ony,ce go6aa.r clyxe6ua lxQopr,laqnr (xeAtp), ro.rro ce r.r3noJt3Ba npleMHara crpaHa Ha cruloto, Ha cneABarloro HrrBo, B rraaoJry, uxrr.rpanrrqrxe.{bp Bnrca B nonouara nnQopvauur IIH. Bcerr OSI crofi HMacBof Qopvar:a gauuure. Ha upexornr cnofi 6roKoBeTe r.{HQopMaqu{,o6urHoreno, ce Hapnqar narern (nx. cbrr1o 0t,Ir.2.1). Ha tpnr.2.1 n 2.4 He e noxasaHo,qe 6lorr,r nurlopuarln.r (cto6uenrero) Ha rpaHcnopruur cloil (axo e aocrarrqgo rorqnr) ce pa:6r.raa na(c .r B MpexoBtu cflof. na

27

TeneKoMyHrxaqur - 0u!!r,!pa!!.qqq!4!!

!-!P

fttaaa 2.C,,qgqll

eraroHHh MoAenh B tereKoMyHhKatultrTe

npexBLpnrfler|a I{floopMatlllsra Orr. 2.3.Ilr,rnr sa 0r|3r|.recKoro

rroaMpexn B e.{Ho urro, a ToBa MHofo I' pa3Jlr',IqHn Ia r{MaT Mpexa, cBT,p3Barqa e ycroftrrlno Ha BceBr3MoxHL 6eAr, raro Ir3JIr.aHe crpor Ha Bb3;1H, or utno !a 3a rnHnx u Ilp. flpnu{nrure, H3noJBBaHI,I nocrHraHe Ha ropHara qer (oco6eno rbBKaBocrra), rocraBtr cI{JIeH orneqaTbK Btpxy [on) IHnaTa ce apxtrrekrypa, [o3Hara ,4Hec[o.q n Mero cnoecm emaJloueuuoden TCP/IP . ua Moaenr,r TCP/IP e noKanaH Qrr.2.5. Tau ra cpaauenuee aaaeH r.l Mo.qeJI,T OSI. TCP/IP HManer c:ror. Or Qrr. 2.5 ce Bnxaa, qe Mogen'br Kaua.iren n Qnrnvecrcn urofi. flporororure sa Qyurunure Ha re3n ABacnos TCP/IP. llpnvno6firnoseHo noqrn He ce pa3rJlexlar B JrxrepaTyparano uoAe.na ljtiTe ca,4Be: ,s. Bcu.lro 3aBtaclr rr3non3BaHara or ocHoBa(Hoceua Mpexa), etpxy rorro ce rpaAtr Bp63K[re or KpaeH Krl eHr (xocr) .(o Mpexara (ntpBu pyrep) u or pyrep ao pyrep. .:. MoAenrr OSI geQr,rHr.rpa r.r3qepnarerHo H cbBnaAar{o nporoKon}tre n Ha aBara c,ror. (O6rpnere BHrMaHue, qe OSI ce norBrBa cnea $ynxur,rure

TCP/rP). (llnrep) Mpexon croi. Ha MpexoBo Hr.rBo eAr-tH r.rMa maaeunpmoron IP,

quero n:slrHo r,rMe Intemetworking Protocol. lJLlTrpamlne e no-fope tl3ncKBaHru 3a ycrofiqnBocr Ha rtoBpe,4n rbBKaBocrr..r AoBexAargo rc6opa Ha naKerHaroM]Taqlu 6er n:rpaNgane npr:ru (connectionless). Ha 3a,Aa.rara I,Inrepner nporoKo:rae .(a no3Bonnna rpafinnre yqpoicrBa xa (xocroBe)Aa nycKar naxen , B (ocro 14 e upeNa ua llHrepHer, Aa [o3BonrBaHa Aa naKeTuTe aa IItryBaT caMocTotTeJIHoao cu (artuoxro n IIaKer[TeMorar,{anpncrr]rarIo Ha3HaqeH[ero B pa:][[qeHpeA cH ,{pym Mpexa), or peAa,B KofiToca r.r3nparen. 3aaa.{aHano-ropHr.rre cnoeBe Aa rrr noi{pexlar e rpaoalHo(aro e neo6xoAr.rMo). Onr. 2.4.Onaroaarera ru$opnrauurra ltuoop!'ar\l'sl NH (Network Header) xe,:bprra6noKal|xoopMaqns IlLf - l|one3na (oI|arxKa) opeiiMa KaraJrllrts (I|aftera) MpexoBxq sa l|a c.rofi;DT- peMapKe Ea cJofi E,rorrr nuQopuauurHaBroprr crlofi,o6nKHoBHo, Hapv.r.a ce @peiv, Katro 3a axr.ruicxara gyua frame, Koqroe aoBeqcxa3zxMe. yaoOcraoue H3rrornBaMe 6nla rpalMancraegocr a Erarapn.r. Equa or pa:nnxure Mexay traKfia n {DpeiMa g (onalrKa), xogro nafi-qecrosocu nor.rMa e, ue rppefiutr o6aKHoBeHo peMap(e peal.rqa Ha 6nroBe3anpoBepKa fpernKrr. 2.3. ETMOHEH MOAE TTCP/|P rrporoKona, caMnrenporoKonl,I a I{Mero na MoAena or HeroBr.rre HraBHn e aBa ca B ocHoBaraua I,Inrepner. Brnpern, qe ca B63MoxHfiI,l llrspoKo ce I,I3IIoJI3Bar pa3nltqun TCP,ropHoroxMeHaMo,[eor rou6unaqrn HaIP c apyrn npororoJrn, JIae nonyqr4no rpaxlaHcTBeHocT. I4urepuere Hacre.qHh( Mpexa(uape.rena ARPANET), rorro e pa:pa6oHa TeHa nopbqKa Mnuucrepcrnoro orfpaHaraB CAIII. Boensnteca tcra.nu no Ha Ha 28 OSI 7 6 5 4 flprroxeHne
flpeacraggHe Cecnx

TSP/IP flprroxenre
cc06ueHne

Tpancnopr Mpexa
Kauaaen <Dr-r:r-rqecru

Tpaucnopr Mpexa
Kanalen Olr:uqecrr

Onr, 2.5. Cnoecr eraloteu uogel TCPIP, onaKoBane xa nnQopMaqlrra rr cpaanenne OSI c X- xerbp

29

Te[eKoMvHuKaqt |. - 6rKcupaHta, Mo6ruH[ n lP

fnaBa 2, CJl,oecla elanoHHn MoAeru B TetexoMyHrxaulthte

naKernre a IP npororola ce HaprHar deirmaepauu IIo aHaIlofltt c renerpa(B Mrre, a onltcaHHtr HatIlIHHa rfiHoro flpexBtpntHe B Mpexara e HapeqeH l4Hr.e. uafi-do6ap u.r6op (r no-cao6oaeH[peBo.a). repHer nKreparypara) best effort, ,&eiicrenreJlHo,Haii-BaxHara 3aAaqaHa roBa HflBo e Mapupyr[3alllltra Ha aefrrarpauure u u:6rrBaHe Ha nperoBapeHlfleyqaclbllll, TpaHcfiopreu cJ]ofi. KaKTolt flpx MoAenaOSI, rpancnopruaqr croi cr'atp"or rpafi go Kpaii" (or xocr ao xocr), uapnvaul or]e nubp npomox(a flpororoJrr.r xo-,r Qteer p rot ocoI s). u h:nol:nar ce ABaraxuBa nporoKola. flr,paurr e TCP (Transmission Control nporoToBa e Ha.4ex'qeH Protocol - IlpomoKon 3a tnpoareHue ua npedaaauento), (conrcclion-oriented) xot'tynurarytu Tofi rIpexxo,r, 6a:rpaut ce ta epusxoeu* arp:rr clo6qeunr or xocr ao xocr I ZHrepner tr He aonycKa aa xMa rpeuKI,I B -locraBeHoro cto6u]eune. E:roxtr or aaHau s TCP e HapeqeHcezMeHnt(Bx' TCP ceruen$nr.2.5) n axo cr,o6lueHlteroe.{4,'lro, To ce pa36lrBaHa cerMeHTL' lP HuBo.C,rea no:ryvaaaHeroHa AeiiTafpaHa s Tbr ce BMecrBa eAHa.qefirarpaMa Mrre cr,c cerMeHTureB npueMHaracrpaHa, TCP rH rloapex.qa B npaBl4Jltlutpea' Ha TCP cTuo raKa y[paBnt8a qecrorara Ha no'qaBaHe cerMeHr[Te (flow control), crpaHa.Bropnrr nporoxojr ol[paHcnoprH t cnofi flptreMHara 3a aa He nperoBapl.t e UDP (tlser Datagram Protocol - I|pomoxott ua nompe6umencrudeimazpauu)' 6ezaptsxoe(connectionless)\poronon 3a ycnyr[' Kollro He ce ToBa e HeHaAexAeu ynpaBneHlleHa cKopocrra Ha [oaaBaHeH Ha [oapea6a np]I noHyxaarr or TCP npe[lor nyqarenr Ha 6,'IoKoBere AaHsI.I UDP He ce aHraxt{pa c Kopl'lr[paHe InJIIt a or AauHn.E,rorogere or aaHHI.l UDP ce HapupeaaBaHe rloBpeaeHl{ 6,'toxoae Ha tar nompe6umencKu deimazpauu (user datagram) UDP ocnryp$a cauo ocHoBHrrre SyHruuu sa aocranra "or rpai Io xpafi" Ha norpe6urencxl4re aeiiTar(6er Koraro e IIo-BaxHa HaBpeMeHHara raxtcuepaua. flporoxo.ntr ce I{3noJI3Ba, (6er rpeuKn) aocraBxa. 3anounete: VoIP e B[Harx c nlre), orro,rxoro ro.ruara UDPrnr.rroracTCP! or Ilpn,'roxeu crofi. Kamo ce aun<,4a Qlr. 2.5, uoaenlr TCPAP nqNfacroese KaKro flpr uoaena OSI. Axo rirta Hgrarsu laxuBa OyH"cecug," v "lpeacranrue", KbM nprJIOXHttt C[Or. flp noxHlitr cloii Ha TCP/IP cbxqutI, Te ca [pI{.uaaeHI-I a6pxa BcnqKx flporoKoJlll or IIo-BIlcoKowao, Tyx ue ce cnoMeHarcaMo: npexHa BtpnrHe Ha Qai-nose - FIP; eneKrpoHuafloua - SMTP; r3BJInqaHe WWW - HTTP Ii.4p., KoHTo pa3rJlex,Aar nocre.{H[Te rJIaBll. B ce crpaHr4uu

TCP/IP MOAEnI OSI14 HA 2.4.CPABHEH14EETA'|OHHI4TE

e Oqesr,raHa npunuKara Me)(ay aBara croecrll Morena. @yHruuoHa"lHocrra Ha cnoeBere B e,u,tHut Moaen npnnnqa Ha ra3ll B apyfhq Moaen. Hanpruep n a Haa ero ca 3a aa oc]Iryptr rpaHcnoi l' cJIoeBeTe TpaHcrIopTHntT a8ara MoaeJIa

' Bpb3Kosu - uMa ce npeaBHA KoMyntKaqflt epe3 l3rPaxaare lta Bpr3m (sBpryanHa) lle rLpcerc p t T a k a B a y M a B " H o B n p a e o n u c e t t e v r t t l xl a 6 1 ' J l a a p c ( f ie 3 x ( " , 6 A H , 1 4 t t c t l r y r : a 6 u r r a p c x N e : r x , a h3narercrBo "Xeii3r,r", CoO$c, 2002 r., rakro x B 'upy.u peqHxutl.

cnopTxo o6c,ryxraHe Ha,uBa Kpa[Hu (nuenTa (npoqeca). Tosa crasa rro HaqrrH, orAoJry. KofrToHe 3aBrcl,tor MpexHTefi3non3BaHH ,{aara lro.qera ulrar n Aocra pa3nnq r, Hrl(on or Koriro qe pa:rnegarrle,flrpKorro e orIeBI..I.{Ha,6porr Ha croeBere (Qrr.2.5). OSI lroaenrr e Bara pa3Jrrlxa, o6ncHeH[e,Kosro Moxe ra lrMa ceAeMclor, a TCP/IP t'loAeJIbT ner. 3arosa HN,ra crpaHllu14. ce HaMepnB cJIe.{BauIHTe flpueua ce :a Hafi-ro,rruoro AocroiHcrso na uogera OSI roBa, qe npr.rHero Mer(Ay cnegHnre rph ce npaBrl rcHa AeOnH ullr n orqer;rvBo pa3rpanr{{aBaHe KoHuenquK:a) ycnyrr,6) uurepQeiior, B) rporoKon[. HrKaKBaycnyra 3a no-ropHHr c,roi. [e$lur.ruurra BceKfi cnoi ri3rrr,JrHrBa nocoqBaKaKBonpaBu cJIotT, a He KaKro npaB[, Hr{Ton6K no KaK6B HaqIrH lcn),za pa3mexqaHr.ltr cjroii e Aocr6reH 3a ro3n I{aAHero. flo-naratlx, uumepQefictm Ha cJror olpeaerrr KaKcJrorr Aa 6l,qe rocrunrar KaK or rrpoqeoire orrope. I4nrepQeficr,r ne yKanBaKaKBor..r ro npaBn cnorr Bbrpe. Hat<paq npomoxonume r 3norr3Baru z payen utoit (nuap npomoKorume - peer protocols) ca strpeurra pa6ora 3a cJror. C,rorr naoNe usrror3BaKaKBl.rTo Aa e t..r 4a fiporoKojru, crura paoorara aa 6bae cBrpueHa, T.e. aa rrpe.4ocraBn yclyrara. He BaxHo e, qe nporoKoJII-ITe cJtot Morar Aa 6r,gar cueueua, 6e: roaa 4a B Ilo-NI:rJIKo a,ttre na pa6otara Ha rlo-ropHllre cJloeae. MoAe,rTr OSI e nocrpoeH npen[ cb3AaBaHero MHoro or H3rror3BaHr..rre Ha TaKa, Mo.{enbr OSI se uoxe aa ce pa:rlrel(aa Karo HacoqeH aHec nporoKoJrlr. KbM yHlrBepqrnHa xoHKpeTHa rpyna [poToKonHH croTBeTHo HeroBaTa flpr.lJ'roxHMocT e c'hxpa[eHa.fopnoro uua h HefarfiBHanocJreauua.Cr,:,{arelnre Ha rr.toaelaOSI He ca uMaJrH rcna rrpeAcraBa KaKAa pa3npeaeJrrroraerHrire QyHxuan [o cJroeBere. C,re,{crgneHa roBa e, ve $ynxqrrlre sa OSI He ca paBHoMepHo pa3rrpeAeneHr.t Mexly cjroeBere.Haornaasar ce ue4o6pe 3anG,'rHeHr.r cloeae (cecrr, npeAcraBrHe)3a cMerxa Ha lperoBapeH]rnpyrur (Kal{aneH, MpexoB). llpr.r TCP/IP e o6parHo. Irpso ce norarBar nporoKoJrure,a Mo,{e[6r e npocTo etHo onucaHne Ha re3r.rcrulecrByBarun nporoKonu. Toaa goneNga ,4o MHoro .{o6po crorrercru{e Mex{y Mo,[eJr nporoKonx, Ho e 3a cMerKa Ha ynuBepcanr{ Hocrra Ha MoAeJra Toii Hee noAxo.urq 3a orrucaHrre ApyrN, HeTCP/IP upexx. t-l Ha Pa::rnra uexgy ABara MoaeJra (connecMoxe .4ace orKpue npfi 6pb3Koeume tion-orientefi u 6ezeptzroeume (connectionless) KoMyufiKaqnll. Moaer, r OSI noA,[l,pxa H ABaTa BI].{a KoMyHI.rKaIIHI.t MpexOBO lla HI4Bo, caMo BpT'3KOBH I(oHo MyHxKau[x Ha rpaHcnoprHoro HnBo.MoAerr,T TCP/IP noa,urpxa caMo 6e3Bpr3KOBr.r KOMyHnKaqr{r, MpexoBo HIlBo, Ho no,u,ubpxa aBaTaBa,4aKoMyHrKauHn Ha r.r HarpaHcnoprHo unno, ganairn ua a6oHarlne sl:NtoxHocr ea lr:6op, MoAerr,r OSI voxe Aa ce KpnrrrryBa 3apa,ax cJroxHocr,TpoMaBocrI-rnoBTopeHxe Ha HrKoI-lOyHKusn Karo arpecxpaHe, peryntrpaHe Ha rroroKa or naKertr, cJIeAeHe rpeuKH, KoHToce noBTaprTB HTKOJIKO 3a ClIOt. Moge,r,r TCP,{P r,loNe,qa ce KprlrltxyBa, qe B opurr{HaJrH}.tr Br.q HrMa cr.t Haii-AorH[Te ABa cJror or bvr.2.5, a Ma e.4r.tH crofi c HercHoro r,rMe Host-toNetwork, xoero no,axon(ra noge,{e Ha tlMe Ha nurep{efic. Ilo-no.tpo6na (va,rro rearpalna) rpurura KbMaBara Molera rx. a [TAN].

30

3l

TereKoMvH[Kaunh - dtAKct pa''].t, Mo6t ^HtAalP

frasa I PexxM Ha npexBbprFHe Ha [HoopMaq nta

flIABA TPETA pE)Kt4M nPEXBbPI|flHE nHOOpMAql4flTA HA HA

Te:rexouyuura{noHHara rexHuKa A}JIfo BpeMee pa3AenrHaHa aBa KJroHa: H4 TexH[KaoT eaHacTpaHan Ko.\'tyma4uotl TexHIIKa oT LI npeHocHq jt4ylmunneKcHa ao6pe aeQunnpaun H orqerJluBo pa3rpaHuapym. ,{Bara rnna rexHuKu ca ltMilJIH veHuSynxulrn. Ha KoMyHa C flllossa,ra rejleyclyrara npedaaaHe )qHHu, ce [otBtBa HoB BI-IA Ta11;aa KoMyma4unHq naKemu Qtacketswitcling - PS), 3a pa3nllKaollpaauuliol*ara Ko-MfuallLtflHa KqHaru (circuit switching - CS). B ,rureparypara a'bnro Bbpxy Korrro BpeMecpaBHrBarre3tl aBa BHAaKoMyrau[t raro asa QyH,{anaeHTa, MOIaT CefpaatT TeJIeKOMyHLIXaUUUTe. Aa Ha E4ua or noc.neglrqr.tre nblrnara qnQpoeu:auun (nrn ",4nrurarltsaqrfi", e KaKToce u3pa3rBar xypnanncrltre-Qrrono3n) Ha reJIeKoMyHuKauxure llocreICHHOTO 3AIUT{ABAHC HA |PAHI-IUI,ITE MEX.4Y KOMYTAIINOHHATA X MYJITI,INIEKCHATA

xIrM Ha lpexBbpnrHe MoraT aa ce peann3flpaTBbpxy pa3[r{qHr{ rpaHcnopTHlr (Mpexul. cl{cTeMt'I HA TA 3.1. nAKETI4PAHE 14HOOPMALll4fl cltcreMl-rcaulecrByBaHtKaKBaMoAynaKana,'ren pexuu. llpn aHaJloroBttre qecrora 3a npeHactHeHa r.rnQopuaqnx.IluQpoaure (rlr B6pxy Hocella KaHaJIHa c creMf, Ha 6agara na uxnytcuo-rodoeama uodyta4un - I4KM, ca [poeKTnpaHn pe)rtzM,Pa3.4enrHero BpeMeHa npeHocHaracpe,qara3r.lcKBa rro ccu1o sa KaHaJreH 6r,,4ecr,uo pa3.4eJ'IeHa HsKaKBu Ha Onoxuera, c eAHaKBa rrpotuSopuaun.ara Aa peq. rlo6paNeHlre urv AaHHu. He3aBrclrMo ce npe.qaBar AaJrr A,r,JrxnrelHocr, pex[M He ce ,4o6aaqrAonblrHrme.lrHo flpn KaHarHr.ir 6nrose crc c,ryxe6Ha ynpaBreu[ero Ha rrpoqecaHa o6c:ryxaane sa a6onarnre craBa crc uuQopuauna. cpeAcrBara3a ctlrHa,u:aqnx (nN. frara 10). Ilaxeren, FR u IP pexu*r. flprj Te3n pexr.tMr4unQopirraUnrra e pa3,{efleHaHa Ko[To Mofar Aa ca c pa3JII{qHa orpaHuqeHa orrope. 6JoKoBe, 1bnxuHa, o6LIKHoBeHo KrM 6iroxosere none:aa nnQopuaqur e 4o6aaeu emurcem(label) crc clyNe6na unrrpe3 MpexaTa, DraBHo3a xoM]"TarlluQopMaUI{t 3a ynpaBJ]eH[e Ha rrpexB:bpJurHeTo u Ta, MyIITI-InneKcHpaHero ornp[Bauero Ha fpeuKx. Ettlcg-rst alnarlr cb.qbpxa aA(xeg:hp),uo Moxe Aa e n Karo pecHaqacr, Toii o6riKHoBeHo 868 BH,{Ha 3arJraBne e onaul{a (pgMapKe)- Bx. cJroecT[TeMoaerr4oT rrpe,4xoaHaTa rraBa. K,rernqen pexun. Klerrate uuar QlrxctpaHa ArrxrlHa, no,qo6HoHa BpeMelIHTepBirJIHTe KaHaneH flp pexuM, MaKap c Mnoro no-foJl{ua AglNnna. BcrKa Krerxa cbulo uva xeAlp cl,c clyxe6xa rzr{opvaua-r. ga B gneulrare xerepofeHHlr Mpexx e Han'LJIHo ecrecrBeHoI-ruQopuaqu-nra cMenrlpexriMa Ha npexBlprtHe rro lbrr cli K-hM noJlyqareJlt.Toea nalara npenaKemupaHe.

rexnura. ,{nec e MoAepHo ce roBopl{ 3a pa3ru.IHx pex[r{n Ha npexB}pntHe Ha ra unQopuauurra, a re caMo 3a piBr[.IHa KoMyraq[t. (transfer mode) ce orHacs .4oHaqI'IHIrre Ha Tepvuusr pecrcuu ua npexaopttnue I,I [aKernpaHe, My:rrr.rnJreKc[paHe KoM]T[paHe na un$opltaqllrra, :a ,qa 6T,qe Mpexa or e,aI{H KpaeH a6oHar Ao flpexBapneHa npe3 TeJreKoMyHIrKaIIIioHHara apyf. Te(crbr B Hacroqqara rlaBa e I0BJIIISHor orll{caHueHa pexnMfiTe Ha npexB BbpJrrHe IERI]. C ra:n pa:lxKa, qe raM ca onHcaH[ rIerlrpu pe)orMa: - KaHaJreH pellcuiv (circuit mode); - naKemeH peucuttt Qtacketmode) - tpenoprra X.25 sa ITU-T; - FR pecrcuu (frame relay mode); - wlembqeH peJratM(cell mode), a ryr e go6aeen n uerrr pex[M - IP ulu defimazpaueu peucuu (IP mode). cJIe.4Ba xpoHoJlor[tra Ha fopHnrr crrctr Ha pexljMure Ha rrpexBr,pJrrHe TtxHara rlorBa B npaKTu(ara. A TtxHara fiorBa c o6yc.[aBr or HyxAljre Ha KoHKpeurerlte 6u 6un pexumr ua rpexer'p,rrne, roiiro perHu Teneycny[r. I4.qea.nno yaoBneTBoprBa norpe6HocrrrTeHa BcHtIt(lITeJleycnyfu.Tarsn peNuu e orroaa K'bMToBa ce [porBrBa B pa3Il reuHa Mer{TaB TeneKoMyHt-iKaquuTecrpeMe)KbT r{ vpeNn (Hanpuuep ISDN recHoJreHroBrr unpoKolreHroBVuHme?paJrHu JruqHu Integrated Services Digital Network). floc,regurre 4aa pexr.rMaor Halrur cruc6(, B AeiicrB[TerHocr, uMar npereHurj 3a yH[BepcanHocr crrprMo reJreycnyrirre. e orBopeH3a pa3tlrlrpeHlle. Tona e etnpoc Cnucr,xrr or peNlrMrrHa rrpexB'bpr'urHe rexHoJrorrrrI. Ha BpeMe Ha pa3BItT[eHa TeJIeKoMyHr-.rKaur,roHHrire u pa3JILIKa cucmeva (ax. fraoa 19, Tpa6ra aa ce rtpaBt,t Mex\y mpaHcnopmHo K'bAeroce pa3rlrexaar PDH u SDH) rr peJt{:1LM npex+bpnnHe. Ha Pa:,rnvnure pe-

3.2,MYNTUN'|EKC14PAHE
Cuopeg uy,nrun:reKclrpaHero, pcxhMllre Ha rrpexBrpJrrHe pa3.{enrr Ha ABe ce fpyIIn: AApecHo (acuuxpouuo) My,rrnlnexcupaHe. I4guo:rgsa npu rrarereH, FR, ce Iolerbrreu lr IP pexuulr. Erlrnerrr c aapeca KbM 6lora rlxQopr..raulrlu,4eurnQuqlrpa KaHaJra unx Bp63Kara. floueNe npeuocnara cpeAace 3aeMacaMo Koraro fiMa KaKBo ce pe.qale (QHr.3.1), ro:u run MynrH[neKcr]paHe acr.rHxpoHHo ce n ,qa e HapvIIa ojJJecmamucmullec Ko.

Orrr. 3.1. A,lpecHo MynrlrtrJtetctlpafl e

32

33

- 6xxcr.iDaHri, TeneKoMvHr,rKaux!t Mo6rnHu}l lP c no3rrrlHoHlpaHH KaHaJtrr. ll3llor3Ba ce npt KaHaJIeH Mylrun:rexcupane pexuu. Tyx BcrKa Bpt3Ka ce AeouHHpa c no3uru{{Ta Ha KaHara B.recrorHara (Hr-

frara l, PexhM Ha npexBbpnnHe Ha |4HdopMaqlFTa

nop,bKarasa ITU-T 3a rlaKereH peNru (X.25), no e nai-pa:npocrpaHena r IP Mpexnre' 3.4. KAHAIIEH PEXl4M 9 KaHarHI-IqrpexrrM B63Hr4KBa ga o6cryNra npelaBaHero Ha pev r.rrpr6na qe Ia ce oqaKBa, Toii e Hai-no.4xo,{sq 3a reneooHl.rffa. ,{eicrarre'ruo, noHexe a npeilaBaHeroHa peq e a3oxpoHHaycnym I{ He aonycKa 3aKbcHeH}'lt, onle no(ax. r. 1.3), e yao6Ho aa uMa npeaBapfiTerManKo- Kone6anre Ha 3aKbcHeHrero (connection oriented circuit HO 3a[a3eH rparr. Kaua:rHurr pexfiM e c Epb3KoBa r.e. o6ueutr ua rorersa uuQopuaqnr ce switching CO*CS) roruyrr.rr<aqrt, c lpeauecrBa oT rrepllo,4Ha lr3fpar(AarteHa Bph3KaTa floMo!{Ta Ha cfirHanr-BarlrtrereQorua r'rpeNa (OKTM) ce 6a:upa ra. ,{ueuuara o6uecrseua KoMyrl.{pyeMa Ha Kaxar c'hc cKopocr 64 kbit/s, Koero lportrlrqa or I4KM xoqupaxe Na pevra. Ha He3aBrrcr-rMo Ilpeaaapnreluoro 3ana3BaHe rpa(T I-I HefoBoro 3aeMaHe, AaHerlo no Hefo, no4l go ueeQerrnBHo l'I3rIoJI3BaHe KaHaJII{Te. Ha nt{ ce flpe.qaBa (neHTara)Ha KaHaJIa e roJItMa, HucKaTa I{3noJnBaeMocT He My floHexe cKopocTTa e lrpreMtI{Ba. IIpIt lpeaaBaHero Ha Briaeo, eAHacbuo r.r3oxllo-pa:.nuuHo e noJroxeHr.rero e poHHareneycJryra.Tau Heo6xo.qnvaraJreHTa .aocrarro-urlpora u no-rpy.{Ho 6u Ha Bct-t'lxl.t octagalu cBoicrBa Bt3rlp[eJro nee$exrnnuoro H3noJBBaHe KaHaJIa. ce pexnM ca B noaKpeflaHa npe,{aBaHeTo Bfiaeo. Ha Ha xaHaJrHHr Kanannrtfir pexnM ce r,l:noJI:Ba ufipoKo l-l npt-l [pe.(aBaHero Ha ,aauru. flonyI4nrepner vpe: uoaeu a OKTM u nrpHx rrpuMepuca re,reQaxornre KoMyxr,rKaunfi,

Kora) nnx spenerara (cera) o6nacr (Qrr. 3.2). r{e B AocraBKara Ha fiHQopMa(uqra ryK e no-Ha.qet(.{Ha cMr.rc6JI, cJlel Karo cbc r43rpaar{ Bp},3KaTa fapaHrHpaHonpeaaBaHeTo 3ana3eHr4r e KaHa[. BeaHT,X Ce lra HaMaJreHara ruB(aBocr Ha clrcreMara cnprMo rpaorjKa n Tosa crasa:a cMerKa ycnyrx, clleqfianHo peqHa HaMajreHara r{3noJBBaeMocr pecypc}rre, I43oxpoHH}rre Ta, reHepnpar paBHoMepeHqnQpor rorox H noJl3ara or crarlicrl.tqecKoro MyJrIIpl{.qaHHxTe, Kb.{eToe To.IHo 06T[rrJreKcxpaHe e roJII(oBaroJItMa, KoJIKoTo He
DATHOTO.

Onr. 3.2. Il03xltrroxnpaBouynrr|I|neKcxpaxe

3.3. KOMyTAqt4fl flonexe xaxa,urre ge@lrHnpanu ca c aBe(oop,q[HaKouyraqur Ha KaHrJrn. ce Tr.r: npocTpaHcTBoTo B r.rBbBBpeMeTo, KoM)Tarl[rraHa KaHaJIriTe cBexaaIo B sa:en. Cryxe6nara ltHQopMacMsHara re:rl KooparjHarn KoM)rraqnoHHru Ha qpe3cuzHaruHa ce llrar,HeooxoarrMa ynpaBneHxe roM)'Taul.ttTa, ocsuecTBtBa 3a
3qqutmA. Komyraqua Ha naKer[, Qpefiuoae, rnerrcn. Tyx HacoqBaHeroHa 6nora B lrHQopuaunr s Heo6xo,qr.r'{ara nocoKa craBa qpe3 a.qpeca erllxera. 3a onpocrrce BaHelr yc(oprBaHe npoueca Ha npenpauaHe na 6rororgre npeaBapnrenHo lr3unn eupmyateu (ttorpu<la supmyanHq (ttozuuea<a) ept'zra (za e,aHo[oBr.'rKBaHe) zuuecxu) xaua4 noz (:a no-arnrr neprog). Tom e KoMyH[Kaur'rt, HapeqeHa packet switching CO-PS). xouymaqun (connection-oriented apb3Koaa naKemHa c or Kouyraqnrra ce cnexaa ao r{3BnuqaHe 6noKaAaHHH axogHltr 6y$ep Ha Ha B',b3ena, npoqr{TaHe eT[Kera, (enenryanHa)curHa HoMepaHa norfiqecKns KaH:uI Ha u uapexgaue ua 6nora r nrxo4.rrqur 6yQep. I4:rpaxgauero Ha aupryanHa Bpb3Ka cbuto u3ucKBa HtKaKbBTIrn cfirHar[3aullt. Kolryrauun Ha aefiTarpaMn. Tyr urua npeaBapl.rrennor.r3rpaxaane Ha Bpb3Kr-t rauann. Ha"raqe e KoMygriKaurrr,or rur^a 6esepusxoaac naKemHaKor ( .Lryma4unconnectionless packet switching CLPS). Bccxa AeftrarpaMaHocll cBor reaeH aapec. Bcera sr:e,r (pyrep) npazw uaido6pun us6op (best effort\ na nl-r n u xpairrr xrrreur. I4Ma Hafi-ro[flMa rtBKaBocr cnpqMolpaQHKa, Ho Hai-cnaba rapaHllrt 3a ua ,qocraBKa ruQopuaqurra. Kouyraqnxra xa gefirarpaun e orucaHa oue B npe-

ap. 3.5.NAKETEH PEXl4M

Tyx rr:rrcvraue naKerHoro npeaaBaHe KoMyraqr.{r, cMxcGnaHa npenopbn B ra X.25 na ITU-T. Ilarernugr pexriM ce norBrBa c rrorBara Ha reneycJryrara "npeAaBaHe AaHHI,t". Ha llHSopuaqr.rrra, romo Tpr6na Aa ce npe.{aaetce pa:J.{enrHa narern. flaxeqacr c a4pec, xofiro 16T, ocBeHH3rrpauaHararnQopvaqrr, clAbpxa H 3arJraBHa ce qere npn flprrcrr.rfaHero narera B AaAeH Ha B63er, 3a Aa ce pe n uarrAe Aa 6tAe npeAa,rleH. Hafi-ua,rrffr naxer ct,qrpxa 16 oKTet (oKmem- TepMr.rH, BBnpner cper re;reKoMynxKarr[rire n ITU, a 6aim e xoumor'tpeH TepMHH),a HafroreMr.rrr - 1024 orrera. Ocaeu agpecxa llnQopuautr xMa uHoopMaur,rr3a IIpoBepr(a KopeKuur Ha rpeuKr.r,Kotro ce oopaoorBaar,BBceKr.r n Bb3eJr. Tyx raHa,r'rr ce saeMacaMo roraBa, roraro rp.r6ra ga ce npe,qaBa rraKer.AKo KaHaraTe 3aeTB MoMeHTa, qaKaI{ TOBa naKeTbT BO.4Ii,{O 3aKbCHeHU. Ako cKopocrra Ha [peAaBane (ruru uecrmara Ha rro,qaBaHe naxera) e noHa rorrMa or cxopocrra Na o6pa6mra a [pueMHara crpaHa, BxoAHr,rrr 6yQep na nocneAHara Moxe Aa ce flnpenurulr. Ilpearrl4ena e Qynxqur c o6parqa BW3Kasa pezyrup(we ttq nomoxa (flow control). Tooa rro3BolrrBa lrexgy a6oHarlt c KoMyHnKaqHr pa3[xr{HacKopocT llpeaaBaHe, Ha rrprl KoETo HeB63MOXHO KaHaIHgtpexnM. e

34

35

- duxc[paHn, r Mo6x,l8n lP TereKoMvBtiKauh| (CO-PS)' rara n flaxgrnr,rqr pexllM aonycra Kaxro KoMyHli(aulrt c BpE3Ka (lorx6er KoMyHxKa[uq ept:xa (CL). B n'bpBlt cny'Iafi ce t-t3rp (tra aupryaaxa vecra) aps:xa. fl,paurr uarer, xofiro lt:rpaxga BPr3Kara,Hoclt nbJlHtrt aApec' Il Bb3ence flpoBexla u36op (Mapupyrnlauua) na Hafi-.(o6p[t 116T clBre sceKl.r B,rBBlir Ha cbKpaHanPaBeHhtr n36op ce 3aflLcBa orBerno Ha cre.qBal[I{t B'h3eJI. Ho TeH a,qpec, Haperrel Ho.Mep noat\ecKun xauat (LCN l'ogical Channel Number)' LCN saNll caMo .{o cbceAHltt B!3en Ha BlrpryanHara BpG3Ka'a l'I3rpaxraHero Ha yqacrr'K B[pryajrHara BpB3Ka Ce CBexaa ao onpeaeJuHe ha LCN sa BceKfi

fnaEa 3. Pexa$ HanpexBbpnFHeHauBooDMa uunla

(Qur.3.3).

BPr'3Ka @rr. 3.3. Bt|PTYanHa Ba i-CN- noMeP norr|rlecKnqKaEar Cre,rsalulne naKerI,IHoctr carilo LCN (ue nlruun aapec)' BbB BceKuB63eJI' cJrAnpoql{TaHEToHa LCN, ce pa36npa saxr'.qe rpr6ra aa ce nparn narerr'T ll cr'LCN aa ce:anlue B Hero' T.e. He ce rr'pcu nr'T, Toi e n36paH oau*nb *un"" "ou npeaBap{TenHo. ce Ha Pa3na,qaHero Bl{pryanHaraBpr'3Ka cBexAa ao mnpal{ane Ha cnyxe6en 3a[I-Icl'l BbDB63JII{Te' I{3Tpl'IeHanpaBeHHTe naKer, KofiTo ,qa BceK[ Bb3eJI flpu CLPS KoMyHnKaII[t BceKlI[aKer HoclaIrIJIHI.IIarpec I4 B1'B uy. Tara narernre Ha eaHo cto6[leHue Morar 'tla MI{HarIIo ce fi,pcr{ MapupyrtT npu noL.{a npucTHrHaT 3aKbCHeHnt pa3JIHtrHIt n6THUla, [peTbpntT pa3JIHqHI{ Ia pea. flarertlre, e to3u cnrlafi, ce Haputal deimazpauu' nyqat"apya " Ha Hafr-roneMt'Itr HeAocrarbKHa naKerHhqpextiM e 3aAT'pxaHero unSopua(c u 6e: snpryalua Bpb3(a) t-l pe3ynrarHoro 3aKT'cHeH].{e Bb3eJI ur.rrra 868 BceKI,t Ha or a6ouar ao a6oHar. Hafi-ro:rrltoro [peal4McrBo e go6para I{3noJI3BaeMocr
KAHAJTHTE,

flplr [a(eTHa KoMyTallllt, uo 4a n:6erHeu loJlflMoTo 3aKbcHeHI-Ie Ha KaHaJIa Ha BbBBb3nHTe. r.rHQopMaulltra FR pexnMar e CO-PS KoMyHnxaqtlr. HaMarreaHeto Ha 3axr,cHeHnero BbB ce 81,3,'lare nocrfira, r(aro B rrx He ce npoBexAa npoBepKa:a rpeurure. Taxaaa (aKo e Heo6xo,4nlra) flpaBr{B TepMr.rHalunre ce ycrpoficraa H eBeHryaJrnpoBepKa rrpeaaBaHe OpeiMa craBaor repMnHalr.4orepM{Han. Ha Ho noBTopHo or EcrecrBeHo e, qe rle I{Ma Ir3ro,ua B6Bex\.qaHero FR peNanra caMo, aKo ua (naa.nxo BER, nanpnuep < 10-6).PeNtur,r craaa KaHarltre ca Br..rcoxoKaqecrBenN fipliJroxxM cnea notBara xa onrlrqHxre xa6e,ra. rlaBHo 3a cBbp3BaHe LAN. Ha Sxr. 3.4 ca noxaFR pexnu, r ce s3noJBBa Ha Ha 3aHlrrpfi BT,3MoxHocr[3a cBbp3BaHe ABeLAN. peueHre. nopaAfi Hafi-norxoro Haerara rHHr.rre uafi-ao6poro. Ho Hafi-cK},no pecypc. Toaa oco6eno eaxn sa LAN, KraeHa Bt 3MoxHo r.i3rroJBBaHe rrpeHocHr{r Ho ro o6rxsoreno ce pa6orr c KparKr,r, BxcoKocKopocTHt cecru (naoxe Aecerrn Mb/s). B rarua cty'i.a X.25 upeNara 61 6[,ra rscuo Mrcro cac cBorra cKopocr no oKono 2 Mb/s. FR pexnur,r u:nol:oa Qn:rocoQnrra Ha rrarerHlr pexr,rM,Ho ce orKa3Bam urxou Qyuxqan. Axo ce lr:no,rgsa repMr.rHoJ]ofr{rra OSI :a X.25 uoNe aa ce sa Kaxe, rre: Mpe)r(oBlttrc.lloi onlicaa KaKHtKoJIKoBI-rpryaJIHn Bpr'3Kl-I o6eAuHrce nar no o6u{a Qu:uqecra Jrr.rHlrr, ce [3rporrar r.iKaKce pa3na.{arBr.rpryaJrgr{Te KaK apr:xu. KaHalnu.rr c,rofi onncsa KaKlaHHr-rre,BbBBI4.q naKerr{,ce pa3nolarar Ha qpe3 npenpe,aaBaHe. g Agata cros ara Qpefiuone r.rKaKrpeurKr{Te I<opllrl,tpar ce 14 fiMa llpoqeaypl{ 3a ynpaBfleHr.re noToKa,3a qaKaHeHa rroTBaprqeHl,Ie npoHa H BepKa npxcrllr-Halrrre naKefi I Qpefiuore. Ha FR pexuutr u:no;r3BacaMo vacr or $yHrqlrure Ha KaHaJrHr.rr c.no[, a Qynxlu{ure Ha MpexoBur crofi ero6rqe He ce }r3noJr3Bar. Toaa e raxa, noHexe Bp!3Kr.tre ce H3fpaxaaT oT MpexoBr{r onepaTopr.rro 3a .qrJrru nepuoar.toT BpeMe, e. T. HtMa [3fpar(AaHe r.rpa3[aAaHeHa cect,tign spt:rn. CneAonare:rHo Heo6xoAy]r,r e caMoarpectr Ha KaHanHr.rr cnoi (Opeiu aapecrr).

3.6.FRPEXI4M
or ne ua Qpefivone. l'lae{Ta e .qa ce o6J'Iaroaere[crBaMe ao6para t'I3no:BBaeMocr 36

c r'e or I,Iueroua pexnvauasa fr(anereloyswitchinS, KoMyraunt npeaaBa-

@nr. 3,4. Blruoxsocrn 3a cBr,p3Bale ABeLAN Ea

TeneKoMvH[Kaqut4- Ol|KcfipaHl4,Mo6rnH!4 ln lP

fraaa 3. PexuM Ha npexBbpnfiHe Ha ,HdopMaquaTa

qe ce Or ra:anoro cJIeaBa, I-IHOopMaqI{sra [pexBrpnq [pe3 Mpexara rlo B]tparopur cnoi na OSI Tosa Br,BBI{A Ha Qpefiuooe, KollTo ca B:hB KaHar, TyanHr.rq rpra X.25 ($ur. 3.3). Pa:.nuxarae, r{e aApecbr BbBSpeiiua ue ce napllcraBa Karo 'ra LCN. a DLCI (D ata Link Connection ldenfirter, m e. udeumuQuramop Ha spb3rlocoKara KbM cJle.qKama no rtuHuflmasa dauuu), DLCI yra:aa Ha BceKHB'L39J] Bb3e[ [I TaKago rrpcennn LAN. Baul[r Virtual Circuit' T'e' Aee LAN ce cBbp3Baror orleparcpa c PVC Perrnanent aupmyanuaeepuza(rcauan). nocmonHHq Ha e B6[peKfi, qe e locrl-IrHaro yBeJII-IqeH Ha cKopocrta Ha npexB'bpJltHe 3aK'bcHenpeaBrl'{HMo (uanpltuep ao 50 Mb/s) fi TyK e BT'3MoxHo uu{opuaqura fiaKerHliqr pexxM, TaKan FR pexuulr ne e r"rr" no nttl. C,teaosaterHo KaKTo loaxoAsu\ 3a tEoxpoHHI{Teneycnyffi. 3.7. K'IETbt{EH PEXt4M crpaHu Ha KaHaJIpex}'IM llMa nperen(I'Ifi aa IEnon3BaaoOpHTe Krerr'.{Hr,rs.r SDH (ax' f:rana Ha rpaHcrloprHacncrenaa HHr u Ha narern t peNnu, a ua 6asara (:a yHuBepcaJIeH rcuT xr releyc:ryrlt) 18) rr'pxy ontaqHu ra6e:ru,,qa npeaocraBt pexr.rMHa npexB'hpjltHeHa HHQopMautTa. Haft-'r:gecreu [peacraBuTel Ha KrertqHxs pexlrM e craHAaprr'r na ITU-T, npexATM - Asynchronous Transfer Mode' T.e.parcu Ha acuHxpoHHo HapeseH abp.rtHe. ATM e CO-PS KoMyHIlKauut I4HOopMauHtrace npeHact Ha rlopulli' c [ocKnerxara IiMa 53 oKTera,5 or xouto ca ga TotHHa AaJIXuHa,HapeqsHnrcuemxu. u oQopr'rxr xenrpa. Pa:luunure reJleyc,.lyru nycKar cryNe6na uHQopuauur KJrerKxc pa3nrrqHaqecrora s o6qara JIxHllt, cnope.qHeo6xoauvara llM JIeHTa' rlpocrpaHcrBo B IrpeHocHaracpeAace 3arl6nBaor flpa3Hx (cBoHer.{3ro,r3BaHoro 6oann) x,rerru. Knetrnte ce npueMar tr npelpeaaBar B,rBBb3JIure'noao6uo na B narcent.CneaogarerHo e B63MoxHo3aKbcHeHHe Mpexara. EAHaxnarau cparuuTCJIHO MAIKA AIJI)I{UHA HA KJIETKI{TC BOAI'I AO H'KAKBA IIPCABI-IAITMOCT'I X3BECTHO HAMAJI'BAHC HA 3AKGCHEHTCTO.

NEC

P L T P I

vcI

VCI

VCI VPI

VPI

NNI

Payload

NEC

C P L T VCI P I

VCI

VCI VPI VPI GFC UNI

Osr. 3.5. ycrpoficrBo Ba ATM Krerr NNI (Neth,orkMode Interface) - xr''err.a uexAy Br,3J,rl| Mper{ara; Ha UNI (UserNetworkInterface) rurerrca uexly adorara n upexaral H (Header) - xe[,pi Payload - none3e[ nzap; HEC (HeaderError ControD _ KopeKqut epetuk s xedbpa;CLP (Cell Losspriorib)) _ 'lprroprlTe rtprl Ha r sary6n; PTI (PayloadTlpe ldentifier)- LtAeurtlenKarop cbAbpxadtlero Ha rra r(,rerKara;VCI (Virtual Channel ldeffirter) - a1elr$rlurarop na rnp.rya,runr |{a|dari VPI (Virtual Pathldentifier)- taenruorrarop xa upTyanHry nr,T; GEC (GenericFIow Coatrol)- ynpaa,neune noroKa or a6oflara Ha K,racu{lrxaqux Ha reneycJtyrfiTe. ITU-T e cran4apu.r3HpaJr cnoecr eraJro_ r{eHMoaer, uarogo6aaaq OSI, no c qerrip}.rpaBHHHrl (Qur. 3.6). ATM c,,ro{r ce pearri3r.Ipa rror.rerara xeltpa u ropuoro ult u:6porBaHe Moxe Aa ce cql_rra c B Karo lt:6poreane QyHrqxare Ha cros. AAL (or ATM Adaptation kryer, r.e. ATM adanmaquoueuctoii) He e qacr or xea6pa, a ce peanu3r.rpa HqrorKo (ao 5) orrera or no,rero Ha KJIerKara rroJle3_ c 3a Ha urrQopMaqur.3a ra ce o6clyxaar H AaHHrl,li x3oxpoHHrr reJreyc:ryrr.r, nnQop_ Maqnqrarpq6sa ia ce aaa[Tlpa (o.maMrauMero Ha cror) K6MMpexara uo pa3nu-

qeH HaqtlH.

lluSopuaur'ra - 48 Ycrpoiicroo ua ATM K,'lerna. Knerrara HocI{ rIoJIe3Ha ua orrera u xe4r,p - 5 oxrera. Ilolerata sa xeabpa ca noKa3anrl Qnr- 3 5' pa3,[ej]eHo ,4Bsqacrl.l VPI tt VCI. To geQltuupa 'roruHa Agpeffroro [oJIe e HA NO.4O6HO LCN OT B'T,3CJIA, qECKTi' K HAJI B ItlHlIITA MCXAY,4BA CT,CCAHIr KnerKaraHocI'Inone3Ha[HQopMauut $ll|. 3.3. Eannulr 6llr n P71orpe,4elq aarr KoI{ KJIeTKI'I unri cJryxe6Ha(uarpttt'.tep:a Q&M). CLP (nax eann 6lr) orpe.4eJlq aKo HtMa Mtcro B 6yQepa.HEC e za orrpu' ra ce 3ana3tr I.IKoI{ ,{a ce x3xBbpJltri or aKo He ca fioBerte eAHa)Ha fpe] KI'IB xeA'bpa' BaHe(H KoplrrirpaHe, yP1 ca flpu r,rerxure Mex.4y repM[HaJIav alo*ura uernpu 6nra or lorero 3a ri3noJl3Ba yrlpaBreHl{e[3floJl3BaueroHa Karo floJIe GFC, roero ce npeaBl,raeHn TeIeyCIyrH' I-'I oT Mexay TepMI'IHaJIaMpeXaTa pa3lluqHI'ITe MpexoBll{ Kaflaul{TeT Br,:el Bb3en Tepu.

fopnu oroele

Caofi a,qanrupaxe- AAI

Cnoii ATM, xrerKr.t

Olrgnqecruc,roI

iDnr. 3.6. C.roecrera,ronenuore,r :a ATM

38

39

TeneKoMvHxKaqu|4 dhKcupaHr, Mo6unHr|,1 lP

fraaa 3. PexrM Ha npexBbpnFHe Ha HOopMaqrFTa

Tereyc,ryrnre B ATM ca pa3aelreHllHa qer[ptt x,laca (A, B, C n D) c noMou1raHa tpu napaMerbpa.l-lerxpu [poroxona ca aeQaH[paHlr 3a Bcexu or KJIacne,lHflre rplr napaillerr,pa: coaere (rprr. 3.7). B KnacxoxKauxtra ce H3rIoJI3Bar cKopocT TeneycJlyr , nocTotHHau,qHnpoMeHJIxBa Ha nrr{ H3OXpOHHX actIHXpoHHlt plrne. (CBR t-rnlVBR), Bpt3KoBo xnx 6esrpl:rono npexnT rrpeaaBaHe rroa BceKIlK,'Iac,Morar,qa ce Bta.sr Or raO,ruuara ua Sur.3.7, B KoJroIIr'Ire AAL nporoxoa. xapaKTeprrcrrKlire(napauerpure) HaycJlyrara x npeaBI'I!eHHt

K,racA (uanp. per) AAL I

K,racB
(Hanp. BfiAeo)

Krac D K,racC (Hanp. (Hanp.[peAaBaHe cBr,p3BaHe HaAeiiTarpaMu) na LAN)

AAL 2

AAL 3/4,AAL 5

AAL 314

yc,ryru 14loxpoHun llocrorrrHa

CKODOCT

AcxHxpoHHlryc,'lyrr..r llpoMeB,'ruBa cKopocr

IP peNturr e Hafi-orlare.{eH or KaHarHlr! pexr.lM,Ho roBa uMa I-l rrJrrocoBe, pe3epBrjpaHe lia I MtrfiycH. flonexe HqNraa6co,rroruo HuKaKBonpe.[Bap[TeJrHo cpe.qa pecypcH, HanKuee Muoro 4o6pa r:nor:BaeMocr Ha npeHocHaTa Or apyra crpaHa, naK rro crlulara llpruxHa, He Morar Aa ce nalar rapaHrlnfi elo6qe qe flpllcrxrue 4efirarpauara, T.e. He Moxe aa ce mpa]rr[pa riora r 11aJlrl tqttccmaoua o6c,tytrcoauemo QoS (Quality of Service). Or rona Hafi-seqecrpaaar rra fi3oxpoHHurere,reyc,'ryrn. floseqero MepKrr3a rapaHTr..rpaHe QoS lr:nol:sar ua lrKaKBOHapyueHr.re uafi-.4o6plr u:6op u ca xrraxra tfopua Ha pe3epBupaHe fiapecypclr. rras,'lH:a r.raua6HoB TeJreKoMyHuKauIl{Te, eaHoBpeIP pexuulr, B MoMeHTa, u ueHfio Bi,B OlIKcrapaHr,rre lro6srnnre lrpexu. .qopll xeqrprr (lPv4) ua geiirarpaNta'ra IP nporoxo,ra orecHr r{ ce rroArorBr 3aMrHaraMy c uos (IPv6), c rparHa a,{pecrro fipocrpaHcrBo tl c rroJlera, cr,o6pa:eHu c TrIqecKHHeofpaHr-rtreHo ,r30xpoHHrtTe TeJIeyc,'ryf a. O3Ha.{eHrrrra CO-CS, CO-PS u CLPS ca B3erHor npefloptrsre sa ITU-T rz
fJIABI,I. IIC CC H3TIOJBBATB CJIC,IBAIUI'ITC

C rpl:xn

Ee: apuru

Orr. 3.7. K,racosereneycnyrl npn ATM tt AAL npororco,ru 3.8. IP PEXl4M Ha ITU-T no3Hatsa .qBarojrer!{rinpoexra, c KoHToce uerr BbBe)Iq{aHe craHaapr 3a yHuBepcanEaMpexa Ha BcrtlKlj re-qeycryrH. EaHHHtr [poeKr e ISDN (KaHaneH pexuNr), a Apyrxrr - ATM (x,reruveu pexult). Mex4y rtx HMaBpI'3Ka .rpe3wupoKorerlmoeunISDN - Broa(LbandISDN (B-ISD I). 14,{Baranpoexra no3Mpexa. 14e.4uHstT,I'l apyfliTe,'IeKoMyHuKallnoHHa HaBarpearH3auur B peaJIHaTa qr aonplrHactr MHoro 3a pa3Bltruero Ha rere Kor\ryn Ka rre. Ho ,qBaralte nocH un Mpexa3a BclqKo. cr Trfar fo"qrMaTa qen eanHHa sa B Cera ce:arasa Hoa npoeKr,HapeqeH aoKyN{eHrhre ITU-T,upetcu om ctedaot4o noKoreuue (Next Generation Networks - &GA/). Tofi e 6a3trpaHHa IP pextlMa Ha npexBbpnrHeua lnQopuauurra (ex. f:raaa 25). IP pexulrur e CLPS r npt,tHero He ce u3rpax,tar op.r:xu. Tofi t3nor3Ba caHocerltl flT,rHllqaapec I,IBbB BceKH B'L3eJr Mocrorre,tHo ,!.BHXeull ce aeilTarpaMr'r, xr'u xpafiHata tovxa ra ce npaB[ Hai-do'punm us6op (best eJfort) 3a HacoqBalte npexB'bprrHexa nHQopMaqxrra. to B rureparypara e nonyntpHa eaHaeJreMeHrapHa, lo,IHa alarorfit Mexay IP pexuua r no[leHcKara cncrelra. qoger ltoxe aa flycHe nope.qliqaoI MexayHaKLCIIeT IIpHCT[rHaT UIe Ta]\I,3a K'I'pO!HU nXCMa .[a!eHa C'IpaHa' KOI{TO MaJIKO C B rto aero ca aapecupaHu.Br,:lroxuo e Htroe or nr'IcMaraaa rIpeMIrHe pa3rurreH Mapurpyr. Bt:uoNno e nncMara aa He flpucrlrlHar B rloc,te.qoBarenHocrra, Ko{B
TO CA I]3TIDATEIIU,

40

4l

h TeneKoMyHrKauuu - dl4KcupaHx, Mo6hnH|,1 lP

fraaa 4 TeneKoMVHhKauuoHeH Tpa0rx l,lTererpaOhqHo rHxeHepfiso

MABA 'IETRbPTA TPAO14K TEIIEKOMvH14KAqI4OHEH UHXEHEPCTBO N TENETPAO14qHO

reopus 3a cucreMHonpoeKTl{paHe Ha Teopurra Ha re.nerpaQura e ocHoBHara HexH po.qoHa'{anHUK e.qarcxl-ttr MarecllcreMt,l u Mpexx. TeJIeKoMyHr.rKaul{oHHH MarhK A. K. Eplaur (1878-1929 r.), pa6orr.r:raI'JIII'I roal.tHl{ s [arcxara re,re$ouua xounauur. c'bopBxeHl4te 863Ko,'reKTlBHoro[3non3BaHeHa reneKoMyHIIKaqI-'IoHHIire uoNno 6naroaapeH[e Ha roBa, .re a6oHar.Ite o6[xnoseHo He ce Hyxaatr Henpena or Kr,cHaro r.i eaHoBpeMeHHo BphsKa(npeAaBaHe lruQopuaqnl). A6oHarl.'ne B O6lrUOAenO rparCpeACTBa CaMO OT.qerHtl. [3rroJI3BaT TeJreKOMyHfiKaUHOHHnre Hatoeapaanero, roeto a6osanne cb3aaBarBtpxy renexoKn nepnoAu or BpeMe. rpaQrx u:ru crrpareMpexa, ce Hapsqa reneKoMyHxKa(hoHeH NfyHr'rr(aunoHHara uo mercmpaQurc.

xa na nyxBaHeTo rpa$nra ca cnyuaiuunpo\ecu.Cryuaiwtr xapaKTep rpaozra Ha MeTo,q[ ri3cJleaBaHero 3a uupoKoTo tt3noJBBaHe BeporrTHocTHH My. Harara (T. pa6orocnoco6uocrra Hap.npolycKare,rua croco6uocr)ua 3a oqeHssaHe
I-IJIll jlr-tHtura,ueHTpaJlaTa cHona, e [o-BaxHo aa ce 3HaeHe foJIeM[HaTa, uHmeHa ua mpaQuxa. B aeiicrellreJrHocr,[oLITu BHHafI,r paOorn IiMeHHo ce c 3usLlocmma BpeMe. uparrrra vecHa rpa$riKa, T.e. c rpaQfltca3a eauHLIIIa Ha lgreu3uBHocrra ce TO BMecTorrHTeH3uBHocr yrorpe6xoa u:pa3,'r "ro:reuuua Ha rpaQuxa". TparaKa B qecr Ha A. K. Ep,raur n ce eaHHHuaEplanr, roxro e HapeqeHa OrqHara Ha a 1etexL c Erl, e e.4HH[qa3a LI3MepBaHe uHTeH3I-IBHocrra,He Ha foJleMr{Hara HarpaoxKa. r{HTeH3rBHocrra rpaQtra nporBrBa HenocrotHHa Karo c:ryvaftua ne,ruirrlHa BpeMero,t.e. Kore6aHfiqoxono cpeAHaraclt crofiHocr. AbnroroAnuHncrBo BT,B cpegHacroiuocr ce rr3MeHr,npu rona o6trre na6,lroaeruu nora3Bar, rle H Ta3I-t lepnoaurrHo, rro e,q!{H cbul HaurH. Tlrrr.r,rua raprrua Ha AeHoHorrIH[Te x HoBeHo Ha r3MeHeHr.s rpa$I.rKae noKa3anaHa Our. 4.1. flpu [ep[oaa.]Hr.rre trpoMeHrlce nepxoar{ Ha BrpxoBr.r HaroBapBaHu.f,. AeHosoqnero B :a6e,rg:gar ao6pe r{3pa3eHrr c6c 3aup[xoBaHara roBa e r. Hap. ,!ac ua uai-zo,,reuunnpaQux (L!HT), rroxa3aH craBa3a !IHT. uacr ua Qur. 4.1. Ilpoerrrpanero a reJreroMyHrrKauulrre

4.1.TE'IETPAO]4K
Ilprj rpoerrnpaue Ha eaHa dicreMa llle ce HaJIo)fl{ ga ce nrc,re4sa rpaQuxr'r B Het. aKo ca Hanfiue ro,tyyno\leHarrre OaKTopH: * Ko,rexTrleHo H3[oJBBaHe Ha c[creMara [nri Ha c,bop:bxeHljtra B Het, [pll KOeTOLrMaKOHKypeHIII{{ Mex,Ay 3atBK[Te. n I43[o[3BaHero ce pearu3[pa qpe3 3aeMaHe,a 3aeMaHero Ha ct'IcreMara I'IJII'I vrv Cr,OpbXeHlIt OT Het, 3a AaAeH nepHoa oT BpeMe, fipaBll cI4cTeMaTa Ha oTAeJTHX nep[oA oT BpeMe. OT cboTBeTHnTe c'bop:bxeHHt HeH3IIoJr3BaeMI,I .4pyfn npe3 TO3I-r * Cly'raeH (a ne aerepltnnrpan) xaparrep Ha 3aeMaHero. Toga o6uKnoseHo Ha TaKa I-l 3a IIpO,qbJIX[TeJIHOCTTa ce oTHacr KaKTo 3a BpeMeTo Ha BT,3Hr{KBaHeTOJ 3aeMaHeTo.

KarocyMapHa rlpo,qr,nxB o6qlr.sc:ryuaiirpaQurur Moxe aa ce orpeAeJllt llpu e Ha 3aeMaHr,rr. roBa3aroleMruarana rpaQNra 6e::naqesue TeJrHocr Bcr.rrJKH
AaJII{3aeMaH[rra ca no-KparKH,Ho IIoBeqeHa 6pofi, m ca [o-[poabJIxHTeJIHIl, no no-uaro6poiuu. flptl xaHarHuttpexlrM, c:brlloraxa, e 6e:3naqen]te aaJIIi 3aeMaHsroe lcnoJr3BaHo [peaaBaHeHa no,re:na nnQopuaqur, xaxra HHSopuaqm 3a (rene$oneH pa3roBop, AaHHtl) tl c KaKBacKopocr ce rlpeaaBa.ToBa He c],BceM npe,qu aa ce BbBeaerlona TOqHO OnpeAe,leHue rpaQura ule 6,,.qeu3no,rgnaHo IIoueNe no-Hararr,K ue ce roBop[ l.t3Kcrpofa MareMarrrqecKa QopMyJ[poBra. 3a rorerpaQur, a He 3a apyrx BxaoBe rpaol{ur, ue u3noJI3BaMe JrroqHTeJrHo:a xpart<ocr repmuwa mpaQux . A6ouarunre ycrpoficrBa ca nbpBou3ToqH[urre ua rpaQuxa B Te[eKoMyHI.lKaqlloHHaTa Mpexa. rpaQnxa, raro nanptuep 6poi a Ocsoauure BellrqllHu, xapaKTeplt3fipaulu rrpoAGJIxI{TeJIHocr 3aeMaHr-Isra, ctyuaiuu aeru\uHu, a noctrnaageto u o6cHa ca

O2

4 6 8 1 0 1 2 1 4 1 6 1 8 2 02 2 U

qac

Orr. 4.1..{etouoqnorcone6atue rpa$nra ua I'l:rnlo.renue e, Koraro rroBr.rKBaHurra, $opvr.rpauu rpa$tara Mex.qy a6oHaTI,ITe, pa3rrpocTrjpaT pa3lHttHri acTpoHoMlqecKl.r qacoBrzlloscu, HanpnMep Ce B MexayHapo,qH[,rrrpaQnr, rpaSurrr e I,lHrepHer,sa rtBJruqaHeHa riH0opMaul{t or WWW u ap, ToraBa rpr6Ba aa ce orqgTa n3MecrBaHero r{HT, Koero He BuB
HAN{ E JICCHO.

OcBeH .{eHoHoulHano,re6aHru, rpa$rlxrr rlpnll r.r Apyrfi ro,re6ag]rq gte BpeMero,HanpnMep (paborHfl r.rno.{[BHl.r guu), ce:ounlr, trpnqtlHeHnor ceAMr,rqHlr Har]xoHa"'rHll perufHo3Hx rrpa3Hrjqg Ap. I,I r.t llpoeKT[paHero Ha rere(oMyur{KaquoHnr.t cbop.bxeHr.l.{ r{HT npeAnorara, 3a qe re lue riMar r.r,qbnrlr l]eplro,Er.r MiurKoHaroBapBaHe. c Pagllrqsnre ofleparopl{,

14 TeneKoMyHhKauhn- Otx(rpaHl,, Mo6],rJIHlr lP

fnaBa 4.'f e neKo$y HAKaqxoHeH TpaOrK h rererpa6riqHo uHxeHeDcrBo

,rpe3auoepeHqupaHa rap[oHa IIoJllIT[Ka,ce onHTaaraa HaMaJ]trHepaBHoMepHoHa TOU3rrOI3BaHe C',bop:bxeHlltTa. npofuq Ha mpadttKa, Mo' AeHoHourHoroKore6aHueHa rpaQxra, HaplrqaHo na xe Aa ce pir3ruqaBa3HatIIIrerHoor noKa3aHoro $nr.4.1. flpov.rnara a npoQnra ua rpaQura lroNe aa e or npoMtHa Ha cr'orHo[reHHeroIueNry 6u:uec a6osarn e H,qoMauHr'ra6oHaru, flpoQu,rtr ua I4rrepHer rpaQI.{Ka pa3rliqeH or ro3l'I Ha re,reQouun.n.

3A 4.2.OnPEAEnEHUf,TEIETPAO]4K
Ha HaquHa3a $opr'ly.ttlpaue Ha HHTeH3HBHocrra rpaBr,lltoxns ca HtKoJIKo ir. HaqHHa Htqrc,rreaHeto 3l r cloruerHo lttKoJ'tKo Quxa a Ilrpnu uavnn. Tpa@uxt'm, u3,uepeH Eptauzu, e o1qama (cy-uapuama) npodt tctcumetxocm Ha rpeuaaeMaHuama sa eduuu4a epave. Axo s cticreMara, B N TeqeHHe fiepuoAa f e uMa,'Io 3aeMaHllt,npo,qbnxfiTenHocrraHa v-Toro 3aeHa [o uane e r,.,rpaQnnr,4 lroxe Aa ce I.t3rIIIc,rIi Qoptrly:rara

r a = l $ r , , .e r . r;

(4.1)

Ha Tosa e nora3auo c BpeMea[arpaMara QIlr. 4.2 :a rpuxanalua o6c,ryxaaqa cncteua. 3aeltanrrra, nocrtnlrJl{ npe,q}tHaqaJloroHa nepxoaa I, ce pa:r:rex4ar MoMeHT nepxoaa- Bx. tl Ha s[r.4.2a, a:aeltaHltgra,xonto Ha caMooT HaqajlHrlr nepnoAa- Bx. He ca [pIrK,rroqHJI[ao Kpat na flep]toaa l, He ce pa3rne4Aar I.l3Br]H t5 n t6 Ha cGuaTaoHrypa. H ToBa Mo)Ke ce H3rIon3Ba 3a orlpeae,'ItneHa cpeaHaranpoatnxl-ITerHocr aa tHa erHo 3aeMaHe

Ol!t. 4.2. l{tMeHerrtlecbcrort|uero Ha rpuKarranHacrlcreMa a) BpeNrelr|arpaMa 3ae[rafirlqrgB TpxKaHanHa Ba clcreMa;6) rpaonKa Ha oynk[xqra r(t), AaBauta6poq Ha eAHoBpeMe rrnre 3aeMaHrrq MoMeETa B t

r= jIr

(4.2)

(AKo 3aeMaHnrranpu / = t0 u / = /o * 7 y,IacrBar ara Qopvy,ra (4 2) caMo c B ra3r.rcll qacr, Ko.f,roBJIH3a nepuoqa Z, nony'ieHara crofiHocr 3a tno OopMynara (4.2) ue e no-ua:rra or aeiicranre,rrrara). c Bropu navun. Tpatfuxum, tts.uepeu Epnaueu,e pqaeH Ha cpeduua 6poit ua eduoepeueuuume zae aHun 3q dadeu nepuod om Bp&ue.Hera 6porr Ha e,4HoBpenpe3 flepuo,qa7' B aa,qex Naoe MeHH[Te3aeMaHr.lr HefipexbcHaroHa6nroaasaH fpaQnxara Ha QyHKUHtra.x(t)e crr'[a3aeMaHl.lt. MeHr t xMa.r(t) eAHoBpeMeHHx KprlBa,a canara Qynt<uur nplreMacaMo rIoJIoxl'ITeJIHH ue,'Il'lcroiHocrl.t: JroBxaHa Ha I{ c I s Ha.ranoroHa HoBo3aeMaHe HaMartBac I rlpH 3aB6purBaHe .r(t) uapacrea OyHKUr4trax(l) e nocrpoena Ha Qnr. 4,26 za sa'molesrero, (oero e 3aeMaHe. aa noKa3aHo BpeMe,auarpauara @w. 4,2a, c 3a aropara $oplty:l'rpoBKa Ha rpaQaxa, Heroaara l'IHTeH3l'tBHocr Clr:racso nepno4a Z uoNe 1a ce onpeaer!i

Tr npegcrarr.ana cpe4uara croiuocr Ha .x(r) n nepao.qa7. @oplry,rara uoNe Ja ce [peo6pa3yBaB'r,B Br.{a, xoEToe no-yAo6eH3a npaKTxeecKo r:nor:aaue. CyMxpar ce re3lr l{HrepBalli or nepnoaa ?, a xouro x(t) = k u cyuala ce o3HagaBa c I{ 3a t=0, l, ... ir (4 e }traKc[MaJrHHrT 6poii ua eAnoapeueuuure :aeMaua.r). Cpcarrnqr 6poii HaeJIHoBpeMeHHUre 3aeMaHr.tr, TpaQtrrr, e T.e.

A=tk''='tkr..

tn

(4.4)

Tpern navnn. Tparpuxt'n e Sponm na 3.tavauuflma za eduuttqa speMe,yM' uotrceucuc cpeduama npodt'ltltatmetHocm Ha edHo3aevaHe, u3pa3ela c'rlcctulliTe cal{Hllrlg 3a BpeMe

A=),r,

(4.5)

xr,Aero 2 e 6porr Ha3aeMaHurra eIllHHrIa BpeMe. 3a floc,reaHlrrr Haq[H 3a onpe,4errHe Ha rpa0xKa e MHoro pa3rrpocrpaHeH B npaKTuKara,K'r,!ero It Jlrofo/ll{ruuare ua6,rrc,{eHar no3BoJuBar t \a ce 3Hae
c p a B H A T e J I H OT O q H O .

(4.3)

floHexe l/2 e cpegxara crofirrocr Ha rrurepBa;ra MexAy rrocrr,naaHeroHa ABe tlocreloBarenHri lloBtrKBaHrlrjor (4.5) ce BfixAa c'LUlo,.re rpaOxKGTB,qetcrBl.r-

44

45

lP TeneKoMvHrtKaqlhouKclpaHh,Mo6nnH[|,| Ha TerHocT e Lr oTHO[IeHheTO Ha CpeaHHTecTofiHOCTl-r ABa BpeMe[HTepBana. Kone Ha rIoBIiKBaHeTo t I"I KOJIKOTO nOKOTO e no-.qbjlro BpeMeTo Ha o6cnyxBaHe e no-roJltM BpeMEro Mex,4y nocJleaoBarerHlire IroBl-{KBaHI,ltl/z TorKoEa MiTJIKO

fraaa4.TeneKoMvHhxa Tpadh( TenerpaorqHo u{oHeH }| ,HxeHepcTBo npolt'bJrxnTenltocT- cpeauoro uuso (axmueuocm) noKa3Ba KaKbB npoqeHT oT Ha rpaQrrOusrovHl,tt<rTnpe.qaBa. Hafi-AOlnorO HuBOnOBpeMeTO noBI{KBaHeTo qeCTO reHepHpaT Ce KJTeTKH naKeTnrro BpeMeHa ceputma Ha ak_ (a3BaKOnKO r.tjrfi muaHocm(burst),r.e. cKopocrra Ha npeAaBaHe. Tr.rnr'{eHON-OFF rpaQnr e ro:u or AaHHr.l. Kru nero Moxe ,qace orHece 11 rpaQamr or pe,r e llnrepner ura ATM upeNa. 4.3. OECTIYXBAHE HA TPAOI,IKA Uaesra Ha reneKoMyHuKarlfiIrre uHoro6pofiur.tre a6oHaru 4a 6raar o6c_ e or MHoro no-MaJrrK6pofi xanaal, u3noJBBafiKH nyxBaHr.r Qarra, ve He BcltqKll HcKar .qa 6b.qar o6cJlyxeHx. Cle.4oaare:ruo, Br.rHarH a6oHar[ eAHoBpeMeHHo e Bt3MoxeH MoMeHT,B xofiro garsxare sa o6c;ryxaane ca noBeqe or KaHalnre. I,lfia,{e Ka3aHo,''acr o't nocmbnqaulun mpaQurc ga ocraBa Karo ueo6cnytceu mpaQurc. Panuxara Mex,{y nocrlfiBarur.rr rpaQlr u o6ctycrcexun mpaQux e teo6cnyxeHLit. OoclyNnanero, npl Koero ce ofiBrpjltr 3aJIBKLrre, 3aBapr-lJlfi TeJrgKoMyHIlxa(LIoHHara cllcreMa 3anBJrHeHa, uapuva o6c,ryxyane c neuu sazy6u. ce Br,3MoxHae raKaBaopraHH3aq[t, npl-tKorro Ha 3atBK[Te,HaABuuaBauII{ KarraunTeTa c cTeMaTa la"qeH MoMeHT, ocuryptBa Bt3MoxHocT ^{a qaKaT, Ha B ce noKaro B cr{creMara ce ocao6o,qsr pec}?cti l,t ce pealr.r3npaobcnyxnaxe. Tona o6cryxraue ce Hapxqa - c qaKqHe. OEr. 4.4 Hrrocrprlpa Ka3aHoro.Ctgu're nnrvera ca rpaQlrra, Ha.[xBr,pnrq Karraqr.rrera cr{creMara, r.e. ueo6clyxenmr Ha rpaQrr npa crcrerraac raun :ary6r.

rpa0uKrr. fopxure rpn geQnHnqIu xa rpaQuxa H clorBerHlne Qopuy'u 3a t{3rll.IcreHne ce [pnJlarar 3a pa3nllqHltcnyqatt or npaKrtKara. flrpBtire aBe aeQltHltuun ce orHacrr 3a o6ctlnreauun mpaQurcn ce rcnoll3Bar 3a rcMepBaHeroMy B cr'lqecrByBauucbopbxeH[r. Ha TpaQnrsr, reHep[paH or e,4unrpat[nron3ToqHI-|K reneQoHHaraQLKcllpararo ronHrire croiHocrl ca 3a aoHa Mpexa, e or noptatKa na 10-200 mErl, uaurnu a6onarn, a ropulre - a 6n:sec a6oxarx. TpaQlrrr or a6onar ua uo6nnor rpannull - HanplrMep 30 4o 100 mErl' Ha Mpexa BaplrpaB rlo-Ma.rrKx Tpar[urr,r, reHep[paH or a6oxarrre u onpereteH c EpnaHrn, He BuHarI{ cbopbxeHnt' Ha HaroBapBaHeTo Bcl{ttKnTeJIoKOMyHI'IKaqUOHHlr onrcBa aaeKBarHo ynpaBntBa ueHrparara (f:rana 8)' e Ha Ta(a HaroBapBaHero llpoqecopa, KofiTo 2 [ponopqloHanHo Ha I{HTeH3fiBHocrra ga nornrgaumta. Haroaapnauero na ct(flaea l0) ctt-tlo saat{cl-| noaeqeot 't, otxomoTo or oou*"r""ru au "rrHalnsaun.r a rparpuxa,4. Tosa rostrtae o6tcHtBa I'I3IIoJBBaHeroCeaepxaAuepnra Ha lrpeAciaaiHe rpaqrra qpe3 r. Hap. noauKaaHute VHT (BHCA Busy Hour Call AtI{Manpoar,Jrxl'IreJluocrr= 100 s, ro or (4'5) cleArempts). Axo e.qHonoBrKBaHe ga, qe I Erl = 36 BHCA. c6opbxeHa ,{ocera npeacrannxMeHaroBapBaHero rereKoMyHllxaqlloHHI{Te Ho H noBI{KBaHnt npoIbnxItTeIHocTL Ha 3aeMaHI{t, He H Karo KojlliqecHnt KaTo speue (bit/s)' rao nH$opuaqur, flpexBapntHo npe3 Mpexara 3a eAIrHIrqa

<Dur.4.3' IlpeacraBauena ON-OFF rpa$un Il - rIoBrrrBafltrf,;,4 ceprrrl(burst) HaartTrBllocr rra ON-OFF rpa$uKa; K- KJrerK[flnx laKerx vy I.t OnncaHuero Ha rpaQfiKa caMo c BpeMe3aeMaHut H3MepBauero c Erl e Mex'qy [HTeH3uBpexl{M, [opaa caoTBeTcTBneTo rIpU KaHiTJIHHt !.ocTaTsYHO Hocrra na rpaouxa s Erl I,I]iHreHsfisliocrra Ha npexBr,pntHeHa fiH(DopMallutraB (llerbqHn u geirarpauHn pexuMl{ He e raKa H onlcaul'rero ga bit/s.llpu naKerHl,t, qe ON-OFF rpa{rra e no-cJtoxHo. Ha Slr.4.3 e rloKa3aHo, rara HapeqeHl4sr rpatfuxonrovunr, Moxe ra ce nPeacraBu Ha rpll mpaQurc, reuepupaH or eaHH ga. Haft-sncoxoto Hnso (noeurearur) ce onncra c 6pofi nortlraannl L rtxHara

OI|r. 4.4. Ilnlocrpaqur Ba oocnyx(BaHe qarane r| 6$ 'taraHe c 4 - KanauI|TeT cIcTeMaTa ||a

4.4.KAqECTBO O6CIyXBAHE eos HA

Atto o6cryxaanero e c xBHH:ary6u, orHoneHnero Mex.qy neo6cnyxentr TpaQIrK x rlocr:sflnBalrlnr rpaQrx npe.qcranl tza mpa@uuuume sazy6u B. Tosa orsoueune o6uxnogeHoc6Bna.4a aeporrHocna :a 6JloKllpoara,T.e. Beporrrrocrra c 8, qe nocrrnuroro rroBrrxBaHe HrMa aa 6r.qe o6cnvNeuo.

46

47

frer, TeneKoMvHuxaqn, - OltKchpaHr, Mo6unH}lln ]L

4_Tene(oMVHtxaUl,loHeHTpad|.lK|nTeneTpadlnqHouHxeHepcrBo

ce cucreMHc qaKaHe KaqecrBoroHa oocJ]yxBaHe 3a re[eKoMyHnKauHoHHI-ITe P P o[eHsBa c KplITepHn(aTo: BepoqTHocTTa (> 0) 4a ce qaKa,BepotTHocTTa (> t) ,qa ce r{aKanoBeqe oT HtKaKBoBpeMet fl cpeaHoToBpeMe3a gaKaHe7. Bepo{Tqacr or BcIlqKHrlocrbflBaulll noBIlKBaHlltHtMa ra xocrra P (> 0) onpeaeJlt KaKBa rracr or nocrttrlnfiTe 6r,aar seaHaraobc,ryNeut, a Bepotrnocrra P (> t) KaKBa t. l]le IIoBHKBaH[r qaKaTnoBerleoT BpeMe BaNuo e aa ce 3uae, qe cxcreMara c uafi-ao6po KaqecrBoHa obc,lyxeaxero He atlHarn e Hai-1o6pe npoexTnpaHara Bepotruocrra, qe (oBxKBaHeroHqMaaa c 3aB6puri c pa3roBop,roHexe BIlKaHrItra6osar e gaet B NroMeHTa lpyfo noBnKHe 0,1 Erl s qHT. He e rornqHo I.t I.lKotloMI{qecKI{ e BaHe,Moxe aa HaaxBbplrl.i 3a r{pexa ce flpoeKTfipaTaKa'qe BepotTHocTra rpaaKo oflpaB.qaHo, TeneooHHaTa "3aero", Qurxrl :ary6u (r.e. Bepotrr'locrra Buxaurlltr a6orlar aa flory'tlt crrHa,'I nT'ruqa,qo anxannr), e no-ua'rra or 0,01 3apa,q[Jrxflcarla cBo6oaHH Hopuupauero IIa KaqecrBoro Ha o6c,ryxaaue e o6eKT Ha npenopltctlre Ha cr,oopaxeurr. Tara crcnaITU-T, no Hopuure ca cJleacrBuett Ha HKoHoMuqecKl Karo Harlp[Mep at'Jlflr nIiHIlH, ce [poeKTnpaTla pa6orrr c loTe cT,op'bxeHr.rr, a ro,revu :ary6u u o6paruo. ,{o6lp npluep ca pa,axoKauarl{Te uo6n,lHara (nancxr,u pecypc Te ce pnnep GSM) cncreMa, Komo ca orpaHnqeHIt cJIe.{oBareJIHo npoeKrnpar.qapa6or.rr c ro,renN :ary6lt. Mpexfi KaqecrBoroua o6clyNaaue QoS B MoaepHHrereneKoMyHuKatlHoHHrI (Quality of Service) ce npeBp'bulaB ueHrpaneHBlnpoc. llphqllHara e, qe B re3]t rpa$lr'rHa rloroull Ha pa3nuqntl TeJreKoMyvpeNlr (I4ureprer, NGN) ce cNlecBar KbM napaMerpl{Te tt3I{cKBaHru ycnyfU C p;l3JlXqHX npoTl-lBopeqxBu fi HHKaUHOHHII ua QoS (nN. r. 1.3). B'r,rpocbr ce pa:r,rex,aarloapo6uo g f,rasa 28.

B rJraBa. 1pa$llxa. PeueHltero Ha npl{Mepae pa3fre.qaHo cJreaBautara IP nrpeNure u cfleqlaJrHo npfi VoIP rlo.qre,'rerpaolqHo [HxeHepcrBo ce B pa:6upar r,raaHonporoKonn 3a ynpaB,leuuena QoS (Inaaa 28).

4.5. TEIIETPAO14tIHO14H)KEHEPCTBO TelerpaQuvuoro HHxenepcrBoxMa 3a uen .uapa3pa6otsaMero,4tt3a tfcreaqpe3 KOMyTaUItt B cl{cTeMl-t, KOUTO [Ia BaHen npoeKTupaHe TeIeKoMyHxKalJfioHHH 3a ycJIoBl4t3a KoreKTItBIloll3rIoJI3BaHe C'bOptXeHI'ItTa IIpeHaCSHe' Ha ce c63aaBaT palnpe,{e:rauen o6pa6orKa Ha uHQopMauutra. Hafi-'Jecro cpeuaHara 3aaaqaHa rere'TpaQ qgoro fiHxeHepcrBo e 'qa ce HaMexay rpnre ocHoBHI{BerfiquHll: rpa$ux, QoS, lapauerpll Meptr 3aBr.rcl4MocrTa a cl{cteMa. O6uxHoseHo ca aaaegn ,{Be BeJIHstlHl{, ce rr,pcll Ha o6cryxsauara TperaTa. TpaQnxr,r yLiacrBa B 3aaal{ara c [apaMerp]'l Karo roJIeM[Ha, HepaBHoMepKaro uocr, Qyuruua Ha pa3npeaereHuex ap. QoS yqacrBa c BeJII.II1.IHI.I, rlocoqes r.4.4. flapauerpllre Ha o6c,ryxnauara cllcreMa Morar 'ua 6r'4ar: 6poii raHrre tt npHopHTeTI't ap. MecTa rIaKaHe, 3a HaJrr.r, s C,reanoro e eanH rIpHMep.,{a.aene 6porr Ha pa.4HoKaHaJlure e,{Ha GSM 6polr Ha uoou:ruxre a6ouarn' ce HaMepI'{ K,'rerKa, ,{aAeHae HopMara3a QoS. Aa r.e.3HaeM cltcreMara Ir QoS. Aa HaMepuM KoHro Moxe Aa o6c,ryxsa KJIerKara, 49

48

TeneKoMvHnraqur - OuKclpaHu, Mo6lnnHhh lP

frara l, [lbnHoaocrbneH t.ldopMvraHaEpnaH[ cHon Ilapao, MHororo,ql-Iunfl-rena6noAeHu.{ xa rpa4uxa ca nora:aJll,r B MHoro cJryqal,l Ao6po cTsnaAeHr.re peirnHoro pa3npeaeneH[e (Hanpfiuep a reneQoHmra). c BTopo, noJryqaBar ce yao6xr :a pabora Qopt'tyllr, Kogto He e MaloBalrtHo 3a nPaKT[Ka. l,HXeHepHaTa pa3npeAeneHlie I.{HTepBaJIure 3a BoAr.r IlpneMaHsro Ha eKcnoHeHrtr,arHo Io Ha onHcaHr.ie npoqeca Ha nocrbnBaHe u o6clyN-eaxe ua rpaQrrca crc clyqaeH flpouec Ha Maprcoa.Or cgoficrgara Ha npouec re ua Mapxor Haf-xnrepecuo tr r,e. 3a noHaii-[one3Hoe cBoicrBoro, qe [pouechr He 3aBl'lcllor npeAHcrop].Itra, e chcrotHne, a Ha HaraTb[lHoro noBe,4eHI-Ie cI,IcreMara BaxHo He[Horo MoMeHTHo Taxa HanpuHe HaqliHbr, no rofiro e aorlra B ToBacbcrotHfie, HHToMoMeHTbr. He or ltep BepotrHocrra, ve a nHrepnala A/ ue noclbnu HoBonoBt'IKBaHe, 3aBI-IcH AHanort'IqHo,aKo B Aaor BpeMero,lr3TeruIo nocteAHoro [ocThrIIlJIo rIoBI{KaaHe. BepotrHocrra, ue e rnrepaa;ra Al qe B aeH MoMeHT cHcreMaraI{Ma i noBI-'IKBaHItt, HtKoe or rtx, He 3aBltcHor roBa KoJIKo abnro ca npoabnxaBajll'I Te3t,l 3aBT,ptlln a noaHKBaHUr.caMoor rexntr 6poi i. I,IJIH ITHTeHc flocrtnsaHero Ha noB[KBaHntra ce npeAcraBt KoJIHqecrBeHo Mex,{y .{BenoBlIKBaHus, 1/ ), , Lqano3lrBHocrra 2, n:rn crc cpegnut ngTepBan r{HTeH3uBHIII rrvHo, :a o6clyxraHero lr3rIoJI3BaMe [poAT,nxlrreJlHocrra t, I-tJIri p Ha npHXJItOqBaHeTOeAHO Ha nOBnRBaHe. HOCTTA

|NARA NETA

HA n CHOn ooPMynA EPTAHT nbnHoAocTbnEH

CHOn nbnHoAocTbnEH 5.1.
cHo[ e Hai-no[yrrpnara relerpaQn'rHa cl'IcreMa'Tofi ce flunoaocrrnuHst cbcrolr or n o6c,ryxnaqtz npr.r6opa(xarra.nl)' Kollro cbBMecrno o6cnyxnar nocrsunaul rpaQur l, CHonrr e nbJlgoaocrr,reH,noHexe BceKueglH or tpaQlxonreal.lHor KaHallrre, aro e cso6o'{eH(Qlr' 5 l)' BceKI{ ToqHurlnre Moxe aa 3aeMe

1 2 3

P=;
Oxr, 5.1.Ilr'rnorocrt'nes cEorl N- 6poft rpa0[Ko[3ro'lBrq[; n - 6pofi Kalarr fla cflolta 5.2. NPEACTABflHE HA TPAO14KA Crr,racno (4.5) nocmnmq.rrr rpaQlr e A= ),t . tlosexe l/ )' e cpeaHara noBHKBaMe)l(ly nocT['nBaHeroHa ABe lrocJre,qoBareJlHrr crofigocr Ha nHTepBaJIa BIDMa, qe I B .4e[crBHTenHocr e orHoueHl'Ie Ha cpeal{I'I Hr.ir, or oopMynara ce KonKoro e no-a6Jlfo BpeMeroHa o6cryxBalre crofiHocrll Ha aBa BpeMe[HTepBaJa. nOe no-ManKo BpeMeroMexly rocJIeaoBareJIHI.ITe Il Ha rroBr{KBaHgro KonKoro TpaQuxr,r. ToJIKoBa no-rolrv e BrKBaHrrr, Ii Beluqusure l/ I u t ca cpeaxrucrofinocrn ua c:ryraftHu Bent.rtII.IHI'ip&,[]l rlocTbnBaHe onpeaeJlt xapaKrepaHa llpoqeca Ha Ha peaeJreHneTo Te3n BenxqI,lHH 3a re3ll o6clyxrane na rpaQura' Axo Hanpanuv eguo o6lrlonpnero JlonycKaHe qe pa3llpeaeneHu'Iqe 3aeKcnoHeHuHaIHo aBa BpeMeIrHTepBiuIa, ca oTpl'IuarenHo
flIllXEM

(5.2)

TpaSnrrr or (4.5)r'loxe.na npeacraBn ce Cre.uorare,'ruo ,q=1 . p

(s.3)

5.3.OOPMYflA EPTAHT HA
AKo np[eMeM, qe cHonar e B crcrorH[e $, roraro ca 3aern TorrHoi Ha 6poir kaHaJrr-.r, BcI{qKH To Bb3MOXHH CtCTOtHIttCa/l + 1. OT IIpHeTUTe eKCIIOHeHTJI{aJIHI,I pa3lpeaeneHnr creaBa, qe BeporTHocTra nocTbnrT eaHoBpeMeHHo noBI-lK.[Be .{a BaHru KrroHr K6M Hyna (gx. [MI,IP2], [IVE] n ua apym Mecra). Ha(par, aKo 6potr Ha rpaQnKor.r3ToqHnqr.rree MHoro o-roJrrM or KaHalHTe (n renerovyxnN n Raq[oHHara npaKTrrKa Hafi-qecro e raKa), To r4HTH3r.rBHocrra nocTb[BaHeHa Ha noBHr{BaHrrrra ue sasucu or cr,crorHlrero Si Ha cr.rcrMara, A, r-e. ), = l. B pegr,CTOrHr.rrTa pexoaHTe Mexay Trx ce npeacTaBrT c auaf3ynTaTHa Ka3aHOTO, n pauara ua gnr. 5.2.

P\x > t)= 2-' ,

(5.1)
p 2p 3p Q-1)p ip (i+ I)p

L a KbAero 3aMecrBaMe c l/ ) 3a BpeMeroMexay,qBe noBlIKBaHnq c 73a BpeMero Ha o6cryxraHe, Tosa nony.nrpuo 3a reneroMyHl{Kau}tnreaorlycKaHe3a orpfiuarenHo eKcrlopa3npeaeJleHl'Ie npaB[ rlo llBe npHqEH]'I. c HeHTIUaJTHO

?*\ _9
51

rDrrr.5.2.AnarpaMa Ha sr,croqlnrra rl npexoalre fla nrntro,toctbnen cuon

50

- 6rKclpaHt, Mo6,nHhn lP TeneKoMvHMKauttl, e B cbcTotHue Si' T'e nMa I 3aeTu ,[a o:uavuu c P, BepogTHocTTacHorIbT Ia Ha nHTeHrana,ru. Axo crcreMara e B craulroHapHocr, T e' cpeaHara croiinocr "4 r{HT e rara), ro xHTeH3rrBHocrta Ha 3riBHocrra ua rpaQlra He ce [poMeHt (a B ua o6parHua lpexoa - or Si B Si'/ np"*oaa or S,-, r S, puutu nu "nt"H3I.'IBHocrra "

fraaa t nb,lBoAocTbneH cHonu dopMvnaHaEpraHr

p=

i!

(s.9)

(l<t<r).

or He3aBI.lcHMo HoHa l4HTeH3I.IBHocrra npexoaa Si-i J Sr e pasua ta )'P,-,' I.IHTeH3HBHocrra' (S;-+ S;'1)e a cl.l!'la: Mepai Ha cbcrotu[ero. 3a o6parHur npexo4 npux,lruquar (nanycKar cncreMara)' e nponopluoualua t|a c Korro rroBllKBaHt'Ilra noB[KBaHI{tH o6parHo nponopultoHajlHaHa cpeaHara npo6por i na aKTI.IBHI{Te r ,{6Jrxr.rreJrHocr =l p ua nos{xsaHero. c,reaosarerHo (5'4) )P,,=iPP,. I4lnor:sairtt no (5.3) npeacrarrue ropHoro ypaBHeHue creaHKt HaqltH

p,=iPi_r,
I

(5.5)

rlpoMeHraBaraHa cyM],IpaHero. Vparuenre (5.9) Ka/qero3a yAo6crao e cMeHeHa lbpceHaraBeporrHocrc[creMara.qae B cbcrotrre i, a toga uoNe.qace nolaBa nyqll 3a BctKo l, aKo ce 3HatT,4 I-in. \l VparneHle (5.9) e u:necrno raro @optryta ua Ep.traHz otrvcBar. Hap.pa3nua EPtanz. pedercnte Haii-rolru uHTepecnpe.[craBntBac'bcrorHHero S,,,xoraro ca 3asru Bcnt](t ggxa .[a 6r',qar o6c,'ryNenn. BepomrroBuKBaHI'lt tt KaHZL]U HOBOnOCT',L[[.rJU.rre sa P,, e aeponnurocmma 1toxupoexa B u e ueputo aa rpaQn'runre :ary6r. tocrra A"
-

n=
"

n!

oTK1rero Moxe .4ace 3anI'trlle:

Pt=APo,

t^

^l

=p(t\

(s.l0)

P1=+Pt=+h,
(5.6) P =iP,-t=iPo

')2

fopHr,nr H3pa3ce uapnta Qopuytra ua Eptauz sa sazy6ume v on\e B-Qopuyta ua Eptauz. HA 5.4. NPNNO)KEHhE OOPMYNATA HA EPTAHT Oopr'ryrara Ha EpnaHr e Hai-rorynrpHara Qopr'lyra a rererpaQnuumo nHxeHepcruo.3a ue.rlrre na nparrrvecroro i [i3nor3BaHe. MHor-oKparHolpeacraBrHa Tr e r m6rnieH (gN. [UAHI], tCOLl, IFICI u sp.) ntn rpaQneu BrA. TaKa,3a onpeAerrxue6por na ueo6xoAllvnre KaHaJrr.rnrJrHoAoclr,rrHr.rr B cHorr,nplt.ua,[eHxnocrr,rrBart rpaQrix r.r3ary6ltj Morar !a ce lrno:r:nar xpuaure or Snr. 5.3, a:em or [I{AH2]. flptl rl3,Jr'rc,'reHurra Qopr'lyrara na Ep,ranr rp.r6aa ga ce o6rpne aHuuaune no rlpxy cne4Hataoco6exocr. 3a se,'ru.ruHara E,(A) e s cr.ura0 < E"(A) < 1. O6aqe .rtlcJlrrenrr t-l 3HaMeHare,rar e (5.10), KaKTo Be;ruqr.txllre l i!. Morar recHo,qaHaAxBbpnrr pa3peAr{ Ai Hocrra Ha KoMnloft,pa. 3a ga ce n:6erne roBa I{ aa ce HaMaJIII o6evr,r Ha n:'{rcjreHfirra, Moxe aa ce H3rron3Ba peKypeHTHara eopMyra

n,=!P,-,=\n,
go6aa.nlre nopuuKtu cncteuata (5.6), or n ypaBHeHlltH n + I sen3BecrHll' parloTo ycnoBue
('o

1'-'

-'

(5.7)

Karo ce Iloc,reaaoroMoxe.qa npeacraBn , + P . + A P . . . . + : : - P ,= | , n!

oTK6.{eTO CJIeABa 3anoqBaiiKH c otleBLIAHoro

( at- AE^IA) r'*'t^t-i+t+ AEJA)'

E,(A)=1.

( 5 . 1) l

-1

" +A'.

(5.8)

Toga voNe na ce npencraalt c j going from X:=1+X*j/A .nd for E -( A ) = : 1 / X for 1 to N do

*t! Harpar, :altecrnafixllPoor (5.8) s (5.6)' ce noryrraBa

52

53

_ OoKcrpaHu, Mo6unH[, lP TeneKoMvHuKaqrH

frara I nb|HoAocrbneH cHonx OopMvna EpnaHr Ha

- t(N ,n,a).

(s.13)

fopnara $opuy,ra Ha Eurcer e Manxo rro-TpyAHa rBrroJBBaHe, BuHarH 3a Ho AaBaroqeH pe3y;rrar: 4oraro Qoplry:rara ua Ep,ranr npeopa3Mep{Ba cucreMara, cn Koraro N e c:bt13Mepr.rMo (N > n). tr4Hrepeceue rpaiu zn cnytair N = n. Torana neporrHocrure Ha c.bcrorHrrrra Ha cHorraMorar.4a ce h3qI-IcJItrc go6pe no:xarara or reopl.H Ha BepgrrHocrnre pa3flpeAeleute (pa:npegeneuuena Eepuynu) OopMynaHa or.rHoMr.iHanHoro

t ' t=lt.'h'(r,n)'-', r '

(n\..

(5.14)

B = 0,001

....- B = 0,002 -.-B=0,005 ---.B=0,01 ---B = 0,05

Kblero ry = A/n e u3 or3BaeMocrra Ha orAeJIHur raHa,r. llopa4a paBeHcrBoro N = n He Moxe Aa I,Iuaneo6c.nyNeuu noBr{KBaHu{, @opMyrara ua Ep:ranr (5.10) aaaa B rBeH Bt{AsaBr.rcr.tMocrra oary6ure g na or rpaQHKaI rr Kana;lvren. B npaxurxara ue lo-MilJIKo BaxHa 3a.{aqae ra ce orpeaeJ'rrr KaHaJr4Te npn lagenlr rpaQux u gorycrulrr,l sary6ll

r.r;lx .4onycrxMnsr

" nocrrnna4

= n(e, n)

rpa$r.rr,npa gageuuralra,tlrn :ary6u A=A\n,B).

510

15 A, Erl

20

25

30

14 B lBara c,ryva-aQynrqlnre ca HesBHrl rpx6aa 4a ce npr{JrararHrKaKBr4 u qrcrreHr.r MeroAn,r.rc Qopuy,ra (5.1 l) aa ce r-tpcar ropeunre Ha yparnerur (5.15) n (5.16). Ilpnuep 1: GSM memrca. Aalena GSM KnerKapa3rronarac ABe qecrorr, r.e. c 14 raHa,ra la o6uyxnaue uaT pa@nra, locmneaq or r4o6unnnre abouaru N, Kor4To Ha rpu rop[rra ca Ha KJTerKara. 9po rovyraun.a B npr.reMo-npeAaBarerHara ua 6asosara craH_ qacr qrn, a6onarlrre nory.raBar Aocrbn,qo 14-re rasala na cnorra r.rBD63Ka KaHalrrrre c Ha Ha3eMHara yurbrHeHa JrrlHHr KbM KoHTpoJrepa 6a:oaara cranqzt (lnaza Ha

cnor 6e3'laKaBe Onr. 5.3. Kptal ua Epaaur 3a nr'JruoaocrarIerr - naua,ul -B- aary6u ,4 - nocrr,lnaul rpa0nn; n cyMara B 3HaMeHareJIt MoNe aa ce n:no:tBa I.IeaHaanpoKclMaqlrq.3ar{eHsr'Ie qIlcJII'neJIt H3rIomBaMe na (5.10) c ercnolrenra /, a:a $arroplte:ra B OopMynaraHa Crupluwr nl = n'e'^ ^tZtro .llotytaoa ce vHoro ao6po nptr6mlNenue:

22).

. n ' ^ s ^ 1 1 = ( e r ) e , -/ . , E A a
Btpna, Komro N -+ -. flpu N >> n gaaa @opruynaraua Ep:ranr e a6co,'rrorHo qe ne ce sa6e,rcgsa. Koraro ne e I'I3narHeHo fpe[IKa, Korro e ro:rKoBa MarKa, qe llMa KpaeH 6po[ rpaQuron:rovuluu' N>> n , a e B cuna caMo N> rx,Ka3BaMe or 3aBIrcH 6por axruauli Torasa uHreH:nnHocrra Ita flocrbnBaHeHa tIoBtlKBaHlt-q llsroqHltuu (or c;crotHl{ero Ha c[creMara)
)"t=\N -i)d,

(5. r2)

mpaQurou3mosHuK. or r:rgero ae rpatfnrTr, reHeplrpaH e.{uuceo6odeu a ua uMaMe tap. pasnpedeteuue Euzcem, gary6lre ce 4arar c Qopr. ToraBa
MyJraTa

,{a ce onpege,rr4o xo,rxoa6ouaraN uorar Aa6tAar o6u),xBaHn or rlterKara, axorTra$lrK:br eAusa6olrare a = 50 mErl, a nonycrauure sary6ucaB = lTo. Ha .--Q1rqrlaure ua Ep,ranr {ur. 5.3 (no-rovHoor ra6luqure ua Ep,raur,narp. B UIAHII) ce onpeAenr, Aonycrr.rMr.rrr qe rpaQur a x,rerxarae A=7,35 Erl. Ot A/a cre'.Ba,qe Aorrycrlruurr 6poi a6osarlr N n rurerrara e 147. Ilpnuep 2: Cmamucmuuecxu ytul,mHeHa .ruHw. Ynmruenara nualu (nanpurrlep ATM nr.rHr{)pa6our ctc cropocr C bit/s. ^ croiHocr Ha qnQpoaur noroK, cr3AaBaH rraKerr4re (r.nerru nplr or : *:l"utu .1trvr Jll.rHl.rr) aaaeHa Ha rereycJ,ryra, c biVs. Orryr crenBa,qe crar crriqecKH e ylnbrHeHara Jrr{H}rr Moxe Ia ce onpr4nrltrh cHon c n = C/c o6clyxsanJu rtpuHa 6opt,l aa ce npr4nox{ Ir ru Eplanr, HarrpuMep oueHKa :aryOnreno 3a na "o4"nrt IIOBAKBAHI-I-f, .

54

55

Mo6xnHh tl lP TeneKoMvH!iKaq!'!l4 6uKct1paHt1,

frasa 6 Tenerpaor,tHa chcreMa c qaKaHe

noauKaaHutr' Ilpuvep 3. Epoi aKmugHu BctKo or KolIToMoxe Aa e B aKTtrBHo qe I'IMaNle rIoBI'IKBaH[a' n ,[a Aonycneu, ct'crotHl,Ie (He t/ c'bcroqH[e (upe.4arace llusopuauun) c Bepo-srHocr x HeaKTnBHo o[peaeJlu Bepotrnocrra' ce [peaaBa) c BeposrHocr I 4. 9pes (5 14) trtoNe'qa ce .re toqHo i notfiraaHt,tt ca aKTIIBHI-I'

MABA IAECTA TEIIETPAOUqHA CI4CTEMA I{AKAHE C

B lpegxoguara rjtaBa ce pa3fnexAar caMo cLIcreM| c lanu :ary6t, npn xou_ ce To loBtcr(BaHero ry6u, axo rocrtrllt, Kofaro ca 3aerfi Bcr-lrlrlio6clyNtarqu ra_
IJ& lll.

TPAO14K 3A HA 5.5.OOPMYIIA EPTAHT MHOTOMEPEH

pa{ur' r'e rpaQlx fopuuar flplluep 2 uoxe Aa ce o6o6ux 3a MHoroMepenT pa3[[qen pecypc Cpeqa ce a or Ko ro Il3I.lcKBa reneycnyrl{, BcqKa or pa3JIu,lHIt B-ISDN, IP nPexl, ATM uPeNu' 03Ha.reHrit: M - 6poit Ha reneycnyrlr fei cKopocr) B oouara [I.tHI'It;. n - 6poi'i eannnuu pecypc (JIeHTa, ycnyraJ; ,4i - rpaQur, flocrGnBauror reJleKoMyHuKaulIoHHara ycflyraJ: or reJIeKoMyHItKaqlioHHara nOBI'IKBaHH' i, - 6Doii eaHoBpeMeHHr seo6xoAut'lu 3a o6cnyxBaHero pa.ypa ("lenra, cKopocr)' l' - Opol .r""ru, or Ha enHo noBI4KBane ycryfaJ Hartrue e ectecrgeHoro orpaHHqeHrle

AKo l'lMaHtKaKbB MexaHr3TrM! Koiiro no]BontBaHa noBlKaaHero noqaKa, Aa rqe Io6a'ro ce ocso6o,quKaHa!, rroBlKBaHero 6r,4e:anlpxaHo s clctevara u o6c_ MaKapr{ c [3BecTHo 3a(bcHeHI,Ie. ,'ly)r(eHo, AaBaHero Ha Bb3MoxHocr ,qa ce qaKa, yBer'rxqaBa ooclyNeull'I or KaHaJrI{Te rpaQtx, r.e. Moxe aa ce [oryqij x(oHoMuq Ha r{aHalr[.Ho or ceog crpaHa, opraua rrrr:r.rpauero obcryxBaHe c qaraHe l't3llcKBa hJ]H[TeJ,rHI{ pa3xolll. HanpNrrrep .{on rrpeaocraB{HeroHa rraMer3a rro.qpexraHeHa o[a[tKa. I4:ao4.rr e, qe riaraHero ce KofaToToBae paqtoltarHo. B',Ltsenraa, O6c,ryxBaHeToc qaKaHeB TeJeKoMyH[KarI[{Te,TpaIHUr.loHHo c.bulecrByBa ycrponcr8a - npouecopri! pef]rcrprr n Ap. BbBexAaHero Ha r]pll ylpaBJrrBau]HTe pa3nxurrr.rre rrat<erlr,t pexnM]-l Ha npexBapJrue Ha un$opuaqnlra Bo,4r{ rroBce_ .qo r\'recrrro rr3rroJr3BaHe o6c,ryrrnaHec taraue. ua

ir,r,.n.
cHonGT e B '44 flopa,4n He:awcul'tocr ua rpa$nuuure rlorolrlt' BepoqrHocrra (ir.ir. . .. ir./) e clcrosuNe u A..

6.1.nb,|HOAOCTbnEH CHOn qAKAHE C

ll-{e 6Tge pa:r,regaH n.bJrHoloclr,rreH cHorr c qaKaHe npx cJrelHurc aonyc(a_ rrxr (Aon:bnHnre,'rHo! re3l or npegxoguara r,raoa): t<6rr - HrMa ofpaHHqeHI'Ie BTrpxy Ha aLJIXr.rHaTa o[aul{aTa, - ArlcqxrrrTuHara o6clyNuaue e "n:bpBl.r Ha gou hJr_ nbpan o6clyxeu". LrrcTeMaTa xaeaJri3upaHa lo[ycKaHeTo na Hr]\{aofpaHHtleHr.re a,LJIXH_ e c 3a IIaTa rra orauKaTa, KoeToe npaKTUrlecKr.l HelocTrr)rllMo, Ho B noBerreTo pearHf cxryarutr noryqeHrtTepe3yrraru ca Aocrartqflo ro.lHs, :a aa 6r,!ar r{3not3BaHH. Kaxto r.t no-paHo,6po.lr ua xatta,rme B cHora e D, a cpelHara croiHocr Ha IrureH3tBHocrra Ha nocr.brrBaHe rroBuxBaHrrtra ),, u cpegaara croiiHocr Ha Ha e rlHreH3r.rBHocrra ocao6ox4alaue e p1 3a c\c.ror]P.we rr.{ero Ha l, i e 6porr ua noBIJKBaHtrraB crtcreMara. flo,ryveHnre 3a clicreMara c.rrcrorllu, l-,t npexoAxrc, oa Ha.quarpaMara or Orr. 6.1. Aro ce cpaann ra3[ I[arpaMa c rroKa3auara ua $ur. 5,2, lr1e6:h,4ar 3a6enffaHlr jlBe pa3nuKu.B cuctellata c rraraHeHHTeH3nBHocrra Ha ocro6oNgauane :ranucl'i or cbcrorHLero Ha crrcreMaracaMo npz i 3n, a 3a BcI,IrrKlI ocraHar,ru c.bcro.sH]j, e paBlra Ha np. Oceeu roBa, HeorpaHriqeuara ofiarxKa soau ao 6e:6poii r{Horo
CLCTOTHIIT Ha CLICTeMaTa.

iM)= Pli,'i,.... P(00 O)fI.1

(5.17)

ua:ary6nre B; Ll3gncrsBaHeroHa Bepotruocn'ITeHa cbcrotu[tra' a orraM I-r ajrfophT'bM'npearoxeH 3a oraenH[Te norouH, Moxe aa cTaHec KoHBOJITOq]'IOHeH (5 17)' 3a Ha or aBTopa [lVE], r'raero nlra npIrMepI'I rlpuJloxeulreua

33 . Br,3MoxHo ryt< crarucrrrqecKopaBHoaecne, rpl6aa,4 < n. B o6parunr ^_ cnyqaii lu 6porr Ha [oBIIKBaHurra B oraurKara lue KnoH]tK.uu6e:rpaiiHocr.

56

)l

e HopMupauoro YPaBHeHKe r0

L P ,- P o \t +l- '
['=0

ln)ti

1a -

n: r0n

I;f

1tl
)

=r-

(6.3)

p2P3P

(n-l)P

np

np

np

KbIeTo3a cbcrotHl{sra i= n,n + I'n+2,

npoMeHnl-rBara 0, k= e fi3rIoJI3BaHa

<Drrr.6.l.,Il.rrarparuanacbcTosfll|qTar|rrpexoAlTeIIpxcxcTeMacqakarle Ha 3a uHTeH3ItBHocrI{Te llpexoaltre Mex3a roeQuqnenrure Ha ypaBHellgtra cl,crotultr (sx' fnaaa 5) ay cr'ce.qHll (6 1) pP,=)P,,
C B CNJIA ',.',,_L

nporpecut na lpo6ra A/n flocneAHaracyMa B (6.3) e cyua Ha reoMerpl.'tqHara fl e paBHaua

. 1 . 2 , . ..

C,re,4oBare,'IHo

ln A t-n

n-A

_ p,l = ----:----.-_ " A' A', n A i! n! n-A

n

(6.4)

3 ai = l , . . . , / t ;

r
3A) > n U

Ha Kaxro ce nocovn, eaHa or xapaKTepl-lcrl-lKl{Te KaqecrBoroHa oocjlyxBaHe c qaraHe e sepotmvocmma da ce uaxa P(>0). B pa:r,le4Aaxara cltcB crlcreMrlre ra3u BepotrHocr e cyMara or EepotrHocrxre Ha cbcroflHfltra i >n TeMa

P('o)=i4.
). =).= Ap
flooraprftxu pa3cbx,qeHtfira 3a cyMl'lpaHeros (6.3), u{e 6r'ae :anucaso sanpaBo A"n

I. 3a BCTKO C.fleaosarerHol'{oxe aa ce 3arluue P' = AP"

P,=;P'=iP,

laz
tal

n n! n A p E o l = P '^' A n n! n-A A.A" '1 t! n! n-A

(6.5)

P'=;4=iPo

rloa uMero Qopuyta ua Eptauz c qaKaHelr,rn I4spa:sr (6.5) e ['I3BecreH C-@opuyta ua Ep,,t cbc cr'rpareH 3atttc C,,(A). ?H? 3a u:no,r:gaue xa ra:u Qopt'ryla e y.4o6Ho rt aa ce npe,{craBl.t qpe3 B-Sopvy,raraua Ep,laHrt,(A), sx. (5.10)

P('o)=-iE'(4)' ' '

n-A+AE"\A) ',"

(6.6) ro apyf

= ! r "" - , = ) p -, '
n n!
't A tl"

P , ', n= :n l , = = P o tn P

Karo B-$opuy.nara Ha Eprarr ce r3tllcrqBa neKo c peKypcnt rnlt Havun(f,raaa 5). C,re.{HOrO AepOnmHOCmU lptl6,uXeHHe e TOTJHO fi4,IlKU 3a

,* =;'*'=-Fi'o
t-l,rns o6unt cnyqafi (npu i > n)
,P i

A7A'^

' r(>o)= r r',(e).

6.2.EAHOKAHAflHA C Cl4CTEMAr{AKAHE

(6.1)

=::---::nFant

P '
"

E.{noxana,rnaracncreMa e xai-nonynrpuult Moaer c qaKaHe aHeuHltre reB neKoMyHLrKaquH. 9pe uo,ue,ra on[cBar u oqeHtBar xapaKrepucrll(xre Ha MHoce

59
58

TeneKoMvHr{xaquH- 6nKcHpaHH,Mo6rnHl,l l, lP

fraaa 6.fenerpadng{a ctncreMa qaKaHe c

cHcTeMr,r MpexaTa: flpoqecop, KoiiTo o6pa6oTBanoBEKBaHItTa B npll fo ocHoBHH yflpaB"rreHflelo; ATM-tuyrlanlcrcop, KoiiTo o6eAaurta rpaQr.rxaHa MHoro rpacRcreMa3a cfirHa!r.r3aufirflo 06lll (aHani pyrep B LIHTepr'rer. OuKor.i3ro,{Hxrlr{; E,(HoKaHaIHara c[creMa c qaKaHe vacren c,ryrai HanbnHoAocr][HHrcHon e B npx n = l. AKo ca B cura AonycKaHritra, HanpaBeHu nperxo.qHr{Te .4BemaBrr, raM Morar Aa ce fi3no,r3BarHanpaBeHr{Te pa3cr,xAeHxr. AKo ce 3aMecrr B (6.2) ,r = I. cJIerBa

...Wr o) " Pl> t-p

C qAKAHE 63.PEANHU CIACTEM14

(6.14)

1=p'P,,

i=0,1,2,...,

(6.8)

g=Nn 3,afi3nor3aaeMocrra.O:naqeliuero e o3HatleHuero KtAero e x3rroJr3BaHo p CUCTeMlr, XOITTO 3a eCTeCTBetlO=A. IIOnyItpllO B nlITepaTypaTa eAHOKaIIaJIHH 3a Or (6.8) upe: cyuupaHece ronyqaBa Po= | - P fi crroTBeTHo

e ,- p i ( t - p ) ,
a BepoqTHocrra ce qaxa craBa aa

i =0,t,2,...,

(6.e) (6.lo)

= c(>o)=ie p.

rloHexe trocrl'nBaulu.nrrpa$nx e flo,ryreHu.rr pesy,rrar :a P(> 0) e oqaKBaH, panen ua o6c,lyxenrr (oraurxata e HeorpaHu.Ieua), BepoqrHocrra.{a ce qaKae a paBHaHa Bepo.{THoc1"Ta KaHaJrbr e 3aer, a ra3u BepoqrHocre paBHaHarpaQltxa, aa o6c:ryxeu or xaua,ra. ce CpeaHr,rrr6pofi Ha rroBrKaaHrrra B cl.rcreMara onpeaerr c

t=7,p,= P t-p A

(6.11)

cr.ic'IeMlI qaKaHe pa3,ruvaBar pa3mexlaHlITe TyK ]rAearn3r.rc ce oT Pea-ilHxre no paHUNlOlleJIg cJlearloro: L B pea.lnnre clcreuu ttc -ttotrced.t ce uantpyna 6esxpaitu onawxa.3a ga ce aa oc mBtl laaeHo noBuKaaHe uaxa, e ueo6xo.4ltuoycrpoiicroo, KoeTo,qaocrulec'r81.{ OIIepaUUt. Ta3H te 2. B pea,rHnrecrcreMl1 Bpe.uemo laKqHe e ozpq uueHo,3apal "xerr,pnejtrraoro flotsereHge"na aOoxatttte, a rr 3apaarrpeaxqftrra Ha yrlpaBJ'rrBaunre ycr"x3xBbpJrrr" 3alrKH,qaKarlu [oBeqe oT HqKaKBo poiicroa,xouro MotaT.qa IonycHanpruep, aKo peLITa npeuacr c rraKern(VolP) u aro aaAeHnaner ce 1xuo BpcMe. ce 3aitr,pxr HtK!.[e [o upexara (He,qonycruMo ,qb,lro), [o-HaraThlxHoro My npelanare e 6e:rnepcrerrunHo. [o-.{o6pe ro3rr naKer Aa 6rae n:xsbpreH }r aa He 'toBap Ha Mpexara. Il3JrulUeH cr,3aaBa 3. Ilo-ue,recr,o6pa:rHo rroH{Kora,axo o6clyxtauero Ha rroBlrKBaHUflTa e craBa rrc fro peAaHa rrxHoro rrpttcrt-traue. no apyra dac4unnuuaua o6c,tyucaauea HafiqecTo HapyrxaBaHeTo ecTecTBeHut Ha pejl e lopaalr HtxaKBlr rrpt{opxTeTxcpea npxcrrrfaul[Te 3atBItr. flarenlre, uoceulu uH$opuaullr or pa3[xqHr.ITeneycnyfn, N{OraT,{a c pa3nuqeHnptopxTeT, rropaal-I ca pa3nuqHETe n3ncKBaH[r Ha Tereyc_ riryfure KbM QoS, Hanpruep. Ilarerure c peq ge 6taa aa 3aKtcHrBar, laKerr,rre c raHHu lre 6aea ga ce ry6rr, Hnro aa ca rperxHn...Or.turaHero ua l:6poeunre "peal ocTr.i"ecTecTBeHo BoAuao oTKJlotieHLtr oIIlIcaHnTeB DtaBaTa oT Moae,'lI-I. 6.4. EAHOKAHMHA CI4CTEMA OrpAHl4qEHA AbIXI4HA HA OnAUKATA C AKo Marcl-tMa,'tHoro noJlt{qecrBo 3arBKuB crcreMara e r(, r.e. e,qua3arBKace o6cryNaa B KaHaJra K - 1 sartxtl .{axar B onauKara, ypaBHeHurra(6.8) ce orpau HfiqaBarIo i = 1(. Or ypaaHeHurTa nory{aBa ce
ro=

rroHexe ro3n 6pofi e oruourenuero Ha aeporrHocrra KaKoero cl,ulo e oqaKBaHo, roii:a e ceoooneH. ||anbr Ja e 3aer Khv BepofirHocrrr Cpe,{Hurr 6poi:i Ha [oBrKBaHfirra B onarxKarae

1,,= tQ -t)pt =:Y '

i=2

*^2

(6.12)

r-P

qe To:u pe:ylrar 6u uoru,r aa ce nonyqu u or pa3cb)(.qeHxero, cpeaHrJfl B onarnKara paBeH cpeAHur Ha noauraaunrB cxcreMara 6pofi nonrxaanux e 6pofi lrrHyc cpeAHxr 6poi rosuraaxur B KaHara, floc,re,uHoro a e paBHo p Ha L ' '= L - P = ; ; BpeMe qaKaHe npear xavaroro ra o6c,ryxsaxero, Ha W, e CpeaHoro
,, _-, DT

l-p

K .=; -(+l r-P l+Sn'

(6.15)

D-

'

(6.16)

|_"

(6 13)

Ha EpeMe @opuy,rara(6.13) ce orHacr 3a BcHqKfi floBhKBaHfir, cpeaHoro a r{aKaHe caMo 3a qaKa,rnTe noBlrKBaHfit e

UrpaHH.reHlrero B'bpxy Mecrara 3a qaKaHe K- I aogu .qo B63MoxHocrIa 4o ce orxubpr'trr noBxKBaHur, T,e. Ao rBHu :ary6ll. 3ary6r-r[Ie ]tMa, I(oraro cucreMa'ta e B cr,cTorHIIe = Ktt clenoaareiruo i
DD l-^ ' P ^K

(6.r7)

60

6l

- dtKcxpaHr, lP Mo6unH|,1 TeneKoMvHxKaqr[ JrecHo peKypclrt [DAl]. Aro c I4urepecuo e, qe (6.17) Moxe aa ce I,I3qtlcJItBa (6.17)o3HaerM B{, ro c H3pa3'br pB r-' Br = l+ pBK,l Karo ce 3aloqne or ecrecrBeHoroB0 = l.

fraaa 6,Tenerpao[qHacr4creMa qaKaHe c

C qAKAHE HAC14CTEMl4TE 6.s.KIAC14O14KAUl4R

B,'rnreparypara no o6cryxBaultre cucreMl.Ic gaKaHee fionyntpHa KJIacHcr,xpareao ozuawuue A/B/n/WN/Q. Kotro aaBanperne.4Ho Quxauurra ua KeH,qeJI, Ha Crlr'rso,rlr,4 e 3a npoueca Ha Irocrr,nBaHe :aqgxt,tte,B 3a npoqeca Ha 06n cJryxBaHe, e 6poar na o6c,'ryxsaulfire uplt6opu, K - cyuara Ha o6cnyxBauxre N (aro 6ponr Ha Mecrara e orpaHt'Iqert), e 6potr Ha nprl6opu r.rMecrara 3a rtaKaHe rpa$rrou:rounuuHTe (aro e orpaHl.iqeu), e allcuHnlltuara ua o6c,ryxeaue (axo Q e pa:,rr.rna or o6c,ryxBaHerorro pe.{ Ha loctrnoane). (6e:rpaeu 6pofi)' re clorBerHo ce I't3nycKarB Aro K u N ca HeorpaHr'IqeHr Cruo, aro .4l'tcqunrltHarae pa3rnqHa or ecrecrBellxr pea, Q ce o3HaqeHl-.Iero. fi3nycKa. Taxa nanpuuep nrlJrHoaoclbflHl'{tr cHofl c qaKaHe,xofiro 6eu:e pa3rne.{aH Mapron) ce c TyK, ce o3HaqaBa M/M/n, :i:oaetoM (or tlt''Ieroua pycKllt MareMarHK clrcTeAHarorH'lHo, eaHoKaHaJIHaTa pa3npe,qeneHxe. oTHact 3a eKcTIoHeHIIIIaJIHO ce c Ma c qa(aHe ce o3lraqaBa M/NI/I . llpu apyrlt pa3npe.qenenlt.s u:ror3sar: G pa3npeaeneHl]e D - :a .4erepllaunpaHo(Halpl.tMepKoHcraHTHo u 3a rrpol{3BojrHo spelre:a o6cryxnaue). c Ha .{br'I)KI-'IHa olauKara or r. 6 3 ce o3Har{aBa Crzcteuara c orpaHr.IqeHa M/M/I/K, a n'bJ loAocrbrlHrltr cHoll c 'BHI'I zary6u c M/M/n/n, T.e HtMa Mecra3a .raxaHe sx. frasa 5. Crcrevure lul/D/l u M/D/\/K ca norlyntpHll B reneKoMyHl{I{aqlxre, nopaal'l c aI'JIxnHa. lpe,uaBaHe x,rerru (ATM) uJIfi naKerlr c e.4HaKBa HarlpHMep 3a n:no,,r:saueo:Ha.IeHlrra Ha Keliaen ca npenopbrll,ITerHn [IVE], c r apyru krrlrl4 no clIcreMI.I qaxaue.folsltolo pa:noo6pa:le Ha cucreMlt c IFIC] ce taxaae (queueing systems)a reJIeKoMyHHKauI{ure "noxpnaa" or rortMo (oJII'IqecrBo KHHrli ro npo6reua. K6M ToKy-uIo ut.ITupaHl4re aae, lre ao6asuNt[DAI]' [KLE] Ha K,leiiHpoK. [MI4P2] or ro-HoBrre [l KrlacrlKara UANI, tPITl, C HA 6.6. nOBEAEH14E C14CTEMl4TEt{AKAHE flptl pa3,lxqHxre [apaxapaxTpbr Ha 3aBllctlMocrflTe Ha Qur.6.2 e IIoKa3aH ga Melprl Ha KaqecrBoro ua o6c,ryxaaue or roJleMrHaraHa rpaQllKa, Maua6nre P (>0), t rr f no opAttHarara ca noa6paHn pa3nullHo,a no a6cqltcara e HaHeceH Ha rpaSrrTr 3a eaHH KaHaJI,3arlo-rolltMa yHI{BepcaJIHocr I(pIlB[Te. Kpualtre ca BT,pXy HtMa OfpaHllqeHI'Ie 3a Clyqat' KOfaTO lT,nxxfiaTa Ha OnaUKaTa'

1 (Drrr.6.2

A./n,Erl

Or $urypara ce npaBl, BaxeH [:so.q. B.bsexlauero Ha qaxaHerprl o6c,ryN_ ga BarferoyBenxqaBafi3rror3BaeMocrra xaualnre A"/n.ToBa BoaHao 4o6,raxaaaHe,ro "Ko.jrrHoro" Ha KpuBara.I{ Ma,'rKoro yBenr{rreHue rpaQrra (lperoBapBaua He) Moxe .qa,{oBe.qe npeMrHaBaHe ,,KorrHoro,' , apuarr""o ao 3aA aa ce BJtoll}t xavecreolo Ha o6c,tyxnate. Ka3aHororpx6aa 4a ce xMa rrpeaBlu H npli npoeKTripaHero, npu r.i eKcnJroa_ TauxrTa cHcTeMH qaKaHe. lta C

62

63

_ u TeneKoMvHxKaq[[ 6rKcl4paH[,Mo6unHx lP

fnaB37.g)llL!J{tt neneMeHTu KoMyraq[oHHaTa Ha TexHt4(a.,.

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HA OvHKtll4l4 qEHTPAIATA 7.1.Porlf 14
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rrrHnll, Ho re rPr6na aa xoact scuqrlt a6oHarr't.
MyTaTOpaT Ha BCeKI'I

Onr. ?.2. Bt:uoxna oprarlrl3auficra KoM]rrarltrra uexly 5 a6onarfll| TepMr|rana,cBr,p3aEu 5.lnsnl c I- adonareETepMnua,nl romyrarop ,(Clrcrelrara or Qr.rr.7.3 Beqe[3nor3Ba Hrt<o]tor QyH.4auenra,rutre lpr.rHunnn Ha KoMyraufirra B TeJreKoMynrixarl]ture. Mpexara e flocpoeHa raKa, qe cropbxeHu.sra i,qa ce rcnor3Bar KoJreKrr.tBHo. npuuepa roBa ca r? na 6pofi,rnHnu, ronro B ca Mnoro no-MaJrroor 6por Ha a6onarnre M I{roHorrl[{ra Ha ctopbxeHnt, nocTlIHaTa c KoJIeKTIBHOTO I-r3IIOJBBaHe, AO TaM,qe e Bb3MoxHac]iryaql't, HM BOAI-I npx Korro scuqKta caopbxeHtt ca 3aerv H ce orKa3Ba o6cnyxBaHe. ToBa ca t. wap-mpa@uuuuzaey6u. [pyr QylrgaveHraneH flpr.rHqnrrHa KoMymufirra, rofim e nocoqeH B npt,tMepa or Qr.rr.7.3, e nperocraBrHero Ha cpeacfBa ga o6uex na cnpxe6na un$opr,.raullc, T.e.-opraH[3lpaHero Har. Hap,cuzHarusa4a,a. Ocuorxnrr uegocrarbK Ha cncreMara oT Qm. 7.3 e, qe Bcr.rqKure JTHHHfi aeBex4ar ao Mecrorronoxeungroua a6osara. ce B opraHasaqn.nta,noKa3aHa $ur.7.4, Ao a6onara ca AoBeAeHH ua ABe nuHIIII- eAHarae 3a crirHalrn3aqlfi, a BToparae 3a noJre3Hara nurfopuaqur. Bcuvxr,r I(oMyraIlrroHHH ycrpoficrna ca cbcpeAoroqeHr.r e,4Hocr,op6xeHHe, HapeqeHo B 4eHmpaJra,I{exrpalara e pa:noroxeHa B npn6lu:ure,rutr reorpaQcxraueHTrp Ha tutpexara.Oyxrun[Te Ha cHrEaJrr.Baunrra Mexly a6oHarHhr repMr.tHan ueHTau rara ce ycroxHrBar, 3auroro cera qpe3 clirHaJu3arlhffa a6onaT6r .qasall8c.rpyKqlt}l 3a lpeBrnnqaaHe Ha KoMyraropnre. 3a gtcrauqnoHHoro ynpaBrear{e Ha Ko-

na Otrr. 7.1. CBr,p3Bane 5 a6onara"scer[ c aceKl" I( TepMItua,'r; - rcouyrarop a6oEareH ?-

(cBo6oaHo) B r..r3xoaHo cetp:oa a6onata roxune "co6crBeHara" rllHl-tt.

ro a6osarsr xelrae aa cBr'pxe c apYr a6onar,

KoMyraropacI'I Ha nonoxeHlte' csorBercrBauroHa JInI rpr6ra 4a [peBKJIIoqI'I a6osarnre e rce nu opya* a6osar. Ta:n opmHll:aullt Ha cBap3BaneHa axo goiqrure N no orHo[IeHl'leHa nltHLLTe ,{opu tuupai r""*ono""qfla flparrnrara ,u*" B pa3roBopl{, ue ca neo6xoanun cauo NlZ :tuttttu' t, iu o.r a6ouatHre ca sa,.re s aeficrBt erHocr MHorops'uKonose'{e or 207o caMoN/10 nuum' 3aerlt, T.e. il,ocrarr,qHl ca HanpnMep MeHHo [3xoaHo (cBC Ha e Tarasa cucrer4aHa cBbp3Bane noKa3aHa Qnr' 7 3 B eAua c'ryNe6na xtu cr,crorHlle KoMyraropbr Ha scerl a6oHar e BKIIloqeH m ce [3nor3Ba canao c,lyNe6Haun$opuaum (Hanpnuep noBI{KBaHe Korro pa3roropr'r) Clea IrIe a6osarme 3a yroqHtBaHe no Kor JII.IHI'u ce [poBe.4e

mu ns6pauara ce asara a6oHara aKJInqBar any*"6tutu uuQoptuaum na "u Ha N qpe3cBoHTe KoMyraropt,t:anoqsao6I{eH nole:ua unQopnaqnr' Hr.rs

64

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t,I3xoAr'I rpynure. Vc.noanmo o3HaqeHxe nonyHa eaHor.rMeHHr4Te Ha o6eI.t4HeHLt cxeMa e IIoKa3aHo Qur.1,76. Cxelrara e nbJrHoAocrGnHa aa qeHara e,qHo3BeHHa CBrp3BaHeTO eAIIH BXO.q eAI4HIT3XOICe OCIUeCTBTBa Ha C 3aIUOTO edHo3aeHHq, (nouyrauuonHa aByrronlocHnK qpe33aaeiicrBaHerocaMo Ha eal'H KoMyraqxoHeH CxeMara e n|'nHodocmbnHa,3auoro JIaIH BxoI Moxe Aa ce cBbpxe c ro,rKa). nOC,reAnUrr e CSO6OAeH. CTt'IIa Ii3XOA, Aa BCeKll

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qpei KoiTo ca fi3rpa,qeHl{ pa3JlrieHxre cJIoxHt{ OcuosHurr eneMeHT. deynotncnurc- $ur.7 .6a. Toit ulroHHacxeM]l, e Ko,44yma4uoHHuzm ycTpofrcTBo eaHHBxoa I{ eanH H3xo,(n c.[Be B63MoxHH cT,crotHltt c ce lr 3arBopeno.KoM){aqnoHHLItr aBynon}ocH}.IK pean 3lrpa c eJreMeHT,
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Cuon. fpyna eAHopoaHr.l ycrpoficrBa, rolrro pa6orxr lapanenHo, rr3tltnHrBar eAHHn cTulu Qyurqnu x o6c,ryxnar eauu r.tctrq rpa(uueu noro(, ce Hapusa cnon. Cnortr Irloxe aa 6r.qe or KaHiurH, n:6npavu Hrrr{apyrt4KoMyrarlfioHHH or ycrpofcrBa, or 3anoMHlrlfl ycrpoicrBa (nanpnuep perlrcrprtr,y{acrbun B naMerTa Ha ynpaBn{Baum rounrorrp) fi Ap. I4:xoAsllure ycrpoftcrBa Ha KoM}'TauxoHHara cxeMa,Kol,rroBoAtr B Aa,{eHoHanpaBJrexue, o6c:ryNnar rpaQu,rxnr nor.e. ToK B ToBa HanpaBJleHr4e! ctrqo o6paoyaar cnon. TpaQnrsr aocrl,tra ao .qaaeu cHOnqpe3 npeauecTBauaTaKoMyTaunoHHa cxeMa.
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llr,.nso.{ocrtnnara e,uHo3BeHHa (Qm.7.7) c N Bxota A M KoMyraq}tonHacxerr.ra I'l3xora e MHoro ao6pa romyraunoxHa cxeMa or rJreaHamqKa Ha oocnyxBaHgro Ha TpaOhI. Moxe ,{a ce cbe.(aHr.tgcern cso6o.{ex gxoa c scexn cso6oAeH r,t3xoAu eaHOBpeMeHHO r'rOrar aa 6r,aar nerpadlelj.vao N nn]'I.M B[[,3Ku, B 3:lBncl-tMocror roBa Koe or ABere qncra e rro-Marxo. Eq]rHcrgeHlrtr HeAocrarbK Ha rann cxeMa e, qe c yBeJII+IaBaHe 6poa xa axo,4orvre l-t r.t3xo1ure, Tt craBa He KoHoMlr'{Ha- 6porr Ha (oMyraqHoHHr{re ejreMeHTr.t NM.3a e M ce naualn 6po.rr Ha xoMyriulxoHHxre eJteMeHTIB peajrHmeuerrrpann,ce LnoJt3BaT MHOIO3BeHHI-' CXeMIt. flo:r:ara or r.r3noJr3BaHero MHoro3BeHHrl Ha cxeMl e rroKanaHa Qrr.7,8. ua Heo6xogrll.roe aa ce car,pNar M = 100 lrgxoaa u N = 50 Bxoaa. AKo ce ugno,rssa

<Drrr. Ocloaun rpaa[Bfltr KoMyraqnotrrrreleMeflTrr: nou]'raquonen a) 7.6. BxoaoBe c 6) ,qBynonrocHnK; rpyla KoMyraqxolnrl aByrroJrrccdnrlr o6eal|Hedr| 9pe: o6e,uuueHxe pa3[rrqeH HaqrH Ha DxoroBere L fi3xo^[ltTeHa no

cxetuu, Taxa ce Ko ur..roHHnre .qBynonrocHnuu noJryqaBar yna4uoHHume Kam Bxo,[oBe, 4 eJIeMeHTa c o6eaI,IHeHI4 Qrr.7.66 ca or<asaHrrKoM)"Tarr[oHHH (oM}TaqHoHHa TO3r.i Haqr{H rroJryqaBa ce cxeMa I sxoa rr 4 ngxoaa. c Ha Qur.1.7a e noKa3aHa KoMyraur.roHHa cxeMaNxl4. Tr e nolyvexa upeo
fpyn paHe Ha KoMyrarrnouHnTe aBynonlocHrulr s N rpytu no M BxoAogere Ha ,qByrroJtocnrrqrre B eAHa rpyna ca o6e4lrHeHlt.AHarorlt'{Ho 68

69

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f"r8, Z Ov"*'lutr,

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Koqroe rrconoKxpyeMa t >rl + , @lr. 7.9.Tpn:oeunacxeMa, flpn

(l) OcraHanfiTe,?-l BxoAaHa Konyraropa or l'r,pBoro crr,na-no,rtlr rofiro e BxoabT,ca 3aeTI. cB'bp3aH (2) OcraHanure ,l-l Il3xo,qara KoMyraropa or rperoro crt [aro, KbM KoiTo H3XOA',bT, 3aeTrr. Ca c cBbp3aH (3) HHro eAxH or qurrpaurlre r-1 BXoAaHe e cBr,p3aH urrofi or qnrupaslrc re nr-I u:xo.aa. 3a u:rpaxraue Ha u:6poerule Bpb3Krje ueo6xontr'ro !a uMa B cpeaHoro 3seHotr-l KoMyraropr'l(o6croare:rcreo l), n,rrcc rn-l KoMyraropn (o6crorre,rcrso 2 s xor46rHaqrr c o6croqrercrso 3), n,rroc eaus KoMyrarop:a apl,lrara. CleIOBATCIHO

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cxeMa erl c n aBy3BeHl|a Menuye,lIIo3BeHHa Our.7.8. Cpaancuue - a) eAso3BeHHa cxeMa 50x100 50x100; 6),lsyrgeI|ua cxeMa ranaunrer Ileuara, c KorIToce 3arlra[ra HaMartBanero6pot Ha KoMyral][oHHLTeroqKx' e BJrouaBane xaqecrBoro Ha o6clyxaaHero (npolycrarelnara cnoco6uocr), Ha BcxeacrBr-ie BbrpeuHlt 6loxllponru. flo4 rr'rpeutNa 6loxtlposra B cxeMara ce pas6upacuryauur, npu xotro H Morar,[a ce cBrpxar cso6oaen sxo!, ll ceo6oaen
l-l3XOI. nOHe)Ke BCI'IqKII B'L3MOXHII MeXJIHHHIt nbTHUIa Ca 3aeTli'

raKT e no-uarroor o,l e); (na

- IOJITMOCl[pOTHBJreHr{e B C,I,CTO'HHe HenpOnyCKaHe,T.e. Ha Ilpr,r oTBopeH

He6aonapyerun MHoro3BeHH[cxelru. Moxe ,4ace oqaxBa,qe I{MaycnoBfie' Ha 3a Ha c[a3BaHeTo KoeTonpeaocTaBtaocTaTlrtHonT,T]Inla oTcrpaHtBaHe B6'Ipeuuure 6,roxxpoarlr. cxeMa (0m. 7 9) ce Ha 3aAa.rara:a HaMupaHe raKoBaycnoBxe 3a rpH3BeHHa perxaBa3a n'hpBn nbr or 9. K:ro:. Eporr Ha nbrl{urara Mex'{y Bxoll l.l Il3xoa B BToporo 3BeHo' cxeuara or Qrr.7,9, ce onpeae,u or 6por k ua KoMyraropure BGB II{e 6lae pa3rneAaH Hai-teNru-f,r cnflaii 3a cBbp38aHeHa aaaeH Bxor Ir I'l3xo,[' ca axo e,qHoBpeMeHHoHan[qe creAHlrrerplt oocrotrencrBa: KoiiToBb3HrxBa,

r(oHraKr(aa e no-ro,uuo or lo. e) fopuure aae H3l{cKBaHllt, orHacru ce 3a cbnporuBJreHreroHa KoHTaKTa B JlEereMy cbcrorHr.rq,ca Muofo c.rporn. Karro e rroKa3auo ua $nr-l.7, za la ce c8Bpxe aareH Bxoa c naAeHt3xo.4 e Heo6xoauuo ra ce 3arBopq KoHTaKT, Jlexartl B rlpeceqHararoqKa Ha cborBerHara KotoHa H pe.qB Marp[rlara. Kr,M To3l-{ KoHTaKTnapareJruoca cB'r,p3aHH ronrlr 6poii orBopeHa KoHTaKTH: N-1 s xoroHara u M-l B peaa. Aro ornopeHrre KoHTaKTr.r c Heaocralr,qHoroJrrMo cr,[porr.rBJrca HHe.Te u(e uyHTlpar ro3x. KofiTo e B ctcrorHr-re Ha llpo[ycKaHe. Cxeuara Na tpHr. 7.7 cb!bpxa caMo eat.t 3arBopeH (flponycKau) xourarr or ur ru'a BepuraHa H cBBp3BaHe a6ouarnre. Ta:u BepHranpfi rpaAcxarele$ouua Bpr,3r(a, xa HalpnMep,

70

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7.10). Mar(Or,rr.
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c Marpruara or Q[r. ?.7 uoNe .4a6rae rlocrpoeHa penera'Karo ToqKlI. rrr.roHHr.{

trMa u3BecrHa BbB BctKa npeceqHa rorlKa I{Ma rlo eaHo pelte B To3I'I KoMyrarop HeuKoHoMHr{HocTnpl{l,I3IloJI3BaHeToHape[eTaTa.B,qaAeH.t'touenrHa'-MHoro rana ce 3aaeicrBa He IIOBeqe or eaHo pere ot gu4"n p"g e :aaeiicrgauo cruo

ua xoopduuamp""" , aua"nu *onotu. Toea e lpnvnuara 3a ch3aaBaHero " "iro cteduuumena. B,rnreparypara na anrnniicru e3I'IKTe ca fi3BecrHll Karo uume rcpoc6apxouymamopu (Crossbar Switch)' qe Ha e'4I.IH e KoopalrHarnurr cGeaI'IHI'IreJI raKa KoHcrpyl.'lpaH, KoHTaKTI.ITe aa pea, KaKToI.'IHa eAHaKoJIoHa, ce ynpaBrtBar c rlo eallH o6u1 e'lerrpouanrnr' KoMyrnpaHeHa eAHaKoMyralrloHHa roqKa npl'l Koop/ll'IHarHtrtcteBp"r"to tu e ar.fH[TeJI or noptrtKa na 50 ms. '{e eflexKo*ryraropu B KBa3ueJIeI(rpoHH[ IreHTpaJrIi Onnrlt uora:sa' ro-JlecHaor eJIeKTpOHI',Ie Ha Ha TpoHI-8aII''ItTa ynpaBneHl',Iero IIeHTpaJIara MHOI.O noryquxa KBa3[eKoMyraulroHHoronole. Illlpoxo pa3npocrpaHeHl.Ie 3auritra Ha a rIoJIee eJIeKTpoMexaH[qHo' KOMyTa(uoHHoTo B UeHTpaJrI{, KOI',ITO leKTpOHHIrTe ynpaBJIeHHero e;lexrpouHo (c ror'lnrorr'p)' ca xoMyralrltoHHlreneMeHT]I rooa rpelte lr3BecrHlfe e[eKTpoMexaHI-lqHI-I IIo ra3li pa3nl4ynpaBneHl{e 3a aa ce navalu 6aBHH:a 6r.psoro eneKTpoHHo TBT,p,ue IIeHTparn' ce c!3aaBar MHHllarIopI13l]paHH 3a KBa3HeJIeKTpOHHI.ITe Ka, cleqxanHo TI-In' OT eneMeHTIl p"leeH KOMyTaqI-IoHHI-{ Toaa pele e pa:pa6oreuo ela $upnara SIEMENS JIH[eH3rr Ha ESKpe,te. eleMeHTHa rpa'nl.rBeH My IpOI.I3BOACTBOTOe ycBoeHy Hac I4 peileTo e ocHoBHI.ltT "KpocnoiiHr"' ESK pe',reroce n3noJlIIOAHaHMeHOBaHIjero qeH'rpanr.rre, Ll3BecreH My 3Ba I,I B yrrpaBleHl4sro Ha ueHTpanara'Ho orlpeaentulll 3a KOHCTpyKTI.{BHOTO xoucnore TaKa 5 pe:rera ca o$opMneHxeca rlsllcKBaHu{raHa KoMyraul.'IoHHoro 'rpymuauo o6egllneHa B e.{HapeneiiHatlBl.iua,c Kotro ce I.I3rpaxrar KoMyraropllre. Bpeuero :a :ageftcrnaue na ESK penero e 2 ms' t{var o6uuq HeeJIeMeHTI4' Pud-pete.,{oryx pa:r,reaannre KoMyrauI4oHHx Png-pelero e ua uM ,40crar6K,rre KoHTaI0I-tre 9a r'I3roxeHI-I aruocQepHll rjturnur' aM[yJIa.Oxo'ro allnylara e Hasfira 6o6uHa pa3rloJloxeH[ B c'r-bKJIeHa c KoHTaKTn,

e rpyllHo aa ce nocrtrue apeue :a :ageiicmaHe 1 ms. Qeppud. [oxaro pn.a-penero e cpaBHr{renHoyHuBepcanHo,$eppugrr e cT,3aaaeH crreuuaJrHo rIeHTpaJrnTe. 3a ocHosuusl aeaocnpeBrulnqBan(eJreMeHT, BI'B BKJItoqeHo e HaqHHHa y,q,6pxaHe ctcTafi,K Ha prrA-pe,leTo eJIeKTp[qecKIttT Torn[e H ctorBerno roJreMlrrr pa3xoA Ha eHeprfit. <Deppr4lr npegcraBntBaycaHa BbprueHcrBaHe prra-peJreroqpe3 nocraBrHe Ha BbHrreH MarH[T (or Oepur) c XIiCTepe3ric, npaBQt|LJIeH KoMyraul-toHHo none H y[paBJIeHLIe KoMnrcTc Kou6nnaqurra or aHa.fioroBo pn e nafi-ycneunara x Haii-MacoBopa3npocrpaHeHarleHTpanaAo rrorBara Ha llx@poBt'Ire. E,rerrpounu aHaJIoroBHKoMyraIIItoHHIr efieIvrenrlt.Onurure aa ce 3aMeHI4 MeraJrHr.rrT KOHTaKT rleH'rpaJruTe eneKTpoHeH B c aHzlnoroB ca ycnerxHn, nopa,qtl He ltrrrr..rpaHxre n3r.rc(BaHr.rrKbM csnporuB;reHr,nra Ha KoHTaKTa.llpouseexgauure xHTerpa;rHrl cxeMr.r- KoMyraropr{ ca ce r{3noJr3Bil;rl B MaJrKlrqernpa,ur. loreun IIeHTpan[c aHaJrofoBx eneKrpoHH[KoHTa(Tr,r ca flporl3Bex,{aHr.r. He B cgerosHata tereKoMyHr{KarruoHHa Mpexa Bce oue xMa fo.lsMo Korr4qecrBo aHaJloroBr.r ueHTpanll.C ro:rrvo cr,xalreHr{erpx6ra ga ce npr]3Hae,qe B Mpexara Ha Har\ oHillrHrlr oneparop - ETK, no,trw 2/3 (xru uouenra xa nhcaHero Ha KHI.Irara) or a6oHarure ca BK[roqeur-] K'bM analoroBu rleHTpa:ru.

7.s,qt4oPoBAKOMyTAql4fl KAHMt4TE HA
Blrcoxure LI3HcKBaHlit KbM KoHTaKTI{Te (oMyraul-IoHHoronolle, 3a Kollro Ha craBa.{yMa B Haqajroro Ha npeaxoaHara roYlra 7.4 omagar (u,u 3HaqnrejrHoce o6neKqaBar), arto cnrna:nr e qnQpon. B pe:rcve ocHoBHhrenpe,{r.rMcrBa qr$porara KoM}'Taqn.fl Ha npe,qaHanoroBATA CA CJICAHIITC:

n 3aHr4xeHH r{3r.rcKBaHlltra ca KT,M eJIeKTpoHHHt xonrarr r rpaQtvnnte raHAJI-I:

n n3rp (,qaHero e r43rrsJro quQpora ereMeHTHa ua 6asa, Koero rro3BoJrrBa unpoKo Aa ce runoJBBar nocrr{xeHl-itra Ha MHKpoeneRTpoHI-.IKara;

73
72

Mo6[n!, h lP TeneKoMyH[Kaq[n OnxcltpaH!r,

fraaa ZOvHKqr4r4 l| eneMeHTu KoMwauuoHHaG Ha TexHrtKa... Ha BPeMeHa TOqKa J H y Tpt6la 4a ce :arsapl sa srono 3,9 ps no BpeMe KaHaJreH pa6oru c pa3aentHeno BpeMeH Moxe eaHHKoHTaKr 5. IIo rorn HaqI.tH fiHTepBan aa o6cnyxr ,qo 30 (32) aPr,:ru. 3a peallr:npaHe Ha KoMyrauutra ca ueo6xo4aur ynpaBJltBalqnnuny.ncn. Te CXeMa BlB BCeKI.{ e.4I.rH KaHaJIeH BpeMerrHTepBajr. noaaBaTHa KoMyTaUHOHHara ce qHopoBa KoM)rrauxoHHa cxeMaor Oxr. 7.1I ynpaa,r$aqure npocrpaHcrBeHara B onpeAettT 3a AaIeH I(aHaJleH BpeMeI{HTepBaJI xoprlcUrHaIIl Ha eAHaBepTIlKaJIa KOqTO Ce CBT'PXe. Aa 3OHTaIATA, Ha $ur,1 .12 e [oKa3aHacxeMa,c xotro Morar Aa ce ocuryptr Heo6xoAr.rMnTe ynpaBnrBarulrcsrHajru Ha eaHa BepTnKala.B rovas.qsara nauer KII e gan caxofi KoHTaKr868 BeprtKailara rpr6sa aa KaHaJreH BpeMeHHrep8an HO 3a BCeKH B nponycKa. I,lHQopuauunra or flaMerra ce qer qr.rKflrjqHo TaKr c KaHaJIHT{Te

ycTpoftcTereMeHTHa 6a3an 3a KoMyTarIuoHHIrTe * u3rroJl3Ba eaHoTfinHa ce Ba, x 3a npoqecopHoro ynpasneHue,ocseH roga pa6orara ua [pouecopHoTo yn[oJIe, B cpaBHeHHe ra31 c npx ut{QpoBoro KoMyrauI,IoHHo paBJreHr{e o6neK'{eHa e TIOJIETa; KoMyraultoHHI-l npu eneKrpoMexaHnqHHTe .! B Mpexara ornaaa Heo6xoal.'lMocrra aHafloro-ult tlpoln npeo6pa:ynaor H3IroJI3BaHe I'IKM Ha TeJrEB TpaH3nrHHTe ueH'rpant, nopaAfi eAHoBpeMeHHoro ynrbrHrme,lHarexHr.rKa u]tQpoBaKoMyra{[oHHa rexHnKa. ll no * Bb3MOXHa yHHBepCalmaultt Ra IIeHTpaJIara orHoueHre Ha pa3JII,Iqe releycnyfr4, r,e. ToBaaa e ISDN qeurpala, HXTeBHAOBe c Kru rouyraquouuoro nojle Ha uxQponam ueHTpana, uuQpoBaKoMyraqurl ca Ha KaHarr.rre, BKrroqeHLl,lKM ynltrxenu .ntsrur, B o6trllr clyvai, xot'lyraBceKHKaHa[ or,{a,qeHannnore rpe6aa aa e B cacrotHlle aa cB6p3Ba ur.roHHoro
HI,I' HA TIPHCMHATA CTPAHA C BCEKIT KAHAJI OT AA,qEHA JIUHI,I' HA NPEAABATEIHATA

crpana. Ka-:aalre, qe roM).Talrfitra e .qByKoopaxHarHa. or Clrpsaauero Ha KaH:rJlI.i pa;tIlrqHl.IIIKM clcreur cborBercrBa Ha npocrBpeMeKaHaJIHI.T Ha c paHcTBeHa KoMyTauHrr BctKo cBtp3BaHe KaHaJIrr pa3JIIiqHH a Kot'tyraqu(pa3flr,r,{Hri c"horBercrBa KoMyrauHt no BpeMe. Ha HoMepa) r{HTepBar[ qpe: 3a.4tpxaHe Ha pa3roBopHaraNtQoptuaqn.r rrr rra no BpeMece peaJrr.r3upa Mexay Hoe KoJIKoTo pa3nHKaTa BpeMexHTepBanH, BpeMeTo TolKoBa KaHITJIHIT Ha peanHnre ueHTpalu ce cpe ta|rpl,I THna KoMyraropll: Mepara Ha ABara KaHana.B ruur.r, 6et 4a * npocrpaHcrBeHuKoMyraropr'r,t<oIlTocMeHtr yIIJlLTHeHara ce cMeHr BpeMerrHTepBaJIbT; .! KoMyraropu no BpeMe, 6es Koltro cMeHtr KanarHxt BpeMeItHTepBan, aa ce ynJItTHeHaTa Jlr,rHr-rx; cMeH-f .1. BpeMenpocTpaHcTBeHr.r octqecTBtBaT KoMyTaTopI4, KoIrToeaHoBpeMeHHo KoMyTaulrt. llByKoopaHHaTHaTa

.*0"o"*T1j",#1ffi BpeMesHrepBarru. ,ii:"""" "

(7.2)

KOMyTATOP nPOCTPAHCTBEH 7.6.ql4oPOB

M KoMyHa 0m.7.11 e noxa3aHa TaqIroHHa MarpEIIa, KotTo e B cEgrorHr,reaa oc6uecrBH [pocrpaHcTBeHa KoMyraqrrs Ha HKM rauanh. Bcsra xoPr3oHTana, (aKro r.r BctKa BepTItKana, flpeacraBnrBar I4KM rparr c roq(H ca no 32 rasa,ra. B [peceqHl,ITe nocTaBeHu eJreKrpoHH[ KoHTaKM, KOr,rTO MOraT Aa Ce 3aTBaptT B npoAbJIXEHI,IE HA BCCKU CA}.IH )I(EJIAH KA-

KT,aerocnMBoJlbr] x I oauavaaa"Ha[-ManKoro IltJ]o qficJto, no-ronsMo or x". B (7.2) ocsen rou6nnaunure, Ha BCnqKH cr,oTBeTCTBa[{U k e B'b3MoxHI.r Bp'L3Ku, npeABraeHa H eana xov6r-rHaqlc 3a cnyqat, KofaTo HtMa Bpb3KaHaneH BpeMeKa B AaAeHr,rr HTepBan. flpr n:rpax,qaHe na uoaa Bpr,3Ka r{nn np}r pa3na,4afie Ha c'hrqecrByBauarp.r6aa aa ce rrpoMeHlt3anl{ca B ,4yMaTa Ha c'boTBeTHl-lt KaHaneH BpeMeI.rHrepBarB naMeTra oT npouecopHoTo yrrpaBreHrie Ha ueH'rpanaTa.

7.7.KOMYTATOP BPEME NO
ear.rH KoMyTaTop no BpeMe, 3aeaHoctc cxeMa 3a reHepr.rpaHe Ha ynpaBJlrBaulH HMnyJIcIr. Pa3roBopHara naMer PII za1r,pxa BGB BpeMero Pa3roBopHara nHQoplraqnr, {nr{ Apym, Korro He e peq, CNOPEA HYXAITTE BPT,3KI,ITE. HA Ynpaanexnero Ha roBa 3aOr|r.7.l2. CxeMa3a re[ep[pane r|a r|Mnynclre' AT,PXAHC CTABA NOMOIIITA C HA Konro yrrpaBrrBar eala BeprflKanana q[opoBltt npocrpar|crBenKoMyTaTop

Ha Qur.7.13e noKa3aH

BpeMer,rHTepaa:r. nanpnTara HaJIeH 5 Mep,aKoroHarr (rpnr.7.l1), un:aut y, no xopr.r3oHrana rp.r6ra ga ce cBlpxe c KaHan5, n3nt3a[I or BePTUKaJIa r. I(OHTaKTbT B npeceqHaTa

Olrr. 7.11.Marpxua 3a rrpocrpa$crBela urQpooa rouyraqun 14

75

TeneKoMvHxKaqxu - O,lKcrpaHq, Mo6[nHla la lP

frra@ qe Ha B63MoxHocr3a npe3arll.{cBaHe Ha Our.7.i3 e rloKa3aHo, e npeaBn,[eHa Ha npfi B 1{II o'r crpaHa Ha npoqecopHoro yrlpaBneHlle qeHTpaJlara flgoopMaqHrra Ha IJIII Ha BpT,3KaTa flpl{ r'I3fpax.{aHeTo HoBa' 'pa3na.4aHeTo BpelreupocrpaHcrBeH KoMyrarop. Pa3roBopHaranaMETor $ur' 7.13 e c JII4HII'. 3a o6eu, rofiro e Heo6xoaI'IM KoMyrau[tra no BpeMeB eaHa ynJIbTHeHa Moxe aa ce npeBbpo6eM6THa ra3n rlaMer,Tt or IrHAIlBllayaJIHa ce yBe,'rlr.rll AKo Ha qw.7 14. Bct'tvxlt 6yQepu Ha rie B o6qa 3a rpyna ntlHltu, Ka(To e noKa3aHo 6yQeptl I npe-qaBarenHara cTpa3a cTpaHa 3arrc B naMerla u BcL'rKh np el\4HaTa Ha rpr6Ba aa ce o6xox,uaTIIoa KoMaH,qaTa ynpaBneru npo"rta"" oT raN4elTa nu Tp96BaAa Ce nanpaB'r CN Ha Hrero Ha cxeltata. Taxa, B paMKI4Te eAI'IHUAK6JI, o6pr,uenr.r KbM o6uara pa3roBopHanaMer 3a 3an[c I'l roJIKoBaoop'buleHnt 3a B qeTeHe, N K6,{eTO e 6po.rr ua yn,rtrHeHure nmwu, z c - 6potT Ha KaHalIHTe eaHa ynjrbrEeHa JrIlHI.It.cneaoBaTerHo.nHMl4rxpaufitT oalflop 3a 6pot Ha KaHaJllrre, B Ha (otrro ce KoMyrxpaT oT cxeMaTa,e [po.qlJIxI'ITeIHOCTTa rrereHe-3arluc rraMerra. KoMaHAHaraflaMer B ynpaBneu[ero Ha cxeMara HMa c6[r!lt 6pofi 4yur'l Ka'to oPIl.

nHoopMauHrra, 3a[[caHa B KoMaHAHara naMer 1{JT.paeroaopnara nn$opuaqgx. KorTo rrocTtnBa or I,IKM ,ruHaara, ce lpeo6pa:yra or nocJreAoBaTeJ,teH B rrapaJleJIeHKoAr{ ce 3anHcBa rlr.rKJll{tiHo (,UyMa IyMa) s pZ. qereHsro oT pII cTaBano rlo a,qpec[, KoHro ca 3anr.rcaHH lOL AApecure or KJ]erKHTe KII ce qerar cblrro B Ha uhKruqHo. Taxa ganrzct,tB KjerKara i Ha PII ue craHe B KaHalIHH,BpeMeHHTelF Bar i. r{ereHero or cr,uara KrerKa i Ha P/1 qe craHe s xau-""" up"rarntap"anl, rroHexe B K;rerKaraj Ha r(I/ e san caHo vllc,toro i, KaKToroBa e lroxa3axo Ha Qur.7.13. IIo ro:11 Ha'{aHe ocbrrecrBeHaKoMyraunr no BpeMelte44y l-rn.r 14_ Hair Ha npueMHara crpawa u j-rnn KaHar Ha rrpeAaBarelHaracrpana, O66pHere qe BHr4MaHIle, B TeqeHneHa e,quHKaHaJreH BpeMer-rHTepBaJI Tps6BaAa ce octqecr_ BHerI{H 3anuc t,lelno .{ereue s PZ. Pasr,reqaHata cxeua ce Hapv!'acxeMa c ynpqgneHue vemeHemo Ha rrJtr4 ou.(ec ynpasrcHue ua npedaeametuamacmpaHa. Br:voxna e 14cxewa c ynpalreHue Ha 3anuca s PII wrll c ynpaareHue Ha npueMHama cmpaHq. 3amrc.tr s pZ crara no a,4pec, [3BireqeHor I(Jl, a qereHero or PI1 e qnKrn'{Ho.

KoMyrarop rDrr. 7.14.BpeltenpocrpaHcrBeH CI1- 6y0ep cbc cepflironaMer; y- ynpaBneHlle; OP.l7 o6ula pa3roBopHa rpe06pa3yBane I7C rIapa,re,rrro npeo6pa3yBaHe; - 6y0ep c napa,'Ieflflo-cepuiEo Ha Ha cxelrara or OI.rr.7.14 ce BI.Ixra, rre BceKuKaHa,'I BctKa or N-Te ynnbrH[TeJrHrr Moxe aa ce KoMyr[pa c BceKItoT KaHaJlI-ITe Ha Jr,rHr.ru [p[eMHaTa cTpaHa ycrpoiicrBoro ocbulecHa N-re runlru Ha npeAaBareJlHara crpaHa. CJIeAoBareJIHo TBrBaKaKTO KOMyraIl[t. TaKaU npOCTpaHCTBeHa KOMyTaU[tnO BpeMe,

iDnr,7.13. Kouyrarop no opelre (ylpaelelue ua verenero) PII - pa3roBopHa _ nauer; r(I1- rcouaug[a naMer; @.4 r[opuupane xa agpeca; ALI3- a1peellpateBa {rrKJrrqrlfl sannci AI,Iq - a1pecr.pale la6op rra vereuerol 3a 149- agpec[paHeEa urKJuqfloro qereHeiIIy- npoqecopEo ynpaBneHne

76

'11

TeneKoMvHHKaqrh - dl4KcrpaHh, Mo6[nH, u lP

TNARAOCMA ynPABIEHI4E KOMyTA|lt4fl KAHAII4TE. nph HA n PoqEcoPH yn PABIT 14 o EH E

Kaxro cnoueHaxue B npe,qxoaHara rfiaBa,BToparaQyHKqrr ua rovyraqlrgHHrlr Bb3eJ't ynpaBJleHr{ero 3aeMayHr.iraJtno M{cro B TexHltqecKara xlr6epuerng cbc cBo{ra rrnoHepcKa poirr. Ty( 3a fltpBlt nrr ce flpaBrionKT ToJrKoBa MacoBo na qoBeKlT c NtaultHag o6,'IacT Ha MLIc,'IoBHara ce 3aMeHH ra AeiHocr. @yarqnnre no ynpaBneHxero Morar,{a 6baar pa3,qeleHnHa /IBe roJreMq rpynI-,l. B IbpBara rpyna ca Qyurqture no obuyNnane na rpaQrxa (nouxaaHnrra), Te ca 'tucro rerexouyuxxaqlrouan {yHKutrh, peann3uparce B pealrHoBpeMe r{e L f Il pa3fneaaMe no-aoJry. Bropara rpyna rr,rovaa Qyxrunnre rro onepartBuoro t-r rexH qecKo o6cJryxBaHeHa KoMyrarrnoHHltrnr,:er. Te ce pea,rns{par npeo6,raAasauocoQryepuo u ce pa3 rexaar HaKpaTKo cneaBarqaTa B rnaBa.

no cTaTycaHa a6onara (o6cnyrca ce nJIu l'3KJIloqeH B nallu He[3npaaHocTfi Heff)fi IJII4no peuenrle Ha oleparopa 3a HelrareHa cMerKa)' nu uoonuta, llu*n" " Ha a6ouama' CTcrosHl're* Pezucmpupale u3 4e eHuemoHq cbcmonHuemo a6oHar ce fi3MeHtor "cso6oauo" s ":agro"' Toaa crana vpe: npoTo Ha BdKaulfl eB CbCTOqHlteTO '{eiCTPefucTpau[tTa Ha I43MeHeHIle nu nn""nu run"au B [raMerTa. cpeuy Bxo,4tqo 3aeMaHe ToBa o3HaqaBa' qe npe3 u'r'*nno"r I,r 3aurura o'rpesurauficr a6onar He Moxe aa 6lae 3aeMaH Ha noBsKBaHero, if"""tpu*n" Tfl a6oHar' pecypc 3a * Ilpedocmasnue Ha peaucmbp. Ha ro:u eran ce rbpcl.t cgo6oneH pecypchr sa a6osar '4' B H ce npeAocraBt flpfieMaH; Ha aApecHannQopuaulrr TattrB pecypc e yflpoicrBo, Hapeseropezucmbp' Koero B aeicrn'noao "t""a"" na em. AapecHara lHQopuauur (uouepr'r ua rnralur B;l.r. e Br{TelrHocr HflKaKbB qpe3 MHoroqecrorHonouepoua6lrpaxe' flpu nero repuua6onar 6) ce H3rrpaua qecrorli, npn HarlicKaueHa BceKI{ 6yor ilrtr a"n"p"pu xoru6nHaunt or no aBe (oco6exo axo uoue3a to"u-" unoro 6aaeHHaqI'IH npeaaaaHeHa .{aHHI.l ,onrt". Ha rIecrll BpeMe e poHa6upaHero c ua[6a tl nocrotHHoroKoBll tlunyncn)' 3a aa ce craBa qPe: peua quQplrre B ueH'I?anara ua"tp-noto ynpaBleHl{e, npHeMaHero rrcTpI{Te. e * I4znpat4aueHq cueHattuz6upafi, Korato ynpaB;IeHl.{ero roroBo aa npt.reqpe3 lt3npauaHe Ha :a ro aapecHaraI.rHQoptuauur, r.rHQopr'lr'rpa rosa-a6oHar'4 Ma Cl|lHa,!' HapXqAHCu?Han TOHa,'leH 4eHmpAnaLlllll u3OUpAu' Ha c Bropa r[aoa. I'Il6upane, Qa3ara 3anoqBa HaqaJroro HoMepoHaol.IpaHero' u6o"u*t uarucue 6yroHa sa rlbPBaraqllrfpa (n'ru xnmue ntpxy 6yroua *oruro cH)' 3a DIAL ua erpana na KoMnrcTbpa, Bptrxa c I4nrepHer-aocraBqllKa Ha * Ilpue;vtaueu aHaJIu3 Ho epoua1upauemo,fltpBoro Heuro, roero rpr6']e Baaa [3B6pInE ynpaBleHneToIuoM pa36epe, aooHaraTe 3anoqHarIa Ba6upa' e cllrHirn l.r36l.tpaf' s3npauraHnt KbMHero roHaJIeH aa npeKbcHe -rlott"nuuutnta qlrQplr rpr6aa aa ce pa3ncHallr, aa ce npeo6palyBar B:bBBI4r yaooeH 3a aHart't3 u Aa c 3anoMHtr. Analnvsr Ha HoMepao3HaqaM r8BrnqaHe ot '4ercrBlt ra uero sa Heo6xoaullara 3a ynpameHnero [HOopMaq]fl I.l roBa, KaKBI.l npeArrprreMe.Hanpnuep, rtpBara (t-rnx nspaure rnro:rro) ulQpa onpegem 4a:rn nosurBaHcro e noraino, r.e. a6osamr or cbuara ueH'rpananu e HnH He BcB Froput Jlpyra IIeHTpaia Ero gauo cnyqai, ocraHarara qacr or HoMepanle ce npe,{a'4eICbM aHaJrr.r3GT qnQpnre uoxe aa 3ano{He npealt oue ,{a e flpltmuruar [bJIHr{tr HoHa Mep. .i. TpaHcna4un.B [paKTnKara aHa]IH3'br HoMepace HapI'IqaHafi-qecro Ha TpaHcnaqur. Horuepr'r or re,reQonnnr yxaoare,r ngeuruQluupa o6lac'rra or HoMepaqnoHHr.rr nJraH,KbM Korro npI{HaAJIex a6oHarbr, a cSuo raKa, H ueHTparara,K6M xocro rofi e BKJlIoqeH. aa voxe cltcreMara aa HacoqHnoB[KBaHeroKbM To3II 3a My. ToBa HoMea6oxar, rr rpr6ra ga [u,eHT Olrutlpa Mtcroro Ha BKr]oqBaHero pT'THa 6noKa, KbM (ofiTo e cBbp3aH a6osaT6r I.IToqKaraHa HeroBoro BKJITqBaHe (axo rofi e or cbutara ueHTpana) [H HoMepI'Tna 6loxa na sKrnqsaHe xa xeo6(aro a6oHarae or Apyra qeHTpana)Br'rpeuruurr rrrrHnl4 xoauMr.{Te cr'e.qHHrlreJIHI,I

8,1.OyHKql4U OECflyXBAHE nOBt4KEAHltf,TA nO HA

[a pa:r,reAave K:ractr]ecxr.trnprMep 3a o6cnyxBaHe Ha reneQoHHononurrane nrs rfnrcupaHara Mpexa. Clegaa rep6a,rHo onlrcarre ua npoueca no o6cnyxBaHe Ha rroBHKBaHero MoMeHTa B.qlrtaHe or Ha cJryuaJlKara tl.traulzl a6oot Har I .qo [pIrKnrcqBaHe noBI-rKBaHero. Ha Ilrpoa Qa:a. llpegn:6upane. <Da:arasanoqsa or MoMeHTa lroAaBaae Ha or a6oHaraHa cuma.n u o6cryNoate vpes a6ouarHlrr repMuHan,a 3aBbpuBac orroBop Ha rleHTpa.,rara roroBHocrra i aa npe.qocraBu 3a o6cnyxaane, B reneSounrta, ,,I,I3ToBa BAltfaHeHa c;ryuarKara Il ctorBerHo nollyqaBaHe ronaJreHcI_IrHar Ha 6rpai". Ilplr apyr[ cnyqax,3araxara 3a o6clyNaaae Moxe aa e Har[craHe Ha 6yroH, aunvtaue 3axpaHBaHero repMl-tHirna Ha rJIu nl,x KJIIKBaHe Bcpxy HKoHKara Ha rl{cnfler Ha KoMnlorlpa flplr npr:ra c l,InrepHer npe3MoreM. IIpu Qa:ara rpea{36ripane ce pa3lrr{qaBar cJre,{Hnre eranl: * OmxpueaueHa 3angKama,Hafi-npocrnnr HaqxH3a no,uaBaHe 3aqBKara Ha e qpe3 npoMrHa crcrorHr.iero Ha aooHarHara nv:/^utAll or 6e:roroao B ToKoBo (3arBaprHeHa 4,ry .rp* roxrarr s a6onarHnr repuuHa.n).flpourHara n cr,crotnrrero Ha A,q ce perHc'rpnpa B qeHTparara rrpe3 [poMrHara z uui)uoudyanxomosa a6ouama ycmpoficmoo, pa3nonoxeHo B ueHTpaJlara. n.rxora e 6u,ro pele, a To cxeMa, c aBe ycTorqHBr cbcTorHr..tr xafi-qecro ce aHec - fipocTa enexTpoHHa a tapuua tuueiuo pete. IIpa ropeanoro nep[oanqHo cxaHr..rpaHe (npe: oro,ro 100 ms) Ha llnefiHoro peJlece oTKpnBa npoMsHaTa c6cTorHHeTo. Ha t OnpedentHeHa cmamyca, Orrpnnaxe aa.rrrara or crpaHa Ha ynpaBneHlieTo e rrocJreaBaHo pa3flo3HaBaHe or Houepa ua a6orar,4, olpe4e,rane Kareropntra My, ycranoBrBane craryca ua AJI (uznpaBHa un[ n3KrroqeHa o6c,ryxaaue, noor 78

Ha npoqecopHo nptt vnpaMeHhe frarr S.ynpaMeHl,e KoMwaq{t KaHarrre. Pasnosraeate Ha cuatcuume sa pasnadaue. IIo rpene Ha pa3roBopaytrcJreA[ c'bcTorHlieToHa II'IHtlrlTe Ha.4BaTaaooHaTaH TaKa oTKpHBa naBJreHIeTo Be,[HaracreA npneMaHeroHa cfirHaIla ce npoMeHflcraryca puanuauHe. irru-u tu x or 3aero B cBo6o.aH_oce cnupa raKcyBaHero ua a6ouarlre KbM KoMyraufioHHoro noJle' 3a tn nbmt. AaBar ce KoMaH.qfi + Paszpalcdaue roqKn. 3aerxre pecypclj x .qace fipeBloroqar KoM]TaIIIroHHure Aace ocBo6oa.flT na * ADxuaupaHe daunume om noauKaaHemoTosa eKnlo'Jsanpu6aarne Ha ycnyra KbM CMeTKara a6ouara sa rancaTao; ,uu"ptnraau t"n"(oMyHI.IKaUAOHHa HoMepa Ha a6oHar l), 3anIicBaHe aarara, !iaca' [poa'bJIxI{TeJIHocrra' (o6H(HoBeHo Ha I apyu, AaHru, HaIIp[Mep3a II3MepBaHe rpaOHKa(aKo ce c1'6apar HaE a6ouar * raKXBa). H Cera a6onaruure repMIIHiIJII-l BcrqKH cr,opbxeHl-lt' fIacrBaJlri B rIoBIlKBaCaB ll3xo,{HoTocl',lcbcTofH e. HCTO, e OlrcaHusr no-rope lpouec ua o6c.ryNlaHe Ha noB]'IKBaHero Hafi-6nn36K Mpexa I.i 3a C B UeHTpilJIHTe npouecopHo yrlpaBleHHe oT QI',IKcnpaHaTa ao TO3H Ha BrTpeuHa apr':xa (ueNay a6osatt or e.{Ha uenrpa,ra). Ha'{aHr'r Ha ciyqar npH rpyr BIiA Bpb3KIt,Ha[p[Mep pa6ora ua ynpaa,reHlleroMoxe Aa ce pa3nliqaBa ,{ BpL3Ka a6OHaT OTApyra IIeHTpaJIa. C BXOAttua [px Ha uHoro or Qa:nre u eranl.Ire e Br3MoxHo,4a He ce HaMeptr cBo6oaHlrpecypcu ra o6cnyxaaHe Ha noB[KBaHsro.HanpnMep, rltttcdra Ha cso6oaeH nrr a perrctbp' nPeroBapeHB MoMeHTa nore! Jllirrcara Ha cso6o,u,eu Kor{yraul-loHHoro npouecop lr r.n. Bt:voNno e cbuo raKa rtpcenllgr a6osar aa e :aEr. BI'B Bcl.r'rxl.t utyta\ alowat A nonyqaBa cItrHaJI3aero, a pa6orara Ha yflpaBneHnerono o6c6e: rIpeMItHaBa Hqrofi or u:6poeulre Qasn n eranl-t' Ha JryxBaHe noBr{KBaHero pa3nH,rxeHa peanHl.i{ lpouec or ropHoro on[caHHe e, qe BtB BctKa ,Upyro HaKpat, He ca noKa3aHn Qa:a a6onar ,4 Moxe aa ce orKaxe or rIoBIrKBaHero. rloBeaeHxeua a6ogatlte, ra,to .{eficrsggta Ha ynpaBneHl{ero npx HenpaBHJrHo ua6pauHecr,uecroyraq Hovep, ra6aerHe Ha Ha6upaueroor a6oHara(uanpnuep c 5 ao 20 s npr pa3JrqHure clrcreMa), c,le,4cnrHal u:6lrpafi lr.ru ao.4o6uo3a6aBtHe Mex.4yaBe qn$pn, nperaleno ar,nro cnylxaHe Ha roHarultt cIrrHaJIHa 3aer rlJlll cgoboaeHa6onar u ap. B uo6u:rsure Mpexlt c KoMlraunt Ha KaHar[re (Hanpr.t'lepGSM upexnre) ynpaBneHr{ero ueHrpaJrara noBTapt MHoro or ropHttre QyHrunl. flo-roneMnTe Ha pa3JII-tK[ CIeACTBne Ca Ha: - 6e:Nfi.run{ a6onareHaocr6n, - seo6xo.4r.t'rocrta ce cneAl4 MecronojloxeHsero Ha a6oHarHTe. 3a Aa

a.4pec, cblnacHo HoMepaqluTaHa cbopaxeHfirTat He c6Bna,qa Ha6paH[r HOMep, c Ilolyuaranero Ha BtTpeuHnr arpec or Ha6paHna HoMepcraBa c oflepaq[r rpaqcJlaul{t, flocoqeslrre no-rope, B eran rpaHcnaq[q, reicrBr.rr no orHoureHr{e BuKaHa ur{r a6oHar A s rezu s eran npreMaHe r aHaJln3 uouepona6npanero, n6 6a_ Ha HorreHxe Ha Koaa (npeQr.rKca nouepa) ua a6otar 6, ca .qpyru @opMH rpaHc_ Ha Ha ,raqn.r.9pes rpaHclaqlirra ce onpe,{e;rru rapuQara Ha rarcyBaHero. * Oceo6urcdaeaueHqpezucmT,pa. Clea raro ynpaaleHxero e npneno t,t3anounalo neo6xo,{trMaraaApecHa nuSopuaun.r, ro ocro6oxgaaa perncrbpa, 3a,{a uoNe rofi,4a ce l{3nor3Ba3a Apyrll noB[KBaHrar. TyK craBa.qyMau 3a oTAeJIHHTe Ha QyHKrlxoHaJHxcbopaxeHr.u, KaTo rrprreMHHur.r MHoroqecrorHo HoMepoHa6HpaHeI-|.{p. .i' IlpocepKa 3a cbcmonHuemo q6ouam B.llpoBeprBa ce.4an[ e cso6oneH Ha rlpceHn.nr a6onar. Aro e cso6o,qex,Heroanqr craryc ce [poMeHr B 3aer, 3a .qaHe MOfaT CeHaMeCBaT Kr,M Aa Apyru nOBHKBaHHg HerO. * TbpceHeHa nbm. Taga onepaqnr [3rIoJI3Ba Karo Bxo,qHI] HoMepa AaHHr-r Ha BXOna KOMyTaUT.TOHHOTO(flOryteH trpll CKaHXpaHeTO a6oHar,4), HOMepa B flOne Ha Ha ri3xoAa B xoMyrarlnoHuoro none (nonyqeH olrpaHcJ'laq[rra Ha HoMepaHa a6ouar ,F) r'ruHQopuaqnrra :a cr,crorHrrero Ha r(oMyrauKoHHoro nole. I4:6paut,rr rrlT ce:aeua (uapxnpa), Ho KoMyraufioHH[TeroqKh B Hero Bce orle He ce 3a,[encTBaT. + IloauKgaHeHq a6ouam E. Krlr reputua,ra Ha rrlpceHr.n a6oHar ce x3[pa(mox ua zet'lreae).EaHosper4eHHo roBa, IGM TepMHHar\a cuzHaJI noaurceaue 30 c na Ha a6ouzt;t ce rl:npau1aroH:uIeHcuzHar sa nometpcrdeuue Ha uotsuKBa]tero, A 3a Aa ro r{HoopMnpa,ve fl,pceHnrr a6oHar e cso6oAeH, rleH'rpajrara B cbcrorHr,re e aa ocbruecrBu Bpr3Kara { ce qaxa a6ouar 6 aa orroaopt. Tpera Qara, Pa3roBop. @agara:ano.lra c orroBaprHe sa grxauug a6oxar. t Pa3no3HaaaHeomzoeopa ua a6ouama. Y npastewuero cteAl,r cr,crotHl{ero ga a6ogatgara lr-rgl-tt Ha rbpceHfiq a6oHar H rIpH npoMrHara B ctcrorHr.tero U orqe Kpr.rBa, rofi e oTroBoplrfl. * IfpeKbcBaHe Ha u3npaupHume cuzuanu. flpex.aczar ce curHarr,T 3a IIoBlKBaHetr.r3rrpauaH K6M a6oHar 6 l,rronanulr.sr cllrHan 3a florB]pxaeH[e Ha noBHKBaHeTO, r3rrpau.laH K6Ma6oHaT,4. U3zpawdaHe Ha ntmn. Vlsrpwza ce Qt:nlecrara rou),Tauuc. @opMnpar ce tr " u3[paruar KoMaHAx 3aaeilcrBaHe xoMyrauuoHHl.rre ce 3a Ha rorrlr ua ta6paHm rr,n Qa:a "ns6npane" nrr. * TqKq)saHe. AKo rarcyBaHero e no BpeMe, olrpelenr ce raptQara na ycrryrara. Brrlxlqsa ce raiMep, 3a rr3MepBaHe npo4bJrxr..rreJrHocrra pa3roBopa(orHa vara ce 6po.rr Ha rarcyaannre luny,'rcu). 9eror,pra Qasa. Pa:nagane. Oa3ara 3a[o,rBac BpbruaHe clyuanrara Bbpxy releSoxxu.r alapar Ha erltH or .qsaMara a6oHaru. Iplr pa:lavunre cr{creMr r,rMa pa3nr-rqHa rrocr'teAoBarerHocr onepauuxre, B 3aBncr-rMocr rosa roi or a6oHa or HaT[TenpbB e nocTaB[JlcJlyualKaTa.

8.2.PAEOTA PEMHO BPEME B ycrpotcrBa' Ynpanuaaqure ycrpoiicrsa Ha ueHTp{rnara cna,qar KbMx"raca xoxro pa6orrr B peajrHo BpeMe. Haii-oourara .qeo[Hlru]rrna ynpameHte,pa6oTeuo Bpe(LrHo spe e e, se roBae y[paBneHne, KosroBtsaefcrBaBbpxyHtKaKBa BTHUHa cpeAa,npuelrafixnr,rHQopMauur uer, o6pa6oraaiK[ t H Bpbuaf(n or

80

8l

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KbM Her pe3yJrTaTa aocTaTbr{Ho 6,[,p3o, 3a ,4a i noBJlHre, npe.4r.l Ta3I-t cpeaa .qa ce fl3MeH[Jra r.r(llng) oT Hef, aa e nocT]nuJra HoBa HHQOpVaqnx.

B xovyraquouuara rexunxa pa6orara B pearHo BpeMerpr6aa aa ce xaro pa6ora, npu Korro peaKurrrra Ha ynpaBr'leHaero r.t3rrpBapBa peaKqr.trra
a6oHarnre, TepMI-IHan[Te, cbeAllHnreJlnrlre IAHAA n Apyrt4 It3TorIHl.rqr-r Ha

nri. HanpuMep, xoraro a6ouarrr rgfirHe cJryua]rKaraHa cBor anapa.r, 'rproBa aa no3HaeToBactcTorHlle, ,qa HaMepnpecypcfiTe,KoHTO Ca

peaKulitTa npH qeHTpan[Te.Tara Hanpuuep, qaKaHeTo ctrfHa]r qeHTpara( Ha Han lr36llpafi) Tpr6Ba aa e cac cpeaHacroilHocr no-MaJrKa 400 ms, a c or Hocr 0,95 - Aa He HaaxBbprr 600 ms. 3a xHTepBzrna MoMeHTa, or Koraro Hara ufiOpa Ha HoMepa Ha BriraHut a6oHar e noclbrruJla B rleHrpalara Haqaroro Ha 3BbHeHero, ropHr e crotHocrn ca ctorBeruo 650 r.r900 ms. Ocreu c pa6orara B peanHoBpeMeJ ynpaBr'lrBaquTe ycrpoicrna ce pn3rpaT c orqe ,qBeoco6eHocTr.r: pa6ora R p%tcutttua epeuedetene (time LrJvyrmunpozpa.uHapa6oma. 3a KoMyrarlhoHHara rexHr.tKa noA pexaM Ha BpeMeAeneHe pa36r.{pa ce peMeHHoroo6cnyxBaHe Ha noBeqeor eaHo rroBr.lKBaHr.rs, HaMnpanlace Ha e,[nH c6urt,leran. Hanprvep eAHoBpeMeHHo cKaHr{paHe ronrM 6pofi a6ouaur, Ha peMeHHo nplreMaHe quQpu or noBeqeor eat,taa6oHarr.r Ap. floA Ha H paMHo ynpaBjre8EerI'r,Kce pa36r.rpa eAHoBpeMeHHoro l3rrbJrHeHr{e Ha no o6c[yxBaHe Ha noB[KBaHrrrra.Tyr uorar,4a ce ,uo6arar u Qyurunr
KOXTOHe Ca AnpeKTHO CB6p3aH[ C rrOBI{KBaHtTa, KaTOHanp[Mep Ha rexHnqecKoro o6clyNaane Ha rleHTp:rnara. Pea,ru:npauero ra

3a nprreMaHe uHopare or uolrepoua6apauero Ha H.qar3nparHK6Ma6oHart HaJrHHr crrnalr r:6npaii. B [penoprrara Q.514na ITU-T ca AaAeHn HopM[Te

Ea CbCTOtH[tTae MIIO|Ono-rofltMa oT KaTO[paBXnO,npOAbnXnTenHOCTTa qe Tora ce ootct{cga c QaKTa, MaHlllrynallHI-I-.oar,,,lxnre,lxocrra Ha npexo,qxre. repMuHantl ca Mnoro no-6aBH[ or '4eficrBl'Itra Ha ynY"[i u6on*rr" c rexHllre cl'crotHl.lf, (KaToHalpuMep pa3rcBop)ca anp[oLi-"anr.to, a ocBeHroBa HtKoI.l npon6Jlxl|reluocr' IJnrupaullTe pa3naKnB npolbnxxIi"" ot"oa"t"n"o rontMa Ha BpeMel' npHnaraHeTo IIpI.IHIII'IB y,recHtBar ynpaBneHUerO peaJIHo Inroa"rt" paooTa' aflTeHa MynT[nporpaMHaTa S.4. KPAEH ABTOMAT flDeAcraBqHeroHa onepaqrxre, n3nHIHtBaHn or yrlpaBteHhero' Moxe Aa Ha rau Qnrypa e aaaeHaHafi-obo6ueHara cxeMa craHe; noMolqra Ha Qnr. 8.1. Me)lqy aBe cbcrotHllt Ha noauKBaHero' :a QyHXUuonupaueHa BceKfi npexoa c6cTotHl'lecTaBanp [ocTtnBaHe Ha BG3Ha neficrsurerHo HanycKaHeTo aaaeHo or 6uxaaullo crrHanl4 (crrMynu). PeujeHfiero 3a BI{aa Ha rlpexoaa ce B3eMa ynga nocrtrlllJlnre cuf*ar'r v lra 6a3ara Ha ulr[opHa ol"rruu^ulu Jlor-LiKa. 6a:ara (Ha nonurraHeTo H Ha qeHTpalara),sanncauan nauerra' turl""tu ru "t"to"uuero u3[bJIHeHIre npexoAaHa noB[KBaHe3a ca AaHHI-t KoMaH,qI'l QIt3I-IqecKo I43xoAHnre TOtr aaHHu3a rlpe3anucB naMeTTa.

KoMaHAn

Hara pa6ora craBa no-flecHo,aKo ce HManpeIBHA erartHltrr xapaKrep Ha BaHeHa rIOBttKBaHUrTa, pa3fleaaH B cIeaBaIL(aTa ToqKa.

8.3.ETANEH XAPAKTEP OECNYXBAHE NOBUKBAHI48TA HA HA

Or onncauero Ha npoqeca Ha ynpaBneHfie, Haqaroro Ha raBara,ce B qe ro3lr npoI1ece MHorceranen.llpn roaa ce pa3lrrdqaBar Ia, erann Ha lr:fpaxAage Ha Bpb3Karatl eran[ Ha o6cnyxBaHe Ha rroBl{KBaHero, llo4 eman Ha Ha 6pb3Kama3a orAeJrHorroBnKBaHe par6upa HrKaKBo ce c6crorHr.ie,xapaKrepfi3Hpaqo ce c rpynara pecypcH Ha ueHTpirlrara (eneMeHTr.t KoMyraUxoHHoro Ha noJreH ynpaBJreHBero, KoMnJreKrH, KaHanx.perficrpx l.r1p,). xouro B MoMrrra yqacrnar e o6clyxnauero Ha noBHKBaHero, KaKro n cbcro{Huero Ha rer! pecypc . qe Or xa:anoro ce Bri)r(aa, tpexoABT or erHH a Apyr erarr Ha rBrpaxlaHe ga Bp63KaracraBa c r{3MeHeHrre c6craBa Ha yqacrBarutire pecypcH, oocJryxBauri noBHI(BaHeTO, C H3MeEeHI{e LTJII-.I CbCTO'HI,IeTO HTKOI-| rSX. TOSI-I Ha Or [peXOA CTaBa no,q (oMaH.4aHa ynpaBneH[ero, a AeicrBrrrra, xouto rpr6aa.4a ce r,3nrJrHf,t, Qopunpar emana ua o6cnytrceaue xa noauKaaHemo. 3a no-rparro, erarrnTetrpu n3rpaxlaHe Ha Bpb3rara ce Haprl,qdt c.bcmottlut, a eranrre npu o6c.nyxraue ua nonuxaauutra - npexodu. orr.8.1. 06o6uresa cxeMa 0yEKqronl|pafle HaylrpaBJreBI|ero 3a qe O'r xa:anoro cJreaBa, Qyuruuonnpauero Ha yrlpaBJleH[eroHa ueHTpanara Moxe Aa ce o11pnn14qh OyHKunoH[pauero Ha KpaeHa6mo]vam.CreAosarenHo Ha Moxe aa ce npl-Iroxn reopHrra Ha KpafiHureaBToMarn. or He3aBrcljMo roBa, AaJIIT peaJla3arlKrTa a[apaTBar{rn nporpaMHa. e

8.s. E3l4KsDL HA |TU-T3A CnEqUOUKAql4flU OnUCAHT4E fpaQuvuure cpercrBa3a ri3pa3rBaHe era[Hrs xapaKrep rlpouecaHa Ha Ha pa3npocrpageHxe, Qynxunosupase ueHTpanr{Te MHoro y.qo6Hu nonyqaBar r.r na ca noAxMero'huarpaMuHacbcrorHr{rra npexoAure". n 3a az ce BbBeae Mex.qyHapoaeH ITU-T pa:pa6ornae3I{KaSDtr craHAapr, .^ \ 5pec cation and Descript ion Language). ifi
8_r

AlrarpaMara, nocrpoeHac fpaQreHara tlopua na e:uxa (SDL/GR), raro 6nor-cxeua Ha alropl.lrtM. SDL auarpaMara Moxe aa ce B'bsnpxeMe Ha Ha AHarpaMa KpaeHaamoMqm,(oiiTo o[ltcBa rIoBe,{eHI'IeTo aaAeHnpouec Mexly Ttx. I-{ CGCTOtHItt npexoaHTe BA3MOXHfiTe

pernaMeHTfipau, e.qHH HaqlH xaro esnt<, SDL e crsAaaeH AaBaIrl OopMa"'IeH xopa.Toltl o6ves nua rBe nocoKl: uetrcdy ua uxQopnaqun o6uet raxsn Qyurqnx rpr6o4 * florpe6nrenrr cto6uaBa Ha npou3Boallrent M cl,Icre ara,T.e.npaR cne1uQurca4ual fi3nbJlHtBa
Moxe aa xa:aa xa notpe6nrenq Ka(BItQyHKuttI.t * npoH3BoaHTeJItr "r.e.rpaBv onucaHue. cl'IcTeua, npe&rafaHaTa Ha Cr,l,aarenrlre Ha SDL ca or. enr cneuu(plrKara KoMyraq[tra' cllptMo B Ha yrlpaBneHne peanHoBpeMe'a IlMeHHo: nur cny'{ai eAHaKBllHJIH * Halurq[e Ha roJItM 6pofi e,4noapeueuuoI'I3ntJIHtBaHI't npoqecu; nhqHr.r
+ (aTO BCt(a OT CTbnKUTe ( nDouecHTe ce It3rIbJrHtBaT Ha CTbTIKU,

qaKaulj cHrHaJI[ca uqro,'IKo,I'I36optr Mex'4/ Tgx craBa no .,"n AKo 3aBapeHlrre l]'a ua nocftnaaHgro uu Aro ta uz6paaur. cnruut e pa3Peueno aa craprlpa [peAxo u:6paHIlrr crrrHilll JIH[cBaB crutctra Ha nplli t.,ou or. 66ae HanpaBeHo. (HanpxMepse e o,r curaa'rnte '4, B n C za cr'crosHueX Ha 1,",1""*"ut"ta npexoa u ce u:6llpa creaBaqntr rlo pea cl{rHan. Apym eana iur. s.zf. t"l ce ofiBbpnt (sdve),cbxpaHtBaofiBtpJIeH B raaeHo cbxpaHeHue )n"uanun" 3a e3rKa, HaPeqeHa po ro:n HaqxH,clirHarbr ce 3afla3Ba, aa ti3qaKacneaBarqoro 3a clrnal. "iaaornn" cacTOtHHe

ce craprupa or ct6[TI,Iq, Koltro ca BbHlxHIl3a caM[t flpouec; * craprfipauuTe ca6urfit Morar aa Hoctr I{ aonb,'rHrreJlHa (gauurl), ocren nuQopvaqrara, xotro ce [oryqaBa or OaKTaHa flotBara I'IM.

3a nuqeH npuMep rona e ra6paunnrxovep. JIorI4qecKI'ITe OyHKIIlIfi' O6errrr n SDL. xofiro darrnqecrr H3nbJIHtBa Bpr:rara uex,{y npouechrecraBacaMoc l.I3nparlaHe npo\ec Q)roczss). Hapu,ta

KoHqenullsra ga e3nta cuzHar (signal) cnyxn u xaro Ha nDueMaHe clrrHaJIH. Ha xpoHr3l{pau eleMeHT,I{ Karo HocI{reJI liHQopMaqut Mexry npouecnTe. xaro o6exr, roiro nlu ovaxaa elod ( B SDL, npouectr e Ae(pnHupan HJIfie B npexo,q.Cvcmonuue (state) ce.qeQr'rHNpa T.e. np eMaHeHa cI,IrHaJI, B noJroxeHrre,npr.rKoero ,4e[crBl.IeroHa npoueca e npeycraHoBeHo oqaKBaHe sxop,. [lpexod (transition) ce ae$nHt'Ipa Karo nocJleaoBareflHocr or aeicrBl'Is' B oT npeMI{HaBa eaHo cBcTotHI.Ie Apyro' npOUeCsT KOfaTO nTo ce r.r3rIhJIHtBaT, orroBop Ha onpeaeneH sxo,q. Ha $ur. 8.2 e aoKa3aHnpllMep Ha Bp63Ka fi36poeHnre KoHqenultn 3a SDL. C[MBonHTe 3a Bxoa Ha oHrypara npr{eMaHeHa pa3nx'truure curnatu A, B tt C. B etrlra e geQnHrpano, qe Ha eaHo crcrotHne caorBercrBar eallH lltn noBe' r{e BxoAoBe, pa3nrlqeH npexo,4.B npexoAa nva BceKl,r KolrTonpe.4u3BltKBa oT BoneHurDu Bt{Aa AeficrBht: - usxod (output) - 4eficrtue, Koero reHeprpa cxrual, roftro or caor crpaua e BXOA HrrCbAe Apyfaae; - peweHue (decision) - leiacrBre, flpla (oero ce flocraBt BT'IIpocli Ha 6a3al4 Ha orronop ce u:6npa IoIoH3a flpo,abnxaBaHe npexora; Ha BepH[r B MoMeHra - 3adaqa (tdsk) - AeficrBlleB lpexoaa, troero He e ll3xoa xnI'I peueHfie. Koraro npouecbr Hnn BtHIxHara cpeaa reHeprpar eanH cnrHaJL Tofi B Harfl e caMo aKo npoqec. IIpoqe$T Moxe aa npxeMacI{rHaJII.{' KbM KoHKpereH a,{pecupaH Mora la B ce HaMr,rpa cbcrotHue.3a ncsxo cbcrorHne e,qeQuuupauoKoIt cHTHaJII.I B nonaAHe AaAeHo re. npeamBHKBar Koraro npouecbr npexoAl'I ce npueMar KaKBr.r ctcrotHtle lt H{Ma flocTLnHJI[cnrnalt, rofi ce [peKbcBaao nocrl'lBaugro Ha cnr-

flpexoa r orrooop na otrsara B

t{3pa3[Balx cbc SDL Ofir. E.2.Cbcroflltxe n flpexoA, Ha X f- r|MeBa cr,crotunt; A, B, C - fiMeuafia BxoAoBe ronro ca ctorBercrBal!}t la,qae QoptvIn, SDL e 4e$unupan c,{Ba cuHTaKcuca, loaqlrHeHr.r eaHaceMaHrlKa- rpaQtvna Sopr'ra(SDUGR) u Qpa:oBa(SDI/PR). Ha ocuosnnre ct-rMsorrl e3rlt<a, aBerecr $opvn, ca rora.sanuua Qur. 8.3. onr. 8.4 c Ha x 8.5 roKa3Baranarpaua na SDIJGR :a lpoueca "Bbrpe[Ha Bp63Ka'.,{uarpauara unlocrpxpa u ocHoBHrrre lpaBnra Hacuxraxcltca ra rpaQnrHara Qopva Ha etnra. 3arIbJIHeHrKcr, HoceuryHI'IKllJIHoro c Cnugomt :a ctctorHlte rpr6aa.ua 6r,.qe I'IMeHa cBcrotH[ero. AKo B AnarpaMarace cpeqa HSKOJIKo l'Me Ra lltrll AaAeHo cbcroqHHe, qe craBaayMa 3a eAHoll cbulo cbcrotHlte (ax. uanplToBao3HaqaBa, uep ceo6oduoua Qrr.8.4). ToBa HeKonKoKparHo 3a Ha notBsBaHe cITMBoJI cbcrolHue c eAHo u cbulo r{Me ce ,qonycKa,3a ,{a He ce rlonyqn Ha Al.IarpaMararljlereHtlua oT npecltqaqn ce, cBbp3Barq[ nnHItI-t.

85

fraar,

y n p a B n e H u en p h K o M w a q h FH a K a H a n u T e l.p o q e c o p H o V n p a g n e H u e f

Clil.rsorrlre 3a BXoA, a3xoA n cbxpaHeHre rpq6sa Aa cbAtpxar [Mero curHiura,3a KoilTo ce orHacrr. flo ana,ronu, K6Mcr-rMBon[Te 3aaaqaH 3a reKcr, ce npl]xpeflg Heooxoar-.rMuqr

STATE, NEXTSTATE

I C

c n C]
I
Our. 8.3. IpaQrrua

[--l

,o,*
(NOW+A,Ti )

DECISION

SAVE

START STOP
H TeKcroBa SopMa Ea clMBon[Te B SDL

Otlr. 8.4a.AltarpaMa fla npouecaBr,rpeurnaaputra c SDL/GR

87

'Vatreshna'

(Drr. 8.46.AltarpaMa Ha rrpoueca BbrpeutHaBpr,3Ka SDL/GR c <Drrr. 8.48.At,tarpaMa rrpoueca Ha BLrpeurHa eprrra c SDL/GR

89

I ere^uMvH,rKaql4x - ol,lxcllpaHx, MoounH14 !L lll

fraaa ,' ynpaBreHue npu KoMwaurr HaxaHan[Te. npouecopHovnpaE|'|eHqe

a - Blxau aooHaT a B - Br{kaH 6oHar Blokir-nInca DigH a c B o 6 o , u Hple c y p c u , ucJrovuorera eorttqfiHa, xorro e apryveHT Ha cIrHa"ra Tsifra (rilfloJr3Bacc aa npeHacrfie Ha AaHHsc6c ctF|aJra Tsifra) IZL! - siknrcgerra or qeHTpaiara a6oHarfia rrHrit N9!]IU - H['3, B r(oiTo ce HarpyrrBan caxpaHrBa HoMeprr Ha Bfi(a llr a6ofiar npu B6TpeurHa spr3xa Obsl oov - o6cnyxBarre Ha DoBHXBaHe ( 9 M el l a n p o q e c a , rcpMnHa,r) Otvor - crraoper tc.rrctfolr (3al1ciicrBalr T i - r a i \ r e p H o M e pi !k!_!gjlqueroquc.teHa BerrqrHa, Korro cl,Arpxa lroMepa til BHllaroHa"rleH crrHajr (DrIr.8,5. Pe.rI|nK Kr,M dlr.8,4

IIpH cBr,p3BaHero Ha cllMBo;lltre s gnarpauaTpr6aa aa ce cna3Bar cJleagnre npaBlIJIa: - cfilfBot'bT 3a c]cTorHlre Moxe e [oc,'leaBaH caMo oT cLtMBoJII-i BXOI rlJlll 3a n 3a BXOJI caxpaHeH[e; - IlceK[ cl \4BoJI3a BXOI U CbxpaHeHne CIeABa CaMOCUMBOJI CtCTOtHIje; 3a - cHilIBoJlltre 3a Bxo.[, 3a,qaqa ll r3xoa Mofar,ua 6b,qar nocJIe,{BaHI-{ caMo or e.:lltHcrir\rBoJr,KofrTo He Moxe Aa e BXoA IjnH c6xpaHeHl{e; - ctlMBoJllT 3a perrreHlte rpr6Ba ra 6lge nocleaaan or aBa I{JIII loBeqe cI-tMBO,ra,KOfiTOHe MOraT Aa Ca BXOAI-tJlH CbxpaHeHrre: - crMBoJrcT 3a c,,xpaHeHIre He voxe 4a 6tge floclle.aBaH or B 4uarpauara ua Qar,8.4 apyf cLtMBot. ca H3rIoJr3BaH[ HqI<olt 3ana3eHr-.r r{MeHa Ha e3n(a:

DSL, STRING, INTEGER, TIMER, SET, RESET, NOW. Texcrur mu rpaQrvrrr,rrec MBorrI{e Ha 6tnrapcKn, Ho r-l3rlncaH rarl,tHr-rqa,IIoHexe e3}Irtr He Ha BKnrcqBa pa3peueHrrect oi v BoJ'lI,t B 6yxru ta rupulltua. 3a aa ce cnascr BnKoBr{TerrpaBr.rna Hyxaara cr.tMBonuTe Haqalo Ha npoll 3a uec, cl,crorHae, Bxoa tr r.t3xo.q r{Mar riMe (a ro e Br.u rfopualeH rexcr), rarro n aa ToBa,qe 868 Qopvatuur reKcr He Moxe Aa xMa npa3nu uHTepBa:rrz, yAo6crBo 3a ,._,', rra qerenero ayMr{Teca pa3.qeneHr no,qqepraBaHe c a HeQopua,rulrrr reKcr e 3arBopeH anoclpos. c

ynPAB'|EHt4E 8.6.nPOqECOPHO
BaBexaaHero Ha KoMnrcTBp ylpaueHue Ha qeHTpaJrara, aeEcrBurenHocr, 3a B e npexoa or yrrpaBneH[ec rBrpAa (uourupaua) Jror[Ka KaMynpaBJreHle Jlorr{Ka, c 3arI{ca[a B'bB Bl,tA nporpaMa.Tona yrpaa,reulrevecro ce Hapfi'{a(oco6eHoB aHrHa ,'loe3nr{nfiTectpauu) ynpaaneuue cbc 3anucaHa npozpcLuaot Stored Program ConI/"ol(SPC). TyK ce fi3rron3Ba repMrrHLr/rpoqecoptnynpaneHue. ll-le pa:r:re,qaveoco6eHocrlrre Ha KoMyrarI[oHHHTe crlcreMr.l(raro o6err Ha npoqecopHoro ynpas,renue) I-,l Ilpoli3Trqaqxre or roaa cneutQlrvHr.t ll3r.lcKBaHr,rt KAMxoMnroTbpa.

<Drr.8.4r. B6rpeuHaBpl3Kac SDL/CR !uarpaua na npoueca

90

9l

Mo6HnHu lP n Tenexouvttvxauuu d|4xcxpaH|4,

fzaaa I YnDaenexra@

HaAexAnocr, AoKaro B yrrrrBepcaJrHr-ire xoMnnrpr{ rraBHoro I{3rcKBaHe Aa e oclrryprBar 6erpeurHa o6pa6orxa (nony'iaBaHeHa BrpHo perxeH[e) n rounnr5pa, ynpaBmBanrqeurpanara, nlrcKsaHero :a be:rpeurna o6pa6orra ocraBa Ha no3a 3aaeHnjraH, 3a cMerKa Ha Il3 cKBaHeTo He[peKbcHarooyHrIUoHItpaHe. HopF flopaal{ IloBpear.r npouecopHoro ynB Mara 3a ,qolycrr.rMlpecroi Ha ueHTpanara, 'l par.renne,rpa6sa ga e He noBeqeor qac :a 20 roaunn. Io,rnru 6poft rrnQopMaurroHnunxoAose. B yHltBepciulHlrtKoMnrorr,pBxoAots Bsre, or KoHro Moxe aa nocTbnfi ruQopuaur,r.r :a o6pa6orra (:a-raKx 3a o6cny)NGaB ue), ca orpanuveun Ha 6poi - uaii-MHoro,uecsrxHa. xounrcrpure, u3rIoJBBaH[ 3a u ynpaBJreHne Marxunu,po6orlr, rexuonornqnn npoqecr't ap., lrnQopvaunouuure Ha BxoaoBeca rroBetre, Harrp.ao crofltHa. B re,reQounara qeH'Ipa[a BctKa a6oHarHa BXoa, oT xo[To Moxe aa nocTl,IrH3atBKa3a o6clyNnaxe Ha nl]Hltr npeacTaBnrBa npouecopHoroynpaueHle, C,reaosare:Ilro,6porr na ltrQopnaau oHHxre BXo,qoB rocrbrILIJI]'I 3aJrBM xr.]llrau. 3a aa Mofar.4a ce npneMarBc]rrIKI.I aocr[ra .qo,qecerrr.r 3a Ha cneulrarHaopraHl't:aulrs cxaHl4paHero re311 u ro 6e3 3a6aBrHe, seo6xoAl,Iua e rur!opuaqlrouHn nxo.4oae. rJIaBHoJlorllqecrul Onepaquu. Ynpasnenuero Ha uefiTpanara I{3n'I'JIHtBa 3a oIIepaqI,II-l. Kounmrrpr,r, xofiro yrpar,rraa .{aaeHaqeHTpaJIa, pa3nlKa or yHuHa c BepcaJrHnt noqTfi He e HaToBapeH I-I3rIl,JIHeHLreTOapUTMeTlIqH[ KoMrrroTbp, ce r-r3qlrcJreHHt. [pou3BoAHTenHocrraHa npouecopHoro yrlpaBJreHlte onpeAeJl{or oT cKopocTra3a L3rIbrHeHHeHa rof[qecKnTe onepau[tl, HqKoI-I KoIlTo ca cneunQrrqHucaMo 3a KoMyraumra. HaroBapeH yflpaB' c KbM I,1:6poeHnrecneqrouqHlr l.r3r.rcKBaHr.rr KoMrrror:bpa, reHr{ero Ha rleHTpanara,IlocraBsr npea KoHcrpylooplrre rc6opa uexly t:nomKoMnrcTbp. flpx rIhpBlire ueHTpanu c Bauero Ha yHfiBepcaJreH crreqttaJll.r3npaH nJrH npouecop[ 3a ynpaBlece npouecopHo yrrpaBneHae [3rrojr3aaTcrreqnaJrx3l.tpaHH Hr-le rreHTpaJrrrre. cucteuute or xoMaHA[ Ha re3n npouecoph He ca BKJInqeHn Ha B BKJIrcqeHu, apnrMer[qHr.r onepautlr. B re:ll npouecop[ riMa H aonbJIHI.ireJIHo l(oHa cneqnQn.rHu3a yrrpaBJ,reH[ero KoMyraur{rra r.{MHoro r{ecro u3ntJIHtBaHI,I rvrau.qlr. Taxnga ca, Ha[pnMep, TcpceHeHa Hai-ntBa eaIiH[IIa,3anuc (qereHe) Ha e4nx 6ur r.tupopuaqhr B .{yMara,pa6ora c 6yQep lt 4p. BtselttAaHero Ha resv, aa Ha .qpyrr c[euuanr.r3[paHuKoMaH.qr.r. MHoro ycKoprBapa6orara Ha npoqecopaIlo or ooclyxrauero Ha noBr.rKBaHr{rra. BropnrHo cJle,qcrBne, roBa pa3ufipeH}'IeHa Ha cr{creMaraKoMaHAu, o6JreKqaBaHero nporpaMHpaHero. e H rrpoqecop[ e peueH B .{Hec, cnoplr uexry cneuxajrn3upaHr.r yH[BepciurHH Bt llpeKfi qe a CBeTOBHaTa Tene(OMyHnKaUHOHHa Mpexa nOJI3a yHl-rBepCanHI,ITe' Ha aua orpoueu 6poii rreH'rpann cbc cneuHanfi3r.rpaHH npoqecopE.

ArPecHx rUHHI'l ulHHx 14HoopMaut-roHHr Orrr,8.6. CxeMa Ba K.ttacurlecKaueurpana c flpouecoplo yrlpaBJreune C- cKeEep; P - pa3upeaenuren; I1P - flpo[ecop; 1111- nocrocHHa naMer; Ot- onePar[Bfla naMer

ca ynpas,'Iexne, roflro ue 6'I'aarpa3rneaanx, Crpyrrypnre HanpoqecopHoro

eQeKrxBHocrI'I HaH3ttcKBaHHt Ll(oHoMnqecKa 3a roBr'rlltHfi or eaHoBpeMeHHltre aex.nHocT. KoMnrcTbp Moxe aa pa6ou 20 Tpy,uno e aa ce uaarBaMe,qe eauH-eallHcrBen roguuu 6e ra ce noBpeall lt ecrecrBeHorofi ce gy6,rupa. Toraea gt:H[xaa gtnpa6ora, a cJlearoBa 3a 3aMsHa pe3epBHoc poc'br 3a orKpr..rEaHe HenpaBlrjrHaTa Ha Tpt6Ba aa pa3rIofiafac aocTaTtqHo ro ynpaB;reuue,KoeTo3a aa noeMepa6oTaTa, fi Ha aaHH[ 3a Cr,crotH].IeTo r{eHTpaJIaTaHa noB (BaH[tTa. Ha ynpaBneHuero. To3[ Mero,u3a nocrl.IraHeHa BIrcoKaHaAex.U.y6,rupaue c aHocTce x3rroJl3Ba ollle B rrrpB[Te qeHTpan14lpoqecopHo yrlpaBJreHt{e. KoMlrlorrlpa ynpasnevue (Qur.8.7) aBa eaHaKBI4 flpu dy1tupauo cuuxpoHHo pa6orrr naparenno l-l H3BbpuBar eAHax c]qa pa6ora. flpuevar t'IHQopMaU'Itra upe: uuTepQefic 7Z ruu re.neQoHxararepnQepur, o6pa6orrar t Ha 6a3ara Ha 3alncr{Te B cBortre naMert4M, cbxpaHtBar B naMerra pe3yrrarlrre or o6pa6orKara Ii OopMspar KoMaHAri KrM neprQeplrrra, Ho cauo e.{ns or aBara, KofrTo B MoMeHTa arcrr.rBen, ynpaBnrBaueHTpar'rara. Blnpexu, ve r anara xounrorupa o6pae 6orrar e4uu rr cbulu 3atBKI-t eaHlr Ir c6uln noBIrKBaHLIt, rIopa,qllecrecrBeH[Te 3a MaIKI-r B pa3n[{KaB cKopocrra Ha npeMuHaBaHe cIrrHaJIa JlorrqecK[Te ereMeHBa Tu, en[HKrr KoMn[oTBp cnprMo Apyrrt. Kounrorpnre ca cBlP3aHI'l ue r.r366p3Ba qpe3 KotTo npe3 orrpeAeneH c'hc cxeMa 3a cHHXpoHu3aqHr, oT llHTepBaJI BpeMece cl.tuxpoHrl:upapa6orara r{M.

8.7.CTPYKryPU YNPAB'IEH14ETO HA
e K,'racuqecKara cxeMa Ha qeHTparac npouecopHoynpaBneHl.ie npe,{craBeHa sa dnr. 8.6.

92

93

4 T e n e K o M y H u x a q u - d x K c u p a H , M o 6 h r l H 1h l P n

e KoMwaqlF xaHanure. Ha flpouecopHo frara 8.ynDaBneHnpl.l vnpaBrEHre Ha qe Jll,lnca Ha fT'BKaBoct cnptMo KanaUfiTeTa UeHTpiuaTa.AKo ce Ha,'Io)c{ .qa ce H ce HaAxBbpntKa[aq[TerT'T Ha ynpaBneHlreTO' TpyAHo To Da3tUHp[UeH,panaTa ce Toga Mnoro qecro HaJIara.qa trpoeKrlipal-t nogrpotr qeHTflpoMeHr.r. Moxe aa ce no-fojltM oT To3I4. xofiro e neO6xoAt-tu voHa n pa,tac KanaullTeT ynpaBneHHero, npaBHTpyaHo nporHo3r.rpa_ xt.rBoTHa eaHa ueHTpaJra TOBa, ocBeH Ir,JrrltrT MeHTa. Hero Ha nefiHl,Iq Kanau] eT. TosH Heaocrarr'x ua ayolxpanmo yfipaBlellle, B yflpaBneHlre. c rOItlVa cr[eH, ce npeOAOJItBaMHOIOIpOUeCOpHO (HeedHopodHottHoeonpo4ecopHoynpaaneHue pa3nn'qldyne llpu fiepapxutuomo ) flo Ha.rfiu npouecopn ca c pa3nHqHoQyxrqnoualno npeaHa3HaqeH[e. ecrecTBeH Ca Ha TaM,qe HtKOl.I [poqeCopHTe nOAqI{HeHI,l ApyrHTe.PaSnpe4eOT ,AO ToBaBOAI,I or jlrHero Ha QyHKrrr[Te, I]3nI'JIHJIBaHn ynpaBreHfiero Mexny npoqecoplt c pa3e MoTUBI{paHo pa3rI'IKhTeB croxHocTra I-l qecmTaTa ua or nu.rHa c[euuarl-l3auHt, xa QyHrqnure. AKo no-[pocTl'ITe,Ho qecTo noBTaptlln ce QyHrunu, rroBropeHue Ha Ha He ce B63JraraT MoIIHI{ H CKLnn npouecopfi, a ce BS3JIafaT no-npogni Ii nonepnQepnt npoqecopn, ToBa Moxe aa e n(oHoMr.rqecKr,r cneuuzmu3lparn eBTr.rHr'r qe,recro6pa:no. Br3MoxHa e QyHrquona:rHa ctreqt-raJrr,t:arrtrt r'aeN.qyneplrQepHnTe HallpnMep e,4nH.44cKaHlrpa,apyf Aa TbPcHnbT B KoMyTaII[oHHoTonoflpouecopl, L ,re, rpern aa pa6orn c'bc clIr'r{llJrraulltra no o6u KaHa,'I T.H. K6M He,qocrarbuure Ha fiepapx[.iHara crpy(rypa Moxe ,qa ce orHece rpyAHaroBapBaHe Bcr{qKnrrpouecopH n Bb3Ha Ha HOrOOpraHn3HpaHe paBHoMepHo MeCTa ynpaBJIeHneTO. TeCHU B MOXHOCT Bb3HI-tKHaT Aa ynpasneHuerpouecoflpu eduopoduomo (ueiepapxuwo),i4HoeonpoqecopHo prrre ca yHrrBepcanHr{ orHo[reHrreHa r3rrrrH{BaH}rre Qynxuur n panuonpanuu no (lr,ra vacr or rrx) ca:anucaun n o6eaxH cflp{Mo apyr. IlporyaMfiTe r{,{aHHr4Te ruo,[ocrrrrHa nauer. flpoqecopare pa6orrr acr.rHxpoHHo erHH crrprMo apyr n rprbsa,{a ce B3eMarMepKE3a peuaBaHeHa roHQ.mrrnn cvryat!:zr, KaKro 14 MepKU 3a 3arrllra Ha naMerra or rroBe.qeHr.rero rroBpe.qeH Ha u.nHnorperuno pa6ore4 npouecop. Hafi-ronruoro npe.4lrMcrBo eAHopoAHoro Ha npoqecopHoynpaBJreH[e rexe HOJrOflrqHocTTa, npoH3Txqaua oT H3noI3BaHeTo eaHaKBr.I Ha npouecopu, KaKTor.r necHoro HapacrBaHe ynpaBneHnero,qpe: Ao6aBtHeHa rrpoqecoplt. Easoro orHa paHlrqeHHe oT cKopocTra Ha Mafl,rcTpalfiTe3a Mex,qynpouecopHHro6MeH, a e apyroro ofpaHuqeHrre or roBa, .re o6enat nH$opuauur, xorro rpr6aa 4a o6vee Htr noMex.qy cu c flpoqecoprrre, pacre c 6poq r.rM. I]opa.(H ToBa,Ta3n opraHr8aurt ce a3nor3Ba rrpu IIO-M{UIKIj fecucreun. Ero 3aulo [o-qecro ca l43no,'l3Bar papxxqHn crpyrff)Pl,I. O6uIo npe$rr'acrso Ha MHoronpoqecopHoyrrpaBrIeHue Bb3MoxHocrra 3a e dpo1uo pezepxwpane (ue 100%).

@nr, 8.7..[l6,uparo crnxponro ynpaBJre[ne IlP - flpolecop; M- naMer; TU - fiflrepoefic rr,m re.ret[onxara nepr$epna; aP - cxeMa3a orKpl|BafleHa rperxKrt;C - cxeua :a cunxposr|3aur|q pa6ora g Hsrofi or KoMnlorpr.tre Orrpnnalero Ha HerrpaBr.rnHa craBa cpaaHr,rqpe3 cxeuara fP, Korro cpaBHsBa pe3ynrarlrre. TeJrHo JrecHo .{y6rupane c pa3Ae:rrue Ha rpar}uxa. Crpyrrypara or Qnr. 8.7 rpeaBnxAa qpe3 yIBorBaHe Ha c6opbxeHr.rrracrrptMo re3l-t,Kooc[rypqBaHe Ha Haaex,qHocT uro ca neo6xoal,ruura QyurqrouupaHe Ha ueHTp:rnara. O6are, cre.u xaro pcepaHr{rr roMrrrcTrp e BKJrroqeH pa6orn, rofi uoNe aa ce rcrroJr3Ba 3a ap}ra ttG n H ,resaa pa6ora, lapartenHo c axTriBHrrrKoMrrrolbp. B rotu clyvafi ce HaMaJItBa n o6pa6oraauara MorrrHocrHa BceKuor aBara KoMrrrcTbpa trpll noBpe,qa e.q,nHa HnJl,aPlTr.uT [poabnxaBa .4a o6cJryxBa rroBr.rKBaHr.rrTa, uoNe 6n c [3BecTHo so BJrorraBaHe KaqecrBoro (yae,rnveHneua :ary6me, Ho caMo, axo c66rirrrero e Ha Br,3Hr.rKHirJro B qaca Ha Hafi-roteMfir rpaOHK). Br:r',loxHlr ca ,qsaHaqHHa pa3Aen.[He rpaQrra. Ha ua Pasdennueua mparlurca no 6peite, B rosn cryvai aaara xounrorrpa ce o& pbr.uar K:sMTI'I ,tpez speueaerrexe. ,{oxaro egnunrr pa6orn c TA, apyrr4s-r o6p* 6oraa auQopuaquma u o6parno. llossrsaHero ce noeMa n o6pa6orBa or ro3LI KoMnrortp, rcofro e npre,r 3araKarano BpeMeHa o6pbuaHero cu xru TH. Mexce 3a KoMaylpouecopHa Bpa3Ka H3noJr3Ba o6MeHua auQopuauur, TaKa'{e BceKE lI []oTT,p aa pa3nonara B naMeTTa cbc 3aIII-icH Bc qK}I Bpl,3KIrB ueHrpaJraTa c]I Ha MoMeHT noeMeutJloro ynpaBneHl{e. aa Moxe BtB BceKLI Aa lTpocmpaucmeeuo pasdennueta mpaQuxa. B ro:r crryrafi, re,reQoHuaranepnQeprr e pa3AeneHa ua,4ae npu6,rusrrerHo paBHx noJroBr.lHlt, eAHa3a Bcerlt flo KoMnrcTT,p. Pa:,rerqHero craBa no nporpaMeHnGT,TaKar{e BlB BceKlrMoMeHT or BpeMe,axo eAltH[qr KoMmorbp ce noBpeAr.r, noeMepa6orara c qeJIIrr Apyrnrr Ia TI'1.EcrecrseHo e, qe t-rnpu npoc4aHcrBeuoro pa3aensHe rpaQnxa e neo6xoHa Ha .{IlM Mex,qylpouecopeu o6ueu :a onpecHrBaHe 3anficfiTeB raMerra. MHoronpoqecopno yrrpaBrreHtle, Pa:rre.qaHr.rre no-rope pa3nnqHxQopltn ua ynpaarenue c'r?aaaror e.4rg o6u se.4ocrarrK,Ko[To Moxe.4a ce Hapeay6,rapauo 94

95

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fraaa 8 ynpaBneHMe xoMyraqrin KaHan[Te. npl4 Ha npoqecopHovnpaBreHre

EHt4 vnPABrl E 8.8.PA3nPEAEnEHO

ynpaBJreHne Kosqenuulta 3a pa3rrpAerer'roro Moxe Aa ce urrocrpripa Ha yrrpaB,'refifie cB6p3aHoc MoAynHara crpyKTypa Ha e Pa3npe,qe,ireHoro 4ur.8.8. qe 4eaTpanara.Or {rrrypara ce Bfi)KAa, ca o6oco6eHt{ltoayrr na a6ouarHlrre lt1ttulr, ua cr,o6qutellHlre JrrlHrrr,na ISDN, Ha crrHa;lu3aqntra n t.u. flora:agt ca B car\roqacr or re3l, MoayJrH or(pylHeH etl,{. Ocsefi rona, na $rr. 8.8 e noxa:as Kt n caMo no e.qnHex3eMnrrp or BceKr Mo,qyir. lt nroayra, QyuxutzoHa,ruo rouc'rr'ly pyrcrrBHo, e np[xperreHo ynpaBnerJfieTo v, o6nrrroaeuo peajltt3xpauo c ea[H yrlpaBntBau Moayn Iy, floxa:aH e I{ .4oI]1'JlHrTer'IeH uJrHABa Mr.rKpofipouecopa. Koiiro cr,abpxa caMo ylrpaBnflBaqu ycrpor"rcrBa.Mo.lyrttre /y npeAcraBnrBar npOUeCOp]t, KOITTO 3a KOJIOKTUBHO Ca ll3nOJ'l3BaHe npOfpal\lHoCneqfiaJll{3llpaHl'I OT Mo.4ynn. .qpyfl, yrrpaBneO6lreu,r ua r.rHQopuaqurMexq[y flpoqecopuTeB pa3npeaeneHoro raxenra Qopua, npe:l unrfpoooro KoMyrauHoHHo rrore, Hue craBa ro.q HqKaKBa Karo ce [3noJI3BaTtoJIeMI,nepecypc[ Ha no,rero. Taxa, cbooueHr'rrra Mex,4y fipoqecopr.rre clAtpxar arpecHa qacr lr ,lp1ra cryxe6ua ruQopvauur, no:aorrraaua opraHx3lpaHero nporoxoll :r o6veH. Ha ynpaBJIeHt,te MHoronpouer.r IlprxurnHnre pa3nnrn MexAy pa3npe,[e;reHoro copHoToy[paBneHfie ca cb[IecTBeHr.r flpouecopme Ha pa3lpeae:re]roroynpaB"[el e ca QyHKrlHoHa,'lHoKoncrpyKr.r [ TlrBHocBbp3aHr.ro6erra na ynpan,reHr.re 3aeauoc uero o6pa:yaar eglrH MoAyn,a c (cneuna,rurnpaur mu rre) ca o6ynpaBneHHe lpoqecopxre Ha MHoronpouecopHoro 3a rre}np{rnara. YsernqasaHcro Ha rrpoqecopxre B pa3npe.{eneHoroyflpaBneHrre ur{ craBacTporo nponopqnoHanHo yBer{qeHHeTo Mo/'lyJruTeueHTpaJraTa, Ha ra B aoKam y8e,rrqeHseTo npouecoplrrenplr MHoronpouecoplroTo ynpaBJreHlre Ha cTaBa 3aBr.rB CI-{MOCT yBeIItqaBaHeTO OT KanaUI{TeTa qeHTpaiaTaI,l C',bOTBeTHOyBeru.raBaHeHa OT ro na Heo6xo,quuara rrpoqecopHa MouHocr. [pyro nprlnurlnHo pa3J'ruqne e, 're o6Nrerlbrua uuQopua[arra Me]<Ay rIpoqecopfircnpr pa3npe,qeJreao yrtpaueHxe He craBa cr,c craH,qaprHara MarxcrpanHa(bus) opranH3arlru,(orro e nfiMxrupau ynpaB,reHr.re. npr.iMHoronpouecopHoro QaKTop qe Cpaauenrero troKirrBa, [px pa3npe,qeneHoro npouecopHoynpaB,reHve rrMa |1o-Her{KoHoMI{qHo LT3IIOJI3BaHenpOUeCOp}.ne, Ha HO.4HeC TOBaHe Ce Br,3[pr4eMa Karo HeAocrarbK,IIoHexe ral(a ce onpocrrBa oprarJu3auurra r{ ce.qeQxHlpa Mo]tyn Hocrra. B rleH'rpa-qara Bce rrax ca seo6xo.qnnu HrKaxBu KoJreKrI{BHynpaBntBarqrt ycrpoiicrna. Kolroro u.{a ca eBTItHuraneruTe, Te IIe ca ro;rxoBa earunu, qe B}B ecexu uolytt AJI (0rr. 8.8) aa xMa, HanpxMep,MacxBx3a IhJ]eH aHaJ'l13 rrp[eHa rxre noMeparrn ra6,rNuu cr,c 3anfic 3a c'r,crorHr.rero o6uure pecypcfi (creArlsa rrr.rrerrHu Jrrulrfi, np[eMHurlri Ha Mrroro.recroreHKo! Ii ap,). Taxnga ro,rexruggfl ycrpoiicraa ca !V, no rr6x re HrMar KoopArlurlpaqx nt-tylpaBnrBarul Syuxuru Haa,{pyrr{TeMo,{ynH.

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96

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HA OCUTPflBAHE qEHTPAIA HAnPOTPAMHOTO 9.1.OCOSEHOCTT4 e, Ha oco6eHocr qeHTpt!'Iaraue co$ryeplr I e lr flr,psara Hai-cruecrgesa

IIeHIrOJrrMlpofpaMeH rlpo,{yKr x ctoTBeTHoHai-cxbnoTo Heqo B e,qHa MHOrO MHoro nopara.,{pyra oco6euocr e, qe cb3aaBaHeroua coQryepa ce no.qaaBa Marxo Ha aBroMarrr3auur,B cpaBnexnec anaparHaravacr. coQryep, r KoHcyMIrpa Muoro a npu roea rna,rntfuuupaH qoBeuKr{rpya. Or roBa npoa3Tl{qalt ocHoBruu Horo r.{3HcKBaHe coQryepa na ueHTparara- Tot,4a e rexHonorH'{eH. Apy c ua IIO n xolryraq[tra ca cBcp3aHl.l ycJloBl,Itrana pa6orara na re ocooenocrn TeXHI{Ka. KOMyTaUlIOHHaTa Vnrnepca.nnocr Ha IIO. XapamepHo e, t{e IIO ce cs3aaBa3a raaeHa KoMyycnoB t B pa6orrr npu pa3[HTIHH TauhouHa cficreMa, Ho oraeJrHr,ITe ueHTpaJIn 'IpaH3ltrHa,sa tro6nrEaua uenrpara Moxe aa e KpafiHa, cro6ufiTenHara IvpeNa. HtMa aBe e,aHaIGn Tl-|n,Ha rIpaKTHKa, Ha Mpexa r r.x. Ho Aopn.aa ca or e,aHaKbB c ce B Mpexara. Pa:nr-r.rasar no (anaultrer, sna a6onaru, Bpr'3I(Ir apym ueHTpalrl raKa, qe .4a Moxe no u r.s. IIO Ha cr{creMararpr6aa aa e HarlpaBeHo ueHTpanfi peanl{3auut. KbMBctKa KoHl(perHa HaqI{H ce a,qanrr.rpa Hafr-neceH aa B nporpaMHoro oc ryprBaHe. C,le,qxaro ce fiycHe B eKcnnoara' Ilpouenu rr I1I-rr e.uHa ueHTpa,'Ia, pa6orn B npoatnxeule Ha MHoro rolrnu. IIpc rosn gtB Boatr a ao rIpoMeHIt MHoro npoMeHll,KoI,ITo neplo,4 Hefi36exHoHacTbntsaT nbr 6por ua a6ouarHtre I{ cbeldftplluepH 3a raKHBarrpoMeHl ca yBenaqaBaHe IlO, rlocroBe (orKpI.IBaHe' HnrerHr{TeJruHr.irl; ecrecrBeno "agltNeHne" Ha a6oHarHI.'ITe B Ha co6ctseHrxa u .{p.); npoMeH14 Maplxp)"rrcaulrtra: pa3rpll3aKpr{BaHe, cNrlua Ha BaHeHa HOBI{ QyHKrIHr.r UeHTparara. IIO ryr6aa aa e raKa floupoeHo, qe aa Morar aa ce n3BapuBar n Hens6exHnre npoMeur{.Crpyxrypara Ha aaHHrre H opraHlt3aql.ttraHa rocrb[a ao rtx ca IIoHexe [poMeHnre ca Hafi-qecroa AaHH[TeHa qeHTp:rrlara. or tojttMo 3HaqeHI,Ie, ynpaBneHnsro Pa6ora e MynrurrporpaMeH pexnlr. Karro Be're6e Ka3aHo, Ko6pofi noBI.rKBaHIrt, rpt6ra e.{uorpeueuuo Aa o6pa6oraa ro,'utM ua ueH'rpaJrara ToBa Hanara Haftxro npu roBa ce HaMrrparB pit:JIHtrHI.I Qasu Ha o6c,ryNaaHe. roJrrM orneqartK Ha [IO, To rpr6aa rara .qapa6oru, qe aa pa3npeaeflt BpeMcro Ha npouecopa Mex,qy pa3rrrqHl4$yHrqur. PasnpeaereHuerorpt6Ba.qa e ao6pe e 65p3I{HaIr re3rr, flpll t<oHTo 6alarcNparo uex4y reru $yurqltu, xonTo u3r.rcrBar 98

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pabora Ha ocraHarlrre OnepauHouHa cl-lcrMa.Tt ynpaBnsBacbBMecrHara I'l ocliryprea nnrepQeiic c aflaparHaraqacr. lDorpaMx ylpaBrraxpeKTHo kon ytuu"on"ll nporpaMfi. Tona ca uporpanure' KoI'ITo Ha Ha gar ttpoqecana o6cJlyxBaHe rloBr-lKaanlutaTe ca pa:geJreHI'i rprl fpyfllr. 1.. Ilporporu sa cKaHupa e (exoduu npozpauu). Hapnqar ce oue npofpaMlr [p[eMaHe na nHQopvauuma. Ilopaa[ oco6eHocrm Ha npoqecopHoro ynpaB3a Bxo.[oBe,lporpaMlire 3a lenue aa pa6orr c MHoro roJItM 6poi I.{HQopMaII[oHHH 3aeMaroco6euo vlcro rpn flo (fnaBa 8)' c(aHnpaue tt n pozpa u 3a o6pa6omxa.Hapu'rar ce oure npofpaMu 3a aHaJIll3 rpaHc9pe: rgx, na 6a:a [ocrbnx:ure cmHarl4 Ha Bxoaa' cacrosHttgro Ha no' ,raqnr. peIIeHUt. Ce C:bOpT'XeH[t B3xMaT Ha KOMyTaULOHHI'ITe l{ C'I>CTO'HI-IeTO BUKBaHTO BbB ce [3[r,JIntBa rraBHo qpe3 aHa[I,t3 Ha uH0opMau]-'Itra,3aKoAlrpaHa ToBa Ha l{ OiTHaJII{ B HoMepara c6cTotH[-sTa' BXO.[HrrTe BceKH oraejleH eran no oG C *. nsnbnHumenHu npozp(t/r',t!. ux ce 3aar'pruea Ha Pety,rrarure oT paooTaTa npeaxo,[HfiTelBe lrpot' Ha noBI.'IKBaHero. cJyxBaHe nporpaMa 'lpe3 B'L3AeicTB[eHa IIe' B paMr.r MaTep[an[3l4paT }{3nT,JIHt]TenHaTa ce

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KoMyTaur.roHHuTe npofpaMx ca Te3t,l,KoriTo rrpeBe)rqaT noBaKBaHeTO eaHo OT npeXOAa Me)nly CT,CTOSHITTa. EqrrH npe_ C,bCTotHIleB.4pyro, T.9. OcT,UleCTBtBaT [pofpaM].t, KoHTo ca noKaxol Ce ocErIecTBrBa oT H{KO]IKOfpy[rI KoMyTauItoHHI_t qe Ha Bxoaa Ha (oMyrarlrroHHure :aul Ha $Irr.9.2. Ha cxeMara e rloKa3aHo, nporpaMl'l ca CITHaJILITeOT BGHIIIHaTa CpeAa! a Ha u3XOAa Ca KOMaHAHTeKbM Ta3n cr,c cpeAa. upb3KxTe Mex'4y lpolpaMlIre ce oc'brUecTB.sBaT 3arBKIl, noApexlaHx B oflatul(,r l,ulx no apyr HaqI-IH.

prQeputra.
ua nporpaMn. Te ocuryplaar K3IIr,[HeHHero Qynrqunre, uo6naput"r,tt T*n nporpauu ce Ha 3a oreparliBHoro o6c,'IyxBaHe ueuTpaJlara. o6xoalrvlr eaHac apyra u Ha Kar [o KoMaH.4a o6cryNaauur nepsoHar. He ca cB:bp3aHI.{ {M MOXe ,4a Ce [poMeHt B rlpouec Ha eKcn[oaTaql-ItTaHa TaB6T ga npofpaMlr ca: ]'I3MeHeHr'Ie aoogarux Hqro[ ot rltnfiqurlTe olreparliBHl'I
Ha npoB rl3MeHeHlre Ha cnpaBotlHure aaHHn 3a ueHTpa[aTa, I{3nGJIHeHI-{e (recr) ua croptNeulzero (no xeJIaHI{e Ha lepcoua.:ra), n3MepBaHe rpaQflKa lr qecTBoTO o6c,lyxBaHe c noaaBaHe Ha KoMaHAU. Ha 3a HeyrpanlBnpaHe Ha rpeulKlr 1| troBpeall. Koraro ce Ilporpauu Ce aBTOMaTI-lqHO I{3BIIKBa[pofpaMa 3a HeyTpaJllt3upaHe Ha l-peuKl-lT' fpelIrKa, pa3no3HaBarlp[ql{Hara 3a nofperrHara pa6ora u, aKo e Heo6xoariMo, I'r3KJIIo

Our,9.2. B3auM a BpL3Ka MerrAyKoMyraqnoHnxre rrporpaMr{ ^ C - cnrua,,rr; l(- Kouangti III4 - npneua[e Ha ltu$opMaqxa; O6p_ o6pa6ouca HarHoopMaql|qra; @.1( - oopMnpalre IIoIaBarre KoMau4ulf _ gauun Ir Ha KoiuyraqnoHuure npofpaMri (:aeAuo c onepauxoHEaracrcreua) ca rg3u, rouro olpeAer.{T nponycxare:rHaracrroco6uocr ta ynpaeleHnero. fopHara opraHr.r_ 3au[r noBurrlaBaflpolt3BoaareJ'rHocrra yrlpaBneHuero. Ha Axo u_rror Qa:a na rlpexoaa3a na,4eHo noBrlKBaHe MOXeAa CeOC,bIIleCTBIt, HgMaaa AoBe,4e He TOBa ,4o Ha (errrr rpexoA Ha KoHKperHara$a:a (rN. o6parnnc Bpb3Kr{Ha i:::p^e:rx: Yur. v.zr. up:r,3KaTa onauKH MeXIy TpriTe fpytrr4 (oMyTarluoHHx [pofpaMH c rIo3BOrIrBa BLBeX,4aHe IIpXOpUTsru Ha Mexay Trx. 9.3.1.lanau a cucmeuqma ns KoJrrlmaquoHHume npozpd.,t u

or noBpeaesrrt6nox. Ta:n onepaullt Be.{Harace nocJIeABa onepauut 3a BpeMero,Itoero e Heo6xo,4lttuo gt: IIe[ e Aa ce MItHI'tMIr3I'Ipa fnaBHara pa6ora n Ml{HllMrt[paHero Ha lrpeKbcBaHero, Ha HopMaJIHara BaHe or a6oHarI-ITe. IlporpaMIt 3a rexHuqecKo o6cnyr(Bane. flporpavara :a HeyrparH3l.tPaHe c roqHocr ao 6ttor, ga aa lo n:t<.nloqu' t noBpeaara JIoKaJIIr3I4pa 3a TOHa nporpaMaTa TexH[qecKoo6c'ryxaaue e aa orKpxe rprlql-IHara3a pa6ora s 6ro(a, :a aa uoxe roii 4a 6TAe peuonrupau' Te:ll npr aruuara Ha l{nlt no KoMaH,(a Hapuqanxotlle duazuocmuuuu,ce flycrar aBToMarntrHo I coNara.Te cbal,pxar rontMo KollfiqecrBorecroBe. ,{o6pure 4namocrnunu rloBpeaarac roqHocr ao eAHan;larra lr cr'o6uasar sa paMr.{ no(aJILI3Hpar rlpe3pa3fieqaTxa. Hanpr.rMep

,{auHute ta fIO ua ueHTparlara 3aeMarBalttHoMrcro rro o6eu u or ro,uuo rHaqetlree rrxHoro pa3nojraraHe B llaMe.r.Ta opl.aHr.auuqra AocTbna!o rrx. I'I Ha *o*a, aurptrn, c fipoqeca ria o6c,ryNtaue Ha rroBHKBaHHrra, Mofar Aa ce pa3_ -,'," r na IIT fDVntr_ ru Ha eJreMeHrureHa rereQoHHara fleprQep[s. Te "u"tor"""ro "_."fl1|nr MoMeHrHoroc6crorHxe na a6osarrmre ,ruHnu (a6ouarHu noun,rerrn), ;;::1.", rbc{llHlTerH Te nrHxa. KoMyrauxoHH eneMeH u ap. Cpaeulre,ruo Hai_ Te r{ "{u}t.na e crpylfiypara Ha raHHure, Kor,rroca 3a KoMyrarlrioH'oro no,re. ctcroq- "'|w 'tr e,4HH ereMeHT nplr re3u AaHHr.r 3anucBa eariH6nr u e gt:nwrero.,l,, ce c

roqKu Haf:rasa 9 ue 6tgar pa:r:reaaul re3l qacrlt or B cJ'reaBanrme BpeMe. B pa6orgT peaJIHO Korrro

100

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Aa cr,orBercrBa Ha cso6odHo,a "0" - Ha 3aemo. B l.to6u,rnnre Mpe)Kr cneq[aJlHo pe?ucmz,p Ha do maHume q6oHamu Mqcro 3aeMar 6a:nre Aannlr, HapeqeHl-i - HLR) n pezucmbp to nocemumenume (Visitor Location (Home Loc^tion Register 3a Register - VIR). 9pe: rax ce rroA.ul'pxalrHq)opMallrfiTa MecrorroJroxeHHero Ha uo6u,tnur tepr'.runar(BX. fnaBa 2-,. rlpe3 pa3,(aHHn:a cr,croflHfiero Ha rroBuKBaHero.floeuxgaHero MHHaBa HoMepbrce KoALIpa r[quu eralln. 3a:aronnnge erarla ro ll3rpaxaarle Ha Bp63Ka, fi 3aroMH{ 3aeaHoc aofll,JrHurernara ltu{opvauHt. Karo r"bpceHaApec,r.r3non3ranu (:aeru) cbopr,xeHr.u Ha re,reQouuara neprQepnr n ap. I4uQopruauarra, Iipe3 TO3U 3aeAHO IIOCTl'IIBalquTe C CI'lrHaJul IIOBUKBaHe3a TIIII.qaHHI-'I' c'bxpaHeHa IHQOpMaUHT nplr rof[qec(ara o6pa6orra, ,]'IiiTo pe3y,lTar TO,Cryxar 3a BXO.{Ha Ha cbcTotHl-te noBI,IKBaHeTo. KaKBo 6bae c,le.qBanloTo e pelxeHl4e aa 3aanru. MuoronporpaMHrzqr xapaKTepHa pa6orara narara [oBr,rKBaHrarra Aa ce lo.qpexaar Ha onauKr.r[pe.q eaH]r vnv apyfK nporpaMHHpecypc]r Ha pasruqHl,r eTantt. Cnpano.rulr aaHur-r3a repMI{Hanure. Toga ca.{ecro HaplrqaHrirea6ogatru HoMepbr Ha a6ouata, l'tgcto'ro (aapeca)ua BKJIIoqBaTrx ce 3arrricBa ;auuu.9p* neto ua a6onata B KoMyrauraonnoronoJre,r(arefopttra na a6onara rl rorItJIHHycjlyrfi,,qo Ko[To ],rMa Bu,4oBe TeJIHrrre aocTr'[. flpl tlto6n,ruNreMpexx Te3[ aar{nu ce cTgr,pxar a HLR. CneuuQurara na lro6n,tnute Mpexa HanararloaatpxaHe (Authentication Reg3a sa cneqna,rna6a:a AaHHV npoqepKaHa a1meHmuqHocmma ister - AUR ). Cnpanovur.r qannr sa qenrpa,rara. Te3u aauHr{orpa3rBar xouSr.rrypauu-rra r.r Ha rleHTpanaTa Ha HefiHnreBpa3KIjc MpexaTa.MeNAy AasHure, or nbpBuTerpl,l pa3JlHKa TOBa,qe n'l'pBllTeCa UMa B Te3HOT nOCJreAHXTe, C',bUeCTBeHa Ipya - rrocrorHHr.r. ,4eiicrB[Te,rHocrl BTopllre ca npoMeHB a rrpoMeHJIuBI-t,BToplrre pa3ul-ipeHueroHa LIeH[opaar.r lpoMenure, Korrro HacrtnBar a a6oHa,rIate, r'ruBl-t, r.rr[ npoMeHnreB Mpexara. f]paB nHfirr Ha,t Hapa3Ae,'rr Ha .qaHHI4Te HH He TpaJlara r Ha rlpoMeHJrxBrr [ocroqnH[ ce 6a:upa Ha roBa. qe [poMeHnnBflTeaaHtu laMar ac,re.[crere Ha fipoMeHruce 3an]rc. o6c,']y)KBaHero roB14KBaHrrra, 9,3.2. Bxodnu npozpmu C sxoaHnre rporpaMr.i ce pea,'rr3[pa ofleparopar exo,4(input) r SDL. Hapuqar ce oule npofpaMu 3a np[eMaHe Ha rnQopuaurrra HJr]r nporpaMlr 3a cKaH paynpaBJreH[e ueHTpajrara Berre Ka3anpouecopHoTo ce Ha np[eMa He,3anIoro, KaKTo uHQopuaqnl uaauo qpe: cKaHxpaHe. Or fnaBa 8 crasa qcHo, qe flopaan oco6esocrra Ha npoqecopHoro ynpaBneBXoAoBe, Bxo.{Hr.Te nporHre Aa pa6orn c MHoro roJrrM 6poii rlnSopuaunoHHr,r paM[ 3aeMar oco6eno l.rqcro cpea lIO. flo o6eu re:u flpofpaMr{ rrpeAcraBntBar He3Har{fiT9JreH HO Morar .qa aHfaxfipar rc 25-307o or npoqecopHoro BpeMe, .4rJr, BxoA Pa:no3HasaHeroHa HoBonocrhnrz Jrr,t.s crrfHaJl Ha AageH nHOopMaqItoHeH pe3yr'rTaTa cKaHxpaHeTo 3altrca B naMeTcraBa KaTonporpaMaTacpaBHrBa or cT,c Ta.

rlpofpaMr-r or roJrrMo 3HaqeHtre e orrrtrMulHarra:6op ua nepw3a BxoAHHTe nporpavn rofi e pas,ruqH, c[opea qecToraTaHa oaa Ha cKaH[paHe.B pa3rtlr,IHllTe 3a ulr. flocrtrlBaHe Ha cnfualIure rl ro[ycrtl Moro BpeMe orKpLIBaHe Koraro neprce Aopl,r,ua t,t3nycge npg0A6THa craHnpaHee MHoro ro,'IqM,Moxe Aa ce 3a6aBrl, IIepnoA e MHOIO Ha HO KpaTbK, HaCTrr]Ba HeHyxHOHaeMaHeTo CI4IHaJI, aKOTO3L{ yIIpaBneH e. Ha roBapBaHe npoUecopHoTo CxauupaHe na a6onarHnre ,ruHnlr. f,raanara $ynKrlrrs Ha ra3lt llporpaMa e na or1pltBa HoBo[oclhrrriJrr]rrerroBrKBaH[rr.E4ta or qontnntTerHr4Te HeftHfi 6yHKul'Ine Aa 3a6paurea(uo xouauAa Ha yrlpaBJltBau]xrenporpalrr.r)npneMaHero IIpIi npeToBapBaHe ynpaBJ'leHxero. Ha Ha noBI{KBaHI.it Apyra Aonr,,rn]rre,rHa QyHKur{t e Aa pearupa nplt :a6asguero ua a6osara.ua H3nG,'rHr4 AeficrBflr, Koxro ce ogaKBaroT Hefo. Ilporpauara cKaHrjpaBcr{qKrla6oaarnu Jrr.tHr4l qeHrpanara. BcsKa or.qenHa npe3 neprroa or oKono 100 ms. B 4eficrtnreJrHocr ce craHnHarlrHrlr ce cKaHr.rpa a roqK[, rroApeAenn T. Hap. Malpurla 3a par ne a6ouarHnre JrrrHr.ru, KoH'rpoJrHrire B KbAero ca n3Be.4eHr.r KoHTa(TLt tuueiuume percma. O6nrtronego ce na cpaHnpane, qe BT,3lplreMa, Br[rHarara re:re@oHHa cJryrxa.nKa ctorBercrBa ua "0" a xonrpolHara rorIKa, a rocraBeHara - Ha "1". flpo'rnranero Ha cbcrotH[{Ta craBa rlapanenHo,HanpriMep3a 16 Ll:l:'r roHrpo,rHn rovrl, B 3aBuc[Mocr or pa3peaHocrra 32 Hanpouecopa, B naMerra Ha yrrpaBJreHrzero gc_{ra a6oHatna Jrr.{Hr.u{ ua ctorBercrBa egrH 6nr 3acT,cro.f,Hre. To:lr 6lrT e "0" [pr. 3aeraa6onarsa ,ruslur u "1" - npu cno6o4ua, Ha Qrr. 9.3 e oHarJrereHnpHHqnnbr Ha cxaHlrpaHe. Jlorluecrure olepaq H Ha,qrrpoMenj]r.rBnre Q[rypara ca .{a.{eH}r or no-.qonyB pega, no rofiro ce r{3ntrJrHtBar 3a BctKa eaHaaYMa z : = sc a LM LM:=SC.

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HarHHTe JllrHttH. Karto 6e xa:aso no-rope, BXo.{uurenporpaMn (oHcyMxpar MHoro or BpeNtero npouecopa.Or Qllr. 9.4 ce Blxra, qe [porpaMara 3a c(aHrrpaHe Ha ua a6onarHure rlrHr,ru He e croxua, uo r.r rpr6oa Ia ce noBTapr, roKaro ce c1a_ Hupar Bcn,tKIlaOorrara.Bl:uoxnlr ca.4BaMTorana ce ycKopLrH3nbJrHeH(ero Ha lporpaMara. E4uuurLre, aKo lpocruTe u floBTapru(H ce QyH(uxn a nporpaMarace peanr43r.rpar cxeMrro.TaKa HanpxMep,qac,maor &qropxrbMa aa $rr. 9.4, xorro e 3afpa.{eHa [peKtcHara rHHr.{r,Moxe aa ce peann3upac],c cxeMaTa rrpoqecopa, c B T.e. B CIiCTeMaTa KOMa,4fi Ha IIpOUeCOpa Ce 8}tseAeCneuHaJrHa OI Ia KOMaHAa. Tara larpa4euara qacr Ie ce H3nr,JrHu eaHa-enuHcraeHa c orreDarrrlr. I{urnpaulrr [o.4xoAe npr.tJ]oxM npx yopaBneHre ara anauru,,"."pu" npouecop. Axo B rleltTpatara ce Ji3lor3Bar caMo yHuBepcanHltnr{Kpollpouecoplt, lloxe !a ce yc(oplt x3[.t IHeHLreTo cKaHhpaHeTo, He ce r.r3IoI3BaT Ha aKo UIiKJIIT n _ rrpofpaMara r3nr{luenxHeiiHo 6e3pa3KnoHeH}.tr. Ha ce Tara sur.9.4 xle oTnan_ HaTOnepaTopl-tTe utjKbjra.ToBa u]e loBeae,[o pa3xo.q naMeT. 3a Ha Ilpnelraue ua roHaJ'rrrouomepoHa6upaHe.To:u nporpalreH 6Lror r:nrlnqBacreAHHTe 0ynKuxH: * pa3rro3HarlaHe gMny,tc, a npueMaHe UxOpoB Ha .:. pa3no3HaBaHe lay3ara Mexay nte qtQpu, Ha + pa3no3Ha8aHe orKa3a Ha aooHara or noBr{KBaHe.to BpeMe Ha HOMepO[o Ha6rpanero, * pa3no3HaBaue Heaonycrr.lMoro :a6asgne Ha a6oHara!a na6cpe c,reagaua

uuOpa.

I4:ntlneuueto ua ropHare Qynrqun ce ocbuecrB.sBa pa3rlrqH14 or lporpaMn c pa3nrrr{eH l]epHo! Ha cKafir{paHe. BapHpau or.[ecerxHa Ml{rHceKyHr[ (3a ntpBa_ Ta eyr{r(qF ) no recerHHa cel{yH.qu nocne,fHara).fllpaara (3a Synr<uur ce peann_ :upa r rolr6uHauur c xapJlyepal apel,el npuenHuK3a .Mlo?o\ecmomHomoHunlo uo.uepoua6upaae. ToBa e rtofiyJlrpHauHTerpaJ]Ha cxeMa, Ha BxoAaHa (orro nocrT nga rolr6rnaqurra or aae qecrorn (c[ope,q npenopr,KfiTe ITU_T) 3a qriQpa. Ha KoMbtrr]auuqraor qecrorn olpeAenr raxna e qtrfpara u ctoraerHo ua xof e4nu or Aecerre fi3BoAaule n3re3e noreHrlltiul. IlporpaMara Ilptr orKpr.rBaHe HoBTo_ Ha HaJIeH r.rMrlyrTc cJIeAr,I Koii [3BoA ll3rH3a noreHut{aJl. Ha CoSryeprr e B cbcrorHne da rrplerla u ur4px or nocror{rruorotoBo HoMepoua6upaue or crapt re,reQonn c urai6a, axo t-rMa raKr4Ba. 3a AoryK craBa.qyN,a pa3[o3HaBaHe cMrrrara Ha KorlrporHa roqKa. I,I3MepBa_ He ria Bper{euHTepBaJrltTe rqoxe ,qacTaBaqpe3 pa3no3HaBaHe Jui[caTa Ha cMrHa B c'bcrorHrrero.EaaH npulrep e nporpaMara3a pa3no3HaBaHe He,4olycrfiMo Ha A,br_ ra nay3a MexAy.qBe UfiOpr. 3a qenTace Lr3noJr3Ba e.qus6ur (Q,rar) a npouenno ,rnaara d Koi:iro ce l-J3qKcrBa ra3rr rrporpaMa IIpx BcrKo HeiiHo nycKaHe. or Aa qe npHeMeM, nporpaMara ce nycxa [pe3 10 s. HaA cluara lpoueu,ruaa F, n nporpaMaTa orKpr{BaHe ToHarH}.r 3a Ha rMnyncx, ce I-l3Bl,prUBa OIlepauurra F:=FvCH, r<'rlero Cll e noritrlecKa.r.a npoN{eHJrr.rBa 3a orKpurlTe tMnynck.

Orrr. 9,4.AnropnraM tra nporpaMa3a cKaExparre a6onarrrrlTe rra Jrrrtrll Ha,raqnero Ha "0" s Hsxoi 6rlr Ha F o:uaqasa, qe c,r,orBerHara KoMyrarl[oH!a Toqxa He e cMelrlr,ra ctcrorHlero 3a earH uHTepBaJr Mexay l0 tr 20 s.

104

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OcraHatrre BxoaHn nporpaMn sa a6oHariara cargaJllralrut, KaKto Il

Te t|DOmaM[ 3a CIlrHat]-l3auut ra or c'beallHl,trejlHl,lreJIIIHHlt, I-I3floJI3BaT

cMtHara(fin[ HecMtHara) cr,croflH[ero. Ha lpriHuHn, 6a3flpau ce Hapa3no3HaBaHe 9.3.3. Ilpozpuuu za o6pa6omxa H Bxo.qgtre lporpaNtn orKpnBar nocrbrlBalture ct-IrHaJI]t Bt3 ocHoBaHa

KoMyraTop. AHanon'{Ho, B MacflBa TC ca Ko,4[paH {oTo ca lt3xo,4fiTe or eAHH na KoMyraroplire Ha crbflaJro C, Ha $urypara e toKa3aHo rt'pceHEro BxoAoBere KI,M l'hpBnt KOMyTaTOpHa CTr,ItaIO,4 g3 n'bT Me)K.?{ BXOAaHa CXeMaTa,BKJIIOT{9H BKrloqeu KbM rIocJIe,{HHt KoM}Tarop Ha clbllzlJlo C. flpl noreve :reHa rr3xoaa, Ha (OA[paHeTO Ha C1,CTO'HkeTO CXeMaTaH JlOIuKaTa nprl TbpCeHeTOCa 3HaqITenHOIIO-cJ1O)KHlI.

3arsrnre, or cBos crpaHa, Bxoalla ca :araxr :a o6pa6orxa. Qoplrnpar uutfopuauu.n re3n nporpaM[ 3a axo,una o6pa6orxa. 3a flporpaMr.rre:a ,{pyrara
AaHHHTe3a cbcrorHHero rl,ru cflpaBoqH[Te AaHHt, a Hat-.iecro k ABara BnAa

C14CTEMA onEPAtll4oHHA 9.4. qacr anaparHara c llo, e o[epaut-loHHara KorroxHrerpnpa Koncrpyxqxrra,

synrulnre Ha oflepaunoHHarac[creMa, l]ltcrelta Ha IIO. Ho rosa He l.'I3rlepnBa cnficbK: (aKTO Blrx,la oT c,']e,4H]It Ce npeaBap[renHo npeaa,qen Ha n aKTr.rBnpaHe cepfit or npoqecu, c'bo6pa3Ho C [PtlOP[lTeTI-I; Cnxct'K * lpexBtpnqrre Ha nH$opvaurr Mexry [pouecxre s sxorHo/a:xo,4nure ycTpoiicrBa; .r HaqamroflycKaHeHa qeHTpaJraTa, npr.rapyxeHoc TecrBaHe HHHUr{aJr}aIr q { Ha aflaparHaragacT,(aKTo ti 3apex.{aHetla rlaMeTra; Ha Ha n ocnfyprBaHe orMepBaHe BpeMero(qacoBHxK) ueHTpaJrara. flr,peara or r:6poeHnre Qynxrluu e u rraBHara Qynrqu.r ua olepaurroHHara pexr.rM Ha pa6ora Ha npouecopHoro cucreMa - aa ocnryp[ MHorotrporpaMHrcr ynpaBneHr4e. ToBa ce u3na,rHrBac r. Hap. ynpa nsat4u npozpcLvu(Ha3oBaBaHn ou\e ducnetepu, ;vouunropu). B Aeiicrgure,qHocr ynpaBnreauara nporpaMa u3nbnHrBa pa3nr-rrrHu 3aAaql no o6clyxsaue Ha loBu(BaHrirra 9pe3 nycKaxe na pa3nxqHr.r flporpaMlr. Te3n 3a,qaqu pa3n[qaBar rrollex.{y cu no orHoueHtle Ha ce Ir3r.rcKBaHl.sra pa6ora r peaano npeve. To,repancrr 3a roqHocr Ha BpeMerotrpt-l 3a aKrHBUpaHeTO AaAeHa3aAaqaBap pa oT Mr.rJrr4ceKyHAHeaHa HrH HrKoJrKo Ha ao ceKyHrH. Karo fipaBluro, 3a,{atrfiTelro npreMaHe ri npeaaBaHena uu$opuaqur luar naii-cTpora fi3r.rcKBalrt-lr pa6ora B peanHo oper'le.Cpea rrx 3a.qaqara :a 3a tpfieMaHe ua uovepona6rpauero e c uafi-c,pol'r l.r3ncKBaHr.rr AopH aecerr.{Ha H ceKyH,qH 3aKbcHeHne 3aAe[crBaHeroi Moxe Aa ,qoBeAar norpeuHo cBT,p3BaB Ao He. OrHocurelgo no-rojltMo 3aKbcHeHr.re Moxe.{a ce AonycHe nplj 3aAaqllTe3a o6pa6orxa (xaro aua,ra: Ha HoMepa, TpaHcnaqurHa urQpnre, aHirJu,B cr,crorHa Hllero Ha noBr.rKBaHero n.4p.), xr.{ero :a6asgxero ,aoe.u,Ha ceKyH1aH{Ma Aa,EoBeae ao rorpeursa o6pa6orxa Ha norrxsauero. 3a nocrporaale Ha pa3nl{cannero,no (ogro ce aKrnB[par 3araqrire, ce ahBexAar npuopxrgTh, cnopeA r,r3r,rcKBaH[rTa pa6ora B pearHo BpeMe.Ilporpauxre ca 3a pa3nonoxeHr.r HrKoJrKo Ha palHnrua. OcBeHnporpaMnre, Kor{m ca Ha npuopl.{TerHr.i Hai-eucororo paBH[u{e, Hr.lKornporpaMa He MoNe cso6orHo fi HenpeKbcHaro aa 3aeMa npouecopa.Aa,qeHa :aAaqa ce npeKlcBa BuHars,Koraro ce [orBH 3aAaqa or no-BLIcoKo paBHr.tue qaKa,Aoxaro rrporpaMaraor ro-Bncoro paBHfiue 3aBr,p l,r fi 3aaaqaraclr. cne,qoBarenHo, paBHurqeMorar aa 3aeMar npofpaMrlTeor no-Hr4cKo npoqecopacaMo a unTepBarlrre,Koraro nporpaMHTe no-Blrcoro paBHHueHe ca or 3a4eicrBanr4.IlpnopllrerHu.rr MexaHu3hr\l 4eficrua upe: caBMecrHarapa6ora Ha ynpa8JrrBaulr.rTe lpofpaMn x anaparHr.l cpeacTBa npelGcBaHe. 3a 107

rlporpaMn :a o6pa6orra ca: Haft-rrnavnrlre $yHKuux Ha KoMyraqIroHHUTe .! aHa.'lH3 HoMepaua a6onar (ysuaaa ce, Harlpt'IMep, x,racaua a6oHara), Ha (nanpNuep :a uanpaB,'IeHtle, raxcyBatte), 3a *aHanH3Ha uuOpnre .laHarv: Ha a6oHar 6 (uanplrvep:a cr,crosHllgro xa a6oHar E), .i.aHajrl-l3 cbcrorunero (uarpnuep.4a ce u:6epe clegaaqo cr,crotHne), Ha .:.r.r:6opua cao6o,uuncr,opr,xenrr (nrr).

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r|a Z - .fa6,,rluana cr,crorlt{sTa fia t,ttxOAHTe r(OMyrAtopfiTe or cGnano.4; IC- Ta6rEua HacLcro!fircra HaaxoaoBTe Ha KoMyraroplfre rra crtnano C

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puTe B cTr'lzrnoTo' BCrKa .{yMa ronKoBa6xra (8),

Ka fra,a 9.I ene(ov,yHt q4glg.SgoqsP Ha $nr.9.6 e noKa3aHa eAHarr,lnxqtra A[amaMa Ha rrDeKtcBaHe c rIpHopHTeTHt-r paBHHula. Hail-aacororo paaH1tqeF e Ha nporpaMr.rTe 3a puBaue Ha rpeurrn. Clegaaut4Te ABepaBHlrua ca cr,otaerHo 11- :a p[rerHx KoMyrarI[oHHr4rrporpaMn 14Z - 3a Hl,rcKonpnoprrerHH npofpaMr-r. flpeKLcBaHeTo n3rrl,JHeHr-Je rrpofpaMr.rTe Te3I{,[Be 3a Ha Ha paBH]tIIa Baqpe3x36paHrr (Hanp Mep 10 ms). Hafi-aolsoro paBHnule HaDe xHTepBa;ru B, 6a3oao,e :a ocrarralr{re nporpaMx.qecro cpel npofpaunre or egHopaa"tqg nMa r$KaKBH g. npr.topntem,oco6euocpeAnpofpaMr.rTe paBHr1ue oT
3lipaHe Ha rro8pe.4l4Ter4 clirHanaT 3a npeKbcBaHe nocTanBa oT cr{cTeMaTa 3a

U HA OEPAEOTKA nOBPEAI4 rPEUlKt4 g.S.OTKPI/IF,AHEt

'Iacrx (aflaparHa u HanbjrHo HaAexAHI'I Hes1,:i,{oNHoe aa ce KoHcrpyxpar r3KJrrcqtlrejlHoBHcoTaKaqe Te aa yaoBJIeTBoptBaT rnorDaMHa)Ila ueH'rpanaTa. crIeIIHaJIHa e flopa,{l roaa B uel{TpaJlara BKJltoqeHa *lra'r'op", 3a Ha,[,ex,[Hocr' 6bp3oro Ha H Heyrpa"rnJllpaHe roBpearl k rpeu(u' c I1e'q t orKpxaane i".t"-; paOOTa' Ha HOpManHaTa BL3cTaHOBqBaHe anaparHri x [porpaMHI'I cpeAcrBa Kl'u alaUrrxpaHara cl{creMa BxrtoqBa s 3aHa pe3epBrlpauure 6JI0KOBe cxeMI4Te orKpHBaHe cpgacTaacnaaaT DaTHItre I.t aBroMarutrHoxaeHrfl(Dt'tunpar ['t3xIlporpamHrre cpe.qcrBa I!"tnpuutiu pa6ora. pe3epBHItt(axo ltua rarua) r BI'3craHoBt6.ttor, ax,tIo.IBaT nor"ut n"ttnpu"tlln pa6ora. flo no,4rorBt l' u3aaBacbo6ueHne 3a 06HopMa-qHara tpaatup'rnput) "ui nepcoHan. B ,4ottltnestre flO uoxe Ia [ycHe cIIeuHilJIHH any*ootnt g"oanoaa"u"tt npofpaMlr, 3a,{a npoBe'[erecr Ha Iz3oJLpaH[q6"lox u !a,{aae cbnoBpeaara o6ueIlue. qpe3 Koero aa ce noI(aJIx3upa 6,roxoge uua cxeNlK 3a npoBepKaHa [3npaaHara pa6ora no Ipr o6urre ro3l.l Ha BDeMero aeiicrstle Ha c'LorBerHl.lt6nor. flpu orxpuaaHeHa Het'I3[paBHocr (flporpaMHo) fi paoora'Ia npo,ltJlxaBa Toaa e nafi-npocrnrr 6,rox ce rrollpa pa6ora seAHarac,re4 pexoutpnHopNraJIHara cnyqaii Ir np Hero ce Bl3craHoBt{Ba ce flo-cnoxso e, Koraro caMoro npouecopHo ynpaBJIeHIte noBpe'{ll. rypaqrrJ{Ta. cl4creMll. ce rexHItKH,o6url-l3a KoMfllorr'pHl]Te [43fion3Bar norar aa 6t.4ar orKplIBanu H coQryepuo c Ocaen xapayepuo, Heu3npaBHocrlt Ha flput'lepme 3a rBnoJI3BaHe rlporpaMHolperbcBaHe ca nporpaMHorrpeKbcBaHe.
MHOfO.

Orrr.9.6. Pa6ora rra II0 xa pa:.la.rnlre rtptropnrernrl paBa[drl F- nporpaul ea o6pa6orKa rpe[rKH u loapegn; 11- etcoKonpxoplreru fia KoMyrauxoHHr, nporpaMl|il,- HxcKonpxopxrerflxKoMyra([o[Ex lporpaMt; B- KoMyraqIloIIfl[ r|porpalrl na 6a:roeoro paBI|rIrqe,,51flporpaMHo npeKbcBafle (craunpaulo); H1- alaparlo npeKbcBale floaperarrnrrrperlKa; 3a t _ rrBTepaan cKaHUpafie 3a Onepaurouuara crcreMa Ha npoqecopHoro ynpaBneHneHa ueHTpajrarace pa3Jr[qaBa 3Haqr,rTenHo onepau].toHHaTa oT cHCTeMa e.qr.rH Ha yHnBepcaneH KoMIrrotrp, Or eAna crpaHa olepaq[oHHara crcreMa Ha ueHTpanara no-npocra, rroHee xe nporpaM[Te, KoHTO fl3IIbJIHrBaT, [pelBapl_.nejrHo Ce Ca Hanl4caH]t ca c w3Becv THHBpeMeHa rl3nbJrHeHre. 3a Ilporpaulre ca c fipe,qBapnrenHo onpereneH o6eM x se e xeo6xoar.rrrlo pa3flpe.qeJleH].re rraMerra. Or apyra crpaua rr.rHaMrrqHo Ha o[epau[oHHaTa cr{cTeMar{a ueHTpaJraTa lo_cJroxHa, nopaar,tno_rcrrMaTa HHe TeH3HBHOCT nOCTbnBaHe 3arBKnTe aKTr.lBxpaHe nporpaMnTe,H nopa_ npr,t Ha 3a Ha lo-crporr{Te r:rcrnaHtr u pa6ora B peanHoBpeMe. Ar.r

* 3a4uwnue. Orrpuna ce 3aulKJItHe,r.e 6erxpailHo rloBTaptneHa nporpaua (u.irnvacr or Het) Ha BctKo paBHltue, 6el Hafi-srcororo (F na Qnr.9.6). Ilptl nporpaMlr Ha pa3nuqHnrepaBnocreaoBareJlHo pa6ora ce }t3nbJrHtBar uopN{anHa Ha uuua. Axo 3a Aa.4eH nepxoa or BpeMeHe ce HaonloaaeanpeAaBaHe ynpaBneul-teTo, eIHo Ha apyro paBH[ue, ToBae curllzlll 3a 3aqr'IUItHe' or c * Heropexmuo uudexcttpatte,AKo aaaeH MacfiBce r'lH,4eKcrpa Hecbl{ecrEyBaq t{I{aexc,ToBae rp}.r3HaK Jlol-uqecKa rpem(4. 3a * lt ttzo saauaue ua 6torc om nauemma. AKo IaAeH 6noK or naMerra, KofiTo e BpeMe'TOBa 3a CeH3nOJI3Ba Ce KOIeKTTBIIO pa3IHqHUnpofpaMl-t, 3aeMe A'I'JIrO OT Ilpr{3HaK Hen3npaBHa pa6ora. 3a '. Hec'banadeHue Ha acuau c dy6nupaqu ronun. Macxvu, cr.46pxa[In AaHHH, KofiTo He ce [poMeHtr no BpeMexa o6clyxraHe Ha [oBfiKBaHxtra (cnpaHectenaBoTIHH c aaHHu), ce cpaBHqBar rexHll Korlltt B6pxy BbHlxHIl HoclrTeJIIt. Ha aeHlreTo ctlrHzrjl3a pa3pyuaBaHe aaHHIlB rIaMeTTa. e * lurtzo saeuaue to Jtuuuu, Axo AMeHa,rnuu-n(a6onarna nnq4cre,,l4r.l4Terna) e 3aeran3rsrnqurerHo .qarrc BpeMe, Tpa6ra,4ace nanparn [poBepKa3a rlp[ql.rHara. Pecraprnpaue. T*r nporpauu ce nycKar B aBa cnyqaq: rlpl.r HaqarHoro nycKaHeHa ueHTpanaTa eKcnJloaTarllrr flpl'I Bb3cTaHoBtBaHe HopMaJIHara Ha l-l B paoora cneg npextcrare :a o6pa6orxa Ha rroBpeAa rnu rpeuKa.

109

TeneKoMvHhKaquvt O|4kcxpaHr, Mo6unH|4u lP

frara g TereKoMvHhKaqhoHeH coOryep c HaToBapeHn no'{tlr I Erl aa o6cnyNraqoro ycrpoicrso, Cnegoaarelno. ,rvncrOT [O-fOJttMa. ryK B TeIHOCTm npeTOBapBaHe C6IIOe MHOIO Hafi-nouroro cJle.{crBfleor [peroBapBaHero Ha rrpoqecopHoro ynpaaneH'e qe Moxe ,aa ce Ha6Jroaasa fla (eHTpajrrire e, @euovexr,r, unrccrprpaH Ha Kpraure noKa3Bar xapaKrepa lt3MeHeHI]e :aguc[vocrra na o6cHa na 61rr.9.7. Kptltara 2 ce xyxeHlr rpaOHK or nocrr,flBaul,ts rpaQur nprl aperoBapBaHe. npoUeca [o [p[eMaHe Ha 3arBKr..rTe npoqeca no o6c_ oT oorcHrBa c oTAeJItHeTo Ha 3a ,'1y)K8aHe Te3H3atBKn l,I C np[opnTeTa Ha rrporpaMaTe rrp[eMaHeHa.qnpof_ MHoro npoqecopHo BpeMe paMnre 3a o6pa6orKa. Karo cle4crrte ce H3pa3xo.{Ba noBr.rKBaHUr He ocraBa BpeMe Ia 6tAar o6c,'ryu Te 3a rpHeMaHeHa rIocTLnBaulH xeHI{. OnlcaHUqr He,qocraTbK npouecopHoro yrrpaBneHEe npeoAonrBa qpe3 Ha ce Ha BbBexAaHe cneultil|Ha nporpaMHactrcreMa 3a 3arl]xra npn nperonapaaue. B pe3yrrrar or pa6orara ta cficreMara rpr6na aa ce 4o6,raxu xpraBa2 Io Kp[Ba / eQerrnnuoc.rra na npo@hr.9.7), IlocoqeHara no-rope rtplrqrHa 3a BJrouaBaue ynpaBJreHH npfi npeToBapBaHe rro.qcKa3Ba uecopHoTo ecTecTBeHoTo cpencTBo3a Ha 3auura - cr,3.4aBaHe o6parHa opr:Ka Mex,{y npoqecfiTenpr.ro6pa6o.rra r,rnpuCMAHCHA TIOBtlKB HH'TA.

flpoqecrr pecrapupaHe BKJlroqBa o[epaqr4r,Karo 3apexqaHeHa npol-paMllTe, Ha 3apenq4aHe AaHHI, tlHljr\uajl,j3al\uuHa Mac[Ba B [aMeTTan nHaq[aIfi3aunq Ha xapayepa. Ilr,rHoro pecraprnpaHe Ha cr.rcreMara Boau !o HexeJrarelrHoro pa3rra,4aHeHa BclIqKfi IIoBlrKBaHnt.Ho g llxoro or cryqattre aa nperucaaue ra o6pa6orxa ua nen:npaaHocr e Bb3MoxHoAa ce u:6erue m,nHoro pecraprnpare. Ilopa,[r.rroBa B ueHTpanxre ce [pe.[Br..rx,{arpecraprnpaHe c pa3Jr[qHa"gr,,r6ovuaa',. Blouoxna e oprann:auuq c 4 crener{ Haabn6o'rHHaHapecraprupaHero. n Cre[eH 0: H:nr,,rHrsa ce cne,qnpeKbcBaHe, np]r Koero e B]3MoxHo npoHa Ha oT .q'L,,lxeHHe I-r3nLJrHeHr-reTo flpofpaMr,rTe ToqKaTa,B KoflTo e HacTbIrltJIo npeKscBaHero.flpeaurecraaunre o6pa6orxu Ha Her{3npaBHocrra eBeHTyanHa rr xoHQltrypaqur He BJIrtrr Ha cbulecrByBaulurerroBl{KBaHxr. I Crenes l: I43no:r:sa ce, xoraro [peKtcBaHcro e HacranHro no BpeMeHa I-r3nr,,lHeHue KOMyTaUUOHHH Ha nporpaMH lljll.t flbK e npOILJr)KXnO MilJlXO I]OBpeMex B pe3ynTaT ce noflyr{l-lllrz ca llofpelxHr-i3anr.rcr4 oIepaTI-tBIlaTa B .{Trnt-o nalrer. To ue Moxe,4a ce npoar,-qxlrc rrpocro BpburaHe ynpaBneHneroI roqKara Ha Ha npeKr,cBaue, Ho:a Aa ce HaManr Bpe.{Hr.{rr eQexr ua nperr,crauero, ce c}xpaHtBar rIoBI,IXBaHurra, KorlToca B cpaEtr[TenHocrabnrno cbcrotltlie. Toga e gafiHanpea cr,crorHuero pa3roBop fi lrrxon rpyru, Karo HanplrMep:sr,HeHe.flosxrBaHurra, Korrro ca B [pexo,4HHcbcrorHr.rr(raro uovepoHa6npaHe), pa3naAar. ce ,' CreneH 2: [Ip mra ce B cJryqaxre, npn Korjro rrpeAHaracreneH Ha pecTapr[paHe He e peal'[r3yeMa. IIo apeue Ha HopManHa pa6ora Ha rleHrpaJrara npe3 rrrKaKbBr{HTepBaJr apeMe(uanpauep 5 s) xa alrcr ce Konr{pacacrorHtero Ha or IIoBI{KBaHI{tra. Cle,a nperucaauero ce rrpaBlronrr !a ce clxpaHrr Bc]i,rKnnoBI{KBaH[t, KoHToca B cacroffH[e "pa3roBop", Karo ce Bl3craHoBrBarrocreAHr,rtr3aIIHC 3A T'X OT BAHUH}I' HOCUTC,I.

* Cre[eH 3: Koraro e HeBr,3MoxHo rlpHnarauero ua npe.(HHTe crefieHn Ha pecraprfpaHe, e Heo6xo4lurro nbJrHo pecraprxpaHe Ha cr{creMara.To npo.{uxata 2-3 min ll noeeqe. BT,s ectl.rru crryltav sa pecraprfipaHe (6er creneH 0) e er:uoxuo BpeMeHHo npeToBapBaHe ynpaBneH[eTo oT HoBorrocT.r,Ilt-tJllt Ha [oBHKBaH{q UJIH[oBI{KBarraKaT HAt, KOI,ITO pa3[aAaHe.

A.A <Dtr. 9.7.Xaparrep xa ttperoBapBaHero 1 - Ha qenrpana cbc 3arl|l|Ta cpeuy [peroaapBaHe 2 - Ira [eHTpana6e33auI[Ta cpeuy nperoBapBaI|e A,,- nocrr,flBau rpaoxK,3a KofiToe r|por(rupaflaueHTpanara Cr,qecreysa ro,r.ruo pa:uoo6pa:re or Meroalr, nplrnaraHr.r 3aruura or npc3a , ToBapBaHe, Karo qecro B e,{HaueH.rpana u3nor3BanoBe.reor eglrH verog. IIpnce qllHara e r ra3rl. qe rMa pa3rr.r'rHn nperoBapBaHrr. C.ro6uleuNero 3a npr4poAHo uc,[crBlte rJ'rr1 HtKaKBoo6uecrBego c.r6urue B AaAeH paioH Ha c.TpaHara, Hatpfl_ MeP,npelx3sTpsu nperoBapBaHe eano Ha HanpaBJreune. Ilperoaapaan" , pq4!anaHcHpaHe Mpexara ce npe.a].r3BuKBa lra or nperoBapBaHlunp" no"rop"" on[rr. r-ecraprfipaHero Ha ueHTpanara(r.r:rr orae,rga 6roxose) crea [oBpcAa npean3Br(Ba nperoBapBaHe pt3Ko or HapacrBaHe BxoAHI-ITe Ha HaqarHH 3iuIBKr{. r oJItMa qacr or nper:laral[Te Mero.q]r3a 3altlt,rTa nperoeaDsaHe 6agn_ or ce

9.6,nOBEAEHt4E nPETOBAPBAHE nPU

C sbsexraxe Ha npouecopHoroynpaBneHrre Bb3HaKBa e.qr{H t,t HoB npo6leu npemoaapsaHemo. flpnunuure :a aaxHocrra Ha roBa tBJteHae HtKoJIKo. ca qe (rBCpanueunero ct'c crapltre rIeHTpanH troxa3Ba, npu Trx HaroBapBaHero non3BaeMocrra)Ha eAna JLHr.tr B KoMyraunoHHoronoJreprAKo nagxntplx 0,4 0,5 Erl. Ycuspr:reHcrBaHoro ynpaBneH[eyBeJrrqaBa ro3 rror(a3areJr 0,8 Erl n ao noseqe. Cre.qosarenHo, eBeHryalrHoro yBenuqeHu na nocnnaaulur rpaQur (nperoaapaaue)c 207o, tanpuuep xal rpaonr<a,:a xoiiro e lpoeKrrpaHa ueHrpaJlara, rqe uMa MHoto no-TeKh rlocreAcrBfit BbBBTop[g cny.rafi. MHoro or 6roxosere Ha ynpaBreHnero ca re,repa$uvnn ctlcreMu c 863MoxHocr 3a.raraHe. KaKro ce 3Haeor frasa 6, rax[sa cucreMl-lMofar aa 6b.qar

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HaqnH e KaTo ce nocTaBlr H.{KaKBo 6y0epHo ycTpoiicTBollpea npoqecopa, T oT lpoqecopa cTaBac rrpeABapr4TeJrHo [oaaBaHgToHa 3iurBKI-l oyEepa rcBM B nHTeH3r.rBHocT.apyrur cflyqal{ ce n3IIorBBao[epaquoHHaTa ae,'reHa ylpaBJreHr{ecperuy [peroBapBaHe.flpn cBpcxrpaonK, Hanpr.rMep, Tt Haa rrporpaMr.rTe 3a I]pnopxTeTaHa npofpaMr.rTe npkeMaHeHa 3atBKI.t 3a
KA, 3A .{A MOfAT H IIOCJIEAHIiTE AA ACiCTBAT.

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Tp[Te ocHoBHI,t Qyurqnr Ha KoMyraIIIroHHara Ha QNr.7.5 ca eKcnoHHpaHI'I 'rperara - cllrHaJlll3alllltra, Ha Kotro ca [ocABe pa3rneaaxMe,ocraBa TexH[Ka. cJIeABa|]lI-lTe fJIaBt,l ABe BeTeHg

na I/heumws..MeroA3a ynpaBJreHlie rpaQn. roro Haroraprane rp.r6ra rlua cleaHlr're cgoictga: pa6orarana qeHrpanara nopna,reu rrpri * aa HeHapyuaBa rpaQur;
.! aa 3aqnTaBa rrpouecopHoro ylpaBreHxe oT npeToBapBaHe, 6yQepu u roneuu :aK6cHeHr.rr; a aKo rroBr.rKBaHeronpreTo, To aa nonyq[ y,{oBneTBopHTenHo e y[paBneH[eTo; He, a aKo He ce npr4eMe, He HaToBapBa ,44 r necHoaa ce uptjnafa; .! Aa He e nHeprHo n ga pearnpa Ha 6rp3n [poMeHri B nocr!flBaulls
t caMaTa 3aIqHTa oT npeToBapBaHe.{a He c:h3.4aBa roJ]sMo HaToBapBaHe xy npoqecopa.

14 CbftlACYBAHE cUrHArI143Aql4t 10.1.

Moxe aa ce cbcrot or a6oHarnurepcpeAa3a.4a,[eHa ueHTpana B}H[UHara cB'bp3aHlrc a6oHaTHHnv]dfit4, uJrt4oT apyr ueHTpaJIIr,cBhp3aHHcT)cc!MfiHaJrr.,r, (KaHaJII-r). e rHvTeIIHtrJl*lHIIr4 cpeAa cbAbpxa ABaMoMeHTa: c[rHaO6uyaanero Ha ueHTpanara c BT,HrxHara t4 cbrJracyBaHe.Cuzutnusaqusma, or cBot c'IpaHa BKJITqBacucreMara or rv3aqla\ r cryxe6H[ nHQopMarr[oHHr{curHalra, Heo6xognulr :a n:rpaxAaHe Ha Bp63Kr{Te or lporoKo:rrrre Ha rexHut o6ueu, CuzstacyeauemoBKJroqRaMero,qrre 3a gbBMecrHa pa6ora na pa3rr.rrrH[Te cncreMr{ 3a cLrrlj.utv3arJrlg}.I cbB[aAaHero ereKTp[r{ecxnre r{ xapaKrepr{crrrK[ Ha c.rryxe6Hrre cunra,u.r B ueHTpaJrara B'bnBBnumara cpe4a. I,Iua qe 3aBr.rcltMocT, KoJIKoToe rlo-MoaepeH KoMyTauI,toHH[tT Bt3eJr, ToJIKoBae nororf,M AeJIar Ha pa3xoAnre, Kol-tro ca 3a c'brJracyBaHgro. IpH, .IHara e B npaBxjlom BbBeaeHr{Te HoBI, c'I'opbxeHl-It aa noeMaTcbrJracyBaHeTo npr,rTeJreKoMyH[Kaurrr{Te, c Be.rec'buIecTByBa[I[Te. Ha n:6poeuure rlo-rope ABa rrrna ctopbxeHltr 868 BlH[rHara cpe,uaq,orBeTCTBaT TlrIIa ChfHaj -t3aIIUt'I Cl,fJIaCyBaHe, BCeKL eAt{HOTKOHTO IIMa CBOII ABa xapar(TepHr.r ocoOeHocrH.

Mnoro crqecrseHa rracr Ha crparerrurra e 6op6ara c nperoBapBaHero e au.irHrrr r:6op Ha HaquHa3a sa6,'rroresneHa'rpaQr(a 3a orKpuBaxeHa Ha rp.r6oaga nua cne4nute caoficrna: rane. Zgea.nHrur.qerexTop nperoBapnaue .r aa He KoHcyMHpa MHoro pouecopHoBpeMe; t Ia r.rMa Kopenaq[r c KoHTponhpaHa npoMeHnllBa:, aocTaTbqHa .t Aa pa3rxqaBa onacHrre cBp:bxrpaonun or KparK[Te nr.rKoBe, T.e. Aa HeHyxHaHaMeca; Irpear,r38riKBa .:. aa He e MHoro rrHepreH; .:. Aa noraxe r,t KoJrKo rorrM e crprxrtrlaQuxr,r. 3a.{a Moxe ,qa ce creneHTaHa HaMecara.

r0.2.curHAI143Allt4fl ynPABfl U EH14E

Curnaln:aqlrrra o6c,ryxra l-rHTeJrr.rreHTHocrra reJIeKoMyHI-.IKau Ha onHara upexa. {pes He.sce lpe.qocraBr nnQopuaqN.rn ce AaBar HHcrpyKr{nuHa ynpaBJleHrrero KaKBo.{anpaan. Ta:t lnQopuaqlu H Te3u lrHcrpyKrrr.uce AaBar r.rJlr4 or KpaeH a6oHar, r.rnH ,[pyrc ynpaBJreHrre Mpexara. or B B ro:u cvltct,r Bnatr Ha carHaJrlBarrutrae criJIHoTIoBJIIttH Qopuara na or yrlpaBtreHlre. Koraro ynpar,renuero pa6orlr B peaJrHo BpeMe,nanpnuep npu o6cnyxBaHe Ha rroBr..rKBaHe, curHarlrr3arlurracrqo pa6oru a pea,ruo epeue. flpnutrusuara pelefina JrornKaHa pelefiumo ynpaB;reHue, auaJroroBr..rre B re:reQonxu IIeHTpiurH, noJr3Ba cr,orBercrBaua cl-rrHarIr.r:arlt-rr. cupelreuHtre re.lleKoMyHltB Kaq[k ynpaBnrBauaTa Jroflrl(a e KoMrrK]TbpHa, cboTBeTHo cnrHaJrn3ar{nrTa fi e Hrxarra Qopruaua [peAaBaHe AaHHr,r Ha Mexny KoMrrrorpfi. Cnruancaqnrra e c Qn,rocoSlrr, no.qunHenaua QulocoQlrrra 3a pa6orara Ha ynpaBreHuero.Ta:u Qn,roco$zr rrMaMHoro o6qa uepru, Karco rlpn Qurcupannre Mpexu, TaKarr nplt l,ro6r.lrHure r.rIP upexu. Hte U]e ce on[TaMe Aa s pa3rneAaMe,

TeneKoMvH{Kaunx6riKctpaHh,Mo6uHn $ lP

fnaaa fACtArrant

aa|J:tA npa KaHa eH DexuM

10.3. CUrHA'|U3Atll4R - Ml4HAtlO 14HACTORIqE fnaBno c o6cJlyxBaHeHa noB M[Ha,'roroyflpaBneHlreroe 6[no HaroBapeHo Cllrualn:auggra no ctulecrBo e,4ocraBtna camo r-ru$opua{na, catpBHKBaHHS. AocraBKara Ha ra3u riHQopMaqut n aHec ce 3aHac ynpaBneHlreHa noBEKBaHHtra. pa3rnex.aaKaro ocuoana Qyrr ulr Ha clirHaIln3auntra' I{ B aueunsre relleKoMyHl'lKaullr I{Ma MHoro HoBl' QyHKuI.lH ycnyrH' a re Brpxy clrrgaJIz3auv\Ta' ToBap .qorlbJlHI{TeJIeH o6urnoseHo cr,g,qaBar pa3npereneHk (B ,nonutuumenuumeyctryzu (lnata l), ue:aoucllt'lo aanu ca (npe,aocraaeul c rexHotorruITa' HapeqerpafiHnre tleHrpaln) u,'It-rqeHrpa:rn:upaHn cl{rHaJln:auuoHen rpaQnr' ,petrca II"l), uzucxzar 3HatIHTerH nuur^*ur"rinu (xa rparfnvnnre notoun I rrx) e .\uuaMu\uomo ynpasneHue Ha Mpexllre CI,IrHaJII-|3aUHt. Apyf reHeparop Ha aonbJIHl.{TeJIHa Meuudtn:tn umvm Hq mereKoMyHuKaquovHu pacu (Tekcommunication Man' agementNetvvork- TM,\) e Hert:uoNHo.4a ce npnnara 6e3 MoIrHa cI.trHaJIl'I3aqLt' qpe3 cneCtedeuemo na a6ouamume g uo6n,ruure upexn (fnaaa 2l) c:ran,a r re3n aaHH[ ce I'lnQopuaqnrra unanHo c!3AaaeHl't6a:n aaHslr KGMIreHTpaJIIrre. ga'lu a6olarure yvacrnat onpecHrBanpll aBnxennero sa a6ouarl.rre(He3aBlcHMo qpe3 otrHarmaqn.t Ta3n c[rHanu3aB noB[KBaH[t tt cb3aaBar ulu xe r:paQnr)

+ nenpaeu.nuo us6upa\e-a6oHarAHa6[Pa
He[paBI{neH Ko.{ I{Jlll Hec'bUecTByBal-IIHoMep; t 3amSopu - no.{KaHa KbM a6oHara Aa nocTaB[ o6parHo MuKpore,'leQoHHaffi rapHHTlPa, IIoHexe APYa6ouar e 3arBoPfin rlqt H'KaKBO AOe H3TeKJIO rJrlr BpeMe 3a qaKaHe flycTnMO

I u'-*l ' I

t209

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na peaxuurraHaa6oxara. Tyx ca nr6poexucauo

CI,ITHaJII-1, MOHO ocHOBHUTe

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u xe .(a r.rMa apFr, Hanpx3a 3a TaKcyBaHe, aoMep

fl,t,JlHI,ITETHI,I XHCTPYKUHH xtll a6onara u r.u.

941+

tr tr tr tr tr tr
ltoMepofla6flpale

1471

(Dnr. 10.1. qecrorlf Ha roaarroro

na or r-urr.B 3aBnclrMocr MecrorloroxeHl.tero Mo6urugca6ouar,uoxe aopu 4a

MexayHapo.qHa I-l Mexay(oHTHHeHraJIHa.

3a I'IMa )upezlcu aBerIplIqHHH MHoto mereKotuyHuKa4uoHHu B IP 6azupauume rpatpnx: noroun or curHa,lr:auuoxen MoruHH I.{ or - reorpaQcrorooraeJUIHe lrHTellureHrHocrra npeHocHure KoMyrrlHa paun pecypcu(lnara 25); ua KaqecrBoro o6cnyNnane - np[namHero Ha nporoKolllt3a rapaHTl{paHe (I:rasa 28)' cpeaa (QoS)npn pa:rn.rNllrereneyclyru BxereporeHHara TEnEOOHI4R CU[HAI|U3Aql.lRnP14 1o.4. ASOHATHA g cursa,rn:aunlca or a6osararsu cnrHaJII.ta6oHaraara rt-ltra ,llsaraocHosHu rult x ueuTpanara or ueHTpanara a6oHara. 6rsar: Cnrsalnre ot a6osaraKtM ueHrparara or rapHl.lrypa glixaulfic a6oHar' ua * saeMatte B/ittrane r' 'rrporeleQoHHara - na1upaueuovepa ua a6ouar E, + adpecnauuQopua4un or rapHl.rrypa a6osar E, oHHara * omzo*op- Blinrauera :ranxpme:retf rapHHrypaB mxoA';t ocso^n0daEaHe- nocraBtHena umcporeneQoHnara
HO TIOIO)KCHHC.

npeAaBaHeroHa crfHajltre c'h[IecrBeHo3aBHcllor Bt,IAa repMHHana. Ha AKo roii e aHa"'roroB, cutHaJ[Te or rrT,pBaTa rpyna ce npeAaBaT nocrorHHoToKoBo, Karo aApecHarar.rHQopr.,raUm Moxe Aa e c MHozoqecmomeH (MVIQ. Clrualure rod u or BToparafpyna ca roHaJrHr.r ce npe]IaBarB pa3roBopHara JreHTa. Il:uroqesne e noBHKBaHeTO, KOSTO MOXe,44CTaBa TOK 3B',LHeHe. C 3a E.q[H or Hafi-saxHlrTe crirHaJruna a6osarsara clrHaJrr{3aur-tr, BJt[telu c]u{ecrBeHoB6pxy QyHK(HoHHpaHero qeHTpaJrara, Honaepona6npauero. Ha e Craporo nocrorHHoroKoBo HablrpaHenoqrr,r He ce [3nor3Ba t-re salreHeHoc M9K. flpr MHK npeAaBaHero egHa qrSpa ce n3B'hprxBa e.[HoBpeMeHHoro Ha c renepnpaHeHa ABeqecrorrl B a6oHarnnr repunnan. Or ITU-T ca pernaMeHTnpaHr.t oceM qecrorr, - qerr.rpr.r Hr{cKlrri qerrrpu nncoxl (Qnr. l0.l). Baln,qHara ql,rrppa aece rfnnupa c llo eaHaqecrora or HncK]rreu Br.rcoKrre. Br:lroxunre xou6 HauuHca 16. CncreMara 3a MHK uoxe ga ce lranor3BaH Karo cpeacrBo3a HncKoc(opocrHo npeAaBaHe AaHHrr,HanpfiMep 3a 6aH(oBI{ o[epauu or AoMa, fl{r:}apyBaHe Ha c KpeAurHr KaprH x apyrn or r. nap. ycttyzu c do6aeeHo cmoixocm. Koraro repvuHalrr e quQpoa, ropHnre crrfHirnn ce KoAHpar.llpnuep e a6oHarHara ctrHalr,r3aqnc Ha ISDN, Kotro HaKparKo ce pa3nrex4a B cnelBaulara
TJIABA.

Clrrsarure or ueHrpanararuu a6ouara ca: (3lbivene)- nnrfopunpane na a6ouar E, ve e rbpceH; nosuKaaHe " * us1upai - a6ouar A Moxe.qa ll36upa; t' 3aemo- 3agr[ ct opaxeH[t rlu gaer a60nar E; Ha * nomeupcrcdeuue noauKeaHemo a6oHar 5 e cgo6oaes H KbM Hero ce 3a Ll3npauacHrHaJl noBHKBaHe;

I0.5. CIT'IACYBAHEC AEOHATHAT NUHUA A Haf-pa3lpoc'rpaHeHoro e ctmacyBartloycrpoEcrro B TeJreKoMyHrrrar.U{r.rre t. uap.a6ouameu (lIQ. Clrnacyaaneroc a6oHarHara KoJvraeKm rnHrlr Moxe 96tqecrBeHo [oBnnre B6pxy obqara ueHana qnr[ponara qeHTpaJra. ca Pa3xo,Urre !a yqyABaulo roneMr,r rro JlHTepary?Hr{ I-l AaHHIMorar AaAocr[rHaT Ao 7070oT rleHaqacr ua xpafiuara Ta3aanaparHara qnQpona qeHrpala.

l14

ll5

TeneKoMvHuKaqxt - drKct4paHr, Mo6hnHr u lP

fraBa lQ.Ct r{anv3attuA

nDA KaHaAeB w'/(y'M

yHr.rQ[qnpaHe Ha $yHKrtlrfiTe Ha AK ce rtocr]ira qpe3 AeQllHrlqnrra BORSCHT. Toea e gyua, Lr3KycrBenocb3AaAeHaor asrnuficrara a6peruarypa :g pa3npoc,TpaHesue. MergyHapoAHo CeuarruraQynrqunre xa AK, rorro e ao6r.rna
TA C CNE,IIHATA:

Battery - zaxpauzane Ha a6otrarxn.r repurnal, Ovemoltage - sau[Ta or orracHt,t HarrpexeH].rr, Rilrgr[g - noBHKBaHe a6oHarHr.rr Ha repMr,rHa:t, Supervision and Signaling - xourpol u c[rnaJH3aur4r, Coding - xogupare H AeKoAxpaHe, Hybrid - p$epetqnaflHa cucreMa, Ze,r,- r,r3[po6BaHe aooHarHaranepnra n repMrrHara. na 3axpannane aa a6onarnts repMuHaJr. 3axpatsaHero crala c 48 V, r<am caMo B Hr(olt crpaHrl Moxe Aa ce cpenlHe 3axpaHBaHe 60 V cpeA no-crapr{Te c eneKTpoMexaHrrqHr.r rleH'rparx. Tarnaa ca crbnKoBr, e r(eH'rpaJrfi, u3non3Barrr4 y Hac. B:aguclrlrocr or.qbJrxHHara r{ c6rrporrrBJreHxero a6oHarHr,trunefiO Ha (uanplruep or 0 ao 1600 Q), roxlr tro Beprrrarace r.r3MeHr 15 ao 100 mA. 3a or lrroHoMur Ha eneKrpoeHeprm a AK e qelecro6pa3Ho aa ce ocbuecrBrBa cra6nJlfi3arrru no rox. Tarcau npu KGu.rreBepr{rr rorrr ue 6xna ga HaABxuaBa HanpnMep40 rnA. 3auqrra or onacHr! HanpexeHur. A6onarnure Bepl{ru, Karo BIHmHI.Ictop6xeHr.r{,MofaT.4acTaHaT HocuTeJII-I onacHr-r Ha cBpaxHanpe)rHHt. [oelrcsaHe na a6onarnnn repunua.r (:ntnexe). flognrgaHero Ha repMlHarr,t, cna6Aesn c [HAyKuhoHeH 3Br,Heu, craBaqpe npoMeHrHB ToK,qngro HoMuHatno uanpexerne e 75 V. B MoAepHHTe a6oHaruN repuuxalu 3BlHeHero e 3aMeHeHo c
TOHIIJIHONOBNKBAHE.

re3n flapaMeTpr.r Morar Aa ce [3Meprr npe3 KoMyHe B unQpornre ueHTpaJru rpaKT. 3arosa n a6ouarnltt KoMnJIeKT, orKLM crpaHara ua a6ouarxara TauroHHHt ce ocuryplr B!3MoxHocr 3a BKJIroqBaHe npoBo.{Hlrrlfi3a rrpoHa Tpr6Ba aa Bepr{ra, ca Ha npo6nre. Tyr flpo6reMr.rre no.qo6nuHa re3r.r,Kolrro ca cB6p3aHr.t c aexlaHe CIlrHa.[ Ha BKIIOqBaHeTO nOBI-IKBaTeJIHI-IJI fi Ha 3aXpaHBaHeTO.

MEXAyqEHTPM14 10,6,curHAfl 143Aq]'ln caznatu npednaznauenae no Budose 10.6,1,

cHrHajrHara uHoopMaur.rr pa3r[ce Cnope,4rora :a KaKBr.r uejl'.rce u3noj]3Ba qaBaT aBa B[.{a c}ifHarH: 3a clcTorHr.reu 3a HanpaBJreHHe. or CltrHalu 3a cr,crocnHe. Te3x crrHa,'IHce r-r3rroJBBar ylpaBneHuero, cneA ycrpoficrao (Hafi-uecroraual). Br:uoxno xaro ro ce e o6r,pHaroKr,MKoHKperHoro e ynpaBreHr.rsro r{Ma roroBHocr,[a BKnrcqHycrpoicraoro B u3rpa(qaua ce Aa Berre ro e BKrroqu,ro, o.umra c,ryriu qpe3crrHirlruTece npeaocrar,urr4 I,1 Bpr,3Ka aa ca al tu$opr'rauu.r 3a ctcrorHnsro Ha ycrpoicromo. Tarrga crrHa,rr.r seo6xoarlr'lN r{ i, n npfi n3rpaxlaHero Ha Bp63Kara, npe3BpeMe'rpaeHsro TaKa Ha[puMepB [paBa Ha nocoKa([o orHo[IeHrre Ra 3aeMaHcro) cbeA[HrirerHara nmur, neo6xogrutre curHarr or H3xo,q.{r!ara KbM Bxoarnlara Lleq'rpura ca 3aeuaHe u oceo6otrdaeaxe. Heo6xo,ulluure crrna,ru n o6parnara nocoKa ca omzosop (Ha BxoArrqara qeHTpa,ra), omzosop Ha a6ouama (sauraue na re,reSoHuara rapHxrypa or B[KaHr.lr a6ouar) n sameapnue (pasnadane). 9ecro rpq6rar r.i Aorlr,JrHr,rreJrHr.t crrua,rn. Hanptuep cropbxeHrt'Ta Ha BxoatluaTaueHTpana Moxe noHtKofa aa He ca B thcTotHl{e aa npl-IeMar noBHXBaHr.rr. C.rle,{oeare,'rrioo6paruara nocoxa Tpr6aa ^{a Morar Aa ce flpeAaa BaI cfirHil;lr-r xato 1torcupoexa w de1toxuposxa. B HTKoLI KoMnreKrli Ha cbeArHltTerHlre Jrr-rHllr rpr6aa aa ce npe.qBl{xna r. Hap. 3at4umHo gpeue, npe3 Kosro ,'rfiHHrTace rroaar,pxa MapKr..rpaHa KaTo 3aera, AoKarocbop6xeHnrra I Apyruq Kpai ce BrpHar B r.t3xo.[Ho crgrorHHe. Axo :auuTaTaHe e npelBr.!{eHa, uMa onacHogr 3a Hoao 3aeMaHe, npeau csoprxeHrr-nTa B oTcpeuHara lreHTpaJra,{a Morar aa ro npueuar. 3a npeanognTaHe BMecroaa ce H3e lon3Ba Qr{Kcr.tpaHo 3arqlrHo BpeMe,AocTaTT,qHo ,qbJrro3a Aa [oKpHe r.rHafi-TexKnt cnyqaf, Aa ce Br,BeAec:,r'..rKur caataHe Hq 3aulumqma, c xo[To nlrHr.d+a ce npaBH .(ocTbnHa HoBoTo 3a 3aeMaHe. Curna.ln 3a HanpaBJIeHle. Eguara pa:,rrra [4e)xJty cfifHanl{Te3a cbcrotH[e u crifH:IJrHTe HanpaBteHHe qe BTopnTe 3a e, HocrT I-tHcTpyKuI,tH ynpaBleHueTo KbM BT,B Bpb3Kac a:6opa ua cropr,xeHHrra, rouro Aa o6clyxar [oBnKBaHero,a nrpBI{TeHoccr rnQopuaqnr 3a cbcrorH}.rgroHa KoHKperHoro cropbxeur{e vllr trnctpy(qltt 3a rrpoMrHa Ha cr,crorHr]ero uy. Bropara pil3Jll{(a e, qe cl-trHajr].rre 3a HanpaBneHl.t o6MeHtr caMo npn r{3rpaxAaHeHa Bpr,3Kara, ce .qoKarocurHa:rr{Te 3a ctcTorHHe ce u3noJr3BaT [pe3 BpeMgTpaeHcro Bpb3KaTa. l' Ha Cursamre 3a HarrpaBneHre cb.4r,pxar arpecHr.r crrHanu n ap1.ra lrnQopr'raunt 3a Mapupyrri3aru.sra Ha rroBr.rKBaHtrrranpaBrJrxarauu o6pa6orra. OcHoen Hara rHQopuaqur (r.rno o6er'r),[peHacrHa or cr{rHalr[Te3a HarrpaBJreHr.re e alpec-

KoHTpor Ir c[rHaJru3aqrffl. TyK noA xoHTpo,'I pa:6npa sa6lpAenue 3a ce c6crorH[ero sa a6osarsara Bepxra; Koero BKJrroqBa [pneMaHe Ha nocrosHHon ToKoBr..rre crrrHaJrn, r,r3npauaH[or a6ouarnu.r repunsa,r. Ano novepoua6upanero e roHilJIHo, uutppnre ce lpneMar B KoJreKT]rBHnre perncrpoBr,rcbopbxeHHs Ha qenrpalara,auetAK. Ko.qnpane rl aeKoaflpaHe. B qur]posure ueHTpa[]r KoaupaHeroHa aHalroro. Bara noJre3Ha nHQopuaqur r qrQpoaa, raxro I o6paruoro - aexo.[rpaHero, craBar no rpa,ql{u oHHI.rre Haqr,rHH, KaKTo roBa e pa3rne,{aHo frana 17, s npxoA or ,qBynpoBoAH]tt flrQepexqna.nna cucrelra. Tpr6aa ga ce HanpaBn rparr na a6onarxara Bepr.rraB qcrnp[npoBoaHnr rparcr Ha unQpoBara ueHTpana. Ag0epeHunanHara cucreMa npu qnQpoanre ueHrpaJru e HenocpeacrBeHo cBtp3aHac auarororo-qrrppotoro npeo6pa:yeaHe,nopaAn roero pea,rtaaqnrra i qecro ce perxaBacbBMecrHoc npo6leua :a pea,rn3arl[rra Ha KoAerlsreI Qxarprre. floneve :a lnQepeHrlaanHxre cticreuu nua I r. 14.2. lbnpo6rane na a6onarnara Bep ra rr a6oxarHrlc repMrrHa:r. Hai-qecto o6err na npoaepra ca cneaHr.rreflapaMerpr.r: - cbrrpoTlrBJIeHIte !3oJIauHtTaMex.{y npoBoaHl-luHTe cIIprMo 3eMt, Ha n - cbrrpornBreHre aa uleiQ.

Il6

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fraBa ,o,Cu-Hanl,Batlvtl

np1 NaHaneH pexit M

TbpcHrrtHoMep.ToBa o6rrKHoBeHo Ha6paHKoa, Koim e Hara, Ta3r{KotTo yKa3Ba rbpceHoro HanpaBJIeHI're. Ha yKa3Ba ynpaBneHHeTo cboTBeTHaTa Ha ueHTpaJIa aApecHl-r cxrHaJI[ cburecrByBar k aoffiJlHllKbM ocHoBHI{Te B Aonr,nReHI-Ie qHgro npeAaBaHe ca Moxe.4a e [oJle3Ho.TaxrBa cI-lfHilJII{ cJ'leAHllre. TenHH, IluQop.ua4un 3a mpacemo. IIpIr MexryHapoaHrre noBI'rKBaHItte Heo6xoAr,rHa MOB UTJTOTO',rpaceBpb3xaraaa lrMa He rloBeqeoT eal{HyqacTbKnpe3 crItTHnK. Ha Heo6xoAul,roe c6nro ,qace uuQopr"rnpa,4anu rpt6za BNJInqBaHe exo3arpa,qlrTen B aaJreqHfirKpafi. ,[auuu sa euxat4un a6ouam. O6pa6orrara Ha noBttKBaHemB npueMauara a6OHar,HanpaUepTeIeQOH}|CTKa, or Moxe.[a 3aBHcH TIIIIa Ha BI{KarIHg ueHTpajra (KaproB) aBToMaT. voHeTeH Kpai ua uouepoua1upauetno.Koraro uouepaqxoHHfi.srnraH [o3BoJItBaHa qeHTpaJIa 3HaeKofa e npfieT ntJ'lHtttr HoMep,Tt lo6anr xlu cnrr.r3xo.{ruaTa aa Ii 3a HaJrHTe HarrpaBJIeHI{ecfirHaJIa Kpafi ua Houepola6llpauero 3a ce [3npauar B npaaa nocoKa. Hr6poeulre [o-aony ca I4:6poeurre curHzlJrlt npftMepr Ha cxrHilnH. Kol-troce r3npaluar B nocoKaHa3qd, Ilometpcrcdeuue sq noryueH uouep, Tosu clrual uuQopuupa lr3xoatuara qe rleHTpana, npneT HoMep'I'r. Iloucxeque ua adpec. Tezu crrHaln nai-usoro ce r3noJl3BarIIpu tl3rpoluaue sa o6xoagn nr,rsqa. floucxeaue ua dauuu 3a auKaulua6ouamu, Telu cnrgalu Morar .4a rlollc(ar craryca 3a lrHrlql,taropaHa noBnKBanero(a6onar c lrptloplrrer, MoHereHanapar, rereQoHucrxa n r.H.) Itntr HeroBltt HoMeP. Ilu,teu nouep. Clrrnamr [orBbpx,qaBa,qe utJlara seo6xoanlta uuQopvaqm Ha e rrpxera. To:r cnrsa,r aaBa3HaK3a ocBo6ox,aaBaHe perlrclhpa B n3xoatuara Ha u 3a npMr-rHaBaHe cbopbxeHl{tTa B c6cTotHlle pa3foBop. ueHTp:rna 10,6.2. Budoee cmpyKmypu Hs cu2HarHume cbopbtcetun Ha 3a B ra:r roqxa ue 6'baar palrne,4anlrrrpnHunnr'ITe pa3npeaeneHne QyHKqr{rrre B cr.{creMnre3a crrgarlr:aurit. ToBa pa3lpeaeneHt'Ie Moxe aa AoBeaeao pa3nr.rqHr.r cTpyKTypr.rHa anapaTypaTa3a c[rHaJIx3aIIIlt. no-cJloxna anaparypa. Csrua.'lrre 3a HarrpaB[eHne n3[IcKBar cpaBHI.'ITenHo Hanp[Mep B flpr.rvuuure ca, qe re Hocrr no-ro,,tst'to6eM uHQopuauu (ti3MepeHa ga ce flpe.aaaec rottMa cKopocr B KparKlrt 6umre) r.rue ra:n nuQopuauu-n rpr6ra nHTepBaJr r.{3fpax,4al]lala ce apl:ra, Ilplr c rHaJIItre 3a c6crotHl.Ie roJIoxeHlIeTO Ha e o6parno n Heo6xoauMara alaparypa e no-npocra. llo ra:a npuwHa e I4KoHoMItuecru qe,recro6pa:Ho cnrHarIHI{TecbopbxeHnt .{a ca pa3aeJlenltHa aBe rpytrlr, nuHuiHu cuzHarHucbopbtceH,t, e fiplt(peneHa I(lM E.{Hara fpyna, HapegeH.a 3a BCtKaOTAeJTHa CAe,{I,IHI.ITeJIHa Jr[HHr H OcrjryptBa npeHac{Hero Ha cIlrHaJII{Te ctcrorHae. ,{pyrara rpyna cr4rpxa KoreKrI.rBHHctopcxeHllt, Hape'rerrvpezucmposu cualatHu cbopbclceHun, KollTo ce npeBKrloqBar ICbM cleaIlHtTeJIHHTe JrllHt-ll{, (no npr4 Hyxla oT npeHacrHeHa cr,rrHarr{Te HanpaB[eHl.ie npeue Ha lr3fpaxla3a uero ua np, lxara).

OcaosHare 6ro(oBe Ha pen.tcTpoBTTE CI,ITHAJHU CBO-

pt <erlt4t CA Pezu' cnbPbm n nPedaga-

neum (Qur.10.2).
@yHKqlrrre Ha perxcTtpa H npeaaBaTCr'IS Ca CBLp3aH{.

AaAeH npe.qaBaren @rr. 10.2. Padora na perlcr6pa tr npetaBarens MOXe,44 npexBbpnt rHQopMaufic, caMo I/- npetaaaren; P - peracrrp; /(I/ - rounnerar Ha npeAaBareTs KOraTo e [pe,{Ba- nc; 1{P - r{oMnneKr Ha perncrrpa; ,I{C,?- KoM[reKr fia cr,eAlrHtlrenflrre nltHttu; C,7 - cbeatln[TeJlHaJrirulrfi pr4TenHo aKyMyJlr.rpaHa B perncTbpa.

e naMer. Qnr, 10.3e noxa3aHo Perucrr,pcrBAeficrBrreJrHocrHrKaKBa Ha per[crplpaHeroHaaapecHara nnQopuaqur. Iln0pxre, r43rrpaulaHll Br..rxar{oro ycrpoicrro (nuraq a6onar nJrnu3xoor qeHTpana), AeKo,anpar 3arroMHrr pertlcrcpa.Bcexn ntr, roraro HoBa ce n B ,4rura quQpae AeKoA[paHa, 3ae.qHo [peAHlireqnQpt (aro MaraKr.iBa) IIpeAocfi c ce raBr HarpaHcJraropa, rofiro ce onurra,{a o[peAenH Tbpceuoro uanpar,reHue. Koraro ce npreMe,4ocrarbqHo nHQopMarIUfl,Aa Moxe Aa ce onpeAenr{ 3a HanpaBneHrero Ha rroBuKBaHero, aHraxHpa e.{EH npeAaBaren (npn yc.noane,ve ce loBuKBaHero3a,qpyra e ueurpana). llpenpe.{aaaHero a.qpecHara Ha r.rlQopuaqurqpe3per[crcpa u npeAaBarenq qe HaqaJIoTo npeaaBaHeTo 3anoqHe e xeJraTeJIHo cTaBa TaKa, Ha Ia oue llpeal aa e ,qa npxera n nocle4uaraqnQpa. Tora clrpaqala o6nloro BpeMe r{3rpaxlaHe 3a HaBp63Kara. gpyra crpaHa, pa6oraraua npe4anare,rx 6uta 4a :anoqBa Or ue npepef}rcT6p rrpHeMauaTa ar{aa e ocurypeH B ueHlpaJra.

r0,7.KoMnnEKT]4 CbEAltHt4TEnHhTE (CbrnACyBAUll4 HA nnHUU KOMNTEKT14)

B rererouynnraquoHHara rrpaKrr{KacxeMfiTe 3a c'r,rJracyBaHe rreHTpiurara Ha cac cr,eAHHI{TeJIHIlre JII{Hnuo6[KHoBeHoce Hapr4qar Ko]tuueKmu ct eduuumer ua ume tutHutt (KCJI uttu cbznacysat4uKoM eKmu,Ha KCJI ce Bb3JrafaT.qBe r;raB.r: HLr K6MnpeHocHara cpega (axlrovurelHo H cHrHarrr{3aq[rQyHKrtr. aAanrHpaHe Ta B Her) H alanrr.ipaHeKr,MclirHaJrr.t3aunrra AaJreqHara qeHTpaJra. B KCJI ocrqecrnraar llrrepQefic veN,4y qenTpature r.rBcl,lrrKr.t Br,rAoBe npeHocHa cpe,4a- HrcKo.recrorru ra6oru, aHirlroroBl.rn I4KM yn,rlrunrelH cucreM[. flouexe re rpr6na aa aralrr,tpar pa3roBopHur KaHan ta aa npeo6pa:yaar cnrnaJrure, o6uessnu Mexay ueHrpannre (oco6euo lrrlunfinara cxrnani:aqnc), cllrecrByBa roru*ro pa:Hoo6pa:[e npt-rpeanrr3arrtura na KCJI n pealHnTe Mpexll.

I l8

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Ha Ha p[.rHur.rn'r,T E- H M-cHfHanr3aunrra e rroKa3aH 0I-Ir. 10.4. npoBoaHr.rI{ cI{fHaJIeH E x M npeHactr cllrHalHTe Mex,qy IIeHTpaJIara c'I}rJlacyBarqxt IItTe
Ha CAeAlHHTenHaTa 16OMII,IIeI(T JII-lHI-'lt'

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<Drr. 10,4.E- n M.,rrrnfina crnra.lx:aqtl t - npoBoAEnK npneMaEe ct,rqaJ'r[;M- flpoBoIHUK 3a fia 3a npeAaBaHe cI'rHa,rI'; P - [poBoAflulll| Ea pa3foBopBx r|a cufEaJrrr; ,KC,Z- KoMnner(Ina cLeAItHfirer'Iltltre JIxHnll; CI- cbeAnH[TeJrHa JrnHIifl 3a rreHTpararaM-[poBo.qHKK6T BlrHarr{npe,qaBareJreu,E-npoao4nlrrtr e a He3aB[cIiMoAattI-I e BXoAsua finn mxoAtua. Tara ctcrotHlteto Ha Tt nplreMeH, M-npoBoAHI.rKa BT,3rrpoH3BexIa ce Bbpxy E-npoBo,4Hr,rxa AareqHara rleHTpiura. Ha Curna,rure no E- n M-npoaoaHllqltre ca [ocrorHHoroKoBr4.KoM[[eKTHTe KCJI or Qnr. 10.4 npeo6pa3yBarE- lr M-cursallne nrr an4, roiiro rro3BoJrrBa npeHacfHero nM no C,rl. IlpegHasnaqeHriero KCJI e raKoea, qe eAHaraqeHTpaJra,"{a Ha HeMoxe aa rro3uae",ve nefiulrre E- n M-npoeo4uuqz ue ca cBT,p3aH[ c .qr..rpeKTHo E- n M-nporognuqnre Ha,{pyrara ueH'rpa,ra. 3aeuc[r{ocr or HaqnHaHa npeAaB BaHero c[rHaJrHarar.rHQopMar{ur CJI, r.e, Mex,qyABaraKCII, ce pa3:]r4qaBar Ha no
CJIIHATE CJD^IAA:

Or|r. 10.3.PerucrpnpaHe EoMepa BtlKar|x, a6o[ar na Ea Z3X- n3xoAsocr,crofllf.nei - r\y.qpai3An - 3a[xc na quopara; 4 AHIIS - ararv3 fla \pfierara nl$opMart nr; np - cr,rr,ar 3a rlunqrraJrlr3rrparre npe4aBarenqi sa H4 - o.tanBaue HoaaqlQpa; rra OCB - ocBo6orglaBarle

10.8.,|t4H14t4HA CUrHAI|U3Aqr4f,
Merogure ll e:rex,ptrlecKr4Te cxeMr4 Qrtltvecra peallr: a\Afl Ha rrwHr4irHnra 3a cr.rfHaJrr8aqHr TBbp.qe ca pa3Hoo6pa3Ht{. ToBa pa3Hoo6pa3rae onpe.qel, oT pa3ce nHqHr{Te feHepauur.r KoMyTauuoHHa TeXHr.i(a, pa3nxqHr.lTe npox3Bolr4Tenr{ pa3_ H nrr{Hure HopMtI,Bb3nprrerrj B orAelHr]re crpann, B Jrr.rrepar]paraHrMa e,qI,IHr{a cucreMark3aur.rrra re:lr cnoco6lr. Tyr rqe 6rae u3no[3BaHa3a 6a3a"r. sao. E- u M-cuzuatusaqua. tr{lrero i u4aa or o6o:naqeuuero Ha lBara c[rHaJrHunDo;onHrtKa B KOMyTaqnoHHr-rTe cT,opGXeHI_tt

Ilocmonuuomoxoea clfHaru3au[q v npotteHrusomoKoed. flocneAHara e eAHO-I-IAByqecToTHa pa3loBopHaTa B neHTaI-rJrr-r r43B6HJIeHTOBa CI{tHaJIH3aIlrt. IluQpoeama ruuufiua cuzuanusatpt ce oc\nlecrB\Ba c 16-Tnr BpeMenHTeprar Ha I4KM lrylrnIrneKca. OpmHu3arr[rra i e aaaeHaB fraBa 17. Br,:voNnocrlrre Ha cr4rHaJrHlrr xaua,r or qr.rQpoaurMyJrrrlr.treKc HaaxBbpJrrr Hynq4lrre E- a M-curHa.rr.r:aL\vrra,r 3a pqurl3aur.rrra i ce tnnortsar caMo 2 Ha 6?na(a u b), toxaro .{pyfr.rreaBa (c d) ocraear cso6oaHrl(Oxr. l?.8). I 0.9. pEt'l4CTPOBACUTHAII43Aq14fl Karro ce r'r3TbKHa, anaparypara 3a perncrpoBa ctrla;rn3arrur e Heo6xo,qr4Ma npll eAHonoBHKBaHe caMo tlpe: KparKr.rs lepuoA (3-5 s) sa r.r3rpzDxAaHe Bpr3Ha (ara. I]erecbo6pa3Ho e crqara afiaparypa KoJreKTr.rBHoBcr{qKl1 or ra ce r43rroJBBa cBeAI.rHfirerHlj rr.rHlrr.r. Perncrpoaara clrHaJrrr3aur4r l4non3Ba rrpeAaBaHe ]vHozoc ttecmomeH xod (MVR). I4ua pa:.nluuu (jlioreMn, Ho rroBeqeroHguorsgar roM6n-

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npoabnxHTenHocT, KorTo Bapnpa 3a pa3nr.rqHxTecHcTeMr.rI,I e oT noprl6Ka

[peAr,tMcrBoHa c[rHaJlu3arlHrra c [orBbpxleHHe e, qe He e HyxHo np[eMHa HtIlI{Te 3a CHTHaJI[3arIHtAa n:]MepBaT npOASnXr{TnROCTIa BCeKHCt-tIHiuI. c rrorBbpxAeHr,re aAanTHpa ce aBToMaTr]qHo KbM pa3nr,rqHllTe CurHarH3[paHeTo no JTIH]IH.OcseH rosa He ce c1opocrr4 Ha pa3npocrpaHeur.re cre.qr.rHlTeJrHr.rre npeKr,cBanru,Brnperlr MarrKono-Hr{crara cKoDocr Ha Bn[.ueor KparKoBpeMeHHH ce pa6ora, cHrHanx3aq[rra c rrorBhpxreHr.re rrnoJBBa noBeqe.

BPEMEAITATPAMA HAC14r-HAnr43Aqt4f,TA HAEAHO 10.10. nOBUKBAHE

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50-100 ms. Curxa:ure ce orAeJrrreAHH Apyr qpe3nay3ac or c6qara npoacnx[TenHocT,

tlp pe?ucmposama cuzHaru3a4u, c nomsbpscoeHue (hnH KaKToorue ce pvqa nprHydumenHa cuznatula4un), BceKfi cl'rHajr nplcrcrBa no Jrr.rHHrraAo nyqaBaueHa rtorB]px,qeHxe,IlorB6px,{aBaur.rrr c[rHaJr cnnpa ocHoBHnt a cHeMaHeTo noTBrpxnaBaur.rr cHrHaI cTapTr.rpa Ha cneaBarlHr ocHoBeHcufHiut, flpnH[lrnrr Ha pa6ora Ha cr.rrHarru3arlnrra c norBap)ruteHfie e rroxix]aH

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npeAaBaTenr Ha Bxoa.flrqaTaueHTpana Io pefHcTbpa Ha [3xo,4Jrr[aTa flpegaaarerer B r.r3xoAn[ara qeH,palra npeAaBa cBor o-rrHaJr .uororaBa, ooparHKrr cllrHan He e npfier or perHcrbpa B cbrrlara qeHTpaJra.

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fnaBalo.Cnr{anksa[uqnpu xa{aneuoex,,'.M u,qerra 3a r. Hap.cueHanwJaqufl o6u4xano flo ro3n naqns ce e crr.rrHajro.qo roxaraHo Ha orr,?ara, BBBOI(4aHeroua COK e cB'bp3aHoc Har (COIo. Karro e anaparypa r cneqraJleHKaHa.rr, ToBace I(oMneHHo Ha 3noJBBaHeTO CneqnaJlHa onpogrtBaHe Ha xHAltBHAyilJIHfiTe CbrnacyBal{HKOMnctpa C HeKOnKoKpaTHOTO neKrn. coK oocnyxBa rpyna pa3rcBopHl xasaln. B Hafi-npocrl.tt cnyqafi, noKa3aH Ha oHr. 10.7, roga e ernH cHon. 3a uenra cucreMara sa COK o6Mem 3a Cro6Irlenu.rra ce cB'I'p3Bar aapeceH KaHaJI aaHHI'I. Ha cbo6ueHr no cneut,tiureH pa}foBopHl{TeKaHaJIn oBHKBaHEqTa,3a Il KOHTO OTHaC'T. Ce c flpr.rHur{n ccc CnrHann3auurra rIo o6ur KaHar IrMac;IeaHlrrenpeauMcrBa,B cpaBHeHrre
CIITHAJIU3AIIH'TA TIO HRAI'IBhAYAIEH IHAJI:

no 10.1 CUrHAIl43AtlUf o6lq KAHAT r. Koraro cI{rHaJI}ITe sa aoryx6rxasac.ly'ran' Pagcrxq{eHrcraclrrHarlcaur{Ta

CnrHaJIeH KaB ce npeHactr HJrr..r caMl.lt pa3foBopeH KaHar, I'IJII{ B I.tHIHBI'IllyaJIeH KofiTo e npfiaaaeH 3a ueJITaxbM pa3roBopHlrt. Tosa e r. Hap. cuzHanu:taqut Han, no uudueudyaneu KaHan t4Itr cuzHaru3aquu no npucteduueu xauaa (channelroBa He e onassociated.signaling). [Ipn qenrpalnre c npouecopHoynpaBJleHne KaKTo ce Bl'rxaa oT HaqI,IH3a OpfaH[3aqHt Ha cl.trHaJlt{3alJfitra. TrMajrHrrrr 3a aa npeaaae curQur. 10.7a npouecopHoro ynpaueHne Ha eaHara ueH'Ipata, rBlpae 3ao6l4roTpt6Ba ra n3noJBBa ruQopruaq[t Ha apyrara ueHTpaJIa, nannara JleHI-tycJroxHeHnaT. Ha Kaxro e nagecrno r'IMacreu aJIeHBnA Teneycfiyra - npeAaBaHe AaHHu, 3a npeaHa3HaqeHa o6MeHHa uHoopMau[t Mexly KoMnrcTpll.AKO Ce 13Korro e MoraTaa ce ynpaBneHl',It '{BgTeUeHTpaJrs Ha npoqecopHl'lTe noJr3Ba Ta3I{TeXHUKa, Ha rloMexry cll, KaKroroBa e noKa3aHo Qur. 10.76. cB:bpxarrnpeKTHo

* yBer[qeHacKopocrnpn mrpaxaaHeHa BpB(ara, Ilopallrrno-Br.rcoKara ua uarp. npl{ fipeAaeaue IaHtpopuaux.rra, 64 kbit/s; cKopocr
pa3rXEpeHHe 3a npaKTUqeCKU HeofpaHriqeHo CbCTaBa CI,IIHa * BI,3MO)T(HOCT B CHCTEMATA; HAII-{TE ,i cbIIIecTBeHa IlKoHoMI,ttB cbrlacyBalrll{Te cHfHaJIHI,t KoMnJIeKT[,KoHTo IuncBaT; [paKTxqecKn .:. JrrrncaHa KaKBoTo Ha tl.44 e eJleKTpriqecKo BJlr-rrHl,te curHiult]TeHa cr.rrHagTaBbpxy pa:lroBopHlrre cl.trHilJlr{ o6parxo: r r,t3atf n r.r3[oJr3BaHe ABylocorrHr (no orHoueHrre Ha rpaQHra) cf,e.{r,tHr,rrenHfi Ha pa3xoall,3a pa3nuKaoT cHtHaJllt3auutTa HecBGp3aHo aontJIHItTeJIHl-t c no nrHr{x, KaHaJI. lrH.4riBr{ayzureH Br,sexaaHero Ha COK nocraBr n HtKolt HoBItnpo6reun, Koltro JIItncBarnplt cHrHilJr[3arl[rra rro nHA[BnayareH raHajl. KonerrnsHoro ooc,ryxaaue ua croxacTri,rHr{t norok or 3atBKI,I rrpe.[aBaHe cfirHaJlHucto6l{eHkt (qpe3 eAfiH I(aHa 3a ua"r,xofiro nlra rpafina crcopocrua npeAaaaue) npr.{r-rHa e COK, or rneaHa roq(a (nN. fram 6). Cleua rpa{rra, Aa e Klacr4qecKa eAHoKaHa[Ha cficreMa c qaKaHe e Ba3MoxHo 3aa'bpxane Ha clo6rleHfiero, nopa&i qaKaHeB ona[Kara AoBarerno npx npeToBapBaHe.

10.12.c14TEMl4 CUrHA'|lt3Aqt4fl ITU-T 3A

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o,,

c @rr. 10.7.Crrna,nr3aqlt Metqy aBeqeHTpanx lpouecopEoylrpaBJreflr|e a) curnarn:auna no nrur|Bl|ayanefiKgEaJi 6) cflrltan[3au[t Ito o6tq Ka[an flY - npouecopnoylpaa:Ierue; C/( - curnacyBaulKoMnneKr; COl{- araparypa xa c rflanfl3aufiqra

Crau4aprrre :a curHaJrr,Bauln flpeacraBeHr,r ca B npenoprrnresa ITU-T noa [Mero "CrrcreMa crlrHalrrl3auxr ITU-T Ns . . ." u ca uoueprpaHr., pera Ha 3a Ha no rtxHara norBa.Or pa6orrnre rpynr a ITU-T.aoceraca pa:pa6oreHu o6uo 9 TaKgBa cficreMr,i: HoMepa I Ao 7 r Aonr,rsnrenHo u R2. Or rsx Ne6 n 7 ca sa c Rl or cllt'Hiuln3aqut[o o6ur KaHan, ocraHaJII,ITe 3acllfHilJlll3aqrr{no IrH.qvBAyanerl a ca (nplrcregnHeu) raHa,r. Bcur{Krire cacreun.Mexgy cnrHarn3aunrlre [HAtlno AHecHece rcnoJr3Bar BUAyaneH xaua.n, e uaft-parnpocrpauena R2 I Eapona cucreMa, Korro ce ll3not3Ba r{ y Hac. Crcteuara :a cnrnafl,l3aqH.s (SS7)e nafi-pa:npocrpaHeHara B reJleNs7 ,4Hec KOMyHHKarIr.rHTe H e piBrne,{aHa HaKpaTKocJre.4BallaTa B HraBa.

t24

t25

TeneKoMyHuKaqlo

- Ot Kcapa|/-t , Mo6t nqu t lP

fnaBaI I. CurHannsa]y''. vi ISDN No7 crar{ar qlta.. . n3a oT a5oHarHHAarHH BbB Q[KctrpaHfiTe utj1, uo6unssre upexn (raxa HapeqeHr.trr r HLR, oflucaH B fnaBa 2l I,lc,re.uBaurxre uaBrz). - To,lKama 3a Ko^tyma4un ua ycnyzu SSp (Semice Switching poinr) e HMgro B rona e (reneQoHHa; qeHrpana.SSp ca x,ru_ cTaHlapra3a SS7, a a leicratreluocr eBrfi Ha SCP, r.e. re ce o6prnlar rru SCp:a 4auHn ,nn ,u ,n"rpy^qrn 3a [pe_ Ha YcIYra. AocraBtHe ,[aAeHa - To'txama 3q npexsbpntHe Ha cueHanu STp (Signal Transfer point) e KoMv_ c KaTO TaTOp [aKeTHaKoMymu[r H AefiCTBa MeXIT.THHO :SeHO N{eXAy asofixa ueH_ SSP) rru vexgy qexrpa:ra I SCP. rpanr (,4BofiKa Ll:6poeulrre rpri eneMeHra SS7 ca Ha Qur. 11.1, Kr,Aeroca ,,o*.3:tHr,r sa 863_ cBbp3BaHl.rs t'lex.Ily SSP (UeHrpana) k SCP (6a3a-,qaHHn). MoxHtI Ilonexe galeH SCP Haii-.recro o6cnyxra MHoro I.(eH.TpaJrIl, SCp ce ay6nr.rpa, KaKro e llokanaHo ro ca Ha Snrypara. Iloxa-:aHr.r {err.rpl.lBtraanrHnw sa SS7:2 (aicess) _sa gocrcn; B (bridge) - MocroBA; C (crass) - uanpevnu D (diagonat) _ IfiaroHajrHt.t.

rNABAE4UHAAECETA

cnrHMh3AunF n tsDN Ne7 curHMn3Aqhfl. curHA'|143Aqnf, nAKETHA npn KOMyTAllr4f,

Crruann:auurra no o6u rara.n Ii!7 (SS7) na ITU-T e cl:Aa.qena:a unQpoaara rereSoHxa vpexa (uanoclerr,K qecro Hap[qaHa TDM or Time Division Multiplexing - ruyrrrrJreKcupaHec BpeMeAereHe). AHec S57 e rpb6uaKbr Ha MocbBpeMeHHlr Mpexli xaro ISDN Mpe)Knre,uo6u,rHure upeNu n IP 6aruaepHr4Te paHr-rre Mpexx, He e lu cTpaHHoroBa, qe cHfHarlt3atlt{oHHa rexHoJ]orur, cTaHB Aaprr.r3r{paHa ITU-T npeAn roBeqe or qerBbpr tex (1980 r.),.qHec npoarnxaBa Aa pa3unprBa lplJroxeHr.rero cr.i,npu Bce, qe rru SS7 nua o6gtHeHr{r B JlnrepaTypara 3a n3BecrHa rpoMaBocr r.r3a "Hee,reraHTHa" crpyrrypa, OrroBopBTe Moxe 6r.rs creaHrire .qseueua: A. Mpexara Ha SS7 e nocrpoeHaro lr:urrcqxTergo HaAeX.[eH HaquH,Kam 3a r.r3Jrnrur,K apxr,rrerry?ara na SS7, KoETopaq oHanHoe m[orB uenra e npeaBr'IAeH 3BaHor rrporoKoJrr.rreHa clroecrr.rr MoAeJr SS7. Ocsex rooa npmoro,rnre a SS7 Ha HMaTBfpa.IleHnI,IHCTpyMeHTU KOHTpOJTUpaHe 3a n3npaBHOCTTa Jr[H[nTe CH. Ha E. SS7 ue e cauo c6op or ocnoaHn Syrrqar:a ynpaBneHne noBrKBaHr,tt, Ha a Herlo MHoro noseqe. Tara Hanpr{Mepo6el(rl-I Ha SS7 uorar Ia reHepraparr.t octrlecrBrBar 3arrr.rrsaHr.tr 6arn-Aasnr.r. I HrKora ra3l.rQyHrullrr e 6rura u:nolgBaHaHaii-MHoro :a pa6ora c aoosarsure .4aHHri ueH'rpzrJra (flaaa 9). Ho noHa KLCHO B OCHOBaTa UeHTpanr{3r,tpaHOTO e Ha npeAOCraBrHe aon6rHrrTeJrHr.r Ha ycnyrt-r qpe3 TexuoJtoriutrarHTeJrnreHTHlr Mpex[ IN. IHec ctulara Qyuruur e neouennlra s Lro6[rHnre Mpexn [p 3aflr{TBaHe Mecrofloroxequero Ha rbpceHrt 3a aboHar E, B cneq[aJrHocb3AaAeHr,t no&qrpxaHx 6aar-.qausr, HapeqeHr r pezucmpu 3a ecmonoroJlceuue (r'x. flana 2l). 9pe: SS7 ToBa3anurBaHerroHrKora ce npaaN6yrea.rxo "npe: uopera lr oxeaxn". ISDN trrpexara He [OnftaBa TaKoBa rnHpOKo rrpltroxeHue, KaKBoTo OqaKBaT c63,qareJrrre Ha HeiiHr..rrecraHAaprr s ITU-T. Ho craH.(aprr{Te, pa3pa6oreur.r 3a cHrHirnu3aunrraB ISDN, ocraBar rrenHoHacJre.[crBo npr.tIoxeuue B rro-KacHo 3a norBunfiTe ce Mpexr4.Toea oco6eHonaxlr:a IP 6a:upaH[Te Mpexfl,3a Koero r.rMa pe3oH:ISDN e rt6pBlt9TonHT3a riHTerpxpaHe ycnyrflTe B TeneKoMyHnKaunlre, Ha KaKr,BTo onrrr e n u:ro,r:sagsro Ha IP MDexrrre.

11.I, APX]4TEKryPA SS7 HA fltpsoro Heuo,roero rpr6ra Aa ce rroAqeprae qe SS7nva coocrgesa e,

Mpexa, qI-l].IToB63JII{t-tJIt.tHI-tU e 3a,{bJtXHTeJIHO CbB[aAaTC B't3JIUTe JII,iHI-|He ]t ,qa nre na oOc,ryxaauarareJIeKoMyHrrKarlr.roHHa Mpexa. I4ua rpu rnna eleuenrn xa upexara ua SS7: - Tovxama 3a ynpameHue Ha yuyzu SCP (Service Control Point) ct A1bp)Ka noruKara Ha ycnyrara u(ur[) c'r,orBercrBarul.tre AaHHI. Ttnnveu npuuep e 6a:ata

Ollr. 11.1.EneuelTf, (rorrn n ,nnnxl) xa SSi rupexara A, B, C, D - c\rva tn rrntrrllt,o3uaqenn na ITU_T ra SS7; I- rpa$n.lnt rana,rn (olna.rerurra ca"r""a"pr" "nop"A odscuern rercrat " 3a npoaexgane Ha MapuDwr{3auu, r SS7 upexara e npeaBlAeHo a1pecupa_ He.Alpeclr Ha acexHSS7 gb3e, ce HapwtaKod Ha mottKama, SSP uoxe aa npeaocraB, noBeqeor eAuayclyra (ga A*T cr.qrpxa noBeqe ^_ or,.e.qHa 6a3a-aaHHrl). SS7 parrpauuvaBa orAenHure ycayrll, aasaftKl Ha Bcrra ' n4p. HoMepHa nodcucme ama. Hlte MoxeM Aa cl1 npeAcraBfiMBcrKa ycnyfa I{aro rrKaKBa oraenHa npr.lJloxHa lporpaMa, n3naJrHrBaHa AaAeHSCp. Torasa s 'ubd rrprlrroxeHre ce 3Haeor nporoxonH[re cJroese SS7 (ex. r. I1.2) ,_lurlrr Ha a HoMepaHa rroacr.rcreMara. Moxe aa a" *u*a, ]tt. "paa Ha no.qcrcB S*S7ufpae ponr, aHaJroraqua porrra "a'no""prr Ha Ha HowepaHa nopma B tp Mpe_ :.Tar,a xara (Bx. lmya 24) n crulo ce norBrBa Karo aapec B xealpa Ha qerBrpru, cnor.

t27

HA 11.2.CnOEBE 5S7
Ha I4ua pa:.nnunt flpeAnoxeHxt B nHTeparypara3a c:bBMecrtBaHe eAI,IH cbc croecrxt MoAenOSI. Kaprunara e ycJloxHeHaI'I or Ha ecr Mo.ueJl SS7 B qe SS7 ce Da3BI{Ba Beqe IIoBeqeor.qBe aecsrl"Irerlt n AHec ce l-t3nor3Ba Mpexr. flper roatlnme ca pa3nxqHn TeJIeKoMyHhKauHoHH[ HoBllqacru Ha SS7, a urt<olt crapl.4uec cla6o ce lI3IloJI3Bar' I4MacrpeMex 3a peilnlr3fipaaeroHa SS7 c no-ManKocnoeBe TaKa ce Ha Ba BpeMeroor Kpat Ha xouepola6lpaHero ,{o HaqaJloroHa 3BbHeHero B (roero e eauH or Kpllreplrfire 3a QoS). Hai-noly;ItpHlttr Moaen e c uar c.log. 9acrra. flape.leua qqcm npexabprnHe Ha c bo,uleuunma

... MAPI

I lNar

r ge \Messa Transfe P art), ISUP

3A II'bDBITE TDI-I CJIO', KOI'TO B

TSAP SCCP
MTP clofi 3

JrrMa cTeneH cbBllaaaT clc

2 MTP c,'roii MTP croi I

3 2 I

1,2 u 3 sa OSI. 9eretPtnrt ua SS7 orqnra oco6euocrnte

Da3JIIrtIHIiTe IIPll,'lOXeHfit I-t

ta Osr. 11,2.C.noecruoae.n SS7 (cLrpaureHrrflTa pa3rnelaHu B TeKcra) ca

xa raxa HapeqeHIrTe rcu qacmu,Rorato e qerBtpr[cr c,'toi ce Pa:6nna (Qur. I 1.2). noac,roene

MTP HA 3A I 1.3.I{ACT NPEXBbP'If,HE CbOSI4EHI4R ce cnofiHaOSI fi Hafi-qecro Crofi I sa MTP clorrercraa ua Qu3uqecKfit
HKM rauan (64 Kbit/s). aJrn3r{pa eaI.{H c I't Cnoi 2 Ba MTP ocxryptBa ocHoaxlre QyHxulttr tlo orKpt{BaHe roBa,,4aHHfiTece crpyKTypupar B'bB Ha rpeuKtr. 3a aa ce nsnt,'tHl't HA CJION OSI (T. 2.2). KAHAJIHI'I'T KAKTO TOBA NDC,4BIIXIA ynpaBrcBaqfire QyHKuun Ha MpexoBo C:rofi 3 na MTP orroBapt 3a l{3ntJIHtBacJlean}rreQyrmunl no o6pa6orra Ha Toii no-cneuna,'IHo TA: B - Pasdennueua ryo1t4euunma. @ylrunara, I.I3nrrHtBaHa ,{aaeHB63eJL Axo "Ia", cto6qennero ce sact pe.uentAaru cbo6ueHnero 3a ro3l.t slge,'I.

ca: flflTBaHe a) npu.naraueHa rexHororllt "nHTerlreHTHr Mpexh IN" n 6) mpcelta MecTofloroxeule ga a6oHar n uo6ulnara upexa' H flpnaru,ra ce SCCP. 9acTra MTP He uoxe caua aa ocbuecrBl{ 3anHTBauero. Ha ap'b3Kq SCCP (SignalnoMoul qacmma 3a ynpa&neHue cueHaJlu3a4uoHHama Ha qacr or rrernr'prur c,rofi (Qnr. 11.2). SCCP ing Connection Contol Pafl), Kof,ro e ocr.tryptBa Mapupyrl{3aUufl "or Kpafi Ao l(paft", ueo6xogllua 3a.qocr{raHe Ha qe O6lpuere BHuMaHHe, 3anrrBaHero na 6alara-aausr fiorxorrqara 6a3a-,qanua. (SCCP) e.ur.rHcraeuo oc[ryptBa 3arILIrBaHeHece OopMynnpaor SCCP. Ta:rj'iacr rpafiHa ro'Ira. Heo6xoANt',lara To Aa ,4ocTfirHe Ha TCAP. Bunarr, Koraro aaaeH SS7 85ger rpsoBa .qa npoBeae 3arrurBaHe 6a3a-naHIJ, Ce [pHB[Uqa 3a yqacTl{e Taxa Hape.IeEaTznpunolcHa \acm Ha mpaHsb3.Mo)rcHocmu, Koero e rpoMaBrrpeBo.[Ha Transaction capabilities 3oK\uoHHUme raro TCAP Application Pan - TCAP. 3anursa$ero n orronopr,r ca QopMynr.rpaHr.r cb06ueHHs pezucmMAP. Mo6r:rHrre Mpexn no'4'4tpxar ro,reux 6a:u-.qausn, HapeqeHv pu ta douawuume a6ouamu (zx, flana 21). B re:u perrcrpn ce crAbpxa ryurara urQopuaur.rr:a npoQnra ua a6osarure (zx. a6onamxumedanra n fraaa 9), nnroc luuQopuaurlrHa MecroHaxoxneHlletoua a6osarnre. Bxorrqoro :a uo6nrsnn a6ocraprxpa 3annrBaHe KbM fopecnoMeHarureperficrpx, nogexe 6es Har floBrlKBaHe lnSopuauu 3a MecroHaxoxaeH{groHa lbpceHHs a6oHar He Moxe Aa ce rcrpaA[ (ne Bpb3ra,{o Hero. Ho Aopll, rcoraroa6onanr He e aKrr{BeH e anraxnpan c notuxBaHe), ce.qBltxr I{ cMeHH aKo cBoero Mecrono;IoxeHue, ToBar{e [pe,qH3BHKa oOMeH HaornaJrr..r3aqrronna nuQopvaqnr sa onpecHtBaHeHa3aIrucnTeB perlrcrpure. B GSM r'apexure (f naaa 22) roprure QyHxurrll (Hapuvaur.r Syuxr\Ll za ueaudctcutum ua no6u,ruocmma) ce pea,rn:upar m uo6uuama npuJtmHa qacm MAP (Mobile Application Part) Ha SS7. MAP ce n3nr,lurna nrpxy TCAP, I<arcro e noxa:auoua Qxr. I1.2. INAP n ISUP. Te:u 4ra e,reveura or qerBaprr.trcnofi ca parr,regaHnnocleAOBATETHO B CJICABAIIHTE ABE TOqK[{.

r 1.s.l4HTEnUrEHTHt4 MpE)Klt SS7 t4 Ha saNHara reneKoMyHHKa(noHHa rexHoJrorur, crauaaprnalpaua ITU-T, or:

II0A ltMero uHmeruzeHmHu .wpetnn IN (lntelligent Networks), orAeJrrMe MaJrKo Mtcro, Koero HecJrfraiHo e [36paHo Aa e npt SS7. Tpaauquonnare aHec aonr,JrHareJrHu BraoBe ycJryrn (Bx. T. 1.2), Karo raeHTxQt Kau[t Ha BuKarq[s a6oHar, npeHaco.{Bage rroBr.rKBaHero Mgofo, MHoro Ha t,t apytv, ca graHaJrr..r Ba3MoxHr.l, Koraro yflpaBreHnero ua teleQoxnara rleHTpana e Bb3roxeHo Ha nporpaMnpyeMo yc.r?oficrBo, r.e. Ha KoMnprBp (fraBx 8 n 9). Pa:norarasero B rreHTpannTe corpryepa 3a peanu3rlpaHe ycJryrx.lc 3arpyaHa Ha HcBaeKcrroararl[rra. CoQryeprT rpr6aa aa ce KaqI{ Ha BcsKaueHTpala, a Irpfi I'l3MeueHr.rero ycnyrlTe rnn npt,t BrBexlaHero Ha HoBl, TaKnBarpr6Ba Aa ce Ha lBMeHr cooTyepbr Br,BBcr(a rreH.rpana. Kaprnnara e orue llo-cnoxHa, aKo onepaTop'LT IrMa B Mpexara cfi qeHTpanaor pa3n[qHH I]pou3BoAliTeJIH. TaKa He e rpyA-

olucaHano-aony At<o"le", cr'o6ueulgro rru Syunuurra "paupeae,reuae", xacovoa rru {yuruurra "uapupl'rlr:auu". - Mapupymusaqun cao6t4eutrnma. Qyuxunmalc6upa u:xoA.rua xa
- Pasnpedeteuue ua ct o6t4euunma. tDyHxqarra npefipaua [poToxoJ oT no-fopHo H[BO. tGM C',LOTBTCTBaUJI-|g

CtIOF 11.4.noAcnoEBEHAtlETBbPT14f,
t(T,M6a3[-aaHHn' B aHe D Ilo-txllpoKo ce n3[oJl3Ba 3a npaBeHe Ha 3anI-'ITBaHI'tt TeJleKoMvHI'IKaUI-{[ ,4aaTa Beqe nlac[qecKH cJryqat 3a fi3non3BaHe Ha Ta(oBa

Ha ynpaBneHl.te nosursaHll.t SS7 caMo 3a aHpeKTHo SS? He ce Lr3noJI3Ba

128

129

frraa / /. C|4fianx3aul4n 14 Nc7 ISDN(urHanl,|3aqhr,..

HO Aa Ce CTnfHe AO IrAetTa .u,ace oraeJll ynpaBJreHHgro Ha ycnyfnre oT HUeTO Ha rroBI{xBaH[rTa I-'I.4a Ce CbCpeAOTOqIlB HrKaKBa qeHTparHa TOqKa, t

:anouaa (cru1o n cr,o6uenne 3a oroBop ANM (ANswer Message)H Pa3roBopbr

Ta(cyBaHero). AKo a6oHar A nPbB, IIeH3aTBOpIr A In[Paqa Tpanara gao6t4euuesa PasnadaHe REL (RE' Lease message) KLM ueHTpaiara 6, a nocneaHaTa apbrua 3a ao6t4euuemo nputLqnv8aHe Ha panadauemo RLC (Relzase Complete Ha message). 11.3 e nora:aQur. Ha BpeMeauarpaMa na ISUP clo6qefifirTa Ha flpoueca.

Ha pa3npeaeJreHo lrpeaocraBtHe (ynpaBneHHe) ycnyr[Te, Ia uMa BMeCTO nh3upaHo raKoBa. llHaqe Ka3aHoor "nsr:elrlreH,rHt-tqernpa:Iu" aa ce rtu "r,tgrerurentga vDexa".

ua ase 3a pea,rxsnpauero ropHaralrlet ca Heo6xo.{lttltx ueua: -,{a nua Mor[eHI| Ha.[et(aeH Mexry TpaHcnopr cl{rHaJu3auHt 3a
Bb3JII,I vpeNara. Tora Ha 3a npeAocraBrHeHa ycJlyfure H KoMyraIlHoHHI.lre ua c sHeapcsaHero S57.

IAM ACM ANM

- ,{a uua craHAapr ueHTpann3npaHeycnyrltre. Tonae crasac Ha 3a

eMaHero Ha npenoptKl.ITe sa ITU-T 3a rexHoJlorntra, HapeqeHa MDex[ IN.

aa Ilpra pa:pa6mnanaroHaIN ce crlra ao u3Bora,.{e Hee eOeKrnBHo ce

aaprr3apar yctyflr. EaHH or npIlHuIlnHTe, Bh3rlpnerl,I or ITU-T, e qe e MHom Ha Koltro ycn)THTe ce nole3Ho .qa ce craH.qaprlrupar ,,tt:voxnocrn", Tal(a pa3nH.rHhre ycjryru IlIe Morar ,qa ce H3n6JIHtr or rpaeu 6poft rparItBI{L

|--REL i+RLC

repururlr 3a no xone,rcov6nunpaun piBnllqeHHa.rnH. qe,'nan IN e aeQnnupaH 3qeucu orn ycnyzamazpadueeu6tor SIBB (ServiceIndependentBuilding SIBB npegcraauaar coQryepHuKoMroHeHfi,or Kouroce rpa,q,trycnyflrre.
qe Ha Bplulafirn ce KbM TepMuHoJroru-nra SS7 ue npHnoMHHM, JIorI-IKara

i
<Dllr.11.3,Bperueglarpauala ISUP cr,o6uteuur npn odc.ryxeanena troa[KBare (cr,rcpaqennara o6rcaeau a rerccra) ca

B ycnyrrre Qu:n,recrcn pa3lronoxeHa SCP(Qnr. I Ll). llporoKonbr Ra e

npunoJrcHa \acm 3a 3aqr,rrra 3a o6c,'ryxaaue Ha IN ce tg.apy,g.a upetcu INAP (Intelligent Nefieork Application Pan) - $ur. 11.2.

11.7.A60HATHACUrHAI143Aq14fl tsDN HA Ilpegu norsara ua ISDN, a6oHarHara cnnraln3arlurBTeneKoMyHr.rKaunnTe e (rx. r. i0.4). Karro e x:secruo a6oHarHurr cpaBHr.rrenHo nplrMrrnBHa aocrln B ISDN, uapeveu6asoedocmtn BRA (BasicRate Access), cacrol.r .qBa ce or rpa(28 KaHan crrrHaJrwa\ua + D). TpaOn.rHHTerasaln ca 3a B $rvult raaala n egHH crc cropocr 64 Kb/s taca opneHTr.rpaHn KaHaIreH pexrM HanpexBrprrHe, D K6M a KaHarbr c'bccKopocr16 Kb/s r.re op[eHTrapaH naKereH e pexHM3anpexBrpKbM g ntHe HahHQopMaunrra. A6osarsara cllrHaJrfl3aurr ISDN ce GHaqaBa DSSI c on Digital subscriber Signaling System Nbl, te. cucmetua cuannusa4unl&I sa ua tluQpoeu a6onamu.DSS1 uua xaparrepucrl.tr(r.rr cxrHanruaqllrno o6ul raHa Har,Hafi-Ma,'I(oro (aHar. 3aqoro o6cnyxla noBerre eAr.rH or TpaO[qeH llopa,u no-roleunre uHQopuaqnouun ntsuoxuocru (16 Kb/s) n nopaA[6a3upaHero [aKerHonpexBT,ptgse, Ha DSSI HaMpa npnroxeHr.re cJreABau[ B noKoneHxr Mpexn, Karo HanpltMep VoIP (rx. fnaRa 27). Moxe 6n nopaA[ ToBa DSSI e onncasau B orAenHa npenoptxaQ.931na ITU-T, ocaeua I-npenoprxara 3anHTerpanHn upexn. DSSI nua cnoecrMoAelor npororonn.C,roeaere rpu. ca AOJIHI.ITe clog ga DSSI cboTBeTcTBaT Io[HI{Te rplt MTP cnos Ha SS7. Ha ABa fopunxr (rpera) crofi HaDSSI crorBercrBa ropHlrr (qsra6pru)clofi sa norHa qacrt sa SS7. Pe6[rencKrre B:auvoorHoruesnxra nporoKoJrrire DSS1 ca [oKa3aHr.r $l,tr. 11.4, Ha Ha Ha 3ariMcrBaHa [ERI]. C-rrofi lasa norora Haa6oHarHlrs or I ,{ocrbn 2B+D or o6uto 144Kb/s. Clofi 2 u:nonsrageQuHnpaHns lTlJ-T npomoxon docmtn do.nuor sa Hunma D-xauat LAPD (Link Access 3a Protocol D-channel). LAPD n3noJr3Ba for

Morar Mneuulra e ,rureparypara:a IN ue crgnaaar saruno. Tegti MHeHut

6raar o6o6ueglr c ayMfiTe:npfirtoxeHrcro Ha IN e ycneuHo, Ho He B Tan

KbM n B Korro ce oqaKBa or ,qp)m crpaHaHHTepecrT (ou{errryanHaraIN IP c napexn uo6u.nHn, [ZUI]. Typace ro.qABpxaH BrB Bpb3Ka HoBrrre 11,6. SUP I ua KbM cxrxa.rn:aqur:a o6c,nyxaaHe Ceraue ce BbpHeM 6a:oaara Hnrra. flpororo:rrare qerBbpr[r crlo[ HaSS7(Qnr. 11.2)ce Hapliqar or
TercKu qacrfl. Mexly
HAmHA gACm,

rsx Hai-rcmMo pa3rrpocrpaHeHleB MoAepHHTe

(uo6nrun H IP) norryqaBa rrporoKonrrISUP (ISDN User Part), r.e. /'SDN

clregaI{e paeuegaue o6uesrr na ISUP cbo6rreH[tra 3a Hafi-o6uKHoBGH pnfi no o6cnyxaaHe Ha noBuKBaHero. IleHrpanara na a6osar A (suxaunt'r a6o cHon KbMrreHTpa:Iara a6oHarE (BI,IKaHLtt Ha Har) e cBrp3aHac arrpeKTeH

Cre1 nonyvanaueua quQpure or uouepona6upauero, ueurpa:raraA no6npa 3a cle,[ JrnHHr cHona, aa ce 3aeMe noBHKBaIreTo, mm or 3a eIHa cr,eallHt,|renHa ce n3npaua nauaaxo adpecuo cto6tqexue IAM (Initial Address Message) rtu qexrpararaE. IAM cbo6rqaBa cbeaxHr,rreJrHa or cnonae nl6pana. Kor nfiHnr Cle,u.nonylaaanero HaIAM, qeHrpararaB ptptwactofit4euuemosa rweu ad a6oHar6 lr:rlpaua pec ACM (Adlress Complete rru [errpalara A, a ICrM Message) E "ggrueue". Koraro a6ouar E orroBopn,rreHTpanara uenpaqaaropo cto6ueHl,Ie-

l3r

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Ha ao6pe onHcaHHTeB nr.rreparypara no npe.rlaBaHe Ha

HDLC (HaISO) uar LAPB (ua ITU-T):a tSTALl, [FOR], [TAN] nporoxo:rn uarHllqcroft sa uolera OSI. Karro ce gux,Ia m Qur. I 1.4nolre3Hltrr roBapHa$pefiMa BTopxrcrlofi or cro6ureHlrs crrHarr.Baur,rr rDernr c,rofi. C resa cro6ueHr.rc 3a or cc n3rpax,{aHero pa3na,qaHero BpL3Knre. Ha flo-aaxnute cr,o6qerur ca n B npllMepa cneaBarqaTa oT ToqKa.
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srgnalrnS Inrcrmat,on I (CrirHarr3aufioHHo cao6ulefi xe) |

Flag Check-sum Control (@nar) (npoBepKa (YnpaBneHxel 3arDeu&r) (opefiM) Ha CrpyKrypa naxera

Address Flag (A4ec1 (Onar)

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coru i-- ner-ense -i

fla @ur. 11.5.BpeMeauarpaMa o6MenI|a DSSl lI ISUP cbo6uleHnsnpu (cr'Kpauennara ca o6tcnefin B r. 10'6 u 103) aa nonxKBaue odclyxaane C,rea raro a6onar A na6epe nouepa sa a6oHar E n HarltcHe 6yroaa :a loSETUP to D-xanala TepM[HaJrbrr.r3npaua cto6qeuue 3a noauKaaHe BuxBaHe, [apaMerplt x'bMrleHTpa;rara Tora ntpso cTo6qenue c6,4bpxa Heo6xoJlIrMHTe cu. 3a n3rpaxaaHe Ha Bpr3Kara,xaro: uouep na E a6oHar, co6crBeHHoMep,l$IlcKBa(Kojlxo rpa$uvun rauala, rofi KaHa,'I I-',4p.),aon6,'IHuHrj{ KbMnpeHocHaracpe,4a ycnyfit u T.H. renHr.r Br.raoBe aKo ro cr,abpxa BcuqKaraHeo6xoIleHrpara A auaru:upa cto6uesrero Ha rHQoplraunr ,rt sprrya cto64exuemo 3a npue.MaHe noeuxsauemoCALL aurvra PROC (CALL PROCeeO. E4Hoapeuenno c roBa ueHrparla A w6upa cre4 Htl' TeJrHa JrnHr.rr rBnpaua Kr,M ueH'I?anaE ISUP cto6uenr.rero IAM, Tosa cto6tr ueHrie cr'ar,pxa Heo6xoal,IMaraIlHQopMauIrr 3a u3fpaxraHe Ha noBKKBaHero. Crea asa.nn:ana IAM, ce u:npaqa clo6ulerne SETUP Ha a6oHara5. AKo cto6llesqero e roqHo r{ nr,JrHo, cH TepMr.rHanbr 3aleficrBa 3BbHeua n u:npaua o6par(rotrpol) Ha noBI{KBaHero ALERTING IIeHTxo clo6urenne 3a norBtpxleHHe qe a6osaTrr E e cBoboAeH. Cbuo B pana E r8npaua ACM Ha A, u3BecrtBaiKH, qeHrpanaE u3npaua ,qpyro ISUP cro6rlem4e sq ctcmo' orroaop na ALERTING, ,Hue Ha noauKaaHemoCPG (Call ProGress). Koraro CPG ce npneue or uenrpala A, rr nsnparqaALERTING na a6osar A. Axo a6oxar E orroBoprr, HeroBr,rrr repMuHiul mnpaqa 6o6nrenue 3a u32pa' deua ept'sxa CONNECT. B orrorop ueHrpana E lr:rlpaua nomeapcrcdeuue ua apbsKamaCONNECT ACK (ACKnowledgemen) IC6M a6oHar E u ctobuesne :a orrorop ANM rclu uenrpa:ra A. floc,reanara or cBot crpaHa n:nparqa CONNECT rtu a6ogar A. Bpa3Karae r8rpa.qeHa Moxe,{a 3arloqHe raKcyBaHero. H

@trr. 11.4,BcanMoapr,3Ka MexAynporono,rnre ua DSSI

1r.8, n3rP$KAAHEHABPb3KA DSSI14 C |SUP

ISDN e upexa c .aocrarbqHo rr HETeJrxrHTeH a6oHareH TepMr.rHan, ,[a I4Ma 3a ,rlocrarbtiHorrlrreJtlireHTga cI{rHaJIH3auIrt. KaKBaro DSSI. Taan lrHTer}tterfHocf e HarepMlHaJra no4pa:6upaqace B .qHerrrHuTe e upexlr r oco6enoB Mpexl.rre nali c I(erHaKoM'.Taqnr. Tara npr.rHunnrre DSSI ca usoro rtojlxo,qsuln rlpmarang Ha 3a HanprMep npr a6oHarHnrnnrepQeficUNI (User Network Interface)HaATM Mpexa finl4npn clrrnaJunaUurra repMrrHara VoIP rupexu(2x.r.27 .2). Ha npn {e, Karro ce raga seqe,ISDN HenonyqaBa ronKoBa urlpoKopa3npocrpaHer (npenoprra Ka(Doro oqaKBarHefiHr.tre cb3Aarerfi,Ho HeiHara cHrHanfi3arl]tt MHorc rpoKo aHec.nopaA'l Q.931),n JlnrleroHa DSS1 r ISUP, ce rnno:r3Ba rona ua Qxr. 11.5e nora:aHaBpeMe,qr4arpaMara HaclrHlurul.rre c6o6rqeH[tnpl| ISDN nogrrsare, rcorato a6onarA n a6oHar ca m ase pa3ruqHr.r B ueHTparlr.

133

fraB, t /. Cl4rHa'||43auur|4ISDN Ne7 cnrHan|43aqur... qe Ha OHrypara e noKa3aHo, Koraro a6oHarETA :arnopu, HefoBr..rrr repMHHaJrrl:npau\a pa3nadaue DISCONNEC?, xoero ce npxeMa or HeroBara ueH.rpajla n rr rlnpaqa ISUP cr,o6ueuae REL ffiu qeH'rpaJraTa u ct o6u\enueoceo\otrc_ E, daeque RELEASE,ooparHo xtu repuusa,ra sa A. C rosa ce craprnpa pa3rpaxaarrero Ha Bpr3Kara. llorrr,px4aaauero 96 RELEASE e:tzerpueuo oceo6otrdaeaue REL COM (REkase COMplete).ygs6. crBoro,(a ce fi3nojr3BaDSSI c ISUP e, '{e ITU-T e Ha[paB[n BcnqKnyc[nlu Aa xapMoHr.r3npa cTaHAapra. Tara SETUP MHoro nplinl-|qaua (n e cr,tuecrnM ,4BaTa c) IAM. ALERTING n ACM xMar e.qHaKBa a cbuo raKa CONNECT n ANM. qen! OTAPYI-A CTPAHA, UMAT CIHAKBA UCJI. qe O6r,pHere BHHMaHr.te, repMr.rHajrr,T nony,raBagre clo6uleHnr (CALL A PROC n ALERTING) :a unQopuupaue, orHocHo flpoueca tro r.{3fpaxAaHe Ha Bpb3Kara. O6r,pHere BHxMaHr.re ctruo, qe repM[Ha;r E u:lpaua RELEASE, Koraro a6o_ Hara My 3arBopn.{Dur14lara6t 6a,ra pa3nlliHa. aro a6oHar6TE rrpbB3arBopn. flpriueptr or Qrr. 11.5 Moxe .qace npHnoxn (fi ce [pfinara) x 3a cryqa].me, (oraro HrMa KoMyraunr Ha KaHar[, a KoMyTaq[q Ha rIaKeTHrr cboTBeTHo BHpHIl BPb3KI.l. TyaJI pa3Jrr.rKlrcI- 'HilJIH3aUHtra B rrpHKoMyrarlttt Ha naKerr-l: Kou ca ocHoBHKTe - HfMa cI]equirjrHllcr,op'bxeHtlr (xapayep) 3a cnfHarl-l3aur.rr, - KMa Heo6xoAnMocror MHoro lro-roJrrM o6eM c,'ryxe6Ha(curHa,.]n3arltloHga) urlSoPuaunr. BpeMea[afpaMa cr{rHajrfi3auusra H3rpax(aaHe Ha 3a Ha OHr. I1.6 e AaAeHa Ha c Ha BxpryajrHaBpb3Ka nprerure Har'rMeHoBaHnr cnyxe6Hr.rrenaKer[I npn x.25. Bb3Moxflpn npexBrpnrHero Ha rraKerrre c noneiHa uHQopvauur e noKa3aHa Hocr 3a rrorBtpxleHue qpe3 rlpo3opeq,Karo Ab;IxltHara Ha rrpo:opeqae 6porr Ha KoHTo MofaTaa ce lpela,qaT 6e: .qae aou,ro norB'Lpx(&eHxe Trx. 3a fiaKer]rre,

11.9.CUTHA'|U3AqUf, IIAKETHA npU KOMyTAql4f,

@rr. 11.6.Crrqarr3arrflfl rrpr naKeruaKoMyraurs DfE - a6onaTHu cbopaxennr 3aIaflEr.t;PSE- ueHTpana rraKeTrra 3a KoMyTaqrrr; CALL REQuesl 3aABKa [oBnKBa[e; ,lNCo 3a ming CALL-BxoB Uo fioarKBare; CALL ACCept - tlpnero noBnKBafleiACKnowlegment- rrorrr,plx1e*Bei ACKnoi)legmentof WINdow- norBbpxAeBne np$ope\i CLEARREeuestHa 3asBKa pa3nalaflei CLEARINDicatioI - xrrA[Kauxr 3a patnaAarre; 3a CLEARCONFimatio, - rrorBr,p,|(AeHqe pa3raAaEero Ha

t34

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TeneKoMvHxKaqu|4 dnKcl|paHr, Mo6'nHx !l lP

TNAEAABAHMECETA HA qEHTPAnA KOMvTAql4f, KAHArll4 C

Ce a Ha ueHTpant, B ocraHallTeTOqKn [pe'[cTaBtT rloJlera peajrHt,I oHHl.rTe KaHalu pa,rurena OKTM, ISDN x r'ro6nlnl rlpexu c roMyraql'ltHa 12.1,KOHqEHTPAqI4f,
BKToqeH[ Kru no:tocnre Ha KoM)'TauuoHHoro rIoJIe Ha lreHTparara ca a6oHarHL n cberltHl-ITnHurI'tHI'Ir' cI nuuHr ycrpoficrna, xaro xanpnuep t Ap. B KpaiHara {eHrpana npeo6naaaBauuur 6poft na au ruur a6oxarHa "".*-nauq* ,u lnuun' TpaQnrrr HaeaHa Haa6osarnu Ha KoMyraIIu' B nrprure Ase roql(l, Ha HaBara ce pa3rne)K.[ar ABe cBoicrBa

ueHrpanHMHoro qecro 6noronere 3a (oHlreHTpaunt r pa3B cbBpeMeHH[Te ca LulrpeHne o6eAnnexn n egna o6l]1 6lox, uapnvau 6rorc sa a6ouamHouz6upaue vnT 6noK Ha a6oxamuume nuuuu EAJI. EAI'I qe O6spuere BHr.rMaHr'Ie, crpelKl4Teua $nr, 12.1 noKa3Barnocorara Ha lpacrrHaJIH. a He nocoKaTaHa eJleKTpl{qecKhre OnKa, 12.2, P ASAEnHj U HEPA3AEIIH14KOMvTALll4OHH14CXEMI4 flp}r KoMyraunrra Ha KaHaJIfice pa3rpaHuqaBaraBa BI,IAaKoMyraulloHHl.r flolrocnre ua pa:d erHume cxeMnce o6oco6rsar E cxeMu- pa3AenHH Hepa3aenHl,l. rpyrll-', KaTo Bpr3KI{Te Ce t,3fpaxlaT Me)I(Ay nonloc or eaHaTa rpyna I-I noB aBe rrcc or Apyrara rpy[a, Ho He L M)r\Ay noJIrccL or eAHa Il cbl{a rpyna. llpu uepazdetuume cxeMn Morar.qa ce cBbp3Barnpox3BonHl ,asofixx norlocli. Bcuqrn Ca Ce cxeMf, KOIITO pa3fJlexlar AOTyK, pa3AenHl'I. C nououra na Qxr. 12.2 Ue &'W cpzBHeHH ABaTaBxAa cxeuu. Ha Qur. 12.2a pa3aenHacxeMa, B Kotro e.[Hara rpyna noJllocr ca DxoIoBe, a apymra e [oKa3aHa - lr3xoal, T.e. cxeMara e e,qHonocoqHa orHoueHlle Ha rpaQrra. Koraro ra.qeH no KbM Bxoaa chc csore nuraul (Hrpae pott ra a6onar A), Tofi ce BKnro.IBa aootar HoMep.Koraro a6onartr e BIKaH,Tof ce BKr]oqBaKbMu3xo,4acbc cbllut EerHrit aolrep. .{aere Bpc3KLIMorqy ,[aaeHl,tre asa a6oHara ce ocbrlecrBtBar npe3 pai]roqKl{ (or6emsanu ua Qnrypara c x). Ctufitr 6pofi a6o,uqHn KoMyraunoHHH (M; ce o6cnyxBar I{ or Hepa3renHara cxeua or Qnr. 12.26-Tyr nonrccure (u uarrl tovrla) ca aBy[ocoqHr no orHoueHue na rpaQnra. Bcexu noKoMyraur.roHHr{Te Moxe,qa e Bxoa, a npn gpyra- ruxog. Bps:rara uexgy.qra nnc npfi eaHaBpb3Ka a6onata ce ocbuecrBtBa BltHarH npes eaHa I.I cb[ra KoMyraq[oHHa Quxclrpann TOqKa.

"-nq"ane or ""o6[rgoseHo lr{arllr. 3a aouamrma6oHarHu nogrogerofi e Henogeqe 0'05 Erl" e ""nonrua ptaKo Ha.uxff'pnt0,1 Erl (Br{HT) KoM}"n :a cnyxe6ru (6lrnec) nocroBe
cxeMu ca B cbcrotHl'le Aa Kollf]'Tl-rPar lII.lHl.tL c MHoro no-rontM TpaOI-lK'

pyeMxre KoMymqtloHHH cxeMn KoMytnpar ro 1 Erl Ha nlaur'n' Ha 3a .aa ce nocrurse no-ao6po I.t3nor3BaHe KoMyraunoHHure ca crc crpyKr]?aTa' noKa3aHa loneTa Ha ueHTparl'tre KOM)"TaUr{OHH}rre Bbpxy rlo-Ma 12.1. TpaQlrlcbr or a6onarnnte JIIIHnHce KoHueHrpI'Ipa Qrr. Kou\enrpaqmra aapupa or 3:l (rcou4eumpa4un). 6toxa K 6por n"tr" "p". eceaue) Han n:6npa ua neo6xoauuoro ocr'rlecrssna C (c.u

lb:1. Enortr a 6lorsr P Qtasuupeuue) orHoBoruu a6onatxnrenuHun' floueNe

(uanp' ao 0'7 + 0'9 Erl)' re rJrHr{renlrHIlH o6[rnoseHo ca c roJItM rpaQlrr r HanpaBo 6lora:a cuecnage, BKJIrcqBar Pa3ueAaHara clpylffypa Ha KoMyraqnoHHororlone orpa3tBa oou qeHTparn' rofro ce pearnslrpa c rontMo pa3uoo6pa:uen pea'rnnre

(oMyraropor Qnr. 12.2e roqKr{Bpa3aeJrHnt Eporr HaKoMFauuoHHrrre

e=N,,
a Te3U Hepa3,4enHm B KOMyTaTOp:

(12.r)
(12.2)

^ N(N-1) '2
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qeErpaJrri fla x O[r. 12.1.KoHueHTpaunq pa3ur[peHfle peaJrHl|re C- cuecsrue; P- pa3ltrxpefllle 1{- r(oHueffipaqxfl;

B aua.lIoroenterreHTpann Hepa3aenHnTe cxeMu Heca non)rq[ntr pa3npocrpaHeHue. Ha ToqKLI flpHqfiHara qe nocoqeHara(oHoMr.rr KoM)'TaTIEoHHH HeMoxe e, Aa KoMneHcupa ycnoxHjBaHero HaeneKrpnqecKr,rre Bepllrl,l,nopa.q[ ABynocoqHara paoorano orHouteune rpaQura. Ha IIpu quQpoenre qeHTpaJlri KoM]'rauHoHHI{ rBnoJI3BaHero Hepa3,[eJrHtt Ha cxeMne norrynrpHo. aro Ha cxeun, ,{eficmurellHo, Hapuvar fir or\e npezbHamu cxeuaraor Qnr. 12.1nperapaue (BeprHKanHa oc aeprrrKrurHa nhHrur npe3cpe,qara Hacl.rMgrprrr) r "nperrHeu", no rrHnrra nle no,'r)Ant,r t,l cxeuaraor tfnr. 12.3. Onrypara g AeficrBr{TerHocr rl{nuqHa crpyKrypa lra KoMyraunolrHonoKa}Ba To noJleB ccBpeMeHHa ca I,I EnoKoBgre KoHueHTpaq[t pa3[InpeHlre 3a ueHTpaJra, o6e4nueHn o6u 6rox, Har,elle:f' EAI'{. Cuecsanlu''t s 6noK3a a6ouamuous6upaue

l5 |

136

fraaa /2. UeHTpana xoMwaqur HaxaHarh c

ce EfLl,3auoro ce u:6upa e4ua 6r,orc uapnta 6toK 3a zrynoao us6upaue (cHon),Bo,qel{a Tr,pceHoro B HanHHHf, fpyna Jrr.iHr.Iu or HarrpaBJrenHe.
flpll aocralrvxo rontMa IleHrpana Bcern or 6.:roxosere EAI,I H EfI4 rvroxe s e MHoro3BeHHa cxeMa,Karo noKa3aHllre fraga 7.

qEHTPMUnPUKOMyTAql4fl KAHArl14 HA 12.3.BI4AOBE

uMa B peanHHreMpexn c KoMyrau[t Ha KaHaJIIT roJItM 6pofi ueH'Iparx. AKo nO n V al(O Te Ca CB:bp3aHn np[Hq]Ina "eC-rxaC lCrra", e 6pOtT Ha UeHTpa,'IUTe B III'IHHI'I Mpexara n]e e paBeHua n(n - l)12. cT'eAIlHuTe[HI.l 6pOtT Ha cHo[OBeTe qe Ha rpyna IIeHTpaJIH aaaeHpaftoH e Heo6xo.4[MaHtKaKBa.'ueHB Crauu ""ro, t{otro aa ce cBbpxar uelrrpaJllrre or pahoHa n aa ce EaK6M rleHTpana, TpaJrHa" o6uKHoBeHo ce Manu 6porr Ha cHorroBereMex.[y rtx. "I-{eurpalHara" qeHTpaJIa HApfiqampawumHa . rlo roga naqnH ce BlBexaa iepapxnn vnv vllaqe Ka3aHoIIeHMex,qy rIeHTpaJrHTe pa3flonaraT B pa3r qHu paBH]Ice Tpiurr.rTe ut. B pea.nnure Mpexflr frepapxltra BKrnqBa floBeqeoT IBe paBHuHH .4o 4 e ycnoxHell.nr 5. Kaprunara o6HKHoBeHo oT Ha c ToBa, qe ueHTpaJrI,tTe aa.qHapaBHrrHa,ocBeH rtu "co6ctgenata" qexrpa,ra rlooT no-fopHaTa paBHrrHa,ce cBbp3BaT flaK c "Epyru" {enrpa,rn or Mexay cr.r r.r;rr.r no-ropHara paenuna. Toaa e [o(a3aHo c flpeKtcHaru Jl;4tlau Ha Qur. 12.4. CrmgerH[Te cHonoBe ce Hapl{qar dupeKmHucHono6e u ce [poKapBaT, KofaTo e r{KoHoMr.rqecrri olpaBAaHo (reorpaQcra 6ru:ocr lr @rr, 12.4.ftepapxur Ha qeHTpannre ,{ocrarbqeH rpaQnveH HHTepec Me)rqy a Mpexa c Tprf paBEnHrt

iDnr. 12.2.,(ra nnga KoMyraropx: a - pa3AeneH; Bepa3Aenen 6-

qeHrpa,rure). Po;rma, rorro rr rrrpae B Mpexara, ce o'rpa3rBana $ymquouupanero n crpoexa Ha rleHTpa:rara, Kpafiuama qeHmpana o6c.ryNnaMaJrKrl rpaQlrqn or lomu 6pofi a6ouarur4 TepMuHirnlr. Tpausumuama flo-Marro Ha 4eumpanao6cJry\<Ba 6pofi,rnunr, Hoc unoro no-rorrv TpaQm. qeHmpatu KpafiHureueHrparu(uapnuauuB AMepraKa lClac 5) ca c uHoro pa3Hoo6pa3eu Kanaqurer, rofiro uoxe AaceAo6nuxuAo 100000 a6osara. Krlr rpan:nrulrre ueHTp:uH cnagar H MexlyHapoAHure ueHTparu,Hapr,ttraHr,r Buoc.rlelHoBpeMe (gateway switch). qeumpaau ?ra,lnsoeu n ueuTpaJra CoQur e "nparara" na re.ne- [eficrarlrenuo MexqyHapoAHara Mpexac KoMlrarl[r HaKaHanrre Errrapu-rxrM cBeroBHara xa Mpexa. QoHHara Ocres g qeH'rpaJrnreKoMyraqtouH[Te cr,opbxeHur Ha cbo6rq[TerHr.rre Mpex[ ce pa3rronararB T. Hap, KoHqeHTparopu. Pomra Ha KoH4eHmpamopa ce rlotcHrBac Qur. 12.5,Ar<onua rpy[a or N a6onarn,Konro ca orAirneqeHn or qeHTpalrara (Qnr. 12.5a), re Moxe Aa ce oKilrxe lrroHoMlrrrecrta rlerecro6pa3Ho Aa ce cB't psBarc rleHrpaJrara KoHueHrparop (Qur. 12.56). npe: Tara sMecroN Ar,rrn
nlrHl-tll qe xMa N KacH JIItHr.lI,t ru[oc n (oJIe(TuBHH cr,eAr,rHureJlHl,t nHHrrfi Me)r\Ay KoHueHTparopaIr ueHTpaJlara. Ha KorercrHsuoro H3noJI3BaHe cBeAnHnreJIHpITe nl.iHl,tlr qerecto6pa:no [paBn B:b3MoxHo < N. OqesuAHoe, qe e r,rKoHoMr.rqecru n Aa ce I-I3noJI3Ba KOHIIeH',IpaTOphT, 3a KOIaTOpa3XOAnTe HeIO Ce H3nJIarqaTc uKo-

(D[r. 12,3.TI|[rr.rrta crpyrffypa Ea KoMyrarlsoHsoro qeBTpana loJre r|a cr,BpeMeHna BAII - 6noK a6otrarro rl:6fipaf,e;EfI{ - 610r rpynoBo rc6rlpane

r39

|4 TeteKoMvBrxau o - dnxcrpaH[, Mo6,|nHl.l lP HOMHrra Ha JlllHull (KaHanu).

fraaa

,2. LleHlpana c koMwaqln

Ha KaHanx

poBe Morar ga ce xracnQuuttpar B Tpti fpyn[: KpaiHu qeHmpanu,mpoHsumHu Kpafiuu ueHrpa.nn ca Te3H' KbM KollTo ce BKtlotIBaT 4eunpanu t4 KoH4eHmpamopu. a6oxara, a rpaurarsr ueHTp:rn[ ca re3n, KbM KoHToHe ca BKJII0qeI]H a6osarn; ca KbM xoHueHTparopa BKrIoqeHl a6oaaru, uo xoHJIL|HIiI,I; cbealrHnreJlHtt caMo (eHTparoprr caMocrotreJlHoHe Moxe Aa n3rpax.qaBpBKa r'rexAy csoHre a6oHaTll. B Ta3fi (lracl{Qr{Ka(Ht He B[Harfi e B63MoxHoAa ce HaMepIjroqlrara fpaHfiua Taxa uanpuuep ]tMa ueHTpaJIr!KorrueHTpoBe, Mexay rp[Te r[na KoMyrarIltoHHH I.l lrantnuraar QyHxqnfiTeHa TpaH3I.{THKxpaftsu uenrpalt-l, eAHOBpeMeHHo ro (centrex). Ycryrara npeAocv 3a l]b,'rHorarle cnoMeHeM ycnyrara qeHmpeKc
TAB' BCI,IT{KNAB3MOXHOCTI' HA YqPCXAEHCKATA UCHTPANA, BKJIIOTIITEJIHO I-'II-I3TIOJI3'

Ho no oTHorxeHne peanl43auucTa IT6JIeH Ha e aHTl,IHa BaHeTo BT,TpeuHxHoMepa. noa Ha yqpexaeHcKara ueHrpana, noHexe ce r3rroJr3BarcaMo caop6xeHfit Ha nplrBnnqar KopnopaOKTM, no-roqso Ha KpafiHaraueHTpara.Tara oneparopHTe CH a Te TIiBHHI(rHeHTr.r. KJIIIeHT HaMatrBaTTeneQoHHI{Te CMerKfl6e: Ia Srarar 3a e napa r co6crneuu cropbxeHlrt. MoNe 6r Hafi-rovHaraaeQuHr.rIIHs IIeHTpeKc rupmyarHa qacmHanpeerca(YPN -Ytnual Private Network) . 6) @rr. 12.5.BraexaaHe rra KoflqelrrparopB a6onarflara Mpexa ,(- KoHrtel|rparop;4- qexrpana; N- 6poi a6ol|artr, BKnro{eHl| Jrrrrrrrl rcbMKontrenrparopa;n - 6pofi na cr,e,aBnlrernf,Te ,{ourrrae noAo6Ha poJrt B Mpexara Arpasr u r. Hap. yepeucdeHcKu 4eHmpa,ra.3a nanoro yqpex.qeHnr, npeanpl,rtrr.tt, QnpMH, xorenlr u.[p. ca no-t-t3roal{n Ma;r(r,rreqeHlpiufi. Tara ruecro pa3xoau 3a N abouarn Ha o6urecrBeHararn+ Qonua upexa, yqpexaegl{ero I{e ltMa pa3xoali 3a no,nrtPxaHe Ha N-nocroBa rreHTpa:ra nJrr.oc cr'eruHnrerHA I':4utruxl,Nt o6uecrseHara Mpexa. TyK Moxe.qa lr Ho n << N. Ilplrvxnara e He caMo B KoHueHTpauntra, t.IB roreMn.srpace otIaKBa B B yqpexaeHuero u cJIe,aoBareJIHono-MaJIKtt Qnvex nHrepec Mexay a6oHarnre Mpexa. 3a yvpexaexcrare ueHTpaI[ ce KbM o6rqecTBeHaTa arJI Ha noBr,rKBaHrurTa n3noJr3BacbKpauleHr.rero PBX (unn PABX) or Private (Automatic) Branch eX' change - tacmua toKanHa 4eHmpana. onpaBAaHo ce BrurogBar B Mpexara L MtuIKrl floHrKora e HKoHoMnqecKH aa (noaueHrpaln) sa o6cryxnaue Ha oraareqeHn KRaVraJtn wm r3HeceHl ueHTpann g 6.nugocrao rpara. Te3x KoMyraIrnoHHH ycrpoic'IBa ca MirJrKu HacereH[ uecra noryqnJ'rr.r 6r,nrapcrara npaKr Ka HMero RSU or Remote Switching Unit (rcHe' r ceH Koltryma4uoHeu 6ttox). Pasnw<zre Mexay yqpoKAeHcKI.'ITe IIeHTpaJII,In noA' ([oAqeHTpanarae co6crBenocr Ha oneparopa Ha ca ueH'Tpanr{Te s co6crgeHocrra o6ulecraeuara upexa) n s roea, ve ua6npaHeroHa HoMeparaMexAy a6oHarlrre B yqpetqeHxero craBa Bl,tHarl,t crc clKpareH (nrrpeureu) HoMep, a Ha6LIpaHem Mexly a6oHarr,rre Ha noAUeHTparara o6nrHoseHo craBa c nrtHnre (rpaacrx) souepa ua a6oHanrre. Cnopeg Qynrqnure, KoHTo r,BnurHrBar B Mpexara, KoMymqnoHHHTe qelrr-

12.4. ql4oPoBA TEnEOOHHA UEHTPATIA Ha reneQonna upexa .IDN(1nIIIe pa3rneAaMe KpaiHarreHrpa,ra qnQpoaara tegrated Diqital Network) utru TDM Mpexa (or Time Division Multiplexing .uy),rmutueKcupaHe c epeuedercue),KaKroaMepuxaH{nrer Hapuqar Hanoc;re.qtK. roffua (rpa4cKa) Elrorogara cxeua na rarBacpaBHnr$rHo e Ha ueHTpanaAa,[eHa 12.6.Ilpnangxo clloxHaracxeMa MaxclMarlro e olpocreHa.Aa"qeHr.r Htca Sur. KOnKO CAKpalIeHHr JraTt'Hr.rUa, Ha MaCOBO X3rron38aHl-r B pOnHara nparrnXa, BG Ha o6r.rrHoBeHo Cr,oprNenurta3a .(ocraBKa aocrrn ,4oI,IHTepHer BKJloqBar (fnaBa20) r4cr,pBrp3aaocrlfl. rpyna (cnon)or uoaeMrl KaKTo cr{rHaJrrr3aun{ npr4cbe,q[HeH no OouxHoseHo cGoprxeHHr, r{Ma 3a KaHaJI, raKa n no o6u KaHan. C'hopaxeHnrra cllrrarlroauar no nplicreltaHeH 3a (rtrtusrrayaneH) (2 KaHaJr H3no;r3Bar Mnorovecrorua 40 6 ,recroru)crrrHarH3auut (gx. r. 10.9).Te ce gr,rroqgar:a [peAaBaHe re3lr csfHalrn3a c norBrpr(aeHlre Ha Halp:rBJreHXe BpeMennTepBaJra, no roiro no-KacHo ce o6cryxaa nosnnn1e KbM BaHero. CboptxeHnrra 3a crarHaJrrnaqm o6ru KaHan [o SS7 ce cB6p3Bar nonynocrorHHo npeABxAeH cnrHiuln3auHr. KbMHtl(o[ BpeMeHHTepBar, 3a B AK ce peanrr3r.rpar BORSCHT(rx. r. 10.5). OyHKqnr.rre 12.4,1.Ilszpa.rcdaxent usxodnuqreptzxt o 4uQpooameneQonna4enmpana yqacrr.rero ueHTpa!'rara Ha Qur. 12.7e noKa3aHo Ha B qerrrpareQa:u ua noBLI(BaHero flraaa 8), a r.rr.aenno: (rx. npeaur6npaHe, ul6upate,pa3roBop pa3nan aaHe.3a BcrKaQaraca ga4euauafi-rnntqnnre Qyxrqnr.r yflpaBneHfiero, 3a ua a nose,{e norDo6Hocrr-r T. 8.1. Bx.

140

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lP

fraaa | 2, IleHroana No$waqltn{ Ka{anvl c Ha ot a1ollara. flocreAxure ce HacoqBar KbM rpynoBoro crbnalro Ha le{rpaJrara 3a nJrr.r HacoqBaT ce xbM MpexaTa c naKeTHa KoMyra_ 66pa6orxa B caMaTarleHTpajra

uut

pyrep IP Mpexa

YNPABJIEHIlE AnanrB soMepa 6 Ha ra

UNPCACJI'HllA TA(CYBAHCIO lb6op m CJIr cropixexur :a clrr vBoop fla LJr x choplxeHlu 3acl,rHallll3aul,tr H36op na nlr B AI r fh (6e3 aa ce ffimaxna

E n P o u E c o P H o v n PA BJ r Hr {E( S P C )
qefirpana orr. 12.6.B,rorosa cxeMaxa KpafiHare,'reooEEa - 6lor a6osarto ?6npalre; - aboxarencr'MacyBaurKoMtrneKT; AK AI'l BITB- KoMyra([t BpeMeAJl - a6o'd^T'da nntdnq;I - KoMyra[xr [o BpeMe; rrpocrpaucrBo-BpeMe; - 6nor rpynoao vz6lrpalleifraccbo6uq - ct'opaxeann fA nHmep*em,qocm cLop'bxerrtrr Ha llHTep[er roc3a 3arrlcadrr uracoa]r c'boflrqetrlrfla rra JIuwrqi IIMLIR - tpf,,euTaB.frrKa; /(C1- cr,rnacyBar{ KoMrrner<r sbeallrrrreJrna - cboptxefifil 3a crruarr3tHnKtla rroMepofla6flpaHeMuoro{ecrorer Koa; Cran c y4- y.rper(AeHcKa \I'si T/A - cbopl,x,errtr 3arecr r| rI3 epBaHe; qerrpana; RSU(Remote (6t|3||c) SwitchingUar?) r:necer xoMyrauroEen 6noK; Line InterfaceCircuit)- cxeMl|3a cLmacyBafle||a a6ouarHx SLIC (Subscriber shc n;rtrlri SPC(StoredPtogramControl)- ynpaBJreuUe 3atrltcrxa [porpaua Ha Karro se.re KanaxMe rpyr noBoAHaroBapBaHero npoqecopHoro ynpaBno JreHrjece oUeHrBac 6po[ noruxaann.r B qHT, IloBe.reto MorqHHy[paBJIeHHtB B MoAepHr{re UeHrpanr o6cn}ryGar HaA I un;rnon noBuKBaHut qHT [ERI].

@
l-G;l

YTIPABJIEHT,IE Ocso6o&mlaHe ea n6rr flpt|(parmaH Haraxcysafifl o ApxiBfipaHe 8a aa8Hrflm noBnxEallem

r) Orr. 12.7.Or3I| Ea x3xoAsua BpB3Ka qr$pora releQonua ueflTpaJra: B a - npeqtrdnpaxe; 6 - n:6lpatel B - pa3roBop;r - pa3naAaHe (ri3rlo"'I3Baxtr o3Ha.lellrra or $tr. 12.6) ca

qEHTPMA 12.s. rsDN

12.6, B ISDN ueHTpanara 6troxfl,l e HanpaKrnrac6nr.{rr,Karoro3a or Or.ir. B Paurrara e rJraBHo T.e. He ce orJrHqaBa ro3u rrpHre:reQonxara or ueHTpaJra. nopaanrtu$poBara nplr ISDN E asara craHAapru3ttAJI Al4, xoero e ecrecrBeHo, paHr.r aocTbrra: - 6aaos BRA - cropocr 1,14 Kb/s,(2B + D KaHana); - nbpsuqeH PM (Pimary RateAccess, m.e.docmtn c ntpeuuuacKopocm) cxopocr2,048Mb/s, (30B + D rauala). Ilopaax un$poaaraAJI, sl'{ecroAK c BORSCHT Qynrqr.rure aHaroro/ H KaHanpeo6pa:yaane, nocranrr quQpoaa n;rarKa, Korm aa rrocpeuHe unQpoBoro nt rure 28 + D (Qrr. 12.8). Qnrypara noxamn6,rorcrr,4 Ha e 6Cum za o6ctyx.saIae (DSSI). To:r 6rox cruto raKaptl:a6oHalraraISDN curHarrll3aulrr D-KaHana no 3a c aeJltnaxerr{Te c[fHarl{3all}it or naKerl-tre no,rcna tnQopualrur, rr3npauraHt t42

Orr, 12.8. A6oxarHO CTBIIAJIO AA

ISDN a6oHareH TepMrHa.n

ISDNuenrprna A6CueE cr,opulkeflrlr 3a o6c.'ryxBaHe Ha ISDN aooflarxaTa cf,rBaJl[3a[f,{ I|O

YTIPABJIEH14E

D-raraa (ra qpyrnTe o3flaqerrt Bx. $nr, 12,6)

143

frrEa /3, UeHTpanr naKerHa c KoMyratll4F

Aro naxerr,rreor D-ranara ca 3a cl{fHaJlr3arltt, To re ce [3npaqar KbM paBneHrrero Ha ueHTpanaTa. ynpaBneHuero Ha ISDN rreHTpatarace pa3JllrqaBa qu$posara or coQryep. Iloc,re,untitr, Ha 6a3ara Ha ueHTparafi IIo aontJIHI.treJIHI'It

rNABA TPUHAAECETA qEHTPANUNAKETHA KOMYTAqI4R C

repMxHbr"narerHarouyraqzr" r urnporul culrcrJr, Tyx nax ce r.t3noJr3Ba ToBanpelnonararontMo pa3r(OeTO BCATIKO, Hee KoMyraq[r Ha KaHiLnl. T.e.3a Ha fipu peanx3aufitra KoMyra[l'Itra. U{e ce olnraue ga rrmrHelr o6noo6pa:ue qure veprn n Qynxqnn.

ua lr3rpax,4aHero ISDN aprrra, a rorro na DSS1(sx. r. 11.7),ynpaanrna

a eanH hnn ara B-KaHa.na, cblqo Ta(a aa ce peaJur3l.Ipa Ia ce aHraKr{paT Ha riirH apyra TejleycJrym.

MPEXA HA 12.6.qEHTPMAC KOMvTAql4f KAHM]4I MOSl4rlHA

Kor',ryrauurra [rpae MHoro BaxHa poJlt nplt Mo6unH[Te Mpexx, KaKto

HA CnAKETHA KOMvTAtlr4t OvHKqlrf, qEHTPAnATA . 13,1ocHoBHA

I{rrpaxgaue Ha BHpryaJrHaBpr,:xa, Karro seqe ce or6ersaa s fraea 3, ngce Maprr{paHeroB rIeHrpaxlaHero Ha BupryaJruaBp'b3Ka cr,crot, a us6upaHero 14 naKerH Ha Br.rpryanrpanrrre Ha ntr, flo KoiiTo no-KbcHo ue npeMxHaBarBcI.tqKu Konaro He ce lr3noJr3Bar Btpryannn Bpb3Kr.r, Hanpr{Mepnpfi Horo noBr.i(BaHe. He pa6ora c AefirarpaMr, Ta3r,OyHKur,rr ce r{3nrJrHrBa. Mapupyrn3auns. Mapurpyrr:aqlrrra e HeorMeHrMaQynxunr Ha qenrpaKoMyrauur. C Mapupyru3aur.{rrace fi36xpa nbr (eAHHor MHororo nara c rraKerHa ar,luoxHx) rrpe3 Mpexara ro Kpaiiuara ro.rxa. Axo ce paborn c BnpryalHa ce Ha rroBr.rKBaHe, BpBKa, MapupyTr,I3auuf,Ta flpoBexaa B HarrajroTo Br.rpTya[HoTo flpn pa6ora c,qefTafpaMn Mapup].Trcaqnrra ce lro BeAHBxHa BcrKo noBrrKBaHe. npoBx.qa BcrKaae[rafpaMa (naKer) orAenHo. 3a (KoMyrauls B TecHufl cuucra). C raslr llpexnrp.nnxe na nu$opuaqrrra QyHrunr ce pearrctlpa Qn3riqec(o flpexBbpnrHeHa naKera or nocrbnBaHero BGB B'b3eJra noaaBaHerono rlrHltrra Ha lr3xoaa. I4e6opr,r na rrunara 3a npe.{aBaHe ao e Ha[paBeHrrprl ri3nhJlHeHr{ero npeIxoAHHTe Ha Aae Qyurquu, Ilpexrr,p,rrnero Ha flal(era rrpe3qeHTpaJrara cGnGTcrBaHo or apyrn oyHKunu, xapaKTepH[3a cno[ e n 2 sa uoaena OSL Vnpan,rexue Ha noroKa. Taall Qynrqn.n He ce [3nbnHtBa 3a aceKl-tna(er, HHTO BC'KOnOBr{KBaHe, 3a BrnpeKn qe e T'CHO CBbp3aHa MapupyTrr3aUr.rrTa. C Vnpaeneauero ua torora (flow control) R Hail-torsMa crerreH 3acrra y[paBJleHr{ero ua 6yQepnre 3a ctxpaHrBaHe ta npenpeAaBaHeHa naKerure. Ilpoueaypara rapaHupa, ve byQepr.rre HrMa Aa ce flperrbnnrr. {pyra o6ura oco6eHocr Ha B63Jlnre,B Kol-troce KoMyrnpar narer[Te e, qe B Te3r Bb3Jrr.r HrMa cnequann3r,rpaH xap.{yep, nrr aro rua roI e MHoro no-MaJrKo, B cpaBHeH[ec Br,3Jrrrre npr,rKoMymu[t Ha KaHanH. flopagr pa:nnvnnre pexr{Mn Ha npexBbpnrHeHa nHoopMaurrra n r8nor3BaHgro Ha pa3nHqHr,r rexHonorsr B Te3fi Bb3nr.t, Hocrr pa3rxqHlr r{MeuaB pa3;rnqHnreMpexfi t-rob]rxuoseHo Be ce HaTe pnqar qeHTpaJ[. B IP 6a:rpaaure Mpexll, HanprrMep, Hapv'l.arWmepu G.e. ce Heulo Karo Mapup)r[3aT opn), KoeToe o[paBAaHo,3auloro Maplnpyrr.au rra ce IlpoBexla 3a BceKunaKer. B vpexara Ha SS7 ce Hapuqar roqKn 3a npexBbpJrrHe HacHrHarr STP (r. 1l.l). T nll']Hara 6,roroaa crpyrrypa Ha ueHTpaJrara KoMyraurir Ha [aKerI,I, 3a Ktetxn r,rx neflTarnaMl e nora3aHaHa dtr. 13.1.

maal (ax. t. 2l'2 u 22.2) Cneunalso raxa B ce Da3rne)ruIacneaBaurnre

(2G), '{I4fiTO flpeAcraBl.rren GSM e Hr{re Mpexn or Bropo noKoneHl{e e KOfiTO CBO'CTpaHa Hai-pa3npocrpaHeHHtraHec B cBeTacraH,4apr3a OT Ha Mpexa, ce 6a3rpa Ha KoM)'raunt Ha KaHaJIl,I.

paJlaruua Qnrcupaul a6ouarn. Ta:n parJluKanMa B XHH r'ro6n,rnaraUeHT rnrr :a Qyxrunnre Ha ueHTpanara-

noao6sasa releQoxuauestpa,ra, I{enrpararar GSM e quQpona ctc ua Qr.rr. 12.6,rorro xouyrnpaI4KM ranaJrlt cxopocr64 Kb/s.Pa:llrara e, - 3a aa ce cBbpxec aaaeHuo6nneua6ouar,upexara rpx6na ntpao 49 aa xauepr. 3a tallt qer upexara rpr6na He[peKtcHaro cnealt 6a3lrcneuuarHt,t ca sa a6osara.3a uerra rr,u qeH'rpanlrre [peaBHAeHIl npn sanucsar(r onpecHsBar ,qenxeHne) t(onTorreHTpaJrHTe Hascuqxxa6ouarn.

- Koraro a6oHar, r e B aKrLBHo crcrotHae (aHrax[paH c noB[KBaHe) }| KEM.qpym pa,4lroqecrora.ToBa, aBrrxn, Moxe aa ce Haroxn npeBKrloqBaHe rpx6ra aa ce noqyBcrBa or a6oHarl,rre, a onepaul{tra, c Kotro ce ochlllecrBtBa pnqaHa xeHAoB'bp flaaa 21), cu e parnaJlaHetl mrpaxlaxe Ha Bp63Kara - Heo6xoanua e [poBepKa Ha aBTelrr[qHocrra ua a6onarnre npl BceKIl KbM Mpexara. 3a qerra ca npe4augeH[ gpyru 6i xeH orHT 3a BKJrroqBaHe
AaHHI.i,a npolleA)?aTa cl3AaBa AOI'I'JIHHTeIeHToBap Btpxy UeHTpalaTa.

ca Haxpal uenocroluHnrr 6pofi ua a6onatnre,KoLITo B pafoxa Ha

Ha cJlyqaeH eneMeln npll onpeaeJltHe rpaQlxa u nplt Ta, ca aonbrHHTJreH Tr,rpaHeTo qeHTpaJIaTa. Ha

t45

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fraaa tL UeHTparn naKerHa c KoMwaquF

rtoMyHr-.rKaqnoHeH npoqecop npe.[aBareteH (n:loren) 6y$ep

flpeaanareneH (mio,qeH) 6y$ep flpeaanarelen (miroaer) 6yQep

Orr. 13.1.Broxoua crpylcypa Ea qenrpana 3a KoMyraqsqEa rI

FR X.2514 nPl4 r 3.2.qEHTPMU

c Cranaapmr X.25 sa ITU-T, 3a Mpexa 3a.qaHHIl naKerHaKoMyraunt, e pa3pa6oren a,r,arerlHllTe70 roauun Ha MliHatllt sex. Hau[oHa'rxu Mpexu c X 25 ca B' n e r{3rpaxAaHnB MHoro crpaHt, BKJItoqHTeJIHo Eulrapnr' Beqe ce cnoMeHaxa BrnpeKI{ qe aonycKa Kor. 3.5, ncxon or ocHoBH[TeHelqa 3a X.25 CraHgapmr, 6er aptsra (CLPS), e lr3not3Ban HIaBHo3a KoMyHliKauwl c Bxpry:rll'' MyHhKauHlr c (CO-PS). OcHonHure Qyttxutllt Ha IreHTpanara naxerHa KoMyraqnt' Hr.rBpr,3KH [3JIoxeHE qpe: npenoplF u:6poenr.rs flpeaxoaHara roqxa, n aeicrsarefiHocr ca

MexAl,r<ounrcrlpnaMafljcrpa;ra Onr. 13.2. Ilenrpaaac naKerraKoMyraula, cnopea X.25 l"l4- nlnneH MoAyn; CM- rmMnrcT6pefl oAyn; qxcK) (rur,pg SM- Bx,trr|Ea naMer npeHocHlt cpegr, xa 6aura HaonrnqH[ xa6e,ta, c BER or noca ,llueurHme pnqrxa l0-' untl oqe no-MaJrKo. ToBa npelll3alrKea npeAnaraHero Qpeium pwei FR (frame relay) KoMyraurrrra,Kosro ce npeAcraBr{ BeqeB r. 3.6. Karoo raM ce Ka3Ba, ce 6a:npaHaonura or rrprrJrarane X.25 t-rce pear[3npaqpe3 FR na orrpocrrBaHe Qyurqnure, onracaHl rrpeAxoAHara 13.1.Tosa Haft-se,]e ua B r. ce oruacr :a Qysxurrra, Korro HapeKoxMe "npexmprrxe ra unQopuaqltrra". Kouyrauurra npu FR ce pea.nn:npa gneycrpoicraa: FRAD r.r qenrpala r FR (Qrr.l3.3). Vcmpoicmeomo docmtn do @pein-puneiFP#.D sa (FR Access Device) lre e npocToKoHqeHTpaTop, a Mynrr.t[poToKojlHo ycrporcTBo,Kogro [o3BoJrrBa jlocrbn ao FR upeNara H Ha Apyrn nporoxonr-r, pa3nnqH or FR. Or,upyrara crpaHaHauumepQeicaa6onam-tvpotcaUNI (IJser Network Interface) e FR qenrpanara.IIpeAnamHr.{Te na3apa Ha FRAD ycrpoficmaMorarAa ce pa3rnqaBar no 6por r.rnnAaua nporoKoJrr{Te, xouto ce o6elnurnar s eauao6ua norrgecKr,r Mynrr.rtrreltcnpaHa mtnus,3a or.qerHnra6oHaro6aqe,Bp,r,3KaraBxHartl[po3paqHa e "or xpafi- go xpafi" npesFR rrrpeNara. llAeqragarosa nra.r u or Qrr. 13.3. Harpar qe np[[oMHuM,qe FR ll:no:rssaBxpryanHli Bpr3KH, Konro ce rurpaxAar3a,IhJlbrnepliol or BpeMe (T.e.He3aBcrKo orAeaao nonaxaane). .,npexatpOrr. 13.4u,rrocrpnpa pa6orarasa FR ueurpa:rara Qynr<uurra no ntHe HaHHQopMaunlra" r. 13.1.Bcgra ueHTpa:ra ra6n[u]r 3a (oMyrarllt or raMa HaOpefiMoBere. 3anncxres ra6rzrlure ce npaBrr[pI{ pearr43upaHe QyuruurHa Ta"fi3rpaxAaHe Br.rpryalHa Ha Bpb3Ka" eBeHryaJIHo c npltBJtliqaHe QyHKrlr,rrra Ha ''Mapupyrn3aqur". Ta6lruara or Qnr. 13.4no(a3Ba nrslroNnnnpr,:rn. Illpnu5 re aBeor rrx ca 3a Qpeiuoaere,raaeHnHa rfnrypara. <Dlr. 13.4B rrbJrna cnJra Baxt,lH 3a qeurpa"rara X.25. Cauo rpr6aa ga ce nocraBn ra6rraqara na s LCN Ha Iurcroro sa DLCI.

xaraX.25. c Ha cxeMa ueHTpana naKerHa 6rotcosa Ha 6nr. 13.2e IIoKa3aHa roBa e Kttact,rCxeuara e srera or [ERI]' Ho B '[ercrBltrenHocr na X.25 r',rpexa. Ha ITU-T c 3nolrgasnte talri', ,recrara rcoH$nrypaw\, !a,\e]jlaB npefloptKl{Te
o3HaqeHltr.

ryK Ha npal<rlrKaqeHTpaJIl'ITe ca KoMnlorpll c Heo6xo,{}rv}tscoQryep rtrtoc' Ha 3a nxogHofi,rixogHlrycrpoicrBa KbM JIITHITHTe npe.4aBaHe aaHHH' oT cao6pa-l M0no aBofiKHKoMnlorr'pHI.I xeHlrt 3a Ha,[exaHocr cr'optxeHl'rtra ca o6earnenr

ce eH cbc ryru CM, BceKH cBot JII.IH ruoaynLM Aro e.qnsnrrCM s asofirara LM' gpyrNrr CM uoNe aa noeuerpaQuralt or anara nospegu,

B EAHaraKaBaaBorKa, HapeqeHa craH.qapra6tor ua rouyuurcaquoHHurnpo' npouecop)' e ocnoBnara rparnBHa e'al-tHua Ha qecop (unu cauo KoMyHHIItI4oHeH Mexay rouynnraqlloHHure npouecopH IiMa fiepapxn'IHocr (aKo re ueHTpaJrara. s no"""" or eaHHB ueH'IpllJlara), cMactll qe eAEHor rtx e rrlateg Bcuqxn rG"u rtpouecopx nuar aocrun ao o6ulara naMer' MyHt-rKauHoHHlt Pa:6upa ce, or rJleaHaroqKa Ha aHelIHLTerexHonorHlt' xapayepHaracrpyKrypa or OHr. 13.2 e MarKo ocraptna. C abgexraHgro B Haqaroro Ha 90-re roalluu Ha HoB[Te $opt'tll na npeaaBar{e gaxn oco6eHo 3a Ha Ha ,[aHH[, It3noJBBaHero X.25 cb:.qasartcHo Mtcro Tosa LAN-oge OcaeHrosa e cnr,p:aauena LAN-oee, a ?Iurepuer na [paKTI{Ka Mpexa or X.25, t<am craHAapr e ct3,[a.{eH,nu o""ouat""ro, qe BER e or noprrlra Ha 10' (aopt ao l0').

t46

147

x TenexoMvHuKaqr|,l - dtKchpaH|4, Mo6nnH14 lP

fraaa /L UeHrpanE c naKe a KoMwaqt4n + fiaKerr.rre c OuKcrpaHarcnxxHa (rrerru or lo 53 orrera), ca .! QyHKuHrra "npexBbprrHe Ha uHoopi\4auxrra"(r. 13.1) B.bB al:ela rpnoaa jla cTaBaNrHofo ro-6tpro (croruqu nr,rn no-6tpro oT Ta3I-t t|pu o6arxoletata flaKerHaKoMYTauIIt). foploro Hanaraorreqarr'x slpxy ATM KoM)"TaropfiTe re ce xapar<Tepx3r.t[i aBe Heua: par cr'c creaHI,ITe Xapayepua pean[3aunq. 3a pa:ltxa or Ko ryrarrnrra npu X.25, ryx e unopearrlaunr ua Syurqrrr.a lo fo no-rortMa crerleH e 3acrbreHaxapAyepHara npexB'bprtHe Ha xterKara. Tosa ax,'roisa orBaptHe xelbpa Ha K:rerKara,flporl1VCI/VPI r HacoqBaHe KJIerKara Ha Br,BBrpttara nocoKa c HoBu_q tarrc a.qpeca 3aHa nuc VCWPI. 3a la ce rapanrupa lpaBfilrnoro aapecxpaHe xlrerxara ce npaau 3a npo,rero NEC (sN. Qrr.3.5).3a upexa, rorro npoBcpKa rpeurKuB xeAbpartpe3 paSo'rucr,c cxopocr 155 Mb/s (r.e. STM-I ua SDH - f,rasa 18) noneve or ule 350 000 xrerxr 3a ceKyHAa noclrltBar or BcrKaonrr.tqnarrHlr B qeHTpa,tara. Kotruenqllqra BupryaneH [r,T. KaKTo3HaeM r. 3.7 aapec"t, Kofiro cr,or lbpxa Io 28 6n4 e pifAeneH Ha ABeqacru: VCI n VPI. 3a ycropxaaHe (oMyraB IIrrtTa Ha KJreTXaTaTpaH3fiTHnTe B',L3nfi nplrJraraKoHIIe[u]ttTa 3a xoMyTaul_rf, Ce rra Bupry:ueH nr,T. ToBa o3HaqaBa ce orBopu calro llgeurnQuxaropar Ha Br.rpAa ryairHuq [T,r VPI, aa ce rpoqerar caMo 12 6ura (aN. Qur. 3.5), aa ce n:6epe uoBurl fl'br l,r ra ce npe3ann[rar caMo re3r.tl2-6ura s t4euruQuxaropa VPI. 3anacr,r sba VCI Moxe Aa He ce npoMeHH KpaiiHaraueHTpaJ'ra roJrylrarsrr Ha Ha Ao
KJlCTKATA.

@rr. 13,3.FR aocrr,n, Mpexa n rpororonn (cr,KpaucHt,|qra o6qcHeHt,| B TeKcra) ca

BXOA (IIPI-IEMAHE)
II],1HV', DLCI

143XOA (IIPE,[ABAHE)

JluHut 2 3 3
I

DLCI

I I 2 3 3

189 25r 302 22l 222

3ll 062 l2 It2 090

Vpe: xouuenqa.rra BlrpryaneH 3a nbr ce BbBexaafiepapxnvnocra ATM uapupyrx3auurra. floseqero rleHTpartB rtnrqHara ATM Mpexa ca caMo3a BupryarHr.r rrrlrua ($ur. 13.5).I{eHrpa:rnre, Kor.rro KoMyrxpar Brrpryanxh n Ka(Qur. 13.6),ca pa:noloxeHuno rpaHnunre Mpexarararo rpafiuu uexrrra,ru Ha pa"'rx. B qerrrparure ce u3noJr3Bar rabluqlr, raro or Qur. 13.4, KbAeroBMecro DLCI ce nocrasr VPI (:a nrrtqa - $ur. 13.5) uln VPI/VCI (ra raualn rbur.13.6).
vPt = 52 V C I= l 9 t

1 l5rcr=8,I l5L-ei=UTl.*

_x_

)rl 15rcr=t - -

ll-r|-Lr=l ) o L t +

Orr. 13.4.FR ueHrpana DICI - r|,leflrnor|Karop r|a Bpb3Kara1|o]rr|firiqra 3atra||sr| (Data Link Connectionldentifier)

13.3. ATMqEHTPAflA (r. rora ua KoMlraur{r. Ilopaan ATM rexHo,rorrsra 3.7)ce6a:upa rraKerHa Ho 6,rorosara crpyxrypa Sr.r.13.1e B cnra r sa ATM s'b:re,'ra. lrva asecror
IrecrBeH oco6euocrt: r48

Orrr. 13.5. Kottuenrya,refl nornen Ea ATM ueflTpana Ba BrpryaJrHlt lrtTtrua

t49

fralra t3, UeHtpanl, c naxeTHa KoMvrauhfl

KoMyrfipa c loMourra Ha rlr,pBaq (Haft-craprxnr) 6nr, BToporo - cbc creABarrltrt aBeHara rpn, a er'Keca 6yir sr.s. Cxeuara or $ur. 13.7ecn= 8. CreAoearerHo ct ulo e c rpr 6ura. flora:aHo e (c nperu,cHara,'tltnar), 're xlerxa, uocrbnr.rJra Tr,T r:xoA 6 u tropaAr.r roBa i ce [p[KpenBa ertner I10. Aa Ha BxoA2, TpsOBa HaMepH qe BHr]Mar{fie, c ro3n erHKer (6 B IBouqeH I(o,[) KnerKara,He3aBIcr.{Mo O6r,puere Ha roii gxoa noc]-lllBa, BrHarK npLlcTaraua r:xo1 6. 3a ATM rouyraufioHHa cxeMa, ocgeH 6aullrr{ cxeMfiTe,tlMa MHoro lpyrfi perneHnq,(or{ro Morar aa ce BHArr B [MI4P3]. npernaraHr.r 13.4. KOMyTAql4f, B LAN (I,AN - Itcal Area Network) sclrvxn aboHara (HaplrvaB .,roKa.rume.upeJrcu cmqHquu, cuope4 LAN-repvxlonorxrra) pa3lolarar c eaua o6u]a uu pa1omutt cpe.qa. Tpr6aa HrxaKr,BMexaHu3lrnr, xofiro aa opraHH3rpa BXJrroqBaHenpeHocHa cbpB6pl.t, rrpHHTepri Ap.) K6M eAr.rHc]r To Ha c'raHrllrrfe (lepcoHanHH KoMnrorpr.r, rBeHara cpe,{a. B xai-nonyrrpuara LAN, uape,renaEmepxem (Ethemet), Mexa3a MHozoKpameu docmtn cbc cnedeHe Hocer4amau Hu3M'br Aoctbn ce Hapul^a tla (c6ttt cutlu) - CSMA/CD (Carier Sense Multiple Access tla onrKpuBaHe KoJtu3uu with Collision Detection) v e craH(apr 802.3 na IEEE. B LAN ue ce r8rpor(qar BnpryanH[ apr,sxN. I4:no,r:rar ce caMocrorrerHr.t Speiinore Ha LAN [poroKo,'la, rro3Harnol vMero ynpa*neHueua docmtna do cpedann MAC (Mediuttt Access Control). Or roaa, ve unQoplraqlt ra e rro rlpeir,aore, qe H e rpyaHo .4a ce aocerr.rM, MAC e pa3noloxeH g cloii 2 ua OSI. A6onamr (pa6oruara cranqur), clreA floflyqaBaHe .qocrrfl ao cpelara qpe3 CSMA/CD uexanu:lra, n:rpau.la MAC Qpefirrta. OpeiiMtT, Br,npeKrqe Hocr a.qpeca lollyqarerr, Ha B AeicrBl,ITerHocrce noryqaBa or BctrgKriocraHa;Ir.r craHul-l{. CaMo crauurlf,raflonyqare.q pa3[o3HaBa caor alpec H cr,oraerto npueua Speiiua. CSMA/CD MexaHlt3M6T MAC npororo,r.rr ce pa3fJrexaarno,apo6non rutn rure no fipe.[aBaHe ,uaHH[I-tKoMrrrorbpHl, Ha KoMyHHKautl]r. Hue u1eo6rpuelt noBeqe BHtMaHI{e CBT,p3BaHeTO, Ha KOMyTaUrr_STa lr AOH'Kr,qe npeHocHaTa Ha cpe.qa, Ilpe.qr spelre :a LAN ca [3nor3BaH[ KoaKcnzl'tnl Ka6enu, a cranr{nflTe ca noApexAaHH (a6e,ra e flpbcrelr qpe3caorBerHlt pa3KJroHlrreJrn, no ,{uec :a4.r:rxnTeJIHo H3noJBBar ce xa6e:rn c ycyxauu gnofiru (aN. f,rasa l5 sa veransare xa6enl). Te:n ra6enn ce H:Lqararnpr.rLAN,3auloro ca [o-eBTr.rHlr no-recHo ce MoHTr.rpaT. ErepHer c ycyKaHHaBofiKH{Ma paar,ralrua (:se:aoo6pa3Na)crpyrffypa q Ka. ucnH. t3JI 3arln or qeHTpaltHo ycrpoficrBo, HapeqeHo xu6 (hub), KaKToroBa e lofta3aHoHa e Q(r. 13.8. 3arxxeaHero ua ycyKauara ,qBofiKa rolrrMo r.rHe Moxe aa ce-H3troJ'r3Ba MafltcrpaJrHaIlpbcreHoB[aHa crpylffypa, KaKro nptl KoaKcaaJIHI]Te Ka0enx.PalranHara rononor s, Bt rlpett]i qe Il:I-rcKBa rloBeqe xa6el, nua unor.o {orlrHrrerun npearrMcrBa.I4z6srsar ce rpyaHocrr.rre np}r excnJroaraqr.rrra Ha tl.ptctesoel.ranara Mpexa, rG.qero noBperara sa ra6era i" or*pruu rpyaHo no vecroro,'roxeH e, a ocBeH ToBax3Baxaa or crpoq urlara Mpexa. Ilpr pa4uaruaT? Ivtpexanltnc ncnqKo r rto-recHo ce BKr]o.rBa,/[3KlIlorlaa HoaacraHlnr.

3a KoMyrauxq @nr, 13.6.KoduenryaJlesflorrea sa 6JIoK B KanaJtn ATM [eflTpaJIX Ha Bnpryzurtlu

.*."u

* s tlIAH3lc&Mon6upal4a "yp'!:',i:-:.:1t:1":tff fiMgro (banyan) Ha "-"up"".*u cxcMli e HapeqeHa 6atuan KOMyrauxoHHH MHOTO3BeHHI.i
rn.u.rficroarpso [FOR].
Jha 6ur Cpeaeg6tir

T2 Ha [olyntpHa cxeMa3a KoMyrlrpaHe KilerK]rre' Ha Ofir. 13.7 e noKa3aHa

6 AeceH r

l.

2 3 4 5

@ur, 13.7. 6aulr,l

ltHoro3Beuua cxeMa

or rouyraropu 2x2' T ce ce KaKTo Bl{xaa or Qlr' 13 7 cxeMara cbcrol'I aa 3aAa:"^t.f"]-"g"iT Ha l'l36l.rpaHero nlrl lrpe3cxeMara ce no3BorltBa r n il:

;ffi;;;;6; *"o"rt iltrirl

,rp"np"n" *i" -.r*u,u

cxeMa Bxoaa rena u*"*''3a MHoro3BeHHa c n " KoMyra-rory.-"* iseta c nl2.{BoI4qHI'r 1"::"" ::::",":lll HyxHI.t HaMlpa
' c Herort ', "-^:::tgl"'ttl

TeBeTIKeTacaABol{{eH3allficHaHoMepaHaT6pceHu'x3XoA.lh,pBoTo l5l

frdra /3. UeHrpan|4 naKerHa c KoMwaqnn

CTAHITI{

,asoIra :a

Aaofira:a npfieMaHe

r xLo @rr. 13.8.Erepner LAN c ycyraur looiirn, pagualxa rononorfla

IEEE 802'3' sa[-non' B C[opea Br'3npsflnreo3HaqeHut craHAapra pa6orHara E epHerce ornu"uuuc l0 BaseT,rtaero "10" ce orHact sa qnSponnlr curua:rce ,o ipedaaare l0 Mb/s, "Base"e or blseband,r'e n""un"u Ha.urp;KrHono xa6ela, 6e: o'rMecreaHe cn:lTla : l:::11 : cltrHar ce
narpar "T" e 3a ycyKaHa dsofiKa (tvisted pair) l-{trQpoen.rr ra*i Hape\elut MoHllecmep .ttuHueHKod (rx' firasa l8)'

opraHnsa\v\Hapa6ora.flpr.rrrx pa6orurre craHqr.rn cy[qoBec no-cJroxHa I4Ma Harpynn, uapeteunrcotusuilnu o6tacmu(collisiondomai.n)Tpx'za ca pL3AefleHA .re LAN c xt6 raro or Qnr, 13.8,npeacrat,raaa eAHa Koru3r.rfiHa Aac Aontrxlr, cTaHq[r norrcKa urnparr Qpefir,l Erepuer,ra n:nKoraro Aa4eHa no Aa o6,racr. HaqfiH cTaH.4aprHl{t Cyxqr'r (HILIno-ToqNo lo nrjHnfsapaua no opefiMa cyt'tqa' craHunrra)[poBeprBa KbMKorro e cBrp3aHa AaJr[Qpefiur,re sa no:ryTaKapra! qaTejr ct ulaTaroln:lriua o6flacr,AKo e TaKa noBeAeHrjero Qpefivae xaro B ra qpe3BHcor(ocKopocrHxreBp63Kr4 c xb6. Axo Hee rara - cyrirrGT, cr..t npexs LAN xtu o6.nacr nolyvare,rr. Tara cyuvrr fiapanenHo ua BbpnrQpeXMa xottt,3ltiua,Ia ronroro xornrufisr.r o6racu crr{ectsysar. o6clyxaa tolroea QpeiMoBe, no-cJroxHr.{ cyuqoBe, CbuecrByBarorr1e Korro Nuar 6yQepuHa BXoAoBere BeqeI.r3IH3a H3BbH KOHUe[q[tTa CSMA./CDr{ HaBIH3a Ha noBeqe cu. HOTOBa B (He HarIaKerI.I Ae[TarpaMx qe r{Ma I{nH Heruo Jrouo). KoMyraur{sra Ha $rr. 13.9 e no(a3aHcyr.rq, cBBp3Bau o6,racrn.B ro:n Ise Konn:HfiHrl cyuvsr ce Hap[qacbulo raKan 6pudcr (bridge).O6tacrne Moraraa ca c,ryuai or cropocr.E4narao6.nacr rroBeqe Aael-tuorar ra pa6orrr c pa3n.rqHa voxe ga e LAN, a apyrara Aa e 6elxuqen LAN - IEEE 802.11.Crors Ho ure ca ErepHer r Ha trpoMeHeHxQyHxqunre 6paaNa. lnreparypara ne MoxeAace orKpr{e B rcHa MexAycynv n 6przaN. grere ycrpoficraaxovyrupar rlpeiMose.MoNe rpaHliua H Koraroce KoMyrr.rpar 6l,te pe.quo, LAN.ua ce roropu {pefinone MexAypa3Jrlqu}r (oMnrcrpn:a 6pngx, a Koraroce KoMyr[par$pefir'loreMex.qy r.rHAhBr4AyaJrHu
3a cyriq.

no oue .asaEreprrer-a ycyKaHa Cranaaprrr ua IEEE cneun$xql{pa rogrq 1000BaseT' 100vera6riosrr 100BaseTn rura6T pont tr ycrpoicrBo xLOHrpae Karro ce suxaa or Qur. 13.8ueHrpanHoro obtpnere nuuuan e Mexay craHul.llTe ,,TBApAO"' a percHeparop, cBbp3BaHero
rje BbnpeKfl pa.qlIaJIHaTa TOnoJlorrt' JlorltrlecKl.t opraHI.I3aIIIUTa e np'bcr( Ha BCIqKH H rrDeaaBaTentT Ha Bct(a cTaHu[t npeaaBa I(bM np[eMHHU[Te

(ocBeHK6McoocrBeHlrf,). 'I I4rcreagaHhflra ua rpaQnra n LAN nora:sar cpaBnnretHo HLcKa eMocr Ha cpeaara - oKono 0,4, r.e. rollnrorpnre cH pa3aentr eOeKtLBeH

AKo ,", *u no"ou"un" oKono4 Mb/s npu 10 uera6lrola ErepHerMpexa

reHepnl Ha pa6orHNre craHunH c yBerfiqt't hnn aKo cbuecrByBarrl{re craHul.lx ce 3aK6cHeHuem yBenHqaBa no-ion"* rpaQnx, ce yaerfiqaBar KoJIIl3llHTe,

ourenoBerre' Ha n:non3BaeMocr cperaracrIaaa eQerrraHara Ha n3xoaaor ropuara cl{ryauut. E,4nslgr e aa ce npeMnHe I4Ma.{Ba ce flperoBa cKopocr- 100 Mb/s, aopn I Gb/s.Ho re cbllro Morar aa Br.tcoKa It Ce e ot HarlpuMep *ynt""earen rpaolrK.Bropl.ltr t.l3xoa IIo-nepcneKT[BeH

(Dxr. 13.9.ABe Konlrninr o6.lacrn (4ra LAN), .tpe3cyl|.t (l|nl| 6pLqx) o6ealnenl (nan pa3Aenetr[) Ha Qrr. 13.10 e HanpaBeH onHTAa ce pa3nonoxar no cnoeBereHa eraJrouHnt Moaenpa3ueaaHHre KoMyrarluoHHr.l ycrpoficrna. Cnegaarqnrepegore ca 3a pyrept.rTe.

'Dwta Ko vmupyeMEmePuem. B rBlpaoro cBl'p3BaHe x66a e 3aMeHego [a c'unpaa"tu""". ue ua Qur. 13.8 (raxro n releQonuara ueHTpana) { craHIlI.lI{Te Morar '{a ce cI *o"yritop "qr* no aBofKti rlo,4aren-flonyqaren.Tona rouyrnpauo ycrpofcrBo' Koem 3Bar rpr6m J HapnqaMecyu,t(switch) (yuefirn ce LAN-cneuna:Illcrnre s Erlrapnr)' Ha nonrlarll yr,lee aa vere MAC aapeca rta rlpefiua lr aa H3npaua opefiMa

153

taaa /3. UeHTpanri naKerHaKoMWaq[F c

TpaHcnopreH cnofi MpexoB c,loii KaHarex crofi Or-r3raqecKl,I cllofi

IIa @rr. 13,10.Parno,rara{eno cJIoeBe KoMyraqnoulrxre ycrpoiicrea or rotunnrbpfln Mpexx

13.5.KOMYTATOPI,I MPHKA B lP 13.5.1. 3ar4oxomymamoprmllamepxemceuapuur,,pymep"? a

Kor',ryraunoHxn.rr B63enHa IP dasnpauaraMpexa He peaJrH3r,rpa
"ugrpaxAase Ha BrrpryalrHaBp63ra" - eAsa or 5-re OyHxulrll Ha Bb3n[Te, HH B T. 13.1. ToBa cfle.qBa Qr,rocoQuara Ha IP Mpexara 3a npexBtptHe Ha or

qe ryK ce craBaayMa3a'I?crrt ( (r. rpopuaqn.n 3.8). O6pruaue BHrrMaHr.re;

B Ha xornr) cnofi, xofiro e o6err Ha reJreKoMyHriraulture. no-ropuare cJ'IoeBe nporoKoJra n3rpaxaar sprrxh (fnaeaZ4 a 28). ce

Ko,uyma4ut na deimozpanu apymep 13.5,2. KanaxMe, flaKernreor rpvrnr clofi e IP upeNure ce KaKro HeKonKoKparHo defimazp&ux,flopaal 6eepr:roau.r xapaKrep(CLPS) 3a npexBrpnrHe Hapv'tan HauH4opMalltrtTa. HaKr.qe ce npexB:bpJrH lp]rcrrrrHajrara pyrepaAefirarpa ce I{36op6T, s Aa ra, Haa.{peca nonyqarent, Ha 3anncau IP xe4rpa. r 6a3npa c rurepQeficu(pa::rlrvHtltruu) raro Pyrepar Moxe Aae cBbp3aHpa3nrrqHlr FR, ATM n r.u. Bcexu lrurepQefic BoAxAo Apyr pyrep nlu ao xr,6 xa Erepuer, yc.I?oicrBonaro PC. Pyreptr rpa6eaaa nanpaar.r r,ru lopr{ Ao orAejrHo LAN, r Ha Hnr,r ttai-do'pun us6op xa n3xo,{flula H]/.t3a rrpexBbpnrHe AeiTarpaMara (aKroce Ka3Ba Aa r:6epe Hafi-go6pva crel.Bau\ xon, To:r u:6op ce npaBu t1oc moura ga ta6rnua BpyTepa. Ta6nnqlre 3a peanH3xpaHe KoMyraqrrra B pyrepa ca noKalaHfiHa Ha 13.ll. B npnuepaor Qaryparaa6oHar (xocr l) N:npauagefirarpauaua I Srr. I no HaqrrH rvpyrep l, HanpnMep n a6oHar (xocr B). Xocr I ce cBl,p3Ba HrKaKbB (dial up) npe: releQoxxa qeHrpaJra. c Haeranvrra Hnn qpe uouepona6npaxe Kr,MLAN, qaiiro pyrep F e co6crteHocrHa oneparopa Xocr .B e cBbp3aH Ha ua LAN-a. flo orHoueHHe coQryepH nporoKonfi, e raro Apyrure plrep[ Ha F npexara. B npuMepa Qxr. 13.11ca noKalau 3 ra6.rrqn, pa3nonoxeHn or cboraeraoe py'repn I u E Ta6al,tuara BceKH l, pyrep nMaABe(oJroHr.r: Ha fiqBara ll3bporaaarsvoxulrre Kpa[H]rnyHKroBe, ArcHara pyrep c ArrpeKreH a noKanBa xon, rofiro rpa6naga ce ua6epe croraerHnr KpaeH :a nyHKr.

Mpexa ce Hapuqa KoM)mauHoHHnrr rr,rer (qeurparara) B IP 6a3HpaHara Ba3etaMaP ca mep (router), Koero B lpeBoa e itapwrymu3qmop. 3au.(o HapeKJII{ HM [rpyrrcarop, a He KoMyrarop? I4Meroe aour,'ro caMoce6e Ho 3aroBa oT cu,
OCHOBATEJIHA IIDI-ITIHHA.

Mapupyrn:aqur

Mpexn, Ho nMa BbBBcriqKr,r Apyrr.rrereKoMyHnKau[oHHI{

Xocr A

upexa c KoMyraul{t Ha ce peaJrr,r3r{papa3Jrr.rrrHu tro Haqrrtr. B reneQonuara rure (Qnrcnpauawrn uo6nrua), Mapupyrrtaur{rra ce lpoBexra B npoueca
Mexly npoeKn paHe Ha MpexaTa. loraBa ce pelnaBa, 3a BcrKo noBI{KBaHe TOqKr.r, KaKr,B [o nI'T aa Mr{HeI aKo To He ycnee - no KaKbBo6xoaeH nI,T aa

Ef,_.-

HarrpaBr,r BTopH r,rnnrperr,rontlT. ,{ou.rrr,{e rora e taKa u npl.tFR t'rpexara, n ATM r'rpexara.IIpx FR, oneparoprr HaMpexara rrpoBexla Maptnp)'rH3aqrr
r{3rpzDKAaHeTo BnpryaJrHrTe Bpa3KH, Kor.rToca 3a abJrbr rrepnoA oT BpeM' Ha Bnpryanxrre nrrnua B ATM cbtrro ca 3a abnrr nepuoa or BpeMe, Ta6n.A Ta6n.B Ta6n. E

IIpx upryarunre

(uafi-runuuHu rpu X.25) Map py .r:auntrai noBuKBaHH.f,

ce npaBfi no-qecm, a LrMeHHo HatraJroTo BcrKo noBlKBaHe rrpH H3rpaxlaHeB Ha To Ha BupryanHararpr:xa. Ana.nornvHoe rtnoJrBaHero Ha KoMyralllrtra Ha Bltp' TvarH[ KaHa,'r[ ATM uoexara. B

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B IP 6a:npanara Mpexa KoMyraq[oHHnrr Bb3eJr npoBex\Aa Maplxpyrl,au Hafi-,{ecro BceKn 3a oraeJreH narer (,qefirarpaMa). Orryr n uuero - pyrep. 3a pa6orarana pyrepano Maprxpyrn3au[rra craBa ryMa ol{e BeaHtx s r. 24.5.

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eacru or re3r.ra,qpecu), nplr CO-PS - aapeca c lorarHo 3HaqeHHe rnHrutla a 3a cJleaBaultttBb3er:

rNAEA qETNPUHAAECETA CPEAt4 nPEHOCH14

B llpeHocuara cpeAa, Kotro ce Ir3rIoJl3Ba MoaepH[Te reneKoMyH[Kaunr{,e ra6eln, paar.ropereixu lr.txa6elu, KoaKcI.{a[HL c[Merpr.rrrHu or MeaHr.r cMec{ua I4sno,lgsa'hero eAHaxn[ ,qpym Ha A pa36hpace xa6elu c onrl.ttiHl'Is,'IaKHa. r lx Mpexa ce onpeAent oT rexH[qecKl.l (Hai-aeve JIeHTa [poHa B KoHKpeTHa cpe,qa IrKoHoMI,lqecK[ l4cTopliqecKlnphqnHr,r. l4 Ha r.rKoeQI-rqrieHT 3aTuxBaHe), nycKaHe

* sfiHaruce npaBf,T 3armcu Aan6rnepto,{ or rper',re, o CO-PS3a a Tpae BapTyanHaTa Bp63Ka.

l peraTa panJlr{Ka, KorTo ce oTHacr 3a KoMyTau[rTa,e qe pyTeprT 6e3 ,refiTarpaMara Aa npaBn Hr(aKbB npe3antrcB a.qpecHara qacr. ir

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CPEAI4 nPEHOCH14 14.1.3ATBOPEH14 qacr B cpear{ TeJle(oMyH[Kaur,rrrre ca or flpeo6laaaBarlara or npeHocHxre

BbJIHI-i(rtU rrX [p[q{CJItBaMe ll CBeT3aTBOpeHTI-in, T.e. eJIeKTpoMarHI-lTHHTe B Ca ntHHr,rTe B',LnHI.r) BKapaHX L BOAeHI'I CneqlIaIIHO nPeIBU.{eHa:a Uelra QU:n-

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're Moxe Aa yKa3Ba, BcrKaAeirarpaMac arpec, 3arroqBar{ 178.16rpr6na crc

6r,Ie Haco.{eHa KrM xoII Y. B nr,pul.n ctyqaf IlIe ce n3IIoJI3Ba 255.255.255.0,a arn rropllr clyvai - r'aacra 255.255.0.0.

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Anqa Hynfi. H:nrrH.sga ce JrorHqecKoH uex1ly MacKara H KpafiHn.{ a.(pec B TarpaMara, 3a Aa ce npoBepn aa,rl ra rpr6ra Aa 6r'Ae H3npareHa B aa,{eHo paBJreur.re. Aro Aga:anuca s ra6rruara 3alorrBar c eAHaKbB [peQHKc, To cpaBHeHseroc aApeca Ha AeiirarpaMara ce H36uparo3r,r3anrrc, npt xofiro Haii-alnro cr,Bna,qeHr{eBbrrpocHuraApec. c

Onncauurenpoue,aypa KoMyrarlnrra naKertrre sr,:Aeficrga rro Ha ne

ccuecrByBan{nTe3arrl,Icr.r pyrepa. TeIl 3anr{cll Morar 4a ce npoueuff or zpo) B moKonu 3a ,tapupymna4un, Karo re3[ or r, 24.5, KrAero ,qonlrstreluo ce oG

peilnn3aunrra pyrepurea IP Mpexr.rre. cbx,4a Ha

qecKacpeaa. IIpn paano u TV parnptcrsauero e o6paruo - H3nor3Bace maBHo ca cBo6oaHxrr paanoerplp. I4:r<.luo.{eHrrra H3BecrHt ncexruy: ra6erHa rereau3r.rr, Mo6r{nHrlreneKoMyH}i(aqnn. floc,reasure He Morar ,aa ce pearn:rpat 6e: Ha u3noJr3Bane paafioeQ[pa, MaKapqe roBa Hafi-,{ecroe 3a Marxa qacr or al'rxraHa HaTa Bpb3Kara. Konro fi3noJBBarHacoqeHpaAr.ronbq, uoxe 6n ca Pagnope,refiHxrenrrHr.rx, u Heulo cpeaHo Mexly 3aTBopeHr.r cso6oaHu cpe4n. H.rua aa ce pa3npocTl,rpaMe KHurIt. Br,pxypa.{ ocpe.4aTa, rorro e o6err Ha paaHoTexHlrqecKHTe cpe.4x, a B B ra:I-' Inaga ce flpaBr.rlr cpaBl{eHre Ha pa:uuqH[Te npeHocHr,I trpeHocHt{cpeal B c,re.[Baurr{Te rJraBr.r pa3nlexrar ,qsere Haft-nony;rrpHl., ce .4Be TereKoMyH[Kau ttre - MeraJlHare onflqgr,te ra6eln. I{ foropefirH 3a re;reKolryHrKauuoHHnnpeHocxn cpe.qr rpr6aa aa o66pHeM .{e BHnMaHre, cBofcrBara HM B roJrrMacreneH ce onpelefltr or rexHt t pa3npe.(eHe ,ireH xapaKTep.Koraro Qr:lrrecxnre pa3MepnHa eteKrp lrecxnTeKoMrroHeBTu a,rurrr arpxy pa6orara Ha eneKTpr{qecKrrre cxeMn, KoMrroHeHTHTe cbcpedomoca qera. Koraro Qu:u'recxnre pa3MepnHa KoMrroHeHTfiTe Bnr{rtr Ha pa3npocrpaHesuero Ha cr,rrHana, I(oMnoHeurnre ca pasnpedeterz. Ha npaxrura Bcnq(fi npeHocHli cpe,4n ca c pa3npe,{eJreHunapaMerpx. Axarrrrr Ha cttcreM{ c pa3npeleneHr [apaMcrpn e [o-cnoxeH (HanpnMep3aKoHrr Ha Kupxot[ ue e a cfina). KonKoro no-roreMl| ca pa3crorHHrra Ha npeaaBaHe e no-BltcoKacKor{ pocTTaHa mBa npe.qaBaHe, ToJrKoBa no-roJr{Mo e BJrxrH[eTo Ha pa3npeaeteHltt qe xapaKTepHa cpeaara. O6r,pnere BHnMaHue, crlrHalu Haa crorr{Ha Meraxepua npl.rHyx4aBaT Ha .qopHKoHcfPyKTopuTe [eqaTHnTennaTK[ aa pa3flIexlaT IUIIHI.ire Bspxy Trx KaTo[peHocHn cpear{c pa3npeaeneHr{ [apaMeTpr4.

r 4.2.ABy/qET14PnnPOBOAHO nPEOSPA3yBAHE CPEAATA HA

floaeqero reneycnyrn n3HcKBarnpeaaBaHe npt-leMaHe. A6onarnara ,uHns r{ reAJI rrn Quxcupauara Mpexa, Korro cBbp3Ba a6onarHuc repMuuaJr(re.neQoH,

t5't

,reoaKc) c KpaiiHara UeHrpaJra ABynpoBoAHa e Bepr.fa, Korro npeHacr ctrHaJI nocoKlr.lopu ISDN repuuua"rr,r, PC MoaeMbrr.iADSL n:nonssar aBere IBynpoBoAHa.qulfit. AJI nr,s Qarcrpauara Mpexa e ,aBynpoBoAna, Aa ce 3a HoMucaejlHa aBofiKa npoBoltxxrlr.r.A6oHarHure lluur-tt ule ocraHar I-1 B
trjyflpoBo,flflr. 3aulo'ro re ca e4Ha oT Hat-rortMara aHBecrxUt, Ha

I )"' I

3a ra ce exapar B .D.BynpoBor,Hara nperaaare,rurqr x lpueMHxrr .rT,aRr A,rl Ha repMHHara,ce fi3nor3Ba cfleunaqHoycrpoiicrBo 3a ABy/.rerupxnpoRo,qHo IrDe_ o6pa3yBaHe,HapeqeHodurpepeutluatna arcmesta ,\C (hybrid sa aHrnr.{ficKxt Qur. 14.l. E:rexrpoxHare cxenH B ueHTparrre fi nyjrrfiflJrexca He no3BorrBar T:tM lla ce u3rrolr3Ba ,lByrpoBo.{Haap, :xa. flopa.U ToBaor ,{pyr-sr rpari na A,rl crqq ce nocraBr [C (r]rr. 14.l). C,'reaoBare:ruo, ato B cBeroBHarareneKoMyHrr(aqlouna Nrpexa [:\ra Kr,M Murrrapa A,rl, ro 6porr Ha AC B Mpexara e agofiHo noIOJI'M.

- - - _ - _ -' nocoxa sa nperaBaHe cnrHanHTe Ha flprMepHu nocoKxHaro(a, reHeprpaH crpaHa) or aMeqHur l(pafi(npHeMHara

laQepenqna.rHara cflc[eMa, r{aMHpauace or crpaHara na upexara, s 4eicrqnopoea ueurpa,ra r{ [o-TotrHo B a6otlarBHTenrrocr, pa3rror'roxeHa Kpai:iHara e B HHr KoMnrreKr. C ner ce peaqr3npa Syuxuuara H or rovn,rerra r[ynrq4; BORSCHT (ax. r. 10.5).

Our. 14.2. Cxeun na nrrOepelutlanHrl ctrcreMx A,4 - a6osarta u*rfiqi AT - a6ora"retdTepMnHar;ZC B ueHTparara; anoepellquarBa cl!creMa Ha a6oHarHuc KoMITJ'IeK'r M- MnKpooofles Kancyn; I1,)- nocoKa a [pelaBane;41,!- rocoKa rra IIpneMare;4- Kpafita qcurpa,na; fl, 72 - TpaHcQopMarop{; Ea Z" - l,/.[I[.e''a'dc ianaucHara cxeMai Z - nM[e,[aHc fla AJI

(Tl T2),3a aa Hece c ce ,{C a uenrpanara pea[]I3l.{paaBarpaHcQopr{aropa t-r Ha npolycKaHero rlpoor BHacq acxMerpfirs All. Bls BceKfl rpascoopMaropure
Ha TOXB Apyft-tTe XHAyUfipa Ir llBe HaMoTKI',I. r\'reHJltlB B KOTTO Aa e HaMOTKa, roK, qe roKbr a IIpHe]\rHara roKa c crpaHJ flv xHAyullpaaBa |tur.14.2 e [or{a3aHo, Ha nporuBonoJtoxeHrroJltpfiTer B fopHtiTe aBe HaMoTKll T2. CbuluTe ToKoBeMnCt':aasaHnte o,r rqx HaBarH B.4oJrHHTe HaMorKItHa Tl (rtax B rlporl,IBo$a3a). aBe u OT I\'IaIHUTHI'I Ce nOTOUt] MarHuTOnpOBOAa yHnLUOXaBaT CnTHaJILT IIpHeMHaTa B crpaHaHe ce [pexBlp,lt B rpeaaBarenHara. rvHllr., ce pa3aetg Ha Eueplrrra Ha crlfHaia, rocll'nBattl or .qByrlpoBoAHara crpalla Ha 4-[poBo,4Haraqacr x ce ry6[, K'bMnpl-{eMHara irBe.flonoBriHara orrrrBa Hal a caMo noJIoBHHaTa, nocTl,rlBaua Ha npe,naBa'Ie, a crpaHa Ha 4-npouoatrara AHa,roruqso g o6eacT ce ono[3oTBoprBa.cneaoBaTe,'lHo AC BHacs3aTrxBaHe. paTHaTa cTpaHace pa3aejlt Ha aBe. IlorosfiHara oT nocoKa,cufHaJrLT rIpHeMHaTa r{acT,a notoBI.'IHaTa oTKJIoHtBa KbM 6aJIaHCce fipexBlpnr Kr,M2-IIpoBoaHaTa ce (Qnr. 14.3).Moxe Aa ce.qoxaxe(Bx HanHaracxeNra AC naKBHact3arHxBaHe n pHMep[FRE]), qe reoperHqHrtr MLTHHMyM 3arHxBaHeroMexAy KneMlr3 Ir I Ha (tbur. 14.2 a Qur. 14.3),KaKrorr Mexry KteMlt I ti 2, e 3 dB. Cr,uo rara reopeTl.irfHo 3 3arxxBaHero Mexry KJreMr.r u 2 rpt6za.{a e 6e3Kpa[Hocr. Ha npaKr[Ka roBa He e raKa, Haii-Manxo3arloro Z/rHe e roqHo paBHoHa Z (3a BcllqKn qecrorlt). Eara va,rxa qacr or npueMaHur cfirHaJIce npeaaBao6parHo I.r Moxe !a npeau3BHKasro - rBjreuEe, KoeTo BrouaBa KaqecTBoTo Bpt3KaTafl ce pa3ruIexaaB Ha cIe.[BauaTaToqKa.

Oxr. 14.1.Pa3nonarase n1|0cpelIqna,JrrrH tla crrcreMu a TeJIeKOMyrIrlKaUtloI|l|aTa Mpexa 4,1 - a6otarra r'usl'qi AT - aooaa're|d TepM!Ha,'t;4C cBcren.ra; uurpo$orr; O(fM- oOuectBeBa MIrl(DepeHul|a,'rHa KoMyrqpyeMa reJreooHfla Mper{a;/- re,reQorren rancy.lr Ha $ur. 14.2 ca Aa.{enfi BT,3MoxHH pe:uta3aunnua !C or.4rara Kpar Ha AJL MocroBrrcxeMu, HaroBapeHu [Mne.[aHc c [C or Qnrypara ca rpaHcQopMaropr'ln h sa 6anaucaara cxeMa.paBeuHa nM[eAaHcaZt Ha AJl, Tovrlre npn HaMorKlrre Ha rpaficqjopMaropure rroI{a3Bar rrojrrpurera Ha uH.qyKTxBHocrra. AeiicrBr.reroHa AC B AT e no-recHo 3a o6rcHeHrle.ToxT,r or lrnrpo{ona ce pa3Aer'rr nBe paBHanoroBrjHr{(aKo Zo= Z) I{ ce no.qaBa [portiBooa3a Ha ABexa B Te ntpBlqHtt Harlrorxli.Bra aeparata Ha reneq)oHHara c"ilyuaJrKa ce npexBlpJul rie curHai or nuxpor.poua.C apyru ayvu or rrpeaaBareJrHl.rrrpaKT ce npexBbpnt lte curHaJrKbMnpfieMrrnq.Ha nparraxa 6anaucbr ]te e [aearerr u cna6o ce qyBa cnrHa,raor NrfiKpoooHa (roBa Aopfi e xenarenHo).

159

- _ _ _ - - - - _C x r H a r r A J I o ._ C l r x a ,o t n p H e M H c r p a H a r ara

l4pexa Moxe aa ce flotBH exo. AHarornqllo BrI{tllI,Ie llMa a6or{aror OuKct4paHara tlu{tpoar:npaHero I,Ila(erflpaHeTo I{a peqTanpr voIP. or .rax],cHeHrisro Exo uoxe aa ce noqyBcrBa (uaxap r no-c,ra6o) x or cnyrxaq[t a6orar, axo bx rrilcTbnHABoiillo orpaxeHue. Cutxamr ae,{H ce orpa3flBa or Jlare'{Hut Kpaii a6orar. apllta ce B 6r!t3K[t Kpafi BTopHn]T Ir ce orpa3tBa, fi ce rlD cryuarurt -nLnrl nDu c,'tvuaurt a6ouar xaro exo. Dl "-exo. (JcaeH ereKrpuqecKoro AoryK fiMaxMe npeABH.[T.Hap. ereKntpuqecKo exo. Ha6.nnaanace rpu B[coKoroBoprul',Ire,reQouu a h qKycnlurtHo c.r,uec'r8yBa qacr or aKycrllt{Ht-'lt tKolr "xeHAc-d)pn"releQoHn. AKycrI4'{rloro exo 03HaqaBa B Ha ce Br,pHeo'r BHcoKol-oBopHTer{ MHKpoQoHa cbuloTo ycrpoHcTBo. Ia ctrfHa,'r H KaKTo eJlexrprqecKoro. Axycrt.Iltoro exo, aKo ce roqBx, IlMa clluut e(beKT, c exoro ce BoaHc rpx cpe.qcrBa 6op6ara [ERl], [FRE], [HER2]: e * rracrpoiixa Ha AC TaKa,se h = Zt, Ho ToqHo cT,BIIa,qeHfienpaKrl{qecl(u
IICa'b3!IOXHO;

Onr. 14.3,Parae,lnBc cHrtlaJrlre a AC rr yc,roauoroi oruavenue rra A,rl- ^6onar'da rnExn; 11,- [peAaBaHe; II1- npteuaue; ECX - 6a,,raHcHa cxeMa TpatcQopvaropuara AC r.rMa MHoroAo6pr.r KaqecrBa. f,rasHure Hcaocranqu ca fojleMu pa3Meprl Macan HRcKa H TexHojrof[qHocTHa npol_t3BoacTBOTO, a OTTTI]|| H Bncora ueHa. flopaau cnoveua.rara roJrrMa MacoBocrua [C a re,rerouyuuxauttoHHlire Mpexn ce tapcrr Apyrft petlreHlr. .{Hec ce a,rarar !C, pearri3r.rpaHrr c Texrro:tot-rrlt, 6a3arllOpoBara o6pa6orxa Ha cHrHairHTe. Ha 14.3. EXO 14EXONOTUCKAHE
KaK]'o J'lltqri oT LrMeToJ exoTo ts TeneKoMyHllKaur.ruTefi clleqaalHo B TenedG'

ula: B',LpHaTHtT CItfHaJt .Qae jlocTaTr,rtHo cureH fi 3aK,bCHeHneTO BbDHaTIif CI|IHa HaI .qa e aocTaTlrqHo roJItMO.

HIrTa e apr,ulaHeTo npa foBopeuur Ha qacT oT cnfHana Ha pegTally c r,r3BecTHo. 3axbc[eHr.te. 4a uua exoro ueNe,raueQexr Br,pxy roBopeu1tr, rpr6sar 3a ase He-

ycrpoitcrBo 3a nomucKaHe exomo (echo suppressor); tu * x3[on3BaHe .f. u3noJl3BaHe erosaepadumet(echo cartceller). Ha Iloc.neaHure,4BecpeacrBa ce lr3rlor3Bar I(aKTocpeuy ereKTpll.IecKoro,TaKa exo. n cpeuy aKycTl.ltIHoTo or e Exo3afpax(.qaHgro tto-e(beKrxBHo exonor[cKauero a e aai-r:rorssaHvgt Nrelo.q(oco6eno npu VolP). [o6tp u3roIrrI.IKHa [HOopMauHt 3a exo3afparrrec jut.re.qure rpenopr,xaraHa ITU-T G.168. e Karo Vcntpoicmeama 3a exonomucKale (echo supp ressors) (DyHKuI.IoHupar Ir,8ex,4aTfojrrMo 3aTrxBaHeB rlpeaaBarerHut lpaKT, KofaTo .4alequu.sr a6onar Ha B rouopu. Meroar,r ce u3noJI3Ba rpaKTuKaraorraBHa, Ho ce noracKa crlrHaJrLT foBopeuxt, KofaTo H apyraTa cTpaHa3anoqHe,[a roBop]'i, a KoraTo aareqsutT a6oHar cnpe ra roBopn, cnrpa n Souoarar uyM, uaBalr or HeroBI'It re:re$oH. -l'otaaa ce cryurate,tlr Moxe aa rroMxclttl,qe BpL3Kara e rrpertcHurra Exozazpaduneurme (echo cancellers) ca no-eQerrtleux, Ho H ,uocra no.Ipe3Ha[c.noxHuycrpoftcraa. (DyHKrlr.roHupaHero exo3arpaAHTeJlt IIoKa3aHo Ha e onpocrenara 6.noKoaa cxeva xa Qrr. 14.4. Ilpouecopr,r $opluxpa, xa 6asara sa nocTr,rrBa[t]rrcurual s(n), ovarnaxoro exo a(n), Ho c o6pareu rHax:

Orparraanero Ha curHara HMa Ha Nlecrara, Ktlero ce Hapy[aBa xoMoreHHocrta Ha rrHi.rrra Il HecbBnaaeHue rMneaaHc[Te. Ho uafi_cn,rsoorpaxeHte lra uua u {C (nopa4u HecsatagelTeroHah u 21$ur. 14.2).3aaa e 3aKbcHeHfiero ro,rrlro (rranpuMepHa.q50 ms),.rp.a6naI pa:crorutero, Koero x3MxnaBaorpa3eHlltr clirHulJr (orxBaHe u Bpr,rlaHe).qa AocraTbqHoronrMo. flopa.q[.roBa 3a exoe ro rlta 3HaqeHxe"orpaxeHuero or lareqHllr xpai,'. Taxa, aKo roBopu neBttft a6ouar Ha rlur. 14.l 3a exoro 3HaqeH[e xMar orpaxeHr.rrra or !C npu AJI na rrap'rrrbopa lrctrara cTpaHa OHrypara. or Ha Ilai+o,r.slto e 3aKlcHeHlteronpn Bpr,3Ku, Korrro Mr_{HaBar u npe3 cnr,THIrK e or nopra'bKaHa 0,5 s. Talr npo6,remlr c exoro e Haii-Tex-bK. guei exo ce Ha6lrollprj l3nor3BaHe Ha MO.{epHrr ,aaBa MeToau3a KoMnpeclpaHoKoal.lpaHe peqla, Ha Ko 'ro 3aAbpxar cursala 20, 30 u nose,reMllJrxceKyHAH 17.6). llpu 4exo4tpa(r, IIeto ce tslracr ollle roJKoBa 3aKbcHeHIe. TaKa tlpx roBopeHeor GSM aflapar c

(14.1)
t(u,lero xoeorqresrure ft(k) orqr'trar B63NroxHoro3aKacHeHHe 3arrlxBaHeHa n cttrHara. 3a uenra exo3arpaa[rerm rprbra .ua 3alaMerqBa Bc.sKa npo6a ctc aalfl,ctreHfieor 0.qo K. Ocraru'rHlllr cnrna,r r(r) Ha exoro ce cre,qrr3a eBeHTy:trHa r(opexuxr ua xoe$nqneHrlrre ft(,t). qqQpoB Oltrrbp. Toii Moxe aa Exourpaaurerrr Ha rrpaKru(a e aJIaIITHBeH 6r'ae pa:no,roNeu HaBcsKareno Bepurara (n 4-nposognara uacr, pa:6upa ce), lo ce uMar npeaBxa ,qneclo6paxeuu.r 3a HaMaJrrBaHe pa3xoanre. Ha + Exo3arpanurenrr rpr6na aa e pa:roJroxeH KojrKoroce uoxe no-6,qll:o Ao lt3rorrHfiKaHa exoro. Taxa 1( s (14.1) e Do-Ma,'r(o unl] 0 u exo3arpaat4rettr ce onpocrrBa.

l6l

tDr|r. 14,4.Bx.rrc.taal|erf AeicrBxe ||a exo3arpaAf,Ten e(n)- cnrfiar Ha exoro; r|- HoMep npo6ara or crilrrana; Ha r(nj- ocTaTr,qeE cnr||aJrHa exoTocJlel 3trpalfiTeJrfl; J('l) - IIocIr nBaq curla,r; y(z) - npeAloJraraeM cr|r||aJrfla eroro ,.. -llxo3arpaanTeJlnTe e xejraTeJrHo ,[a ce pa3noJraraT B rleH,Tpajrr.r, 3a aa
I{3nOJI3BaT npl{ nItHI4rrTe, KOI,ITO BHaCtr rOntMO 3arBCHeHLIe.TaKa

tHTe oocnyxBaT KoHUeHTpl{paH TpaOI-'K ca no-nbJrHorleHHo r.r HaToBapeHn.

Ilpuruepn 3a ropHnre rreHTpaJrn Mex,qyHapoaHa ca rreHTp:rna, o6cnyxBaula KaHanH npe3careJrnr, rara clr{o l.rueHTpana qnQporauo6nlua upexa ( a Na MSC s lnasa 22), rarro r.l xpafiua qeHrpanar{JrnMeaHeH rrnn3 rtpl,t VoIp MGW s fmsr 26 H 27). flpo6neurr c exoro n exorrorr..rcKaHero e pa3rne,qaH ao6pe a [I{ER2] (ue 3aVoIP). 14.4.GPABHEH14E nPEHocHl,lTEcPEAl4 HA IIo-Aoty ue 6raar n:6poesnu cpaBHeHn pa3nnqHrre npeHocHu cpear.r, a cne,{BaulTe aBe uraBn rre ce pa3rneaarno-noapo6xo MerarHHTe onrutrHltrg I
Ka6enI-|.

Brrgyurnn .nufiun. Tosa e npenocHa cpeAa,Kor:roe or 3oparaHa

Hr{Kauuhre, Ho Bce oIIIe ce u3rroJBBaB MHoro crDaHn (sKnroq[TerHo r.t s pa3BrILIr lHlycrp[anHlt crpant), uanpxuep B prAKo HaceneH[ pafiouu 6es lHr[-

paflpyKrypr. I,I3non3Bar omKpumu (orrr.qcro e r,r[Mero tlM HaaHfJrrrficKt ce npoeoduu4u e3 K - open wire). Haft-vecronpoBoAHlrr.ltre 6nragrargr,r croMaHeHa ca cbpqeBHHa 3a 'KOCT t{ MeAHOnOKpllTUe 3a ApOBOAHMOCT.

ca CuMerp[.rHH MsranHH KtOeJtIl(ycyKaHHaBoiKH). CtcraBeHt,t or HtKaKBo (2, 10, 50, 100 . ao 2-3 xnflt.ua) ycymxu aBofiKll.lbnomBar ce: KorsqecrBo - B a6oHarHaraMpexa; MeXIy UeHTpaJI,l; JlHHl.lH - B MpexaTaoT cbeaHHhTeJIHI.l - Ilpll Marl{clpanHlj ra6e.:u ga a1,rrn pa3cTotHHt I'I MynTHrIneKcHpaHe; - :a LAN. Mpexfi Bce oue ce cpeuar H BrnpeKH, qe aHec B TeneKoMyHliKaqI'IoHHrrTe qeT4pv1e ctryqafl Ha npl'IJloxeHlle, HoBn Ka6eJII{ [onaraT caMo npn a6oHarnn ycy(aHure 'qBoftKuce H3MecrBaroT MDexHr{ 3a LAN. B MarlrcrpatHrtle rtlP.t4t4 ra6el}t, a no-KlcHo It or onnrqunre ra6eln. roarcnalgare (nafi-rT urure B r. nap. a6oHaruu ra6eln ce ISrIoJBBarrbHKI.rnpoBoAHltur.r ca 0,4 mm) I,Ic roJIsMoKollHqecrnoAgoftxn, n raKa ce nocrlrfa no-egrrHa a6oHarHa rulilfl.. Cur.rgrplr.Ixate xa6e,u sa LAN ca no-eBTuHll r no-npaKTHqHH3a MoHI(OaKCI{aiIHtiTe' x TupaHe BeqeHanbrHo I{3MecTBaT Koarccfiarflr| rca6eln. KoaxcnaaHntr Ka6en IEnoJBBa 3a npoBoaHltuHaBa n roa(cnanHo pa3rloJloxeHuulljllrHAlpa. BbTpe[lHHtT e T6H6K'nJIbTeH I{3OJII{pan qrutnHArp I'Irpae poJltra H Ha eKor BbHrrIHI.rtc HtKaKbB ,{uereKrplrr. Btuuunrr 3arnapruero Ha eneKTpoMarpar cpeuy cMyurenlrtra, I{ Ha BTopll npoBoaHHK. OT OT BT,JIHI-I BGHIIIHI-|{ UnnI-IHAtp HaMaI{Ba BJII-|.flHI,I0TO BIHIIIHI-I CMyIIeHI-'ITHI{Te Hnt K yBeruqaBaJIeHTaTa. I,lMaABenonyntpHl{ [pt{lloxeHltt: .i' uarncrpa.neHra6el; .:. Ka6err3a LAll. 3a Koarcralnr.rqt ra6er e 6n,r Ixnpo(o H3non3BaH floJlaraneHa roneMu pa3cTorHnr, BKltroqnreJrHo I{ Karo np$oKeaucKl xa6e[' I'lsno,'Bnat ce t<oHcrpyrqnu (Tp66n) c romM.anaMerbp I,I ctorBerHo roJrtM Kaflaql,rrer,Hanp{Mep 10000 ft,ret[oHHnranaaa. ,{Hec BeqeHe ce noJlarar Hogu tarusa xa6eJlu. Pagno-pe.refinn .rxnnu PPJI. IIo nponycrarelna cnoco6Hocr PPJI ca cc[3c Mept.IMr.t KoaKcHiulHl{TeKa6enH,CpaBHeHHeTo Ka6erlrre (ne cauo roarcua;rxuc .{e re) noKa3Ba, PPJI ce l,Brpaxlar no-6tpso, no-eBrlrHoI{ Te no-necHo npeoAoJltBar rpyaun reorpaQcrn repeun. Or apyra crpana PPJI ca no-crsnu sa e(cnJroaraunr ot ra6ernre. B Eurapar PPJI :aeuar no-roJUIMatn or reneKoMyHrrKaqrroHHr.rre cbc 3anaaHaEnpona. Egnom o6rcneB MathcTpirJrH, cpaBHeHlle cto6paxeHue e uaHfiHcKrlrr un pereQ, a BToporo e no-cxopo no noJIr'ITuqecKH sa ultr.,{uec PPJI ce u:nor:gar qecro s }.{o6fiJlHllTe Mpexx 3a cBbp3BaHe 6aloru craHqurl KbM Ha3eMHaraMpexa, Koraro re3H cTaHLln[ ca [ocTaBeHI'I Ha rpyAHo aocTsnHn MecTa. Ha,[exrl'l Ha Bpb3rlrre ImK]Iloq[TeJIHll Carerutlru .lunx[. Hrxora sr,g,'Iaraxa c TereKoM)rHHKaqHoHHHTe cpeAaMoxe Aa ce pa3rnexc[arHl,rq[. Ta3n npeHocHa aa Karo BI,II PPJI, maero perpaHcnarop6T e KaqeH Ha carenur. 3elrHa craHIIItl rlpeaaBaao careJrlrraB eaHa qecroTHaneHTa,a careJlHTbrpereHep[pa n npe,4aBa cnnrara o6paruo s Apyra qecrorHa nenTa. 3a uenra Hai-qecro r.I3noJI3Bar careJlur Ha reocraul'IouapHa op6lrra (oKono 35 800 km Haa noBbpxHocrra xa 3eu-rra). 9pe carennrHa Bpa3Kace noxplrBar 163

flponycrareruara cnoco6noctsa Br3aytuHr,rre nuHlrue MaJrKa HeMoxe,qA HaaxBtpnr{100 KHz. Hafi-rolruoro I,rM nperulMcrBo ve ce n:rpa:rq4ar6rpso n e, qe ca eBTHHH, Cpeqar ce n Euraplt, BbnpeKfi Hau[TeMereopofloruqHu ycroBruI Heca Ao6pr-r rrx (rrcar ce npu rou6auaqur ua o6ne,4enrBaHe 3a l-tBrrbp).

pa3cTorHHr, He3aBEcHMOOT feOfpaQcKH.S TepeH. OCGUIeCTBTBa Bpb3Ka Lt Ce

(B oTcbcTBr.ie BcrKaKBa Ha HHQpacTpyrcrypa [ycTlrHrra, B oKeaHa). HeaocraTbK 3aK6cHeHueTo crirHajla. B easaTanocoKa Ha [peaaBaHe(3eMrl e Ha crlbrurrK - 3eMr) ca Heo6xoanMuoKoJro270 ms, r.e. cwapHmo 3aK6cHeHue e 0,5 aBere nocoKx Ha npeAaBaHe Ha,u s, Koero He e caBceMnpueMnnBo3a l o3r, HeaocTaTbK peayuHpa cHnHo rrpl-|n3noJBBaHe fpyna oT caTenmu ce Ha

rNABANETHA,4ECETA KAEENU METANHU

ca npoBoAMerarunre ra6ern, n:nontaaHt'I B TeneKoMyHIrKaunI{Te, c MeAHLI ce or MeAHfiTe rrpoBoAHHur.t Ir3noJI3Bar MHoro roA{Hr, nopaAI'IKoMnJret(c lrnun. cBoficAo6pfi MexaHlHHLr or Ao6pHcBo[crBa: go6pa erexrpl,vecKa npoBo,(I'IMocr, roBa Ha npueMJII,IBa Uesa. Ka6elure c rBa, ycroiquBocr Ha Kopo3l'lt I,I BCI,i.IKo B Ca flpoBoaHuqrl,[3noJI3BaHI{ TeneKoMyH[KaII[ETe, C ABepa3HOBllAHOCTt-r MeaH14 - ycyKaHa aBoixa. rBofiKar KoaKcltaJIHa

uncra op6rra no,q1000km). Ho re:n flpoerTu3acera HrMarycnex,3apa,q1

pa3Br{Banlrrre uasetvuuuo6uttuu Hara KoHKypelrlufl Ha ercnJro3r.{BHo ce

(Public Innd Mobile Network - PLMM raro GSM a UMTS (sN. lnasa 22 u sa23).
H.rrora rpneuaxa, rre Bpb3Krre c renekoMynl{Kaq[ouHx cnbrHnull ca c

poxaraneHTa. ro:N noralarer { npeBb3xox,{ar flo rseursnre onrrqxn rca6enn.

OnruqHu ra6e.nn. IIpr onrllr{Hlrr KoMyHr{Karrxri eneKrpr4qecKfi rr ce npeBp'bqa B oIITr{qeH, onrnqHHrr ce npeHacr BbBaraxHo S;O2(rsapu). a onr[qH[re Ka6err ca rtoqrtl 6er ronxypeHqnr Raro npeHocHa cpeaa B H[Kaufirre, oco6eHo no orgo[reHr.reHa Karrarlurera.HtMa aa e npec[neHo aa qe KarKe, onrlrr{Hlrre ra6elu nMar cbxpynurenHo npeB63xo,4crBo ul,lpnHa no

(C14METPI4'{EH KAsEn) C 15.1.KAEEn vCvKAH14 ABOfiK14

c Ka6e,rrr e BHHaTH noBeqeor eaHaycyKaHa,4BoftKa or ABe4o oxo,ro 3000 forer,rure crofiHocrlt ca npli ra6eln ga a6osarHI't lll'tHl'Il,tB rpa.qcKx Mpexn. lsoixrr. ycyKaHara ,{sofixa ce cbcrol m aBa moJtHpaHt'IMeaHL npoBoaIIHKa.,{nauYmptr e or 0,4 mm, 0,5 mm, 0,6 mm ao rru 1,4 mm. Ha npoBoaHr.qure (6ea teolaulffa) ca ycyKaHu?Ha Qnr. 15.l ca rorasasu ABaracnyqaq - c He3aruo asoixnre ycyKaBaH ycyKaHa4aofira. clryulaaaulHtT ctirHaJl,s aeficrs[reruocr, e pa3nl{KaTa:r paul-lxa ra Mex,qy roxoaere 1" lr 1,, unaYU4Eyr B ABara rlpoBo.4Hl.tra. Ha nopa,4upa3n qHo orcrotH[e or rr3ToqHl',Ixa cMyueHnero llo)(e.qa e HanpHMep, (cbce.qHara B Ka6ena).Ha Qrr. 15.16, flopaalt cMtHara Ha MecronoJloxeaBouKa Ha Moxe,qa ce oqaKBano-foJltMo lt3paBHtBaHe aBaTa HXeTO rrpoBoaHnquTe, Ha roKa. Ho Mnoro flo-roJltMara noma or ycyKBaHgroe, qe xHAyuupaHxcMyrrlaBanu ce HaMarrBa l{3[6qBaHero or pa3rnex,uaHara agoftxa. Ha $nr. 15.la.qBara npoflpll ycy(BaHcro ce nonyqaBar Bo.{Hr.rKa eaHa xy6asa aHTeHa n3JIrqBaHe. 3a ca qHnTOeneKrpoMarHuTHH noJIeTa KoMneHcI{paT I-I3JIGqBace u pa3nnqHHHaMOTKH, Hero HaBbH MHorc no-cna60. e

npeaocraBeuara cpe.4n. IIua u gpyru npeamrsf renra, cnprMo apyn.rre npenocHr{

TBA HA ONTI4qH TE KAOCJIIi:

* [Ipuctyweaue.Hmra nprc,ryrunane MexAyorAe:rHr{Te onrnqn}t ra6era. * Bruwuu cuweuun. Hsua. * 3at4umexocm. floqru e Heel3r\,roxHo noacnyuBaHeTo, nonexe rprona 4p, ce npeK6cHe BJra(Horo.
.,. Pa3 ep u mezno. VIH!.HBLtryaJrHrrre BJraKHa no-TbHrr,r or qoBeuKrs ca ctNr. EnrjHr'{xHlr ortTxqeH npoBoAHIlr reNN 9 nbrl{ [o-MaJIKo,orKoJlroro

nur [DOD]. * 3amuxeaue.OmnqHnre c[rHaJru 3arr,rxaarno-MaJrKo no3BoJrrBar rro. r,r ,r roJIeMr{ yc[nBarenun y.racnqn, @ereueparopun) Ex:orrqxn npeHocHn cpean.Ilpear HeMnororecerrmernr Mirnxo 6I d ca xopaTa,KoxToca BspBan, qe HrKoraue Moxe aa ce roBopll no cT6Kno,KaKBOI0 HanpaKTuKaonrr.rqHom BJraKHo. Hr,re.qHec npe. e TaKa rpyaHorre nporHo3r{paMe HocHI,ITe re[ekoMyHr,rKaur4oHHu cneAHrrorlKo,{ecerr,urerxs. cpeAn EAr,rH s'r,t}to] xeH BapHaHT MaTepuaJrHTe, nporBrBaT ca Kor{To npr.r cBprxnpoBoalrMocT Blrco(E (rosa o:uauarala Qll3nunreMr.rHyc oC,nanpnuep). reMnepar)rpn 100 CaprxnpoBoalrMocr Hyna3ar[xBaHe, Koero3acera nec6r,.qHara o3HaqaBa e MeqraB TereKoMYHIlKAIIHHTC.

a)

6) @rr. 15.1.Heycyrrsa 1|ycyKaEaaaoiKa a 1,- ToK ra crr||ara; 1! - ToKHa c yulaBaurls cr|rrtar B npoBoaxf,K

165

r I

oaLAN, carareropreuparn UTp Cit Z,'+, raro S n'i'. iar", :^rll]:":i" 3a peq, AoKaTo KaTeropnr
5 I 7 ca no4xolrrqn :a LAN, puOo*rqn .;'; I00 Mb/s. I Gb/s ruu l0 cb/s (Bx. r. I3.4).

Kaoent,tre UTp ((Jnshietded. Twisted pair _ HeeKpaHupaHa y(ryKaHa

K " =-=Zr+Zo

^ z"-z^ u,
Ul

(15.2)

rs,2. nbPBttt{H14 tEKTpt4qECKU E nApAMETpt4

ear.rHrrla pa3crorHue (rn,rovemp) or xoMoregHara o"""" p*nfao*a"o uerpa. crofinocrnr" ru nup""vn"r" eneKTprqec*r.r " ini^ ii-f c ^ c BoAHMocT u:o,ra'a.nra) aasar3al Ha ce xr,,lo".*p "^p ;;;;;L;;;J ; xaHl-l.ueofiru or nop.r.qrra ca " ua [CTO2]:

ffi ffi #:T;:1"0,*l'".*n:T:H::T:"y:;;;;;,##;:

R = 20+400 Cykn (B3aBr.rcrjMocr or Al.taverrpa xluoro), Ha I = 0,6+0,7 mH/km, C = 22.40 nFtkrn,

Itpnuvuare napaMerpr{ xa6e,rsara ua ABofiKa no1a3aH[Bx ca

-"r,oTHoueH[eToHaHanPexeH}teToU.Haorpa:errurcnrHaJIKbMHanpeXeHIeTo uiinu B Kpat Han}IHHtra' a Zr e LMne'4aHclrHa roBapa' "rr"*u MoIlIc qe :a .qa6tae npexBrpJleHcHrHaJI MaKcI'lMa'IHa OT Ka3aHorocteaBa' I{ Ha roBapa aa 6TiaepaBeHHa xapaKlrM eaaHcbr u Ha reHeparopa' flocr:rpt6Ba l{MneAaHc' #n cTuqHltg '-'qe HMneaaHcI'T cllJIHo 3aBlcl-tor qecrorara' Karo npll O- ttS.t) ce Bltx.aa, 100 KHz[e no'nyuara Ha.{ qecrorfl (HanpI'IMeP BncoKr{

z" =^ l l ' "

vc

( l s3 )

rtempu cepa3.n"ou' 14 '\e , iJlll;Xllll "n"oriJrf

N4

Hn xapaKTepHcTHKr{ xoMoreHH Ha

(3anparrxqecn upecMr-raHrllr Moxeaa ce npreMaC = f:l:'l''0'}{tr r'6pBrr,, eneK.rp*qec*x Hr{Te fiapaMerp'n rrnoJ*Bar 3a onp"a"n""J"u ce

ceHaprqar amopu\Hu

XapaKtep' ItMa qI{cTOaKT[BeH T.e,tMneAaHCtT Ha Ha HMneaaHca ycyKaHa,4BoiKa, c '{IraMerbp Ha MerHoro 3asnqtNrocrra qecrorara e loranaHa Ha OHr' l5'3 Karro ce gsae' eraJloHgutr xrno 0,5 mm, or Ha L [apaMeTpHTe ce npaBtT H3MepBaH[tTa IMneaaHc,npt KoiTo ce n3q[cttBaT e KaHaJII{ 600 Q' a ra3fi crofiHocr, cnopea Q r}?ara' e caMo ol(ollo 3Byr(oBfiTe 1200 Hz. I4uneAanc,Q I

OI|r. 15.2. EKEr|BaneBTHacxeMa Ha eArE

xnroMerbp or Ka6e,,rHa ABof,Ka

1400 1200 1000 800 600 400 200 0,3 1,2 4,8 r9'2 76,8 307 KHz 9ecrora,
0'5 c ua .lBoftKa !f,aMerbp mm na Mealorox(f,Jro Ortr, 15.3. lluIl,4aHc ycyftana c rpyrHo csrnacyBaHem rnHllOr ra:anoro ce pa:6npa rar{o e cparnl'ITenHo cxeMa cxeua or rnQePesuHlulHara na tra, Hanpr.{Mep c:bDlacyBaHero 6alancsara (rN. flara 14)' c a6ouarnara nnnm 3a :ryxorr.rr o6xsar, noHexe BtntHnero Ha un'qyrTt.lBHocrrae MaJlKo (0X > G)' ro 3a h (@L< R\, a npoBoatiMocrra l{3onaulrtrae oue no-MarKa Ha noJryqaBaMe f o

1s.3.I4MnEAAHC n HltflTA HA
Ilrpanrr BTopfiqeHnapaMerbp,xoiro ue 6tge nocoveH, e r. Hap, ,pucmuuHo vnu aulHoao crrrpo.tvRnetrre ([Mne.qauc) Zo=
^ofaTo e.{Ha xoMoreHHa

(15.

r-IMa nocrotHHa crofiHoct sl,g rc_f,xa toqra. Koraro rtlHlrrra e HaroBapeHac qe Zo Ka3BaMe, u e HaroBapeH crrracyBa_ a so. fl^pt_uecruacyBaHo HaroBapBaHe qacr or crrrHaJra ce orpa3rBa. KoeOErIneHTbTHa oTpaxeHre

JI}IHI Ka.ro aaHc, nMnerun"u, nu :: ;H; tTa, e paBeH xaparTepacTr,r'{H "*oou]1u"*lfiTffiffiiXXfiffitlH 1 Ha r, Zo He 3aBr.tc}r ,r;*;;;;;;;;#;; oT

tz"t=li.

Ha xoero o6.f,cHcsa voAennpaHero Ha HMneaaHca a6onarsara tHHHs cGc cxeMara cxeMa. 3a IEnoJI3Ba 6anaHcHa or 6ur. 15.4. Kotro ce

166

r67

TeneKoMyHhKauxx - dr4(cupaH!1,Mo6[nHq l.l lP

320

oe I I p l l c - , r y u r E a Hr ,]aile,{Hfi, Kpai

Cvyqararra aBoil(a

BMt|eraHcI|a a6oHarl|a Jrrlrt|t O]|r. 15.4.Exsrrsa,reHTeH

Cvyrqaearqa aBoiixa

HA 15.4. 3ATT4XBAHE C4THMA nO yCyKAHA ABO14KA cre[eHTa Ha Il3rt{eHeKoucmqHmqmqte pa3npocmpa etlue y xapaK'fepg3ltpa nuc ua c[rHaia no aMnlr.try,qarr Qata npa pa3npocrpaHeHrrero My rro Jl]trulrra. Ilpe.qcraBrHeroi c nrparvurrre naparlrerpxe:
I l p f l c n y u a a H eo r Srx3xut (pai

Cvyuanara ,tBotxa

y=J@ljaLW+j@.
pea'lHaTa OT I-lMarfiHepHaTaqacT: Kl,jleTO, aKO OTAgJT!rNr

(1s.4) (15.s)

Oxr, 15.6.[IpflcnyuBaI|e or 6nn3Knsn AaneqHr|q Kpafi llprclyureanero e aBa Br.rra:tpnctywsaue om ftusxun xpa u npxcJryuBaHe otn danewrunxpait, KaKroroBa e roKa3aHoHa QNr, 15.6. KA6E t14 1s.6. KOAKCI4ATIH14 Koarctaluugr ra6el e no:ttat Ha BceKr, nonexe qecro ce x3nor3Ba 3a noaBex.qaHe cufHalra or reJreBI-I3t-IoHHara lta aHrena. To:lt rabel uua e,{ItHHqeH BBTpeueH [poBoAHHK,rl3onlrpaHc nJrcTeH norflerltfleH. Br,pxy rolreruleua e noioxeHa MeAHaorrJrerKa,Kotro ufpae pont Ha BIHITIeHnporogHllx. Toaa ca c/tuHrirr BIIAKoaKclra.nur ra6enn, Kouro ce Hapvqarpaduo'lecmomuu. xa6e,rt, HapeveHl meneKo.uyHuKo4uoHHu MctLll.v ,{pyrtrr rrlg KoaKcnaJrHI-t zUCmPAlIHll,3anIOTO lI3nOJI3BaT mrpaxAaHe Ha.qbJrn,r Ce 3a MafI-lCTpa,rU. Ca C Te no-roneMr.r pa3Mepn,Hanp[Mep 1,214,4;2,619,5 nm fi noBei]e,Koero npeacraBJrr8a cboTHo[reHHeTo Ha,a[aMelbpa Ha BbrperuHrir [poBo.qHI-tK KbM B'bHuHrir u!trrHAr,p B Mr{n}.rMerpn. flo4aoguare xa6e,ruca c oIr1eno-roJreMupa3Mepu,Harrp}iuep 8/25 mm. EcrecreeH e crpeMexbr Aa ce yBennyaaa pa3Mepbr ua ry6ute, ItoHexe roBa BorI{ Ao no-MaJI(o3arxxaaHe(norplaaHe Ha no-rolltMo pa3crotHxe 6e: perereparop) n to-rorrMa cKopocr Ha lpeaaBaHe.Ho no-ro,reutre ry6n, oc8CHqe ca no-cK6nr, no-TpyAHoce noJrafaT MaTno-roJltM ,(onycTlrMpaanyc Ha r.r onaane. flpn rpr6uare KoHc'rpyKurixH3oJrauurrae Bb3AyuHa, a BtTpeuHnrr IlpoBo,4HuK a:bp)Klr ocra Ha ry6ara vpel pa3rronoxeHr ua nurepnaln rpnxcace no

v=d+iB.

a Hq 3a ct e KorrcmoHmama 3atnltxBateA.{aBa 3arr'rxBaHero KxJrolre'rbp, p e QasoHa 6qma KoHcmqHmq r4,[.aBa [J3MecrBaHe Qa3ara3a KHroMerbp. Ha 3arr.rxBaHe 3aBficHMocrra Kxr'roMerplqHoro aHa Ha Qar. 15.5 e rroKa3aHa qecrorara ICTOI]. Hornre npfi,'roxeHutna a6oHarsara a6oHarHara.lrnlrr o'r JrrHrl! or $uxcrpauara lrpexa (Hanpulrep ADSL - f,rana 20) ca ar:uoxnr, 6raMHofo 3ByKoroltapeHlreHa florrocr'rMoTo 3aTnxBaHe lrprl qecToTx,I{aaxB'bpJrflruu slir o6xsar. d, dBlknr 62,5 6,25 o,625

l0 l0

100 1000 f,KHz 100 1000 L KHz

OrIr. 15.5.3aruxBare a a6orarrla,'rnHnfl c ycyKaIIa aBoiKa

15.s. nPUCTIyIUBAHE
nlo6qo ce Haplqa fipexBr,pntHero Ha Ilprcryuoaue B reJrer(oMyHr{Kaulrure crrrHar or eaux KaHaIrn apyr. flpu ra6ersre c ycyxauu geoixN ToBa o3HaqaBa Ka6e[pexB]pmHe or e,quaasoiira a gpyra. IlpncryurBa]rero llpr.t KoaKcr.rzllrHlre HeBr]3MoxHo. JIUe roqr[ HeBb3MoxHo,lpu orIrrrHure - a6co,rrorrro a qecrorl, Ho Mo)Ke,qa ce flplc,'lyuiBaHero e ex(eJlarerrio npH 3ByKoBHTe rpolBh c no-rolrrilra cfiJra,Kofaro /]Boiixr or xa6era ce ]r3[o,'13Bar re,reQaKc,3a 3a npela8aHe larrHx c Mo,{ej\r Ha n.qp

ropu(rpur. 15.7).

Marncrpatrrrure KoaKcHaJIHt4 xa6eru o6urHogeuoce cbcrotr or HtKonKory6n, qecro c pa3rnqeHpa:rMep, noKp[ra c o6u]a xt.upon:onaqnr n o6ua 3au[Tna 6pout, B noc,re.qgoBpeMeHapacrBauHTepeclr or crpaHa Ha reJrexoMyHr4xaq[]tre l<brl KoaKc,tarHurera6eln Ha Mpextre 3a Ka6erHareteBu3r.lr, 3apaAuIn[poKoro HMr.r3nor3BaHe 3a Aocrbn ao I4HTepHer. r.r Kaxro or6e,rsgaxve no-paHo,LAN ce crporr fraBlro c ycyKaHH,qBoiKI.{, ,4oKaro B MHoro zpadcxu .vpetcu sa i)auuu MAN (Metropolitan Area Network) ce H3[or3Bar KoaKcr]arHH Kaoenu [TAN], Pa:6tpa ce |,l ryK npnroxeH].re HaMnpar 169

168

- o|4KcnpaHu. u lP Mo6!4r1Hl4 TeneKoMvHnraunt4 oIITnqHrlTe Kaoenu (crHra pa3cTotHr-IeTo onpaBAaBaeneKrpoonrlrrHoTo [peoG aa pa3yBaHe).

rn.oz

1a anIW4Hu Xadenyl

rnABAUECTHMECETA
ONTNqHN KA6E'II4 BbBEAEH14E 16.1.
ue 3a Hrua crtuueHae, nafi-crapurr Harrr{H npe.uaBane ns$opuaqnr ua parc- craBa.qyMa cnrHanHu 3a orHmne.Ilpt-rroaa - qnQpoeo TorHne c:bccBerJlr.rHa IIpe3 ca E no-xurpoyMHr 3p].rrenHn cnoco6ll3a npeAaBaHe! BeKoBcre r.r3[oJr3BaJrH Ha flpeAaBaHe unQoplrauur.Bcrrru re uuar o6ut HeAocrarlK,Hyn(4arrce or Korro JrecHo MoxeAa6r,4exapyueHa aruoctfepur re.nenxr. or npr(a BaAaMocr, Ha I43[on3BaHero 3arBopeHa cBero[poBoAtua cpeAa AoBexIaAo KonocaneH qpe: HapacrBaHe rroprArrlll Ha rIlrtpoqllHara (6e3npeyaeruveuue), c npo6r.rB Ha
(CKOPOCTTANPEAABAREJ HA B TEJICKOMYHITKAUTOHHATA NCHTATA JIHHI-IJI. EAsa onrnqHa reJIeKoMyH[KaqrioHHa cncreMa ce c,bcrox or rp}l Her{a: }13Ha KO'TO Ce MoAynr{paC eleKrpr.iqecKr.rr TOqHr.{K CBeTJTUHa, cfirHan; npeHocHa (Ooro-,q[ol). l{nQopruaqr.rma npe.{aBaKaro cpeAaH npueMHllKHa cBerJrr.rHara ce o6[(HoBeHo Harlrqlrero Ha cBeTJILIHa o3Ha.raBa a orctcrr]rero - 0. l, Ilpeuocuara cpeAa, Korro ce pa3 rexna B Hacro.{rqararnaBa, e ynrpa lbHKa Hxrr(a or crBKno (KBapq- SiO2), napnvaua onmuuHoanaKHo.florDr.{asaHgroHa noaxoarrrla 3aTBopeHa omnqHa npeHocHa cpe.qa cTaBacnea npeo.qonrBaHe foHa reMn rexHoJrorfiqHr.rrpy,[Hocrr.r. Ao rcntMa crerreH ToBa craBa c [oMotr{Ta Ha ItapfiTe, floxapseHl,trro BpeMeHa cryAeHara BoIHa or BoeHHuTe, Kor,rroMHoro ce paaBar Ha rereKoMyH[KarI[HTe no onrtqeH ra6en, rato ycroivnrlr Ha rlpeHll a:prloae ("ncuvxa ue 3arHHar,Ho Ha Haur{r omnveH xa6el unulo uy xrrr.ra!"), Cr:garauero Ha noAxoArr{o om[qHo BJraKHo 6op6a crc 3arnxBaHero. e I{ema e 6una 20 dB/km, 3a .qa HMaperegeparop (ycnlmre,r) npe3 2 km H Aa ce lpe6oprr c roraBa[rHlTe Koarcl{aJrHr.r ra6elr (:a cBeAeHHe, o6[rHoseHoro crbxJIo liMa 3arrrxBaHe50000 dB/km)..I[nec e locrnrnaro 3arlrxBaHeBbB BJraKHoro no,q0,2 dB/km, Koero ctorBercrBa HapereHeparopr.t Haa 200 km.

3a roaxcxa:trure xa6enn ca s cuna(15.1)H (15.4), MaKap nopaal.r pa3JlHqHaraKoHc'rpyKqut [bpBltqHHTe napaMcrpn Aa c

H3qXCJI'BaT nO HaqUH, pa3J {qeH oT HaqtrHa Ha H3t{[cIeHHe npl{

ycyKaBr,rre rr, Koaxcualnurnoft re ra6en[ ce rgnor3BarcaMo nplt

BIiCOI(I{ qeCTOTI-lU 3aTOBa e B CIt-

@rr. 15.7.Koncrpyxqnr ua 'ty6a" or rolrcna,reu rca6e,n

;ra (15.3). XapaKrepHcraqHom e Ha canpoTHBneHfl KoaKcI{aJrHI.tt rabe.ruoxe.qa ce peAcraBr KaTO

z" ="8=xm2' d !c

( 15.6)

rr4eto roer[nqneHTbr K 3aBncl.rfraBHo or cBoficrBara Hl I{3noJI3BilHlll AHeJIRIpux. Or (15.6) cneaBa,.te h He saBltcrror qecrorara H or .qhaMerpltre D H d, a cauo or orHoureH[gro Mex4y rtx. Moxe aa ce noxaxe [CTO2], qe npu orHoueHlle Ha :atwxeaHe. Xaparte,{r,raMcrpnre D/d - 3,6 KoaKc[aJlHI'Itr xa6el ava MI'IHnMaJIHO KoaKcHiuIH[ Ka6eJ'I e oko' pHcrHrrHoro cbnpo BreHrre Ha reJreKoMyHHKauI,loHHrre

rro75c2. KAEEnU HA MOHTAX EKCnnOAiAqllR METAIHI,I 1,1 15.7.CTPOI4TEnCTBO,

Ha MHoto Bapnpar, B 3aBlrcuMocror Bl-lAa KaCrpourercrnoro ,I MoHTaKsT 6ena n uecronoloxeHuero My - B rpaa, LI3Bbn HaceteHo Mtcro, noa soaa. Bts gcexn c,'rJrqafi Ha KaqecrBeHorot.I3rIbJIHeHIte onepauul{Te BJIHtecbluecrBeHoHa Ha Ka6ena q Ha KaqecrBoro Ha reJIeKoMyHIrKau[I'ITe. ar,nrorpafiHocrra flopa,{I-l ecrecramo Ha norataHe Ha Kaoerlrre noa 3eMtra E l, no.( Boaar4 3a foJrrMo BHuMaHne ooplua Ha I,I3MepBaHIltTa oT(p[BaHe Ha MtcToToHa noBce peAara. Hafi-ToqeH e T. Hap. u nynceHnemod, npu rcoino ce u3non3BacBo[crBOTo rrpl.l HapyueHue Ha xoMorHHocrra ( ) Ha Bepllfia 3a oTpa3tBaHeHa cr.rrrraJra Ha Kotro 3aBlrcnor Bx. (15.2). 3naefirn cropocrra Ha pa3rlpocrpaHeHl{e cI{rHaJIa, t H3onaunrra, Ho e nocro.f,HHa 3a KoHI(pETHt xa6el (orolo 220 000 krn/s 3a ycyKa6enE), necHo ce onpeaent pa3cTotKaHHre aBofiKH H 275 000 3a KoaKcr.ranH[Te qenra ce npe,{narar cneqnaJlHn ypeAI'I, a no Qasara na Huero Ao rroBpeaara. 3a orpa3eHlu cufHrlJr Moxe aa ce caall aopn 3a BH,[aHa noBpe.llaTa.

15.2. O14314'{ECK14 OCHOBt4 nPEAABAHETO OnTUqHO HA nO BnAKHO

flpeaamnero Ha cBerJruHara onrl.tt{HoroBJraKHo ocHoBaBa no3Haroro B ce Ha oT yqHnllrllHttt rypc no Slrsnra rBneH[e, HapeqeHo nbrHo ^bmpewHo ompngexue. Bcsxa npo3paqHa3a cBerrnuara cpeaa ce xapaKrepwswpa rcoeQuqueum c ua npetlyneaHen, KoftTo ce onpeAent
co

(16.l)

v
K6AeTO e cKopocTra Ha pa3flpoc'rpaHeHneHa cBeTJrnHaTa KOHKpeTnaTa v B Cpeaa,a c0 e cKoPocTTa pa3npoc'rpaHeH[e cBeTJrIiHaTa BaK]TM.Ha Ha Ha BtB QUr. 16.1 ca [oKa3aHLI r2 ABe Cpean c pa3nnrreH u cboTBeTHo Ha npeqynBaHeHa cBeTJruHaTa rpaHnuara Ha cpeAr,rre. no3Harnr 3arou ua Cuennyc aa:ermrre dH Or a PeBc

170

t7l

fnaaa | 6 Ofivt t{v, Ra6enu

stnd

vl

n1

sinp

v.

nl

YserHqauaiirfi aMoxe.4a ce cTurHeao cTofiHocT a= ao, npl-rKof,To rpr6ea,ro Aa ce no;ryqtl f=90'.9 geficrrare,ruocr npl ra3r rpag11qqa crori' cpeaa, KorTo c c I]o-ro,r.nuroeouqueur Ha npeL{ynBaHe. (16.2) lonyqararlrs Qr -n.
SInAo =: llt

aa NA ce rrno:r:sa,3a Aa npeacraBl, B'b3MoxHocrraHa onrl'lqHoro BJIaKHo eHeprfit' flpnera cBerrnHa. B aeictgure,rnocr KoJlnqecrBorocBerJIl{HHa flplteMa Ea NA' C Ce oT BJIa(HOTO, npOMeHq KBaqpaTa

d4u Han Hefl ce nolyrraBa nlJrHo BbTpeIXHOOTpaXeHHe Ha CBeTJIHHaTa B

ra Orrr, 16.2.Hannbxen pa3pe3 orrrrrquoro B.!aKHo HA 'IEHTA HA NPONYCKAHE ONTUqHOTO BIIAKHO 16.3. 3ATl4XBAHE14 aa EctecrseHo e 3aruxBaHeroB o[T[I{Horo BJIaI(Ho e o6parHo nponopq[oflo Ha HanHO qt-,tcroraraHa onrHqHara c'bplleBHHa. orHomegre Ha ql{crorara H TexHoroH3KrrOqurereH Ha lpo3paqHocTTa KBapuaHa onrltqHaTacbplleB!IHaI-lMa ce flqeH nporpec. Ho nponycKaHero l]a cBeTJII.tHara onpe.uent u or.qpyrr [apaHa Merp{. E,[xH TaK6BrlapaMerbpe db)DtcuHama lbrHama rl. f{ueuunre ouruuull u3roJr3aarTpl.r"npo3opeua": IlbpBuqr e oKono 850 nm, BToplttT KoillyHuKauHH Ha,[Be reHoxono 1300 nm, a rperatr - oKoJIo1550 nm. nocne,qHatr e pa3aeJreH ru, o3Ha.reHfi cI,c c lI L (snr. 16.3). Jlbql.r' Tpnre npo3opeua ca pa3noJloxeHfi B yqacfl'Ka Ha HQpaqepBeHHTe roiiro npoa,jrxaaa I-l HaaqcHoor QHr. 16.3. Ha,rrao or nbpBnt fipo3opeu nI'K e cBeT,tI-'IHeH crIeKTtp. pa3[oJIoxeHBlraxMntT oT r]oBeKa fh,pnr rrpo30peII Bropu npo3opeu TperI npo3opeq

<Drr. 16.1.Ilperynaafle Ea cBerJrrflaraHa rpaxn[ara Meru(y ABecpeA[

c p a 3 J I [ q H [ y r t n c t o T B e T U o , a T O r t< r , 2 , a \ > K Ha,4,rTNrurr pa:pe3 Ha onrxqHoro r12

BJraKHoK n,L;rnoro BlrpeuHo

Ka3aH babJtbm0 a nonudaue ua onmu\Hun ltbt! or ar,Hunara cpeaa ( e Bb3Ayx c n0 = l) B oflTr.rqHara cbpueB[Ha. Maxctllusara .qonycraua crofixoit Ha 0 e O, np Korro Jn qar, cJrel Karo Aocrl.trHenpe3 c.bpqeB[HaraAo o6Br{Bxara, BeqeHe ce orpa3rBa, a ce pa3npocrpaHrsag o6srsxara. @ ce tapnua t:tt ua npue.vaue.Or (16.2) utegsa
-=-!

Ce HaMaJIA,?2,TaKa qe r?t > r1?.B6,IperUH[tT yrtaCT,LKCe Hapr{qa onmuqHa C.b) Buua lcore), a B,r,HIlJHr.rrr c,'toi:i- onmuqua o6euoxa (cladding). Ha Qur. 16.l e

B Hero ca noKa3aHr.i QHr. 16.2. Br,nllrHr.rcrcnot e xBaprr,Ho c [pr.rMecrr,3a Ha

JrrrO sin(90 a,)

n. n,,

(16,4)

srro=n, cos n= n,^|1-lirt a . a ( I4sno,r:saira16.3) no,ryvaaa ce sirlO =

(16.5)
0,7 0,8 0,9 1,0
l,l
l)

Be,'u.{1.,[rara e qucneuaanepmypa (numerical aperture), Ko{To e cr.{Hyc6T NA oT bfr,Jrar{a rraaaHe qlc:rerrara aflepTypa,KorTo e MHoro BaxeH [apaMeT6pHa o. Bcrxo onraqHo BJraKHo, 3aBr.rcu caMo or lBara xoe$tulreHra Ha npeqynBaHen l I,t

1,3

l.)

1,6 l,'l 1,8 ,4, ,{r,nNlrua Pm

Olr. 16.3.Tnnuqua KpnBa Ha 3ar[xaaHe Ea ottTurIHoroBraKgo' B 3aBl|CtlMOCT -[t rt'rltBaTa Ba BtIlIaTa OT

t73

fraRa | 6, Or|ratr{t Kabent

ABa QaKropa orpaHlrqaBar pa3crorHr.rero Mexay pereHeparop[Te. EAr,tHruT 3amw6aHemo, rr3MepBaHoc dB/km, a Apyrum e ducnepcunma, u3MepBaHac

r6.4.onTl4t{H!lBTIAKHA
BJIaKHa: CrurecrByBar rplr runa orITl'IqHIl .i. IaHorovoAosn cac cTI'rIaJIoBH.ttHo l{3MeHeHre xoeQnuueHra Ha npeqynBa(cl'KpaTeHO lHozo'uodOeu)' He KoeQHuuelrra Ha npeqynBaHe * usoror'.roAogr c rpaAI{eHTHoI.I3MeHeHlle (cb(PareHo - )PadueHmHu)i (oeQ}rulreHTa npeqynBaHe .i. e,qnoMo,{osn Ha H3MeHeHI're ctc cr6lrillloBH,4Ho (c'b(pareBo - edHotnodoqu)' ca Tpure enga onruvHt.tBJIaKHa fioKanauuua Qlr. 16.5. Muozouodosume BJIaKHaca [lpB Te o[TlIqHI'I BnaKHa. floHex(e ca HafiBTrHr.rI,I pa6ornr c esrruI[Te LED ugroqH[Il Ha cBerJll'lHa,Morar aa ce H3noJI3pa3crotHlul (Ha pnMep ao 2 km) H TaM, Kbaero e nonycTHManoBar 3a MaJrKn [3non3HanpI'IMepLAN. MuorouoaoBl{Te BJIaKHa Hr]cKacKopocr Ha npe.4aBaHe, Bar npo3opeua850 nm. fpadueumuume onrnqHlt BJIaKHaca onnr .(a ce noao6prr KarlecrBara Ha KaTOCe HaMaJIHlorqMaTa MOAOBa CTbnaJIOBI't.[HIt, AnCnepCn-f,. MHOTOMO,4OBI{Te KaKTo e noKa3aHona r[nr. 16.56 pa3rll.IHrre MoaoBe HaBnH3arnoa pa3nrrqeH Ha H3MeHeHl-le KOeQfiIIHeHTa npeqyrlBaHe IIOpaAU nnaBHOTO 6rbJr B5B BJTaKHOTO, ce l1, TO I-i CBertHHHr.rreJrbqlr fiJIaBHO 3aKpltBtBar I{ oTpa3tBar. Pa:n[quhTe MoaonO-,{bJIbf n6T H3MUHaBaT pa3II{rIeH rIO ,IAIXHHa nbT, HOTe3It KOI',ITO Be I{3MnHaBaT ce .qB[xar B cpeaa c no-Ma[6K l? tl ctorBerHo c no-ro:ItMa c(opocr. ToBa HaMaHeAOCTa'rbICbT e ,.rJrBa ar4cnepc[nra H cborBerHo yBenHqaBaJIeHTaraHa BJIaKHOTO. qeHa oT cneIIHaJIHaTa TexHo[oflit 3a ynPaBnrBaHa auQy3l'It MexA/ rroBlrueHaTa aBara Marepr{ana- GeO2 n SiO2. I4oueneHnero Ha KoHueH'rpaqxtraHa rrbpBut yrrpaBnrBa Ha cbprIeBI.IHaTa. n ce B eduouodoeomo BJIaKHo pa3npocrpaHtBacaMo e.urH Mo.qL B pe3ynrar Ce ahcnepclrf,ra e Ha noprllr'ql,I no-MaJIKa.KorKo Moaa llle IlMa BIB BTaKHOTO OrpeAenq or BeJIIItIIrHaraV, Hapesena Hop tarlBupaHa gecmoma, Kotro npl-t BtaKHo c-bccrbnaJrHo q3MeHeHr,re Koeouq[eHTa Ha npeqynBaHe e Ha

xocel(yH,ql-l xHnoMeTap (ps&m),aro ce oueHrBa Ha r3MeHeHHeTO Ha HarrMnynca. B .{ncnepcrmace r.Bpa3rBaMexqycnvmnuaranHrepQepeHunr B grpaHa, T.e. pa3Ma3BaHe nMnyJlcr{Te csoTBgTHO Ha r{ 3aCTbnBaHe Ha ($nr. 16.4).
IIpn npreuxtra

BpeMe Orr. 16.4,Mexgycuuro.nxa ltrepQepe[qnq or allcltepcfiqra

BpeMe

Ha npt-IqHn.Mamepuatxama flucnepcnrra e cJreAcrBne HrKonKo (LED - Light Emiting Diodf). Hr(ol{ or qecrornre, fl^.{Ijo 3acsemoduodume ro OopMHpar eHeprurraHa Mnynca,nrryrar no-6lpso or Apynr qecroTu pBynTaTrrMny[ctT ce rr3KpxBtBa npHeMHr{Ka. npII
Modoeama ducnepct Bb3Hr.rKBa Koraro eEepr[rra Ha cBernr{HHl.trr.rMnync npenact or usxottxo uoda. Exg[sanenTtr Ha cBerJII-rHeH JIbrI c e,uHaBbJII{a HTKOJTKO BGJTHU HeorpaHnqeHacpeaa e onTr.tqHoTo B pa3npocrpaHeHxe c eauH HJtra HrKoJl(o Mo.qa qnrnHAprqHara cpe.qa BnaKHoro. B Ha I4Ha.rera3aHo ca no3BoJreHuTeornHqHH BbrHr.r, (ohTo ce pa3npocTpaHrBaT B eaHo BnaKHo. Pa3nr.r.rHr.rre Mo.qoBe, xonro Qopr,lnpar r{Mnynca,npelbpnsBar ce noJr) {aBa, KofaTo r.ToqHr.tICbT cBeTJrrrHa e MoHoxDoMaTuqeH. Ha He ToBa e

pcyrrrarrr 6po[ orpaxennr BrB BJraKHoro, aoraro aocrnrHar npneMHr.rra.

naK qacr or eHepf[rra Ha HMnyJIca H36rpsaa(nlra :arrcHraa) u rofi ce

e,

(Qnr.16.4).

B:rucHr.tgro Ha lr{cnepcurra HaMaJItBaqpel H3non3BaHe Ha

(zx. cneABar[ara etarcxa roqKa).npu rrx ocraBa Hap. r. xpowqmuyHa

KOTTO CCqeCTByBa BCHTIKH BGB BIaKHa. JIeHTara, npe,4ocraBrHa or orrfl{rrHr{Te BJraKHa, HecpaBHrMo no-ufipoKa o/I e ra3H nplr apyrltr npeHocHr.rcpeaH. Hai-Hanpe.q ,=lpm crorBercrBa Ea

v=ffNe'
N= v ' 1 2 .

(16.6)

rr,.qerod e anauetrprr Ha onr[qHara gbplrsBuHa, e ,atnxutrara Ha sHIHara Ha 2 Jl,I,qa BaKyyM, NA e q[cneHara anepTypa (16.5).Ilar npu cTbnalennpoor npn a N $tn wan,3a 6por HaMoaoBere ce nony'{aBa
qe Or (16.7), (16.6) n (16.5) cneABa, aKo HaMarI.lM altaMerbpa Ha onrl{rlHara q[cneHara aneprypa-NA (T.e. HaMaJI[M ctpqeanna d n pa3JIItKaTa Me)I$] n1 n n2) qe eAHoMoAoBHTe ca BnaKHa c MoxeM Ia nocrHrHer'rN = 1. Toaa o6rcrrrea tfarra, qe aKo ManaK aHaMersp Ha onrrqHara crpqeBHHa. B [AGR] e aaaeH nP]rMep, ny = l,{$ j1n2= 1,46, a Aslxnnara na uyroqrura e 2= 1,2 pm, ro Wauersprtr d Ha ctpqeBrlnaralpr6ra ga e oro,ro 8 prm.

300 000 GHz u,ru 300 THz. Aro ce orpaunrnu c npo3oprryne, nora:anx ua r!m. 16.3, re ca c nenraor nopr.qbKa 20+40THz (ronocanno!). ro Ha B geicraurelnocr npo6leurr rlra or roBa, qe rexHoJrornrraHaonnrqHrte ra6eru e usnpeaapr{JlaMHoroB.r,3MoxHocrllre eneKrpoonrr.rqH}tre c Ha r{ onroeglsrwoxeu Haq[H 3ayBelr.lqeHr{e neKrpoxHr4Te npeo6pa:yrarert. EAr.tu n3noJr}BaeMocTra BnarHaTa [p[JlaraHgToHaMynT[[Jre(c]rpaHe lrtxrrHa HaB6JrrIaHa e no Ta (fnaBa 19). Taxa runpoxaraJreHTa BJraKHoro pa:gpo6rea upe3onrr,rqHr,rr Ha ce MyJITHnneKcopu, Kol.rTo racr.rBHH ca orlfl.rqHuycrpofi crBa.

(16.7\

t75

- duKcxpaH'l, Mo6ruH! tt lP TeneKoMvHhxaqr|4

f, aaa | 6.Onr Ag.Pu t<a6enu EcrecrseHo e.qa ce ocrbnn r-ie(crrroaraunrra. Hanacrauero Ha cbpueBlHtt c Ha orrryqHH BraKHa se uoNe 6e: AuaMerbp 8 pm npn cBbp3BaHe e,[HoMoaoB].t qoBeruKa{TKoc6Me c le6e,rr,rna100 pm). TexHoJlornt (3a cBe,{eHHe cfleU[arHa HA ONTUqHUf KAEEN 16.5. YCTPOfiCTBO BaAtr l{a onrllqHoro BnaKHo, npol.I3BeAeHo BKJII.oqBaHe 3a a onntveu ra6el, e rro(a3an ua Snr. 16.6. Bhpxy o[Tu.ruara o6susxa e rloroxeH 3aurr.treH crof or Henpo3paqaarlJlacrMaca.BropuqHoro rroKpnTne Moxe .(a He e nnBTHo Bbpxy (Ho ue N ruera) rpr6uvra - Snr. 16.7. MeN,qy nlpa n.r,pBn,rHoro, Aa e rBBKaBa r.rBTopH'{Horo[oKpr,tr[e HMa xe;re. Taxa ce noao6praar MexaHlqHHTe Br.rqHoro L cBoicrBa Ha onruqH[Te BJIa(Ha 3aI[I]Tara or BJIara,

l--rr5!m--

lr'6;\l
\ \_-/ \__./

r r--\l
/

i .-, T_
lt-_l
tl a)

L--

l.'\

l-L-Bnr$Ho 6) rpa'aneHrHo

Onrnqna o6srgra xrapu (125 pm)

Bropn.uro noxpurue (- 900 prn) fltparuno norpnrne - rracrMaca (250pm)

Onrruuo rgpo (8-80 pm) -----.I

I a) eAltoMonoBo BnaKxo

lt-tn ln
I rll

ll I |

ll ' \ 7 \

Our, 16.6. Ourx.tHoBraKHo BrJrroqsaneonruqeE 3a a xa6en

Bropnvuo norpttae Xene flrparvuo noxpnrue KBaprt

Orrr. 16.5,Koflcrpyl$txq, pa3npocrpa[erre na cBerrurara' rtpoMtna n ua rsirenerneroe$uqneHTa nperlylBane rl trpuMepIra onrrlrlllll BraKfla npx pa3.tlrlqrrnre eu $opuara na nulynca ce EaHoMoaosl4reBJlaKHa ll3noJl3BarHa ar'nfll pa3crogHl-tt3a Marncrp:ulHH Jrr-rHrll raM, rr.[ero rpl6aa uupora reHTa.3a yn,rtrneune no.{'btxl-tHa Ha BIJIu BraKHa. Hara (f,raBa 19) ce l{:nor:sar cb[Io caMo eAHoMoaoBI.t

<Drlr.16.7.BTop[.tuo noKpltrre rra orrrlt.rno BJraKso, KOeTO noKpl|BatlIbTtro rlbpanqnoTo ||e 177

I'76

TeneKoMVHrKaquu - duKq4paHr, Mo6rnH14|, lP

f./EBa 1Z A{anotogt uv,6po1 MvnrunneKc

.{ualrer.rp:rr Ha BJIaKHoro cre'[ onrl.ItlHara o6Br4BKa craHAaprlt3[paHo Ha e 125 pm or ITU-T, a AnaMeTbpr,T cJIeA rr.EpBr.rqHoro noKF r{r[e - na 250 pm (245 1lm). Ta3x craH.qaprr3alHr e Bo(Ha 3a cBBMecrr{Mocrra Ha BJraKHara, ctefi.t_ Hliren re II HHcrpyMeHTllTe eKcrlJloaraUurra onrn.rnure xa6e,rr_r. flplt Ha Onrnqnn.rr r<a6en srrroqsa HqKorKo o[TrrqH[ Nnla c o6ua 3ar.qnracpeqy yBpex.4aHlir, BseMar ce cIreufia.lrHnKoHcrpyKTr.rBHr.r BJrarar.rMexaHuqHr.r Mepnr 3a ycroiqr.rBocr Ha orruqHur ra6e:r ua onr,n. Ha Qnr. 16.g e noxa3aga rapaHTupaHe KoHcrpyKur.irHa onrriqeH Ka6er ga arHluHo nolarane (la:apuraHe a se]!rxra).@u_ r)?ara e n:era or [PAE], KbAero ca [oKa3aHHpa3rr4.rHr.r KoHcrpyxrlrll Ea onrr,M_ Hn-r xa6e.n,B 3aBrict{Mocr rrpllJloxeuriero. Cnequa,rHaonepaq[, upx ercnJloa_ or Tatlfitra Ha orrrHqHI.ITeKa6e;rrt e cB6p3BaHeroHa orrrl{qHltre xI{JIa. Onroe,rercrpoHnrara, r.I3rlor3BaHa npeAaBarenHara nplleMHara qacr Ha B ri orIrl,tqrraraBp63Ka, pa3rnexla 868 [OEP]. ce IJeHrpaneH
CII]IOB CJIEMCHT

rNABACE4EMHA4ECETA AHAnOToB quoPoB MyITilnIEKC n

floBe.iero reneKoMyHrrKaqr,roHHH npeHocHrjcpeAr{r{Mar no_ronrM (anaqHTer 3a or Heo6xoAxMr.tr oocJryxBaHeroHa eAr,rH a6oHaT(noB[KBaHe,cecur). CBBceM e ecTecTBeHO qpe3 MyrTr.rnneKcr..rpaHe ce pa3,qeJrrAocTbnHaTancHTa Ha Ia .qaAeH onr[rreH rilt,l Merarex xa6e:r,]fitl pa,quoKaHal MexAy MHorc a6oHarn. llo-c,rporara ,qeQlrHfir1rir Ha ynmunJteKcupqHemo qe roBa e npoqec Ha e, KoM6LrHlipaHe H.[KorKo cHrHajla 3a rlpeAaBaHe eAI.tH cbxl [peAaBareneH Ha I]o I_t MHororo KaHalrr.rr KaHaJr. Kor.rroce npeAaBarno e.4uH o6uqraHa,r,rp.r6na ga ue ce npunorplrBaT,T.e,Aa Morar.{a ce pa3,qenrT, Axo ce u:pa:uu uaTeMaT[rrecKx, panr'rrrrHnrec rHarn Tpx6ta ga ca opmozouanuu, B npaKrr.rraraHafi-qecro ce ri3pa3rBaMe rro_MaJrro qe Qopualno t-rKa3BaMer qpe Mynrunnerc[paHe pa3,qenMe npeHocHara cpeAa((orro Moxe aa e r{ pa,{Ho_ xaHal) na uuoro ratta,tn. B upexara sa a6oHareH.qocr6n (fraBa 20) uy:rrzn:rercnpaHero ce Hapna uuozoxpameu docmvn (multiple access).

flonavepua

Onrrqr t
B]'IAXHA C

I 7.1.BI4AOBE MyITUnJIEKCI4PAHE
a) c lo:uquounpanr.l KaHatrlr; 6) c a4pecupanr,r KaHallu(acuHxponHo r,r;rucrarr,rcrxqecKo MynrnrrneKcr{pa_

nrpBxqEo IIor{pxTxe Mera,rxo Qolrlo c PE noKpr-rTr-re BropavHo floKpuTIle

He).

Kaxro6exasaHot, 3,2uua nye s rpynuMero,4r.rMynrrrrureKcltpaHe: Ha

Earaaxsu
JTCHflt

BTnuua PE o6BuBKa

Kopaa:a
HAANT,XHO

pa3pr3BaHe HA 06BI,B(ATA

Oxr, 16.E. KoncrpyKuflfl

Ha oflrllqefl Ka6gn ]a Br,HurHonoraraue

Ilrprara rpyna BurotrBa Mynrr.{nleKcr.rpaHe o \ecmoma u no epeue. Toea t.qe6T.4epasme4auo no-,{oJry.OrAeruraqr raHan pa3no3HaBa ce no MecronoJroxe_ Huero cr.tB qecrorHara xnr.rBpeMeBara o6,racr. Kll,r rasu rpyrra Moxc aa ce Bxnro_ qI.I H MyrTHnreKcxpaHgro ro dt ttcruua Ha abrHqma (WDM _ Wave length Divi_ ion-Multiplexind, (orro ce H3noJBBaB onrrlrtHlrre Ka6e,u fi ce pa3rner(qa B r JraBa 19. llpu aropara rpyna, pa3[o3HaBaHero Ha KaHa]ra craBa qpe3 aApec, KofTo e 3anucaH B 3afJraBHaTa qacT (xe,45pa) Ha rropqrrrTa npeaaBana nuQoprraaqr,{. Ha:rrzrrHero Ha 3aHaBHaqacr c a.qpecI{ Apyra cnyxe6Ha un4opuaqur orna"u o, H: IoHexe npeHocHaracpeaa ce 3aeMacaMo IIo BpeMe "ua, Ha aKrrrBHocr ;ll_elrara, (npeAaBaHe) ryr xva no-4o6po ynnBTHeHr{e. KaHanr.rre, qpe3 a.qpec ae$rauupanr.r ce HapuilaT eupmyanHu l4l/rv)\OZUtrecKu. Craracruqecroro Mynrl-rflneKcnpaHe e Bt3Hltl<Hillto c norBara Ha [pelaBaHe -, Ha AaHHl, Ho AHec ce r3rroJBBa3a BcrKaKBli reneycJryru, u_Io"rr"oro ,u p"". Crarucrlrqecroro MyJrrr..rn:reKcr4paHe e rrcHo cB6p3aHoc Br.r,4oBere naKerHa KoMyraqa,l x xapaKrepficruKare ruy ce o6ctxqar gu"Ano c,osn Bnq KoMyraqu, (Bx. I naBa3 fi fnaBa l3).

178 179

- dl.KcuDaHn, x Mo6nnHnlP TeneKoMvHuKaur|t no 3acJlyxaBaMyJrrE[rJleKcrrpaHero Kod, t 3BecrHogf,c Cneuualso BHITMaHHe cbKparqeHnero CDMA utrt Code Division Multiple Access. I43ron3Ba ce B MPexara 3a aocrsn Ha ur[poroneHToB[Te Mo6unnn upexu I ce pa:r,rexaa r f,rana 20. Hacrocqara rraBa e [ocBereHa rJIaBHoHa Myrr[nne(cHpaHero no BpeMe. c Toea uyrnruercupaHe e cBbp3aHo ufiQpoBara Mo.{ynauut H 3aroBace Hap6u owe 4u@poeo. c npHHlrnnure Ha Myml{nneKcl4paHe neQnHltpaHa Qnr. 17.1 ca oHarneaeHu HH nO qecrora, BpeMeH aapec KaHanLr KI

fnaEa , 7, A{anoroB vl

NO'{ECTOTA 17,2.MY'ITUNTEKCI4PAHE
qe BcHqKItqecrorl Ha Myrrnr:rercapanero no qecrora N:nolua Qaxra, c cbo6ueHt{e MoraT JIecHoaa 6r'lar [peMecTBaHL eIHaKBa c[eKTbpa Ha aa,lleHo qecrotHata o6,1acr' Betl.ltlfiHas Ha flpeuecraauero craBa c floMotura Ha Hoceula uecmoma.LUTHaJIT'T opfirnce yMHoxaBa cbc cllHycol'IAaraHa Hocerrflt cnrHa.r. Tosa Ha;raoio c'bo6ureHne e Ha KoJIKoro pa3Mepa Hoceurara npeMecrBaqecrorHre Ha cto6ueuero roJIKoBa, Hoceu+l qecTorl,l ce opraHruupaT TonKoBa6Pot qecrora. I,I:nor:saflKr.l H{Ko,'rKo KaHana. nJIeKCnpaHn qecToTHO MyJITfl KaHanH pa3AeJltrqpe3JleHce paHa c[rHarl{Te Ha orAenHUTe cT B npueuuara rosa re3lt cIlrHaJIL ce fipeMecrBar ('rpe: geMolyraqlu) o6ToBn Olrtrpn. Crea cl{ parlto,lto opurHHaJIHoro pa3floJloxeure g 'lec.torga,rao6lacr.
Mo,qyrxpaq cgfHa,r

K3

K4

MoayrripaH ctirHaJr a) AMnJruTy/lHa MOAynaqut

SSB MO,Uynau{t

MynrxnnexcIrpaHe no BpeMe o, curl|tJl @nr. 17.2,<Doputtpaue a aMI|nI|ryAfio'Moaynrpan 3a qecToT[oMyJtTn[JreKcxPage SSB- SingeSidebandit -'recrora Ha opxradaJltroro cto6qesue;/, - noceluaqecrora ce Ha B rerexoMyHnxau[ Te 3a My,'rrrnJleKcfipaHe reneQoHHt{ KaHaJIH !rs[eHTa noJr3Ba Mo,4yna{lul Il [peHacsHe caMo Ha e,[HaTacTpaHl4qHa aMnJrr,rryaHa (0rr. 17.2). Hoceuara qecrora, H cr'.qbpxa nHQopuaqu.r,a Ha Het ce rra[a '4o 507o or eHeprr.rra Ha cMeceHnt cnrHan. IpeaaBaHero I.I Ha apymra crpaHl'lqHa rteHTacaMo y,4BotBaneHTara Ha (aHirJIa.Tara goceulte qecroTH H CbOTBSTHO re:rerloHHure KaHaJrH pa3notoxeHH npe3 4 KHz. B pealurare Mynrl4lrneKcHll ca IIpe3aBe u nocl{creM[, 3a aa ce yBennqar KaHartre, o6nxsogeso ce npeMlrHaBa qecrornre. Craugapru' Ha Beqe creneH[ Ha Mynrr{nneKc[paHeI.i npeo6pa3yBaHe 3xpaHaraor ITU -T fiepapxrrqHa ,{ecrorHo MyrrxnneKcfipaHee: - ocHoBHa fpyra (basic group) or 12 ranala (60-120 KHz), l8l

Myrrfi rlneKc[paHe rIo aApec(aApecr,r e a curara vacr)

B)

iDrr. 17.1,llarocrpaqrr na rpl| BI|ra MyrrlnneKcxpalIe afl&parypa ZC- [penoctla cpeaalMx - uy,r'nrn.'rercrra 180

fnaaa 17.AHanorcBvl

rlecrorsoro (axalorono) MyJrrHnneKcr,rpaHe caovro 3HaqeHue 3a ry6t o6,racr[ s reJreKoMyHr.rKauHI,ITe r{3MecrBa qaQpoaoro, rlecrorsoro r.l ce or

- cyrep-ryyna (supergroup) or 60 rHarra (312-552 KHz), - Macrep-ry)yna (mastergroup) or 300 Kallana (812-2044 KIIZ), - cynep-Macrep-rpyna (supermastergroup) or 900 KaHaratr .qp.

(AM) n vecrorHa(FM) r'loaylaqus ce rHnJ're(clrpaHeaMnnr.rry,qHa c lllljpoKo BpaaHopa3rrpbcKBaHgro.

r7.3. MYJITUNNEKC]4PAHEBPEME NO
Karro ce Bnx4a or Qnr. 17.16BceK KaHaJr 3aeMa rrrJrara npeHocga
Ho 3a KparKo apeue, Kanalnte ce peayBar eaHH cJle,l ,4p)r B paMKure Ha

11 .1 0 l 1 0 1 0 0. . . 1 0 1 0 r 0

Ilpegar4eu e (anaJr3a cuHxpoHlr:aunr Metqy Mynrrnre(copa l,t

copa. Koraro aeMyJrrHnJreKcopbr pa3no3saeB aa.[eHBpeMeuHTepBaJr rTa 3a cuHxpoHr-l3arll,Ir pa3o[pa, qe cneaBarqrutT BpeMeuHTepBaJr e [r,pBntT
OT HOBI,I' UHKbJI.

3aqnr, KBaHTyBaHeKoar{paHe. r{ Ilpean ,qarn pa3rneaaMe no-uoapo6Ho rqe no.{qepraeM,ve reon Qyurqnn Ll3rrbJrHrBar caMo npll I4KM, no ]t npn BceKnApyr BrlA na qllQpolu:arytr He pe{ra (a n He caMo na peura). AHa:rorog[qr cnrHan Hafi-HarIpeA lacKpermr{pa c vecroru 8 KHz, ce (npo6a) Ha clrrHiula ce KBaHTyBa (:arprrmsa).{o uafi-6:rngrara Ar.rcKpera Hocr Ha HrKoe or 256-re B!3MoxHr.rHl{Bar-rHaKpat H36DaHoroHr.rso ce

Hafi-nony:r.rpuoro MyJlrr{nneKcr{paHe no BpeMe TeneKoMyHHKaqr.rure B e uunyrcno-rcodoea uodya4un I4KM (PCM - Pulse CodeMod,ulation) re na I,IKM ce cBexaarao H3rrbJrHeHr.rero HacneaHHTe QyHxqr.rn: rpu

-12'7 Koanpane
Of,r. l?.3. Ilpoqec xa qnopoBx3aunsBa perra upu I{KM 17,3.2.Koanmyeane flpe,{aaaHero Ha crofiHocrltre Ha ,[ucKperllTe no uutppon HaqhHHa]rarartx(pa3peueHa) T.e. 3aKpsfJItBaHe .{o Haft-6tl8Kara B63MOXHa KBaHTyBaHe, HOTO curHar He Moxe ra ce :axptr:rmvro opnrlHannntr croinocr Ha qltcroro. 3apa,4I.r (Q\lr' 11'4)' ro"no. Tom ce napu'ra epeaKa om KsaHmysaHe Br,3craHoBH "ge-to Ba Ha KBaHTyBaHe rpernKa ce noJl)qaIIo-MalKa IrMa,ToJIKoBa KoJrKorofloBeqeH ca sa. Hanpnvep :a uac ca aocranqsu 256 nlraa (8 6uroBl AyMH)' Ho 3a My3I'IKa -65536 6porr na HHBarae (16 6nroefi ayMH). tlpn aBoI{qHo Koal{paHe "y*r" (/l noKa3Ba q = 2' A]JlxuHara Ha AyMara a 6l,lroae). Kotro Moxe aa ce nonyt{t{, e noroBfiMarcuvarnara rpeura or (BaHTyBaHe' Ha Mex,{y aBe crceaHl HHBa KBaHryBaHe' HaTa pil3IHKaTa oT I{enra npu npoeKrl,IpaHero Ha Koaep e Aa ce olyq}i rollKoro ce Moxe norsaHAo1po omHoweHue cuzHqnlayv (SNR Slgnal to Noise Ratio)' JlfiHefinoro HIncKuHHBaHa npn ryrane (paauorvrepHoro) He Moxe 'qa ocnr)?tl roBa, Tbi Karo Tpt6sa aa ce aeo[e cr,rrHala oTHocLretHHrT llryM or KBaHTyBaHe rcntM. 3aTOBa pa3nonoxeHl'lI{ Ia ce noJlyHe KOI'ITO CapaBHoMepHo Hr{par Hr{BaHa KBaHryBaHe, qu HepaaHo epHoKgaHmysaHe. ce llpu xepannoruepnoro KBaHTyBaHe u3noJnBar noBeqe KoAoBIt .q/MIr u nocmfinocrlt 3a pa3crotHnt Mexqy orAerHltre HI{Ba Ha KBaHryBaHe MaJII(I'ITe MaJrKr,r 3a roJIeMHTe Ha orqerr.rre, a ce [o3BoJItBaT nO-ro[eMH a6conlorHn I8I(pI',IBtBaHIlt BXo,[HI'Itr aa crofiHocrl.r.3a,aa ce nocrnrse roBa, e Heo6xoAHMo ce npeo6pa3yBa TaK Ba' gbcrofiHocrn aa caorBercrBar no-foJIeMH c[fHaJI TaKa, qe Ha MaJIKI,ITe Ha o6pa3Hoc HHBara KBaHTYBaHe.

xaro 8-6uronagyua. B pe:ylrar ce ronyqaBa 8000x8= 64 Kb/s cropocr ua

DOBU' KAHAJI.

17.3,L,(ucxpemutaqun (Qr.rr.17.3)aMflnhryraraHa HenpeKr,cHarnt 9pe: gucrpernsauaxra

ce 3aMeHr c flope.u]rqa or nMnyncn (.qncrpcm) c MoMeHTHaracrofisocr sa aunnnryAara. llope,quqara Aqc(perrr, 3a Aa ca Aocrarbtlgo npeAcraBr,trenH , Tplt6ga aa ce BeMar npe3 LrHTepBaJr Ar.lcKpernstpaue ue no-MaJrbK Ha 2,, or

_ l l= - < - . 1-

" f" 2w'

(17.1)

rr,gero f, e qecrora Ha Ar,rcKperH3r.rpaHe, MaxcrvarHara qecrora B cnerobpa We (17.1)e nsnecruara Hapeqra,a H3pa3br meopeua HaixVucm. ua BracraHotsraHgro Ha opHrHHaJIHrlr currriul or AHcKper[TeMoxe ,aa cral{e qpe3HucKorrecroreH qecmra Ha KaHana peq 3a QuJrr;p. I,Is6panae Hafi-Br-rcoKara .qae 3400 Hz, a qecrorara Ha,{rcrpcrrr3aunrra - 8 KHz. IIo rogn HarruH ocra, ce Bt rocrarbqHoqecrorHaJreHTa 3anac Qutrrpnpaxero. B sa ,{rlcxperurece B3eMar npe3uHrepBan orl25 ps.

183

fraBa 17,AHanoroB v,nbpol MvrtrtnneKc u Ha r AKo ce nprreMe,qe cro6pa3Hora3r,rKpr,rBa Bxollflurr cnrHaJr cborBercrcTorHocTr, a cToiHocTlrTeno y ce KBaHTBaT cro6pa:Ho paBHOMepHa HflKaKBa aa cTofrHocTH x c]oTBeTcTBaT Ha no-rojleMlt no y. cKajra,ue ce nolytl[, qe Ha Ma,'lKl-l KBaHTyBaHe. Ce T.e.no,rlyqaBa HepaBHoMepHo Tl,pcu ce ra3r, xpHBa,npl-l xorro orHoueHrrero cxrHan-uyM Ha KBaHryBaHe ri cvf:d3rv,qa e eaHaKBo. 3acnrHl.l, v 3a cra6:r1. e ,rloraprrMHqHara3aBHcr.rMocr reuBa (Our. 17.6), Ho Hl-Ie HcKaMe ](l) = I I,l = 0' Y(0) HenfiHeiiHHcxeMH 3a KBaHryBaHe craflAapr[3r..rpaHn ca lABere ocHoBHr.r 3aKoH(3a ERPoDa)u P-saxou (USA). A-3aKOHT,T flpe,{craBgc ce

+10 +8

+4 +2

0 -2 -4

r.20.60.81.83.1 6,06,7..... 4,e t | | 2 3 5 6 7 ..... -0,20.40,2 0,2-0,1 0,1 0 0.t .....

ToqHaaMrlnBry.qa KBaHTyBaHa aMr,.lxryla fpuKa or KBaHryBa[c

Kprra ra uyua or KBaHTyBaHe

Olr. 17.4.lIIyru or KaaflryBaBe

HuBac paBHoMepHo _

Kb.qero = const = 8'1,6 I (craHlaprH3[paHo); s8n(r) - .[aBa 3HaKaHa BxoaHng cufHut x. y(x) nua ase qacrli - nr{He[Ha r.r JrorapHTMr.iqHa. Jlusefiuara qacT cBbp3Ba aBeTepa3aeneHH rlacTr.r Ha Jlompr.tTMHqHa'Ia QyHr<utll(rpnr. 17.6). lloueNe cxevuara pea,rn3aul,Ig Ha nnaBHaTanofapnTMHqHa QyHKr.u.tr e rpy.uHa, rocleaHaTa e aflpoKcr,r Mr{PaHa c HaqyneHaKpr{Ba.A-3aKoHbr orrpe,4enr KprBaTa, (orTo r.rMa l3 ,rr.ruefiHu ceruexra (Qur. 11.7a). Ol|r. 17.6. "Iloraplruu.rxa Qynxqla

17.3.3. Kodapane
<Dxr.17.5.Kpnra ua KoM[pect'paEe axoAltI|s t|a curHaJr

Axo ce:anuue*=!r_ U*^

u..-r r. =i; Kt'4ero = /x) e npeo6pa:yaanurr v

(tcounpecrpaH)Bxo.4eH orrHaJr,ce nonfraBa Kp[Ba Karo noKa]aHaraHa @rr. 17,5. 184

gylra e raro xa $m. 17.76, Crpyrrypara ua 8-6uroaara rr4vro: 6ur I e nompnrerlr (l o3Ha.{aBa nonorcrre,ruaavunry,ua, 0 - orpr.ruarenHa), 6ur 2,3, 4 e cerlreHnr (cerueurrare u 001 3aeaHo 000 nuHeiHara o6pa3yBar qacr 3a MaJrKnre aMnn[ryau - noJIoxHTeJrH]r orpr{rrarerHrr.Tara rpunara xa xnn A-:arosa e c l3 orce,lt<h). 6ur 5,6,7 u 8 ca safi-ualrure pa3prau, yro.iHrBauru Ha rolreMuHara aMnJrlrTyaaTa Br,Tpe cefMeHTa. B

185

fraRa I Z A.|'ar,oro9 tt|r'.bpoB A MvI'It nneKc pa3nonarac qHOpoBcHrHaJIeH KaHar cbc 2000 ps, T.e. TpaoflrlHutr KaHa.lI BceKr{ 2000 bivs. cKopocr Ha nPe.{aBaHe

Cepsxqurrr 2ms

llnrrn 125ps

U64 flonrpuTET 6) @r|r. 17.7,Pealrrr3xpalena A.3aKoHa a) nolyvaeaue ua KprrBa 13 nrrtrefisrlcerMenrlr;6) ABoriruto or Koalpane

I{urur 0

qt4Kbrl 17.4.t4KM
Cne,q xaro analorogrx{TcltrHaJr .akcr(pern3npa, ce KBaHryBa ro4upa, roft x ce [pe,{aBa nuHurra.Eyuu orver or curHala(8 6lrra) ce npe4ana orono 3,9 no sa ps HaBceKli ps. 3aeAHo Apyrnreclrrna:ru 125 c ce Qopuwpa%KM 4uxutnm-Ild,lnvl qlrKlJrbrnourKorace Hapwra p(wKa, Koeroe or 6yxna,rHnr npeeogHaauuufic_ xut repuun frame, Ho nocnenHr{rr 3ana3HXMe BTopHr ro 868 cnoi Ha OSI (Bx. fmzaZ). I'IKM qurs,rrr cr4lpxa 32 BpeMenHrepBana,or rorro ca rpaQrunu, a 30 gna - c:ryxe6Hn. Hy;renume 3a urKjroBa cxHxpoHrcaunr Me)K,{y It npeaaBare:lr npxeMHnr{a, l6-usr za cltrHafllr:arlrrr. a CyrrlapurrrqnQpor noror ce loryrraBa: 32 rasa,rax 64 Kb/s = 2,048Mb/s. qpes l6-ur IIKM KaHaJr noKa3ano O6pa:yaauero crlrHaJrurl Ha KaHaJrr{ Ha e 17.8.3a uelnre HacurHaJrn3arlrrrra qurr,ra or no 125ps ca o6eAr4Hel6-re Qur. Hn B eAr.rH cBpbxqnrs,r 2000ps, CnruanHrl or 6ntose lIMacaMo tluK;rr c HoMepa B or I go 15. Kanan16 B HyneBr.lr rlr4Kb[ r{3noJrBa cBpbxrlr.tKJroBa ce 3a crHxpoHt:auu.{.Ocerure 6nra Ha BceKr.r 16-rn xanal ca pa3AeneHu ABecrlrHarHlt Hd ,qyMl,t or rto 4 bit. Bcxxaor cnnralrure AyMrice npeAocraBr eAuH 30-re rpaQlruHa or HI.I KaHaJra cJreaHur rro HaqllH: raual 16 na qnru I ce npe.4ocraag rpaQravHrre Ha KaHan[1 ri 17;raua.r 16 ua qux.u 2 ce npegocrarrua rpaSu,Jlure xauaJru n 18 2 u r.n. Tara 4-6[rosara c]rrHaJrHa Ha rpaQuvenKaHzrIr [orBrBa Ha ce ,qyMa ear.rH I-{rxr,n I

I{uru,r15

@xr. 17.8.OoparyoaueHa cl|rfiaJrs[re KaflanItB I{KM rpaKra a, b, c, d- cnr'darrdn6[ToBe;x - 6[roBe 3a aBapriHx cxr||ann

17.5.APyrU METOAI4 KOA14PAHEPEqTA 3A HA

ZKM e cran4apru3apaH npel l97O r,, a orroraBaca 3Mr.rcreHu MHoxecrBo HosLr no-eQuxacHr{ n Meroal.r Ko,&rpaue, r.rx uoNe.{a ce nonyqnno-ao6po 3a flpn rauecrno (nplr crurfiTecKopocrr.r npeaaBaHe nnQopuaqarra)um.rcrrqmo Ha ua (npH no-HncKr.r Ka,{ecrBo cKoHeo6xoAnMara cxopocru).IIpu GSM, Harrp[Mep, pocr 3anpelaBaHe pe're 13 Kbit/s lr,rrj.qopr7 Kbit/s. na MeroAure 3a Ko,qupaHe peq Morar ,aace pazger'rnaa 2 Kareropvlr- KoduHa paulu Qopaama Ha cr{rHaJra raKa HapeqeHrrre a eoxodepu(vocoder or voice cod187

fna^a 17, A{anoroB v, rti 6poB tivfiv,nneKc

na rng). llpeacrannreJtrr Ha nbpBnre e I,IKM. To[ onncaa Qopnaara cnrHala. Ilptr BoKoaephre ce Ir3noJBBar xapaKreprrcrtlKnre Ha tloBetuKut mac, Axo qoBeIrIKaTa peq ce pa3aenuHa oraeJrHr,r cerMeHTx(naupu:uep50 ms ceruearn), ce o(a3Ba,ge HMaKpaeu 6po[ uoaern 3a oraelrHr,rrcerlreHr. Taxa, BMecro MHoxecrBo oratein rofiro e Ha[-6lu:o ao aa.[eH peace flpe.qaBaKoa, KofiTo cborBgrcrDa Ea Mo,qeJI, Bb3craHoarBarcurHaJla,863 ocHoBaHa re3r.rKoaoBe. JleH cerMeHT,,{erogepnre 3apaAuBpeMero,HyxHo 3a aHaIIpn roro.qepure r.rMa AonlrHlireJrHo 3aK6cHeHr{e n Ha or,qe:rHr.rr ceruenr. 3arom ce H3noJI3Bar rou6usaqrr or BoKo,{ep t(oJlr..r3 14 axpaxe na Qopr'aa'ra.

n flpnaqunsr or B GSM ce usnolssaror46r4Hauut BoKo,4epADPCM-Ko,uep cltrHar nrPBoce panaentHaoTpt3clluor no 20 ms. Bcexn Pe.reBntr e cJreaHHsr. Ha cac3a c oTp{3bK [3cJIeABa oTKpHBaHe cfiHycol'lAlr xero. Cunycot'l4ajlHl.rT

ua Moxe aa ce rlprleMe, Or .qpyracrpaHa, noao6pssaHe I4KM r',leroaa, 3a

crofiHocrra Ha cneA8aruHtorqer He e He3aBncI{Ma npeAxuHl.rt, a Ha npaKrIIKa or 3aBrrcH Hero. oT

Ha oT TaBKI ce Il3BJIuqaT peqeBHtcl{rHar I{ TaKaaMrInIrTyIaTa nocJleaHl,ltce HacxrHo (OEr. 17.9). MantBa (Kot{Toca alcoroeleprufilt't) ae ce npeAaBar, KoMnoHeHTI'l CnHyconAanHrlTe napaMe'rplj,ocrarr'qHt{cr cHrHar ce npe,[aBa'{pe3 KoaHnpeaaBar TexHIrTe a ce flopaal ManKara aMn,rfiTyaace u3I{cKc paHeQopuara ua ct-rnHa.llanpe,4cxanaaxe. *on"qecrso 6firose uut no-*-no or Marcnua,rsoro aorrycrlrMo 3aKbcHeHne o6pa6orxara Ha clrrHa,rl{Tenpn Ha [3noJl3BaHero exo3arpaAHTenfi. Koero HaJIafa GSM e 65 ms,

- Adanmueua I4KM (APCM. Tora e rapraun.rHaI,IKM, npx Korro ce n3[paua nHQopMarrur nepuoar,rqHo curtara Ha cnrHaJra, 3a Karo aontnHeHteKbM crofsocrnre HaorqeruTe.Tara otqerHte Morar ra ca c no-MaJrbK 6pofi 6lrore, Tr,ii Karo re ole aeQnHlipar crofiuocrra Ha (BaHTyBaHlrr orqer caMo B HrKaKBa cKafla, or sa Ha onpeaeneHa rnQopuaun.rra cr,rJrara cr{rnana. -,QuQepeuquatna AKM @PCIv4).TyK ce npe,[aBacaMo pa3lu{KaraMex4l nocJle.qoBareJlHl ortiera r-rrGfi Karo r-s o6trHoseEo e MaJrKa, Moxe Aa ce H3.qBa
IloJBBarno-MaIIKo6firose. 3a oqe [o-roJltMo HaMaJItBaHe cKoDocrra Moxe Ha ce npaBn npeAcra3gasena croinocrra Ha cneABarq[r orver, xa 6a:ara Ha HrroJIKo npeanrrrHr.r orqera. Torasa ce npeaaBacaMo rpe Kara or npeacxalsaHero,no. Hexe npueMHaTa crpaHa pa3noJrara cBc crnlut ilJrfopHTr,M Ha rrpe.{cKa3BaHe, nony.reHara nHQoprrraqn.r3a rpeuKara Ha npe.qcKa3BaHero e.qocrarbqHa 3a
B63CTAHOB-f,BAHC HA TOqHI'' C THAJI.

- Adanmuaua IIKM (ADPCW. Tyx ce xou6unnpar duQepen4uatna

Te aBa MeToAa.Ja H3MeHeHr{e cKaJraTa KBaHTyBaHe r{3noI3Ba rrotyqeHaTq Ha ce rpe[Ka or npeAcKa3BaHero. AKo rpeu(ara or npeacKa3BaHero yBenH'r , Torace Ba l,tcranxara Ha KBaHryBaHe vBeJIUqaBa. ce xarro r o6oarlro. o,
B)

flpegaaaueroc no-Marra cxopocr qp u3rroJr3BaHe ADPCM (16 r Ha 32 Kb/s) e craH.qaprn3r.rpauo or ITU-T n ce r{3nomBa npaKruKara. B Hanpr.rMep 3a^i (noAso.quu roreMll pa3crotHr.rx xa6enn)lrnu r vacrun upexu (raua.nrre, Haernorr Kn,.reHT cBbp3BaHe yqpex,[eHcKaTa qeHTpiua, 3a Ha My MoraT ce HaMaJrrT, HaIlaa pr.lMep Hanono8HHa). Brnpern ve APCM, DPCM u ADPCM crraaarKbMMeroArreHa Ko,u4paHe. xa Qopvaraxa cmnara, craHAaprr{Te ADPCM orqsrar crarrrcrr,rKara peqra Ha Ha n trMa 3arpyrneHfir npu [peAaBaHe (DaKcr.rMHneH Ha cfirHai c]c cKopocrnoronsMa 4800b/s. or 17.6. KOA14PAHE PEI{TAnPU GSM HA (fnara 21), safi-roreunrr npo6rev a rureKaKro r{e crane ayrtrano-KbcHo TtrrHHTe pecypcor pa.ql4oKaFaJrr. Mpex[ e HeAocrarbqHr.r.sr ce I43nor3Bar KoMnJIeKcn MepKH no-ao6poro ynpaBreHue yrrJrrrneHue ro3r, pecypc,BKJTIoor 3a H Ha vnreluo t.r rpes eQeKrrrBeH aJrropxrtM KoAxpaHe peqra. 3a Ha r88

Ottr, 17.9.Pa3narale ua Pelra a GSM a) opqII.I|aneHpesern curta.l; 6) cnrycoruan[a cbcraBtlua, Ea Koqro ce I| npeaaBarcaMolrpaMerpxre; B) ocrarbqen cnr$ar, KoiTo ce KoAxPa rlplaBa

3A HA 17.7.GPABHEHI4E METoAI4TE KoAI,IPAHE PEqTA HA

noroK ce nocrlrra c Hai-crnHo sauareulte Ha cKopocrra Ha peqeBlrt uh(DpoB BoKoaeprr. xa.rectgoro Ha [peaaBaHeupea roaupaxe ua tfopMara Ha crrHa;Ia e Ho MHoro no-.(o6po. Penpo,tyUnpaunrr ('{pe3 BoKoAep)rnac 3ByqI'I cI.rHrsTHqHo' qe Huulo uyguo, Karo ce ItMa npe,4Bn.q, cblqutr Mero.tlce [3non3Ba3a cuHTe3ltpan He Ha peq, TaKa Bo(oAeprr He yAoBnerBoptBalr3l.tcKBaHero re,reQonuxta - Aa Moxe aa ce pa3rro3sae cr6eceannrrr. 3a ,{naloroarrr xapaKTepua rereQouuara reneycnyra locraBc H3ItcKBaHsf, VceuaHa aorrycrriMoro 3ar(acHeHae curHalla or o6pa6orrara npn roanpauero. B HeTO BJrOrXaBaHe KaqeCTBOTO nonyqaBanpl{ cyMapHo3a(BcHeHI{e ABeTe Ha Ce 3a

189

TeneKoMvHuKauxl,|

- 6!1t{cl,tpdH!'1,Mo6

nH!4 h lP

fraBa /A Uhopoa rpaHcnopr, nhHrriHoKoA!.paHe SDH |4

rlpe,qaBaHe ce AonycKa roBa 3aKbcHe nocoKrrHa,q180 ms. 3a Bxco(oKa.IecrBeHo ms. e Helrue.qa Haa 150 axo e !,pyr npo6,reu e exoro (T. 14.3), roero ce 3a6e,'rt3Ba, 3ar'bcHeHuero Hatr l0-20 ms He ce :a6e,rs:ear.l'l:laecrtroexo BuHarH 30-50 ms. 3axr,crreuus lo ce axo rart uua,rrtfepeuuraJHa c creMo.flopaga 1ss3, B feHepupa raJcqlrrt xpai:i, rprt tr,,'Ira fipouenypaHa KonHpaHe (Hannpfi,q'hnr[,ruHxr (flpe3cnLTHIK)I-rJIrl puuep GSM) rp16Ba ra ce nocraBflr exo3arpaalIreJr'Iri. ua cpasHeHte o6cr,xgaHureMeroor @ur. 17.l0 (Koqroe B3era [ANT]) .caea ce ua Kar.recrBoto npaBu rrpe3r. t.tap.cpedua eKcnepmHa Al 3a Ko,lnpaHe.O(eura Ha otlerwa (MOS Mean Opiniott Scora), xorro orpa3tBa cpe.(Holo t\{HeHue rpyna xopa 3a KaqecrBoLo. IItKofa, Koraro r'IuHtjrreca 6u,ru;touu. flpn Mero.qlr MOS ce e x3rror3BaJl c'rasa 6e:npe,ultelHo x3no,r3BaHero releSouHH KariaL'rt,t Kar{ecrBeH[Teun$poon unrepQeilc Ha Mo6s,'tHl{reatraparu x 3apaAr.t lry. lrec, Kofalo 3apa]ln Br,3JyurHlrt [aKerHara re,re$ouur (VolP), ce r3flol3Bar c,roxar o6pa6orxfi c qyBcrBr.rrerHo Ha Ho To3IjMeHa HaN{&qeHue cxopocrHTei t't c r3BecrHoBjloluaBaHe KaqecrBoro,
TO-il E OTHOBO AKTVATCH.

r,ABA OCEMHAAECETA qr4opoB TPA Cn OPT,I l/ Ht4t4HO KOA14 HE14 H PA H SD

qacrlTe Ha reJreKoNlyrru(Ha Qgr. 1.2) ca rloKa3arir{ B ll,rarolo Ha KHrrrara ,ia[uoHHara crcreMa "npenactHe" (core network) u "aoclr,r" (access).f,'laBrrre creteH u 3a nperacrrrcrou:a.{ocrua. Hacor l.{ lo I7 cc orHactr B pa3xx,rrta Ha r,taBu Ca ll3l]tno I]OCBeTeHIj IrpeHaCgHeTOj KOeTO noHtOnUaTatl Cle,[BaxlaTa t .MpQtc.t. f,Oface Haplqa ,?a CnopmWttt lnpattcnoplnHa paSrrexril [.pal.rHara MyJrrr{njreKcHa Ocsett rosa, AoKaronpeAxollrararJraBa Kotto o6pa:yea raua,rnrc,-ro uacrorxrara r,raoao6crxaa qu$poaure TexHuKa,
n o T O U L l B J l l { I I 1 1 It{e .

1 8 . 1 .K O A ] 4 P A H E Morar 1a ce Ko,tuparrcro e rBr,pre ufipoKo IIoHtrlIe B Te,reKolryHuxaullHre. Ha rt:6po-rr cle.qurre ntxonKo cty(ra.qIIa npur'roxeHIje I{oAIrpaHero: .: flpeo6pa:yaaHe Ha aHarofoBa ru$opuaun.r r qu$poa BHA(n3no,'r3Ba H ce rcpMxllbr rtuQpoaa lroayrauur, xaro l4KM uanpulrep). 3a roaapanero Ha pevra Bx.r. 17.7. * Orrpraaue (r eaeH'rya,rro Koplr[paHe) Ha rper KH nplt npe,qaBaHe Ha rurQpoea ruQopnauur (uanpulrep lanrru). .l KoivnpecHpaHe uHq)opMaufirra3a.aacc npe,nalec Io-rlrz[JrKo Ha cHMBojrrr. .:. IIIxCppoBaHe xH(bopMauxrra 3a 3al]lura (HarrpHMcp Ha Bb3.qytxHrj.qr uHrcpQer'rc GSM). n n OopNrxpaHe JruHlrerr Ha cltnt&rl, flo.uxoArul3a cpellara na [pe,4aBaHe. Br,:]uoNtro e KoalrpaHe, Koe'roaa peanu3IipaeIIroBpcMeHHo H.qxo,'Ko Hg6or poerrrire rro-rope Qynxuru. TyK uc ce ctcpe,4oroguNr arpxy noc,regnara or u36poeuure Qoplrr Ha Ko.t[paHei Korro ce HapHr{a uuiuto xodupaue. -ln Crcrellure, Kor.irorrpeaaBar cayo c,ruuriino KoAupaHe, HapfiqarcrcreMu c ce ttpedaaoue ocuocHama pala -teHnla(bascbandtranvnissiott). TaKuBaca HanplrMep raqHrrre BHloBeKaoeles LAN. flpr rrx urva npeuecrBaHe cteKT6paqpfl MoAyHa qecrota. flptt.upyru cncrelru uMa eauoBpeneuuo narlrlqHa HflxaKBa Hoceura ,'rulttfiHo KoIUpaHe MoAyrauur. flpnnep ca 6elxnvuare LAN (WLAN - WirelessLAN). H 18.2. t43l4CKBAHI4R KbM I14H14tHt4flKOA flopearuara or e.qHonoJrrpHl.r Ha uuQpoau Nr.rny,rcr, x3,,lr3aulr Ha H3xo,qa I'IKM vy,rrlrr,rexca, He e noJxo,alua 3a rrperaBaHe rlrHrrrra B To3x cl.t Bla. rro LBUroro Baxu tr 3a xo,rroBr{Te Ha xouotHauuu, Kol]ro perHcrpl{par HarHcKaHero BcexuKrraBxuB KoMnrolhpa. 3aaaqara Ha,lusliHoro Ko,qupaHeAa peo6pa3yBa e cl.rrHalaHa un(rpoaara nopegurla Br,BBxa, KoiTo e oaxoarx.l 3a flpeaaBaHe. flo-rlxrrrte I licKBaHHr xul,rtturrnfirrur xo,a ca:

5 Ourr,rHo
Xu6pr,qes (GSN4) xo,rep

1 ,{o6po
/
Cpe.lHo 3
F

,._AIrrKM
32 Kb/s
HKM

--i-'// BoKojlcp

C,ra6o Jlouro I

248163264 na ua Cxopocr npeaaeaue peum(Kb/s)

Ollr, 17.l0.3aBucxtuocr IIA KaqecrBofo or cKopocrra rra npcAaBaxe Ilpll pa]J'rtIfIHllTeMeroaD Ha Koalpane

190

l9l

.l Aa HtMa nOCTOflHHa cbcTaBtlla B cneKTbpaHa cHrHiL'la[O nLIHIrtTa (IIOCCbCTaBrUla HOCX He [Hq)OpMaqH.f,, KOHCyMXpa a eHgpfrjrTa Ha CUrHaIa. TOtHHaTa Moxe Aa uua rpaHcSoplraropn xntl KoH.4eH3aropu); Ocgen rosa no rTnHr,rrra qecToTa * aa xMa noar.repTaHa cbcTaBtlla c gecToTa,paBHaHa TaKToBaTa unx xa HeiiHx xapMoHl,tUr{, cy6xapMoHtrq[ (roaa e ueo6xo4ur,ro3a crrHxpoH&I-{ru 3aurrra Ha rrp[eMH]rKac npeAaBarejlt, Karo or rlocr6flBau]ur u]iopoB noroK ce raKroBara qecrora, Korro e 2,048 MHz npu I4KM 30/32); u3BJrxqa + na rMa IIo-TgcHa IeHTa; t uM[yncHTeaa ce pa3no3 aBaT].Inp]i foneMHfi3KpI,IBtBaHhr. He fpynorlrrr curHiur Ha lr3xora Ha urtQpoBnt My,'rrun:reKc yaoaJrerBoprBa Or Hltro eAHoor [36poeH[re r.l3r.rcrBaHr4r. apyra crpaHa u].rrfipaHllreH3r{ct<BaHulN ca npoTnBopeqHBx K6MKoAa.

HyJll,l HO llbT He AOlyCKaloBeqe oT TpI,lnOCI]eAOBaTeJIHI-I tOBa e e.{IlHCTBeHaTa' pa:"'lllra or AMI xoaa. Mrroroc'burecrBeHa HyJII-l craBa Karo rlpe,qaBareI4:6rrsaHero Ha noBeqeor rpx nocJleAoBaretHH c ua nOtBaTa qeTxptl Hyrl'I l'l rx 3aMecTBa Ilope.llrqa OTsrga 800V no tl'lr crqfr4 3a cfleuHarun npaBura, KtAero I uoxe ra e 0 u,u l, a V rsuarn e l. flpltuep :a roua Bi e ,qa.4eH Qur. 18.2. flparnlara na HDB-3 xoatjpaHmo ca: IIp. L Crveu.nrnoJlgpnrera Ha BctKaeAllHrua Ao llotBara Ha 4 flocneAoBaTerr'lHll HYJIlt.

Hynl{' qerBbprara HyJ'la 3aMeHtc ce flp. 2. I]pfi tlotBara Ha 4 IIocJIeAoBarerHIl (violate) HapoqHo anrepHarl.tBnocrra. xoiiTo HapyuaBa V t'rr'lny,'rc, l. ToBae r. nap.

18.3. CPABHEH14E HAnOnyl|flPH14 ,l14H14tlH14 KOAOBE

Ha Snr. l8.l e noKa3aHa noperuua or Hyntl H e.[Hlnrrx Br,Bsrjaa. s KofiToc afiaparypa. KaKto Ka3axMe ro3u KoA Ee reHepupar or rpaiiuara MyJrrrln:rexcHa roqKa H3ItcKBaHHt oco6eHoHa rttpBure H orroBaps Ha a:6poeanre B npeaxo,4Hara .qBe 3a flocroqHHarac'LcraBrxrau 3a raxroBara qecrora. Koalr or Qur. 18,I e or runa 6es aptulaue xtu rryta NRZ (Non Return to Zero). ua C,reaaauruqrKoa, noKa3aH $ur. 186, ce noryqaBa Karo BceKlrcxMsor (b pa3aenq Ha ABe qacrlt. lllpnara vacr Ha cxMBo;ra noKa3BaHeroBara ,4Boltqna BrlHall e Hyna. TaKa Koa6T ce npeBpGlqa croiigocr, a ocralLKT,Tor cHMBo,ra m Tn]i.a6p7,t4aHe xt.tt uyta RZ (Retunr to Zero).IIopaaH cTrpauaaaHero Ha HMrrynca HanojroBr{Ha, c[eKTbpa Ha crrrrara ce [orBrBar MHoto flo-cl-tJlHll B cbcTaBKll c qecroTa H c HeHHuTe TaxToBaTa xapMoHHulr. C rora or Qur. l8.l s ce npaBl onrr 3a orcrpaHrBaHeflocroquHara cbcraBtuta B cneKTrpa.Paunrara Mex4y ro3u xog u xoga or Qrr. 18.1ae, qe cera Hynara ce npe,{aBa orpfiuareJreHulrnylc. Aro 6porr ua uyrrre ]r eallHlunre B qEQc poBflr rroToK noqTu paBeB, u flocTotHHaTa e To cbcTaBt Ia IIoqTL oTcbcTBa. Ha cire,{sauara Qnr. 18.1r ca noKa3aH[ KonoBe,qpe: Kor.rroce crpeM[M.qe oOeAxHIIM noroxl.rreJrHHTe c'rpaHHHa xo.qoBere Qar. 18.16 u l8.lB H TaI(alll or y,qoBneTBopHM ,qBeTe I{ ocHoBHLt tt3I-tcKBaHlIt 3a nocTotHHaTactcTaBrua n 3a clHxpoHx3upane no raKroBa qecrora. Trnnqes fipe.lcraBllTene xodtn AMI (Al' ternale Mark Invertion - pedyeatqa ce notnpuocm ta edunu4ume).Tyt< eputtwJ.,am BHHarr{e uMnyjrc, a HyJrara- oTcbcrBr.ieHa uMrryjrc. flopaan rovuo e,{Har(Btlt 6poii ua noroNrreJrHrrre r orpuuarelrHxre lrlrnyrcr, nocrorHHara cr,craBsura HanlrHo orcrlcrBa. Ko.qr,r AMI ce n3nor3BaB AMepr4KaHcxara 24-xasanta LlWi cncTeMa. Koar,r AMI uua eauH xe,4ocralhK,xofro e o6ur:a sclrqxu pa3rre,qaHl.i .qoryK KoAoBe. flpn ronrMa llopeaurla or Hynfi Moxe ,aace :ary6n cauxponr3arr tTa rlo laKroBa gsclola B lpxeMHara orpaHa.Tosa ce lt:6.rrsa a pa:pa6orenllg or ITU-T r<ol ra I4KM 30/32, napeveu HDB-3 (High-Density Bipolar 3 - Koero B cBo6o.qefl npesoA e 6unotnpua eduuuqa c aucoKatut'mHooz). 9uc;roro 3 e :a roaa, ue ro-

a)

NRZ xoa Elnono,rrpex,

6)

hn n n
l-,. n

RZ Equononepefi, roa

B)

[eyno,rrpen, NRZ xoa

r)

hn tl*"Th rn',
1

nceB.lorpofi.reH, RZ Koa(AMI rnl, HDB-3)

a)

IH_TU|_-

NRZ Koa ABynonrpeH, (CMD

e)

tDur. 18.1.Cparnerre Ha ronynqpfln KoaoBe

ffiftffi*

MaHqecrap (o.q

193

frasa tA Ut4OpoB rpaHcnopr,,lrrHhiHo xoAnpaHeSDH u xgt, no3Hara no.q raMero rue3uoxpoHHa 4uQpoea iepapxun PDH (Plesiochronous or Digital Hierarchy), craHAaPrH3HpaHa ITU-T (tpur. 18.4).

I r I r I olo lo lo lr

lr

lo I olo

lo

(DItr. 18.2,flpnMep 3s rlpfinoxeHt|eEa KoqHDB-3 - 6{[onrpefl EMnync; y- uMflync,BapyuaBauranrepnarnB[ocTra ua t|MrryJlcf,Te B

V flp. 3. Bcel(l,t uuny,rc e crc ouar o6pareuHaflocjreaHr.ir runync. Tora V

KoMIIoHeHTa Hap),uaBaHeTo aI: OT TaKa,3a .aa He ce BHecenocTotHHoToKoBa Ha BHocTfa. TepHarr-t

2 Mb/s 30 xaH8na

E-3 34368 |
34 Mb/s 480 xaHarg

E-4 139264Kb/s

l40Mt/s 1920 x6Hora

roraBa IIp. 4. Axo IIp. 2 ullp.3 HeMoraraa ce flpunoxar eaHoBpeMeHHo, cs Mrcroro HanrpBara Hyra, KoiTo e c nontplrrcr, oG B nocranse,qrur [Mnync Ha BceI([HMnyJrc pareHHa nocneaHHr nMnyflc.IIoa B nunync ce no4pa:6npa B ne e Y lrMnync. norora, xofiro AMI x HDB-3 BbBexrar nH(DopMaunolreH Ilcearorpouvrnre Ko,[oBe - log = 0,69bit / cuuoott. na ulhr, paBeH log23 22
cKopocrK (Hanl Koarr HDB-3 HMa MHoro go6pu ravecrra, Ho rlpl.r BI,ICoKH

@trr.1E.4. fln$roxpouaa qrQporafiepapxur pa6ora,r.e. noqrn c6Bn44anla ua Crauaaprrr PDH ce 6asnpa nleauoxponua ("nrle:t-toJ'snpeBoA craporpaqrue "no,rm"), Ha ncrxo rrlynor raKroBa.recrora qETupu Hr,rBo B3HMar ce rfinJreKcupaqo uurpporr noroKac flo-HlcKacropocr H ce s o6eaHH.flgarnoror, xofiro e c6c cKopocrMaJrKoo-fojrrMaor qerlrpHKparHara (mpu6nHrcKacKopocr(rlnr. 18.4).Cyuapunrr floror, ocBeH crcnawtaallqwrc mapnu)norotll, cr,grpxa uHQopuaunr cnHxpoHh3npaHe unK6na,KaKron 3a Ha 6nronesanlpanurBaHe cKopocrnTe. Ha Ctcragn.rsaul]:Ie qecrorH Moxe JIeKo ce pa3JrntraBar re ce H3paBHrBilr n aa tpez l.o6asllnena uspaeunearyu cmaQuuz ulu 6umoee. CteA AeMy,'tTgnrercrpaxero qecrora. re:t-l6[rose ce orgrpaHrBarH ce Bb3craHoBr op[ruHa:rHara raKToBa Ha acsro iepapxnvno Hrro Tpt6nrapunre nororllr ce o6eAr.rHssar no 6nr 6nr, r.e. n:eva ce eAug6ur or noror l, eAnH 6nr or nororc 3 u 4. Crcl, rosa 2. orHoBo norox I u r.n. go Qopunpalle uuKbra,Tosa ue 6n MorJro,qa or Ha craHe, aKonorouureHeca u3paBHeHu craQtnr 6lrroaere. cbc PDH crangaprrr rapaHTr.rpa cr,BMecruMocr MyrrrnJre(cfiTe or pa3JrrrqHn Ha rlpolr3BoAxrenx. (ueHn.[Nr'lrnra) pa3rr,rqHa Oprauuaaunxra eKcrrJroararltrrra Ha e rrpvpa3nr.rqHrte [pon3Boanrenr. Cruo raxa mHniuure nurepQeficu K6MMean]r xa6elx, onrxvnn ra6e,u n PPJIca pa3r[,{Hr.r pa3nr4tlHxre nplt n npo]r3BoAuTerrn cneaoBarenHo rryr6BaAa ca or eaHH npou3Bo,uireJ'I aBaraKp:rrHaJrr.tHrrrra. or Cenepno-auepnraHcxrr.flr craHrapr ce 6arnpa ua 24-xananen PDH IIKM (15,14 Kb/s) r, e Ha[bJrHo HecbBuecrnu ITU-T crangapra PDH. c sa qerBtpr BeK. flnesuoxpoHnara fiepapx r e cran.qaprrtr{paHa npeAnoKoJro Ilper roaa BpeMe cMecBl1qcrerr,r r{altecrBuero HaonrrqHr{re ra6eru u nogceHa MecrHara 3aMtHa aHaroroBnTe Ha reneKoMyH RaquoHrrn croprxenux c quQpoan. Oueptanar cnegnrreue.qocramqu pDH: ce na ., 3a aa ce lr3Brretre eanH ocrarex (rpt6rcrrapeH)noroK oa o6uv-r uur[poo nmor, e neo6xo4nMoreMymr{uercnpane rlo BclrtrKrre crtrraJra Ha irepapxvfia (npnvnHaraca uspaBHrBaHero craQtur 6rrorere n no6rrrosoroo6e4tueHtle), c6c * Heca craH,{apr[3npaHH onrr.rrrHnre HHTepQeicu, 195

xodum npn onrltrHlire MaKHa nsnonzsa ce pnMepnpn 139Mb/s) u oco6euo

(Code Mark Inversion - rod c uueepcunta eduuuqama).IIPI onrHqHHTe BnaKHa ga ce H3noJIsBar KoaoBecac crorBerHo aByHITBoBLI uelecro6pa:uo Ha @opuupanero ua CMI e noKa3aHo Qnr. 18.19. H HyneBnl-tMrryncn.

npu Mauuecmep xodum, xoino ce H3non3Ba Ha Qnr. 18.1 e rroKa3aH a oT oBe,flDexo,[tT ot "+" mu "-" e e,qxHfiqa, npexo,{bT "-" KbM"+" e
raKToBaraqecrora IIpn MaH,recrep KoAa,np[eMHHKbr MHoro tecHo r-r3BJIHqa nllHl-lll. B ToBaHe ce Il3noJI3Ba MarucTpitllHlrTe e uI,IpoK cneKTbplT H nopa.Ill-l Ha IIpH To3n KoAce nocrltra HaMartBaHe raxroBara 6uma - I ueme'opm).

r.e. Ha Qnr. 18.3e ro(a3aH \emupa aoautKodZB|QQ Bits- I Quatery, Illuooxo ce r,r3noJBBar B

clrcreun LIKM-2 HKM-4sayn:nruenue r.r

a6osatguret[HHr.r,KaKron B apyr[ sa Ha qnrppornenpaue a6oxarsnre
ItAHI{t{.

@nr.1E.3, 2B1Q Kon

floBeqe 3a rHHrifiHHTeKoroBe Moxe Aa ce rpoqere s [EI4r{], [BEL], a ao6po cucreIrMa Mar[3r,rpaHe cpaBHeHe Ha re3n Ko,4oBe rr s [GIB].

IIEPAPXI4R PDH 18.4. nnE3UOXPOHHA tllTOPOBA B r'.ruoro uy.mrnnenc IIKM 30/32,pa3ue.qas cnyvauranarure ua unQponnr
KaKm He e aocTaTrqHax cboTBeTHaTa B flpeaxoaHaTaftaBa, He ca .4ocTaTbqHn, cropocr 2,048 Mb/s, uaprvaxa nbplueHa cKopocm Ha npedaeaue Q)rimary rare)-

Mynrnrurercrre c no-roJlrM KanaqnTer rroapex,aarB lapBara 4rQpoBafiepapce

194

't EBponefickrre n AMepnKaHcKtrre craH.aaprH Hec6BMecrlMh, ca * HtMa craHAapr 3a eKcnnoaraqr.rrra (uesnAxuurra) sa MpexaTa, * Br,rcoKHTe cKopocrh He ca craHlaprH3[paH[ (Ha.{ 139 Mb/s).

qI4OPOBA r8.s. cI4HXPOHHA llEpApxl,tff sDH

B orrorop HauHrHpaHrrre no-ropeHeAocrarbqH PDH B CAIII Ha Bar craHlapTa cuHxpoHHa onmuqHa pata SONET (SynchronousOptical work).ITU-T patpa6orBa cBoficaeroBeH craH,uapr, HapeqeH cuHxpoHHa iepapxun SDH (Synchronous Digital Hierarchy).B Aeicrnnrelnocr SDH ; unpeHr.re aAanrr.tpaue SONET:a Eapona. fi na
B SDH ce r.noJr3BarepMlHGT cuHxpoHeHmpaHcnopmeH nodyt STM chronous Transpon Module). B Ta6nr.rUa l8.l ca noKa3aHn nbpBhre qs .tpl.r sa STM. SDH e craHAapr 3a MyrrrnteKcr{pare, (ofTo BKJloqBaKa(To

pouun rpu6lorapuu nororlli (nanpuuep7,5, 2 wlu 34 Mb/s), raxa r.r rpn6nrapru noroqu. Tadraua18.1. SDHdrsa
HoMep xa
MONYN'
I

SDH qnxrntr cr.qrpxa ri r{HQopMaqur cr.rHHHQopruaunr flonesHa 3a OcBeH I.l 3a KaKTo ttHoopMaul{t ynpaBneHr.{ero cbcra8JrrBaHa Ha xooHrj3auur ur{Kbna, KaHa,'lu. C6,{6pxa cr,lllo raKa nofiHrepn(yra:arenu), Korro nour{QpoBL urr.rre ua coqaarMecronoroxeaxeto rpn6nrapHtre noroul'ls o6urrc uuKbn. He nororrr.t ca cItHxpoHLI3HpaHr,r STM-I unrr.na, cbc Aro rpn6roHapnnre qlicno) c OlrKc}rpaHo MecronojloxeHIae STM-I qrrua n noiumept'm(,{BoH.{Ho rIoToK. ua Vpe: croiuocrra xa MecTololoxeHlreTo acernTpu6rcrapeH flocoqBa NeraHnarrpn6nrapeHcl{rHa.[. Toaae rrroNe safilecno ce HaMnpa 6n nofiurepa npe,4l{McTBo SDH cnptMo PDH, rs,4ero3a UenTa Ha Tp{68aIa ce Aeror'lqMoTo HI.tBoro rpxblorapHut floroK H ra ce orcrpannr craQxur Ha MynrlnJreKcupa,[o rofiro Hx nnrepecyaa. 3a 6xroBere, aa ce lonyqH cHrHaJIbT, cJroxHo, s SDH e cpaBH[TenHo noHexerpr6aa ga ce MynrunneKcr,rpaHero qacr or Konroca PDH noroun. Iloseo6eannrra STM-I vHoro noroqH,roJrrMa qe 3acrpyKrypara sTM ur.rK6,1a ce pa:norarar El,E2,E3 aE4 c flfrullrHa n rar re (Qur. 18.4)n:ruATM x"rerrnrerN. [IIVJI] n [811lI]. ,tpelca Eaetaenmuna SDH mpancnopmHa 18,5.2, qe no Pereneparop.Curxamr, ocBeH 3arr,rxBa Jrrrlrrra, ce cMecBa c uyr{ B63craHoBrBa Hr.iBoro cr{rHajra, ycrrirBa Ha lrore. AHarorog[sr ycr.rJrBareJr Ho r,t yqacrbrlfice HarpynBar ce HaMarsBa lllyruoaereor ycr{nBarenHr.rre rxyMoBere. r.r cuzHar-wyuSNfi (Signalto Noise Ratio).Tota ne ce noryqaBa omHoueHuemo (noaropnrenr).Ilpnuqrnrr Ha B'rigraHoBrBane cnrHarra npx pereHeparopa Ha e noxa3al Ha Qur. 18.5, flocrrnsanixre uMnyncHce [o,{aBar Ha ycranBarenr 3a
KOMIIeHCLtpaHe 3aTI{XBaHeTO, Ha CJIe'qKOeTOnOCTBnBaTB KOMnapaTOp.AKO I,IM-

Cxopocr na upeaaeane.Mb/s

STM-I STM-4 STM-16 STM-64

622,08 2 488,32 9 953.28

SDH, ocBeHqe orcrpaHrBan:6poenureHeAocTarbrln pDH, rva sa MHOrO Cbr{eCTBeHa OCO6esOCr. CraHgaprur PDH BKJr}oqBa KpafiHHTe caMo Tnrrnercr4paruH yc'rpoficrBa, AoKaro SDH [peABr. tla ocBeH Trx orr.le add./dropMyrrunneKcopl l-t KpocKoHeKropriI]ocleAnnre nparrr SDH pa3rBaB ToBa,qe oneparopar e B clcrotHrie JrecHo 6rpro la r,loag$uunpa n
xaTa oT rleHTbpa3a MeH[.qxMrHT(ekcnnoaTarlm).Tona ycropxna 10 HA)|UHUU, Haemv Or KOpnOpaTABHH KIr[eHTr, Hanpr.{Mep LAN. 3a 18,5.1.Mynmunzexcupane a SDH rrBKaBHrpaHcnoprHn Mpero.t3a BcrKaKbB nug rHQopvaqur. frgragocrra ce

Karro ce BnxAaor Ta6.nxua 18.1,qurfporure rroroqr.r SDH ca Kparx[ ga B cxopocrrana STM-I (155,52Mb/s). O6ear.rnesne STM-I rrorouurecraBarrG Ha ortetno, a ne no6lroao, rarro e o6eg[HeHl4ero nororrnrenpn pDH. Ha STM-I quxtttm (frame ua aurt. esr.rK) c lpoAurxr.rreJrHocr125 !m, rarro e e npn IIKM. Toaa npaansceKx8-6HroarucKper p{,nnqxM n quQpoau.n nomK or 152,52Mbls. Aro IIKM Ko.qlrpanero cnHxpoHri3r{paHon3rorrHu(aHaraKloBa e c qecrora sa SDH cncreMara,To Moxe eqru releQoueu KaH,ur ce .4a AeMynrr{rue(cl'pa npocro qpe3H3BJIHqaHe e.uHH Ha orcrgT BceK[ SDH uuK6l. or

rryncbre HaAnparoBoro Hl.rBo, U.(Qffr. 18.5a) ar:npaer'ra ce t<aro "1", aKoe rroA U., roragac Bt3npr.reMa "0". Mouesmr sa cpaBHeHrlero AaBa npe.qHr.rt Karo ce or (Qtr. 18.56). ra(ryBanrnMrrync $poxr Hanopegar.rr (l I4:6paHara croiinocr HacurHarra mn 0) ce noAAbpxa npeaHurQpoHr Ao HacJre.4Baur.rr raKryBau uunync. Tara or pereHeparopa Huut3arnqr.rcreH trlyor uoaerecuruaa(Qur. 18.5n). Kpaeu (repunna,ren) uy.nrun.lexcop TM. Tosa ycrpoficruo o6egrHqga Bxoaruure noroqx a 6ror, no.qxoarr{ 'rpaHcrroprr.rpaHe upexara. Hai3a n SDH vecro ce o6eguxmarEl noroqn (Tl a Ceaepua Arraepn<a). .{pyrn ncent:uoxnn norour 3a o6e,4uHeHHe HanpHMep E3, E4 or PDH, LAN, MAN, ATM. ca F'2, O6e4nneuaero s STM-I, STM-4, STM-16 x.llr.r e STM-64.I,laxorrre Ha TM ca onrnqHLt rI-IHnfi u3xoAI,t. HE Add/drop (nraer(qau/orsexAauq)*ry.lrtn,rercop ADM.Tona ycrpoficrBo e Hafi-[onympHoron SDH upexure. ADM uoxe .qao6e,{unsBa cbrrlHre BH.qoBe tpu6rcrapunnoroqn, (aro TM, HoKaKro BHxAa ruero uy, ADM no3BoJrrBa ce or BT,BexIaHe/H3BexIaHe Hanoroqn n cboTBeTHoro TpamuTHpaHe. r{M

l9'l

@e6q!y!!!qq!r

- Or4KcupaHx, Mo6lanHlalP u

fra6a ,8 Ul4dpos rpaHcnopr, nl,Bt4iHo KoAypaHe x SDH

Cr,rrna"r, npuveceu c uyMoBe(cneA

OopMa Ha cltfHana nplt

npeaaKrenq a)

.u,

B)

(n'rr'r'a 6) "rrurr)1 t"T:1ilJHJfi?"")

(Dt,r. 18.5,Pa6ora Ha pereEeparopa a) opnrBrIaneH curHar (flpeKr,cflaranr|H1Ir)I, {3KprlBeH cr|rflll.,r

pereuepupax v'racn'rc

Kpocxonerrop DXC. KpocKoHeKropbr(Digital Cross-Connector)e Bb3eJr Ha Mpexara, ItofTo npeHapexla (KoMyrupa) ranaaN r qnQponrre nororlu. IIo npraHqe ra3r Ha qeHTpalrara pa3nr.rKara, qeHrpapa6orara Ha DXC Hano.qo6tBa c 111.ltl 3a o6c;ryNtaue Ha oTAeJIHHTe noBuKBaHLtt (oMaHAaor Bpc3Kr-r rro rara Lurlpan<ra 3a or a6onamre, a DXC r.I3ryaxAaBpa3KI{ A6nrl.t neproAr4or BpeMerro KoMaHAr{ rJraBHo BncoKocKopocrH]r rroroqn, a oneparopa. DXC e npe.{s[aeH aa KoMyrr.lpa Ha (:a ue car'ro64 Kb/s, rarro e npl-| IIeHrpaJIara. Qur. 18.66 e noKa3aHo cparueqeurpa,ra SW. llocneAKlM Mpexara Ha KpocroHeKrcpDXC r.r H[e) cBbp3BaHero KoMyrauttt Ha na(erl,t. Bprsxara na Hara Moxe Aa e 3a KoMyraq[t Ha KaHaIr[r-lJru rtlt ADM o6rixnoseHo e eJIeKTpI{qecKa, aoKaro Bpa3KaraHa DXC ueHTpaJrara xtu ADM Moxe .4ae c onrl.IqeHxa6e,r (r.rno-nepolrHo e Aa e c onruven xa6e,r), pa3cTotHl-{eTo aocTarsqHo foJItMo. e aKO qe lr:6poeun ycrpoficrBa Ha SDH Mpexara O6rpuere BHr{MaHre, BcatrKH pereHeparopn,TM, ADM, DXC ca e:rerrpuqecxn yc'rpoftcraa r.rBcrKo or rrx ce BKrrcqBaKbM onrr.rqHaranpeHocHacpeaa qpe3 cr,orBerHure UO u O/E npeo6paMuoro arparrnaua e u,aerra re3u ycrpoilcraa ga ca oflrt,tr{Hr.r aa He ce rr 3oBare;rr{. qnrnpaHoro npeobpa:ynaue.Tosa ce :acsra B cJre.qBarqara Halam f;raBa.

Ha Qur. 18.6 e no(a3aHapor.sra Ha ADM s.bsseputcHa (18.6a) u oco6eHoB npt cmeuoeudua (Qur. 18.66) TonoJrorrrr Ha SDH carp:naue, 3a x3BrltraHe Ha cbcraBHunororln or o6qur qnQpoa lorox.

O[r. 1E.6.Bepltrrcna n nprcreuougna (6) rono,rorun na SDH cBLp3BaHe (a) ADM - add,/dropMy,'rrnlneRcop; DXC - qropoB KpocKoBeKrop; SW- qtopona ueurpaJra;IM- KpaeflMyJrrn[JreKcop 198 199

fraral@

TflABAAEBETHAAECETA onTnqHoMynTunrEKct4pAHEnOAb[Xl4HA I HABbIHATA OnTnqHA 14 KOMyTAqI4R :

T

qe .rcrorHara o6racr - noa 100GHz), K&'BaMe, ce e cTorHne no,4I nm (r.rrnB DWDM - or Dense(rutmeu) WDM. r.r3non3Ba no:saroro caorHoueHne Or .qo6pe

1=;,
cnts), xbaflo , e arrxHHara Ha B'hJIHara, cropocrra Ha cBffnllHara (= 2,997.10E qe Mynr[nneKcHpaHelro AaJIxl'IHaHa BbnHarae BcblllHogr a/- uecrora, cJreABa no no3Haroro MyJITnnreKcHpaHe qecrora (fnaBa l7). repMlH - MyJTmnHue ue rB[on3BaMe npHefliJt B onruqHHTe KoMyHuKaIrI'll.t nexcHpaHe no aBjllicrHa Ha BTJIHara, a no-Haaony ue HMaMe npeaBHA tnaBHo qe repunno:rorH.rr o6,racrra). DWDM (s [LAU] npH3naBar, ou]e HtMa QnKcl.rpaHa

Aro npu npoeKr[paHe Ha HrKoe HanpaBJleHr..re Ha Mpexa He aocT[ra KanarIHTeT rrpeHocHaTa B cpeaa, [pea rrpoeKTaHTa IlMa
pfi BI,3MOXHOCTI.I:

{. {a ce nycue HoBo onrr.rrrHosrarxo. Tosa Moxe Aa He e peueHr{e,oco6eno aro s orrn.lHris ra6en HflMacao6ogHu("ueocaereHu") * ,{a ce yne:rtvr cKopocrra Ha npeAaBane r{3noJrBaHoros,'raKHo. B B peueHHe uMa rroTeHrlr{al.Hanpr.rMep npr eaHoMo,4oBo BJraKHo caMo

o(ono 1,55pm I.tMa noreHu[aJr JreHTr,r l0 THz. Ta:u negra,o6a're, uolq 3a or ue

qpe3 aeneHeno Bpe p oT a[peKTHo aa ce r.r3nol3Ba crcTeMr,r MyJlT[nneKcupaHe c

OnTlltlHOTO MvnrunnEKCI4PAHE? nPEMATA 19.2.KAKBO

onrHqHHBJIaKHa npeAnarar flpoa:rexnauure,{Hec reneKoMyHHKauHoHHlt (flaaa 16).B cuc3arnxBaHe KHnoMerbP Ha o6xBarn ManKo lx poKcneKrpaneH e,aHoMoaoBH BJIaKreMxre DWDM 3a cpe.4H[It ,[6nrl{ pa3crosHHtce n3noJBBar Ha,s o6xsaram 1520nm.qo 1620nm, nopaguHaJLwIemHanoaxoacll[ onrfirlycl-lnBaTeJII{. HI-t qecrorr.r 196,1THz Ha.qony 192,1THz u m or ITU-T e cran,uaprr3rpan ao 191,4THz ao 185,9 THz npe: 100 GHz. Illparur unrepaa,rorroBapsHa C(or (or 1528nm ao 1560nm), a rropurr - na L npo3opeua oKonpo3opeua oKo.rro ,ro 1566nm ao 1612nm). Pa:aersngro[pe3 100GHz ctorBercrBaHaoKono0,8 c.{ecror[T u nm. (AGrxHHxreHaBtrurlre ca H3qrrc.nenu raryyu). TabnlruHTe ea cl,orBerHnre arlrxrrHr.r Ha BlrHara ca ny6luryaaun B rlllTeparypara, HarlpnMep pewemKa(grid1 ua ffU-T, [FRE], [LAU]. Or qecrornre, B ra3u rara Hapeqe*a r,lJIH Ha MOXe ce pa6oru c rparxu riHTepBajrr,r noaI,IHTepBanI{ pa3aefitHe!Han.qa pnuep200 GHz unn 50 GHz,25 GHz, 12,5GHz u r.H. na flpon:rex.{aunre (npeAiraraHH narapa) DWDM c creMH aocfltrar ao pa3.qentHe 25 GHz (orono 0,2 nm), Kosro crorBercrBaHa 161 KaHana CB c ce Crurmo pa3.retcHe aaBa2Zl KaranaB L-,rermra, Kotro aKrnBHo yc"reu'rara.
BOtBa.

(Time-Division Multiplexing-TDL[), rnaBHo nopa.qrl orpaHrrqeHlr or,qucnepctr .

TA DbB BJIAKHOTO.

* [a ce uy.nrun,reKc[pafi3rroJBBaHoro BJIaKHo tpez dercue no dz,,tcauama ua ottuama (Wavelength DivisionMultiplexing- WDII. Tpnre rr,suoNHocruHece Ir3KIIIoqBar,B3a[MHo AontJIBar, a ce flopaauroDa
[peAaBaHe, npu rogro ce rou6r.rnrlpaBficoKocKopocrno TDM c WDM, e npnBneKaTnHonpl{ abllrH MarEcTpanfi c roJItM KaIIaqI{TeT.

19.1.WDM DWDM 14
Myrrnnnercupauero no rbJrxuHa Ha BbJrgarace cBer(AaAo eAHoBpeMeHHo npeaaBaHe pa3ll.tqHHcI{fHaJII4 Ha BtB BJIaKHOTO, C I_t3nOJI3BaT I(aTO BsnHL C Da3J
JIIIqHA .[bJIXI-IHA.

Ilpnuep :a roea e la.reH Ha Qur. 19.1, xtAero ce r.BnoJBBar ABe[rr4poro oF eIHa or Apyra BbIltH - 1,3 pm r 1,55 pm. To3n Mcro.{ 3a AeJI6HLI paHe AHec ce Hapr,ta CWDM or Coarse (epy6) WDM.

Cr,tpeueuunre CWDM cr.rcreut pasnolarar c no rurKo;rro(aHalraB e,ulH npo3opulre HarrponycxaHe BJraKHoro. Ha BrlHnre sa KaHa;rr.rre pa3,qeneHtt ca nose,{eor 20 nm
ce I{3nor3BaT3a no' Ktcn Da3cTotHl,tt

AM
Orr. 19.1, flprMep ia WDM M- MynrllneKcopl IM -2 Leuy r/.rl'ntencop

ycl.rnBaHe nnn per' HeprpaHe. 3a ga ce pa:no' I(aFaroxaT noBeqe ce nr{ B npo3opeua, HaMa[rBa pa3cTotHl,rgTO MOr(4y BIJIHrre. AKo roBa pd|-

rnrRaor npucnyutoaHemo flaguoro orpaHnqeHue rrpxy 6por Ha KaHaJrr,rre (crosstalk) Mexry KaHaJrlrre, nopaa[ pa:]flurrnunernnefiur eQerrn or Omtlqecn{ HectBSpueHcTBaMyJlTr{nJreKcoprrTe B H BJraKHoTo. B geficrrnreruocr I-lMa oKoJro 15000 no GHz,resra grB Bce(nor npo3opl$Te 1,3pm l-I1,55pm. Axo ce n36erHar n Ha na HecbBbpueHcrBara KoMnoHeHTure BJIaKHara, TeopgrntrHo Morar aa ce nocrnrHar no 1500 ranala c rlo 10 Gb/s. HenHHeFHocrr,r BJraKHoro IHaJIa. 868 HaMaJrrBar ropHoTotlflcJlo Ao HrKoJrKocTorI,tH Heclnrpueucrnara Ha KoMnoHeHTnre (e.qtruor npo6reurre e He,rocrarbrl.[Hec HaTa rpaHl,lcTaOHnHocT r,r3ToqHrUr{TecBerJlr,rHa) rrpn Ha nocraBrT oule no-HllcKa qa oT oKono.aBecTa-Tp[cTa KaHaJra. Octeu ronsM Kanauurer, rofiro ce nocrnra c onrr,rqHoroMynrnnJleKc[paHe, HMae.[HaBmpa u3roaa or np]rnaraHerouy. Crara ,qyua 3a BbBexraHaraIaBKa201

I
Bocr Ha Mpexara. Moxe Aa ce pealusnpa "tupryanna,' Tonollortzs B 3arrBr(r, KopnopaTaBHI-.I oT KIIIeHTI-{. r.naeH.ra Ha voxe, Ha[pI{Mep,aa ce BI{ 3a HaeMaHe BJraKHo, "gt,rna" BbBBJraKHoro. He a KogQurypauurra ga MOXeAa CeMOArrQHqUpa, He3aB[CHMO or43r.rqeCKara OT TonoJrorsr, qpe3 cMrEa qecrorn. 3a uenra uorar Aa ce u3rron"r (npueMaHrrre)orrrr.rqHu u3JrbqBaH[Te cT,op6xeHr.tr(aTo orrTr.rqHll KoMyTaTopH, onTHqHHKpOC-KOHeKTOplteIu (ohTo ce pa3fler(AaT no-KbcHo B Ta3[ fJraBa. MyJrTr{nJreKcopr.t, 19.3. ENEMEHTI4HA CI4CTEMATAC DWDM qacrfiTe Ha e.qHacxcreMa c onrr,trrHo Ha 5ur.19.2 ca noKa3aHr.t MyJTrr.t[neKcI-.IpaHe, Kor4Toc'LorBercrBar I,rHa ocHoBHtre {DyHKrIltH.

fnaRa | 9, Onrv,v'P.o Mvnrun erlct{

TpIt BceKI'l Koaro He e or Ycuteamet. Ha Sur. 19.2 ca noKa3aHI4 ycrrJlBareJrt, a ce [ocTaBs [pl] Heo6xoAtlvocr. 3aA6[x refieH,

vcl4rlBATEn4 onTuqHu 19,4.

Cr:aagaHero Ha onrLIqH[ ycI'IJIBarenI{, xollro Aa ycHJItr HaBeIH:hx BCIjqKH SlnHn, 6e: Il3[oJI3BaHerO Ha pefeHparoptr c onrllqHo-ereKTpoHHo rt3IroJr3BaHI-I npeo6paaynaue, rI03BoJItBa onrl'IqHoro MylrqnreKcI.IpaHe. ycLlJIAHec Han-qecro t8[oJI3BaHI-ITe 3a rpaKTuqecKI'I npHnoxeHl-It onrl{qHl'l ycwlsame\u c sraKHo, donuuzupauo c ep6ui (Erbium' eY'eHHTe BareJrHca raKa Hap

[a

IIrrl

Doped Fiber AmPlifier EDFA) onpocreHa cxeMa Ha EDFA. Ep6urr e pt,{tx ene19.3 e noKa3aHa Ha Qr.rr. cBerrl'lHac ar,JIXHHa IlMa cBoiicrBoro, xoraro e rr:6yaeH aa L3r'brrBa KofiTo MeHT, pm, T.e. ToqHo oKono c fl L npo:opqure Ha rlponycl{aHe ororo 1,54 Ha BBJrHara B Ha BrarHoro. Karro ce gnNAa or Qnrypara, Ha Mtcroro Ha ycr'IJIBaHero JILtHHfiTa rlaruo. HyNHlr ca lr:ra:epnn nouyqacrbK or aonrHrupaHo c ep6rfi ce BIcnrcqBa Ha rurj Koriro pa6orm na 0,98 pm rnu 1,48 pm, l,t Kouro Br36yxqar aroMI'ITe epHacrargaHeto Ra cI,IrHaJIa, KofiTo rpsoBa .{a 6sr Ha [o-BrrcoKo exeprnffHo HI-Ieo. B 6bAeycrueH, crriMynrrpaaroMl.treHa ep6nx ga nsnycKar HaTpynaHara Ttx eHepKoero Boax 4o e$exra Ha ycl,rsaue, rrr, BIB Bxn Ha cBerJIuHa.

Orr, 19.2.Crcraegtl qacrrr Ba DWDM crcreMa Ild - npepayareq IIu - npneunnrl M- myJTlnnercop; IM - neuyltrlnter.cop; y-yclnBare,'r1 O-B ourtrno t,narno

fexepamopu (uznt'ueamenu) cu?Har.feueparopnre (,ra:eplr) rpr6aa Ha

AocTa'rbqHo TecHoJIeHToBI-t LI He no-MilllKo BaxHo - jlocTaTbtlgo ctaolrnxr,r rpeuero. .{nec a DWDM ctcreuufe ce n3rroJBBar raKa Har,eq'ejHrrre rq3eDu c

,{OB (lG-l5m)

npedeteua o1pamua ept'srca, ll:BecrHr.t crc cr,rparqenuero DFB FeedBack. Jla:epure ca e.qHu or nafi-gaxsnre Kplrrr,rrrHt.tKoMrroHerrrn

DWDM.
Mytmuruercop, H.mou or nonynrpHr{Te Meroglr 3a MyJrrr.rnJreKcupaHe ca Ka3aHr.r T. 19.4, Onrr.{Hrrre My:rrunneKcop}r, B Karo npaBano,ca nacr.tBHr4 Tn rn lrM e npt,lcrqo Aa BHac.[T:ary6u (ctuloro Raxrr Lt 3a

Onr. 19.3.Onrrqer ycrlJrBareJ BJraKHo, c aont'HflrpaHoc ep6r|n A- 3on ropi C - etenu'Irrej';,[OB -Aorrlrnrl'paHo onrriqHo BnaKUo; - Jra3ep-noMna lII Hafi-eaxaure xapaKrep[cruKn Ha onruqH r ycaJrBaren ca roJIeMI{HaHa ycr.tJIBaHeTo, paBHoMepHocT ycnirBaHero n HlBoTo Ha BHac-f,Hl-1f, [ryM, KaTo Ha nocleAHure ABeca Aopli no-BaxHrr. C EDFA ce [ocrr.rra ycunBaHeoro:ro 30 dB, Koero no3BoJrsBaaGJrxHHa Ha ycrrnBare.rIHlrre '4racrT,ur,I ao gaa 120 km tFREl. Vcu:rsarerrr rpr6na ga BHacr MaJrbI( c6c rxyM, noHexe roi ce ycrrnBa 3ae.qHo cI.IrHa,'Ia. fllyMbr ce HarpyrrBan He Moxe .qace Oxnrp}rpa, roero orpanuvana 6pot Ha nocJreAoBareJrHrrre ycr.rrBarejrHr.ryqacrbrlfi. CreA nsro,rro ycnJrBarenH]I yracTBKacr{rHajrbr rpr6ra ga ce pereuepupa.

3ary6xre:anucrr or us6paunrMeroA MyJnunnexcllpaHe, 6po.rua Ha or

r.r ce KoMneHcHparqpe3 oflTtzr{Hr,t ycl/.rBa.renv (c[eA Mynrr.rnreKcopa ]r npe,q[ Mynrr.rnrreKcopa {ur. 19.2). Ha

Onmuquo enarcxo. DWDM ce no.qlarareAHoMoAoBn Ha BJra(Ha. ce y[nrrHrBa rrpGopelbr orono 1,55 pm. Ilocle.quoro e cB6p3aHo peannsnpic Hero Ha yc[nBarnrrre, Koltro ca ue{:oeNlrN rrpr.r Han Arflrfi Tpacera(HarIpIIMep 100km). ,{euyrmuntexcop. ,{euy:rrnnnexcoprr ce pealrrlrupa c MeroAa, 36pafi fi. qe HarrpaBara MylrrrnneKcopa, Ha B.rnp:exlr, HMaMe orrelarrHnr npoqec,TexHoJIorItqHI.tTe TpyaHocTliIIpI-' .qeMynTr4n[eKcopa no-rojreMr.t Te3r,fipn MyJrTurIca oT
JIEKCODA.

203

Mvnr"nr@ f'as4 tg OnrlqHo

ll MvnrunrEKcoPl4 AEMyrlTunrlEKcoP14 19.s.

My,rrltn,rexcopr,r I{ B3eMaoIIT[qH[Te c'lrHirIIH or HtKoJlKo BJIaKHa 4

HrBa B er H o6ul ,rtq. flpu revylrun,rexcopa craBa pa3,[entHe Ha

rbq oTHoBO Ha HefoBHTe KoMnoHeHTl{ c pa3rllqHa abnxHHa Ha BbJIHaTaI-l BaHeTo HM K6M T HAHBI{AyaIHHTeBna(Ha.

(Qur' 19'6)' OulraeMyjlrnnleKcl.rpaHe ce IIOCTI'tra nooe,qsuaor raKfiBa Ql,ln'Iplr Ko',ro HMar so6pa craourHocr' uo KoMnoHeHrI't' tu""n :;fi;;o;"t;t"nno 6pori raaanu' 'arllxBaHe I.rcraBar crIoxHI{ npr ro'u :;;;";;;;"""

ce 6a:npa nneKcl-rpaue/ae:uylrunnercnpane Ear,rs naqunnreHa MyJIT or Koraro cyuapuunrmv, nHrep$epeuuar. glQparunrra t-rorlTuqHara
noBlpxHocr, naaHeBtpxy r[OparuxonHa rpaHyJrl4paua BbJrHr{, or HrKoJrKo
or, eJIHa BArHa Ce

l,:
l ^ r------r I r--.---------.-.-

Ba noA pa3r[qeH rrcJt. G Ha nOMOUITa CUCTeMa Olt'

JICIIlfi OTAETHNTE BIJIIi!

AeMynrlanneKclaPaEa

Ir+]"2+...1,"
@nr. 19.4,,{eruy,rrunrerctlpanec all0parquq

ce Qorycupar B pit3rrurr (Qnr. 19.4). Hlrre BrraKHa nocoKrnE AKo cMeHnM I{a Ql,Irypara, ce noJD^|aBa MynT[rrJIeKcl{paHe.

,{pyra rexuororul, I.r3[orsBau]anoPea[Ira or cBeroBo.qn'e [3Becrna noA crrpaqeuuero A lryG (Arrayed. Waveguide Grating). Heiun'ff nprrHlll{n e uJIIoonpfipaH c Orir. 19.5. AWG ycrpoicrBoro ce cbcrotl or nopeAllua or orbHarlt cBeroso.qtl, qNfiro 6pofi cToruercrua Ha 6por na KaHaJIrre.Pa3nlKara Mexr'y abre )Kr{HltTe nbTg Ha JI]qa B cbceaHnTecBeTo.ul'lo,4l{ KoHcraHTa.ra3ll pa3JtKS Ha 9pea nacrpofra na Ha orMecrBaHeMexay KaHaJI[Te I.l3XOAa. rrpear.r3BrrKBa oa3oBo BGJIHI{ K6M npexBbpntHe Ha oraeJIHHTe napaMgrp[Te ce nocrHra MaKcxMirJIHo
DA3JIIII{HI'TC BJIA(HA.

Our' 19'6' TrHrocaointt tlttlrpn I{ n DWDM ce l{3no"l3Bar apyrlr 3a uy.nrnnlexcupaHe I{ aeMynrlnJleKclrpane verollr [LAU].

KOMyTAUt4f OnTUqHA 19.6.

cpeAu ce l3Ka3axa Ilaell Oue npfi nbpBlrre ycnex[ Ha onrtirlul'lre rlpeHocHll B Mpexara qpe3 B6Bexnu,o"n"r" c o/E u E/O npeo6pasynanlrr .o nu"ir""i*. cur':ur',r aa ce KoKoMyraqrt flporHo3rre 3a Bb3MoxHocrra ;;;;';;;;;;"t. pes [IIAH3] r npeflpauaxa oqaKBaHnre ont"".n u"a 6ou ilrrpu'u "aup*utn e nonoxeHllero xxi sex. cera u{e pa3rleaaMe Ha*parKo KaKBo ry-il;;; KoMyTauut' u aoKtae e cT[rHaJIaonTnqHaTa TeneKoMyHnKauI'IoHHa 9pe: onrnvua KoMyrauut ce qeln "l]3uq'to onrnqHa" rracr or Mpe?KaTa e "u3utno olruqua"' 3a aa crane rosa' aa Mpexa llnu noHe xel,'pn' noro6no na xerir6aat vrroro ueua. Hrxor nplrvepn: aa ce H3noJI3Bar cnrua:rn; 6yQepnpaHeHa onrl.lilHl'l cnrHarl'r; Arp[Te Ha naKer[ or efleKTpltrlecKl't (HaI-ua'troro onrnueH cI.IrHarl43aqltt;It3lltJlo onr[qHa o6pa6orra Ha cI{rHaJI[Te Ha 3a B3eMaHe peuepereHeparop); onrnqHl.l rornrtecKN ycrpoficraa (r<or'anrorplr) aa notBlt' HHecMe npl'tHyaeHH npap"*"o epeue' ,Il,oraro uc""ro toua n"" "" " KoMnpoMHcK,Karo HarlpnMep.[a l{3nor3BaMeollToeleKrpoHHlt npn6opt.t' BnM
BMCCTO q}TCTH ONTIqHH.

c @rrr. 19.5..[euy.nrnn.nexcop AWG AWG rounonesnrre ca nonyn{pHlt c noJlox[TelHure cll KaqecrBa:BHacfrT uanrn:ary6u; Morar aa ce Il3ntJIHtr 3a rontM 6pofi KaHan[; Morar aa ce npoKMynrl.tlneKcupaHe H ,[eMyJrrl'InJrerTnpar raKa, qe aa fi3rIT,JIHtBareAHOBpeMeHHO ce cupaHe.3a He,qocramK npl{eMareMneparypHaraItM qyBcrBlrreJlHocr' c TuxouofiHnre Qfinrpx I'I3[omBar cene(T BHonponycraHe Ha cBer; {Hara r{pea pa:nonarane na H aaaeHaabnxlrHa Ha BT'nHara orpa3tBaHeHa ocraHaflure.

ycrpoficrBa llle [punoMHuM HaKparKo3a aBara rHI]a KoM]'raqroHHl'l Mpexa: KOMyHI{XaUnOHHaTa

B Tefle-

205

fnaBa | 9, Onft^{Ho wnlv'nnql{{

bnxrHa Ha BbIlHaTa...

3 a) Kpoc-ronerropn(fraaa 18,uanpnrr.rep); .l 6) KouyraqnouHlr ycrpoficrnaeanoBhKBaHHr.

flbpBnTe He KoMyrnpar eAuHr{qHn KaHaJrH, rpynu Kaualrrr,3a .qrnrg a npoAbJr)rftTenHocr eAHo AX or BpeMe(Mdoro noBe.reor cpe,rlHara Ha rr no xenaH[e r{ ynpaBneH[e oT cTpaHa onepaTopa MpexaTa. Ha Ha Bropure roulnnpar KaHaJrl l-t;tr.rflaKgm 3a obcnyxBaHe Ha orAenHr.t

cxeMara OHr.7.7 Ha frasa 7. or .i aI Il. Tr s aeicrgureruocr e crulara, KaKTo u:o6uctaa or npeaJlnreparypara Ha xllloqoBere' fuir*utu e B pearln3aufitra '"]in^",u Ha Ha6a3ara pa3n[qHu KnloqoBe. Sn:nTecrn tBJIeHrt'Kam Kpoc6ap e$er<aKycro-onruuHn eQerru I rerun KpHcraJIu, iJp*o-ont"""u uoaxQlxaulr,
fl.r LI MHOrO' MHO|OApyru'

(npu CO-CSu CO-PSxovyHnraryH)HnH sanN.r orAenHn (npu .4efirarpar"rn nouyuuxauur).Tyr<xouyraumra craBano xelaHne r.rHapexAaHe c.rpaga or a6ouara, vpe: cpegcrBara c rHaJrn3arr[r. 3a Aua,rornqsopa3.qenrne ecrecrBeHo hMav npl.ronr[qHara Ia ycnexunpx nbpBrrr Ctuo rara e ecrecrBeHo nMano-foJreMu rurr Aa T.e.onrr'{Hnre Kpoc-roHeKrop[, onrnvHnreADM r gp. Onrrvna xpoconaKoMyrarr[s.Ar<o o6clx.{aue xaualu, ,qeQuutpann c
(Kofi HoMepe BnaKHoTo) no BbnHa(KaKBa KoopAr,rHarrr: npocr?aHcrBeHa r e xnHara Ha B6nHara),To KoMyrauHtra B eAnHxxnorerr4rleHonrHqeH HeH Br3eJIce cBet(qa Ao cMrHara Ha.qBere Koopalluarx, Tosa vHoro BpeMe-npocrpaHcrBeHara KoMyraq[r B unQpoBara ueHTpana KoMyrauxr Ha c
HAJIHTE.

pa3JrrrKa, or.qenuara I,Iua eauaclulecrBeHa aKo Bbnr{a aonbJrHrrreJrgo e THnJIeKcnpaHa BpeMe(cunxponno n.nu acrnxpouxo), rorana rro BbnHa-npocrpaHcrBo .{eicrBr.rreflHocr eB KpocoBa. Aro pa:no:raralre c rexHo,Tofrrr,Korro .qao[pe,qe:rr Kooplr.rgarara yMeeM ynpamrBaMe ua na auuara", KaKro "rpeue", To qe Koop,ullnarara Aa
xeM aa flpl-lnoxrrM lxr,rpoKo pa3paooTeHnTeE lloope r,t3nr.rTaHH r.tae[ oT npoc'TpaHcTBeHaTa KoMyraq{r.

17
) Ol|r.

N x M x,rroqa
N*" I koM6airHep
I KlM N crlnHTbp

KoMyrarop 7. 19. Orrn.rel| Kpocoap

Onmuyeu ADM. Tyr ce rplrlara rteara HaunQporrr ADM (fflaBa l8). cn npeAcras[nr onr[qeH npbcreH,B Ko[To Bra(Haraca c DWDM. Aa BceK[BB3eJr nprcrena Moxe aa rsnHrHr.rM npeo6pa:ymxe Bcr{qItx Ha O/E 3a
Hr.r cJreA r.r ToBaAa [3non3BaMel(nQpoB ADM. Oqesr,rAHo no-,{o6pe, axo e

(rrapar'le)caMo OADM, aa rr3BjreqeM re3r1 sr,lur, xonro rp.r6ra ga enexrpnqecKr.OcraHanfire ue sao6t,rxarfl npeo6pa:ymnero O/E/O r ADM. Tora uoNe apacruqHo HaMann o6ulnrepalxoAn3aBb3elra. ra
Pa6orara ua OADM no ecrecrBeHHaqr.lH cBbp3aHa AeMy e c

(ax. r. 19.5). To r MyJITHueKcHpaHero fipunararcr,tuurenprrHunnx H ce 9acr or npo6,reuure peaJrr.r3arlnrra OADM crqecrByBarnpn 3a na Hr.rTe Kpoc-KoHeKropx, KorlTo pa3rneaaMecleaBaunT peaoBe, B ue
Onmuueu Kpoc-KoHeKmop (Optical Cross-Connector - OXQ. cB6p3BaHlrjr MytrH[neKc]ipaHr4no a'r,JrxfiHa B]JrHaTa Ha Ha cHfHatr[ MoraT,4a6Ir IlrpBtre, Ha npaKrr,rraHe ca KoMyrarl[r, a cBrpgBd-' Aar craruqHn n AHHaMHqUH. Hnr. Bropnre ce npaBrr npr.i u3MeHeHr{t B Mpexara - noBpeAH,pa3u] peHfit flrf, r..r3MeHeHur B'rpaor4rrHHre noroqu. IIpn peaJrrcl.rpaHero eAHure u Apyrtlffi Ha cBbp3BaHr,rr MHoro o6uo. HMa Onmu'tuama npocmpaHcmseHa ko)vyma4un u3noJr3Bano3Harara or KoMyIa-. ul{tra Ha KaEaJrrrre Qnrocoor.u Ha flpoqeca. Cxeuara or Qnr. 19.7 e B3era oT

c Ha Ha Snr. 19.8 e ro(a3aHo crarl.ttlHo onrl'IrtEo cBrp3BaHe BJIaKHa WDM, Bpl'3Kl.l' C MeX.[y BJIa(HaTa TBbp'4I.I x],aeTo cTaBanpexBtpntHe Ha BI'JIHITe Eporr xa ranarnre K ne e ga,u'nxureruro aa e paBeHna 6por na BrarHara N' Epo{T Ha KaHan[Te, Kolrro ce [pexBT'Pntr Mexry aBe BJIaxna,uoxe aa e 0, 1, 2, "' , cnopea HID(ALTer{a MpexaTa. 3a aa rua Kor'rymqnt rpr6ra aa ce u3rlor3Ba cxeMa Kam rdlH m rlr,lr. 19 9aflo4o6uu cxevn HaMHpar npnnoxeHlle B npaKrnrara. Tyr ace oue HtMa KoMyraqur no AlJrr{orHaHa BarHara. flopaan maa ca Bb3MoxHI'I6lOrurporrr. Hanpl.rMep' axo 868 BJIaJ(HO Ha SXoIa n gJarHo N Ha l8xoaa IiMa cso6oaltl',l BbJltllt' Ho HtMa 2 cBoooaHr.r eaHaKbBuouep (eanarra ,{tnxl.tHa Ha BuHara), To BP63(ara He Moxe c or Mexay BctKa BbJrHa Bct(o RIIaKHo aa ce ocbuecrBtr. 3a aa uua nmro cBbp3BaHe e Heo6xo,4l'rMo ce ocEl{ecrHa Bxoaa c BcrKa BbJlHaor BctKo Blrat<Ho mxoaa, Ha aa Br.r KoMlrarrut no abJrxuHa Ha BUIHara. ToBa Moxe aa graHe, aKo npeo6pa3oBarer.r ,'ltt (roHaepropr) na .{6jlxr,rHara Ha BT,nHara nocraBflT, HarIpI{MepHa H3xoa}rr Ha ce I(oMyraropr.rre, KaKTo norarano na Qnr. 19.96. e oco6eso aro ca Pea.rneaufisraHa KoHBeproprre Ha arnxnHara Ha BbJIHara, uacrprofisaevn nor ynpaBreHnero Ha oneparop, He e JIeKa pa6ora c aneruHnre TexHoJrof[ri.Jlureparypara rroo[nctsa c npe,qloxeH[c.

207

fraea /9, On q8o MvnrrnneKcu

I 2

8)
rDnr. 19.8. Ilonyarpno s MpcxrTe cTtrrr8o Klxrcoao cB6p3B!t|e I(- 6pof, xa Bbrrtll-.e B erno B.rrr.[o; Z- f"rnyorrnoercop

6)

@ar. 19.9. Onrr.rrt xoMyrauf,ofiltt creul ua WDM anaxna a, npoclpt[cTBelta KoM!.Ttq||o||l|a creMa; 6) xoM!.rtrop c upo6paf,yBareJl st Bbnflr B xsnrrre H HafrHXTe cfli4caHws, nso6ulctta or uuoroo6pa:nu pa3pa6orKn BApXy rnaBHHTeBG3JTH OnTr,rqH[TeMyrrUnJreKCHHH KOMyTarInOHHl.r Ha CI,lCTeMr{, Or usororo, 6rAer{ero rqe mcee HrKonKo, Ho re qe Btplrrar nc,rnucxr.r pa6ma.

n 1Y:e::-TaHcnopT6r IP upexara ce ocruecrBrBavpe SDH cxcreua DWDM onrll.tHnmsur,r.OADMs n OXCs,c 4n*.np*u 1-*n", ,u ca AocrbnHl{ Ha na3apa, 3a aa ce nt/.c]IaJrLtpar ", BaB BB3rxre. Te nouarar ga co
Koro ce Moxe rroBeve rpatpnr, rofim ue ce orHac, 3aBa3era.
6erue ngnrurnoro O/E|/O npeo6pa:yraxe, npexarplxirr,r Ha oml,tqno ur{Bo I

Onmuuuarconyma4un o1cnytceaueHa nonuKaaHur, ro3r.tcryqaf sa B Hara ce ycnoxurBa: 3a Aa ce ctrpxar gaa a6ouara,I(oMyraqIroHHHTe ycrl rpr6sa aa noa6epar onrnunu a.nixua,onrrlrrHr-r BBJTHI BpeMeunTepBaJrn, n x rafirr 6norxporrlr, ltopa,{tl apyrH Bp]srlr (6egaa uMaO/E npeo6pa{6ane). Apym Henro,Koero ce oq:rKBa 6sAeqe, on-"r"-'n"*"rni s " ,{nec mrncara na areKBarHa onrr.tyHanaMer npaBr HeBb3MoxHa nD peaJIrr3arurr. OnmuvaaKoMymaqun duewaumenpecrcu.Omuqnara (oMI/Taun a B reneKoMyHHKarlnNre. ,{pe3OADM Hafi-Hanpea np""r""o"rg"" n nocreneHHo no-roneMur,r flo_roJreMr.r c OXC, ce "BanMocBrp3Bar on, upexn. Crara amuoxna pexontphrpauwgra Ha ormqHo HnBo, B MHoro

209

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TnABAT4BAAECETA My,lTnn,lEKCI4PAHE AEOHATHl4fl HA AOCTbn NPhO14KC14PAH14, MOEhNHU IPMPEX]4 U
20.1. AEOHATEH AOCT}n
Ilpenocuum pecypc B TeJreKoMyHnKau[r4Te KbMeAHa ABere(arerocna.la or pltr4'.a6oHamHa npecrca (local network) wA cteduuumenuanpetca (trunk network, core network)(sx. |rtara l). Tepunurr core networkce u3nor3Ba qecm B (Hanpnuep uo6xlnnre upexn) a Ha6urapcrcnce npeBe4la nocrerHoBpeMe npu onopHa ^.tpeJrca [nEH 11.Karro ce Bfir(aaor r!tr.20.1 rpaxrqara Me)KIy ABerr Mpexn e rrbpBnrr B63en KoM).Tauuounn c a6onarnaTa Qynrunn. TpaAnuuonno Mpexae crcraBeHa HeyrrnbrHeHfi or Me.[Hll Asofirlr..{rlro npeueB Her HHrrIo He ce cr).^rBa, lrnpert ve ua a6oHarHara Mpexace naAa ronrMArr'r rrHBecruqnrrc or aTn Qurcxpanara upexa (oKono 5070, cnopea[ERI]). Ablrr nepuol or apeue(.qo 80-re roArnn Ha MuHar fl ner) upeNara3a Aocrtn e HantJrHo AoMrlHHpaHa ot onepaTopH MoHonoJr[cTr.r, KoHTo rrpaBrTroneMr.t I.IHBecTHTIHL B MeAHHTe yCyKaHIt roJreMr{ npoMeHH. eaxac,rpasa Haurarar ABofiK[.CnearoBa HacrbrrBar Or ce pannuqHn QopMnHa MynrlnneKcfipaHe MeAHl.rre Ha a6oHarHr,r 4ao[rn, a or Apyra crpaHa norBrBarp,t3rr.rHH ce HOBH Texuonomr(uo6uluu, ra6eruHTV, onfl.r.tnll xa6en[ .qp.),Kouro KoHK)pllpafi(n ce noMeXAyclt pyuar MoHofrona shrrlecHa TByDarquTe onePaTopH.

frara 2a.Mvfirnn"KcrpaHeHa c[cTeMr ca oco6eHo nonyttpHu a Ernrapnr noPaIH cne.4Horo.B HeAa:IeqHoro no MriHaJro, eaHa HJIIIapyra rtputruHa,MacoBoce npuJlarar dyntexcuu a6ouamuu KbM aHaJroroBuTe ueHTparn. Or ueAsa roqra Ha T. uap. docmunuocrn ua rruHuu do maneycnyzama, aynneKcHure rvldy. ca "ntlxa xaracrpoQa". llonya6ouama qe "nemme deeemrcu", o3HaqaBa, BepoJrrpHaraHopMa3a AocrbnHocr, HapeqeHa cryuaJKara, e noBeq a6OHar6T qye roH "uz6upait", (oraTo BAI'I|He ,qa 'THOCTTa Ha or 99,9997o.Clnlara xopua ce orHact H 3a npeAaBaHero AaHHL.Ct6lrcgaraHa "rIerre AeBer([" o3HarlaBaa6oHarbr aa HtMa aocrbn ao reneycJqlrara Hero nai-ruHoro oxo.no5 MHHyr[ Ha rcallHa. (3a "lerre aegerru" Moxe aa ce lpoqgre, HanprMePB [OHR], fraga l1). I-{nt}poanre uenTpllJrx He lpeaBlixrar Bt3MoxHocr 3a pa6ora c aynteKcHl IleH',rpana ToBace oKa3Barolrv npo6U JrnHr.IH npll noaMtllaTa Ha aHaJIoroBHTe sa reM. Hafi-ecrecrgenoro peneHl{e r3rIoJBBaHero I4KM-2 r.uIxI'IKM-4, r<ouro no npeaocraBrr ctorBerxo 2 l{nu 4 cauocrotrejlHl.t KaHaJIa a6oHaTHaraaBofiKa. nonynsper cryvafi Ha uyrrufinercnpaHe Ha a6oHarnara rrurul nrg ,{pyrurr Mpexa e ISDN 14"r. Hap. 6asos docmbn BM (Basic Rate Access) c Qr.rKcfipaHara gaaB xauata no 64 Kbls u elurl D rcauaa 16 Kbls. flo,ryvaaar ce o6u1o 1,14Kb/s c [nr.r r. Hap. 6asoe unmepQeic BRI (Basic Rate Interface). Ea:orurr ISDN loctrn tinu na e noKa3aH $ur.20.2, Tofi no3BontBafiHcraJlllpaHe 8 e.4HaKBfi pil3nnlrnlr .{o a6ouamtu mepi'tuH(nu TE (Terminal Equipment) KbM egno rpafiuo upectaeo ycmpoicmeo NT (Network Termination) vpe: o6uta MarrcrpaJla (S-Maflrmpana), Korro ce c'bcmr or aBe ycyKaHH Ka6eJIHx,qBo[KH 3a lBere nocoru Ha npeaaBaHe. Or NT .{o ISDN-ueurparara ce rBnoJBBa e.(Ha a6oHarHa lxnnr (easa ntofira). tDarrnqecrcnryK r,rMa Ltcrr,rHcKa unQpoBaa6oHarHaJIltHn, c KoaupaHen TE. IIpn BRA rMa n crarncruvecxo (rpaQrvao) yn[6rHeHne, nosexe xaHa.rure28 + D ca o6rulr sa ocevre TE.

A6orarna upexa (Mpexa3aAocrL[)

CT egrnrrelua upexa (oflopEa Mpexa)

A6oaaua upexa

@nr. 20.1.Afonarna I| cr,eAnnrTenfla Mpe't(a

20.2.MyITUnIEKCI4PAHE AEOHATH]4f, HA AOCTbn BbBOI4KCI,IPAHATA MPEXA MeguureycyraHuABofiKrl Ar{aMerrp x[Jrara 0,2!-0,6 MorarAace c Ha mrn Mynrl4nJleKcr{par c a6oHarHr.t I4KM ctcreun. Hafi-nony,rrpnure tr4l<l\4-2 r.t ca I4KM-4,cborBerHo .qBa rernpl quQponn c r.r KaHaJra a6oHa'ruara no nuHllr.Testa

@rr, 20.2.Kor$nrypaqrr na 6a:oam ISDN aocrbn AJI -a6oll,.arlfa r rc;.rvl- Kpaixo Mpexoaoycrpoicraol ft- aooEarenrepMr|xan B nr.rreparlpara, qecro KcM Mpexara 3a .aocrbn ce nplqt4cJltBar u I,t:HeceHL KoMyrauroHHr.r cbop6xeHr,rr, Karo KoHrIeHTpaTopn yqpexaeHcru ueHTpirll}I. Tau Ka Harrpr4Mep yqpexaeHcKara ISDN-qeurpara Moxe ra ce BKJrnql,KbM Mpexara 9.pe3 nbpgusHuz uumepQeic PRI (Primary Rate Interface). flocteAnu.tr e crc

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cr(opocr 2,048 Mb/s u ce cbcror,r or 30B + D xaua,ra, Kr,nero D KaHa:'r'br c e [HrepBar. 64 Kb/s r ce lpeHacr B l6-rrq KaHaneH

CpeA un,utnugyarrrre cpeacrBa3a aoc'l'bnllaii-norty,'l'pHhca uodau c reumaQlial-up) n grppoea aSouamtn :tttutrx DSL (Digital na to peqmo c tto.\tepoua6upaue tene(DoHHa nuHur' vero,qau:nort:sar a6oHarHara Subscriber Line).14rgara t,s 20.3.1,,[ocnnn c:rtode.vs.tteumama peq ts ao nocT],ttr,r c Mo,qel\t Mpexara 3a raHxu e ronyn-f,peHB TeJ'IeKoMyHIlKaulrre KoMyIruKaHa IIo g e.4o6peu3ltoxeHB KHHIIITe rrpeaaBalle aaIiHHH KoMllforl'pHu MoayuuQpoRa uul (nanp. tFORl, tSTALl, ITANI). nptt MoreMurece u3no,'r3Ba qecrora' flpeAttolura tat\un (.uaHunytatlunuttu Shift Kef ittg) ua tllxatla Hoceua .urtdy.ta4unPSK (Plnse Shili Keying) Karo no-[lyMoycroii'IHDa, rpr'l cc (tazoactnta .uody-ra4uq paBHH.cpyf-uyc"loaul. Ilo-rovuo ce pa6oru c onHocume.:ta q)Q3ooct u DPSK (Differentiol P5'\1, :aparu flo-,'recHara pea,rr3aulrt' AKo ltoceututr curHaq ltMa rBe B'b3l'toxtltl croilHoctll ua Qa:ara (Hanpu,\lep LIecroce lt3tlor3Bar loBeqe or ABe e roraBa Mo,ryJalrutra aBohqlla. 0o lr-rlt 180o), :a ,uace yBeJIrqrl 6porr ua 6uronere, rpeaaBallll or eafiH cllMBr,3rroxHtt Qa:r, cl'lMBore or so,T.llle npfinol'runM,Ile KolrqecrBoro uH$opvauua 1, HoceHa eJIHH (20.r) I = Iogz tt, bit, qerrlpl,tBb3ce h3lloJlsBar cuMaorll Kolaro K'baeroD e 6porr ua BL3MoxHItrc rroNun @a:n Ha l{oceruut ctrfHall, tsctKaQala noctl .rea 6hra' a Mo.qylraulqra ce HapnrlaKsadpam|prc QPSK (Quadrature PSo, xoero e noxa3aHorra Qur' 20 4' .4ro yre:Invurt 6por Ha Qa:ure na 8 (Qrtr.20.5). ure ce llollyrl ltoty'raulr 8a c l P S K . n o r rK o r r o a c e x H l r r l B o .H o c H e ' t e . l6 t t r a

MPDI(A 20.3.14HTEPHET o14KC14PAHA AOCTbnnPE3

cMllc],,] or ueAHa ToqKaHa I-,lHlloHrruero a6onarerr ,nocfi,fl lrM&pa3nul{eH KaquoHHaTa MpexaTa H oT fJreaHa ToqKa Ha TeJreKovyH TeprreT Mpexa (0nr.20.3). 14Hrepuer H a6ouatttultt aoclbr BKrro.IBa caMarareJIeKoMyHaKa[rir or ta Mpexa c BcriqKHTe ueHrparu, Ka6etu l,t PDH u SDH ycrpoiicraa. Tyr I]1g ce o6clx;1a a6ouarHnrr 14Hreprrer aocrtn B qacrra, o:Haveuac ,4{ na Qnr. 20.J.

TeneKoMyHukau{oHHa

Or|r.20.3.A6oHareu tocrr,n ro llurcpuet ,{2 - a6orareH rocrr,n C roaunure ce Ha6rroaaBalc caMo yBeruqeHneHa [4urcpHer a6oHarl{Te,Ho Il toJItMo yBen[r]eHne Ha cKopocrra 3a aocr6lt, Kotro re ficKar. HflKom ce e I,t3l,lurepner fJraBHo E-mail, r.e. rJIaBHo reKcr. C nogsara aa rpa@n,rno,'r:aa,'r 3a 3a rrnr uurepQeiic na WWW Hapac'rRar Hyx,qltre Ha a6osarrre or cKopocreHAocrT r. flo-r'sctto c pa3rro,raraHero hurepuer lpoc,paHcrBoro Ha orpoMHHMacHBIl e or qnQporrg paHlt 3Byx u Blrreo (r{y3uKall Qu,ruu) ce yBenfiqaBa r,ra.{lr ua a6oHaTlrTe KI,M BHCOKOCKOpOCTeH,iIOCT',T,n.

Cpe4crsara :a a6ouareu aocrt n ao I,InrepHer uorar .qa6r,rar pa:AeneHnHa n KoreKTrlBHHrr lllu LAN-gocrsnrr ,qBe rpynli: KoJreKTxBHrl urjtt.lBll,4yaJrnn. voxe aa AaAe,4o6pocborHorrreHHe cKopocr/ueHa,rropaar.r Ko,reKTr-rBHoro I-t3noJI3BaHe Ha cbopbxeHrrra 3a aocrr'n. Macoso ce npaKTHKyBa npr.r Koplopar[BHl KrlreHTr Karo yHnBepcnTer , BerolrcrBa, Qupulr n r.H. I4vesso KoJreKTI.rBHoro H3rroJr3BaHe cbop'bxeuutra ltoxe aa e cna6ara crpaua Ha roaxoAa, oco6euo Ha aKo r{rNla pernaMeHTrjpaHo ynpaBneHue3a,{ocrbn Ha oraeJlHr{Te a6onara. ,{Hec TaKHBa npliMepn r.rMa KoMepcl.ralrHH cpe.qxBapralrHHre LAN :a aocrrn Ha.qoMa[Isrr a6oHatu.

our. 20.4, QPSK

<Dlr.20.5.8-PSK

Taxa, 6e: ra c yBelluqaBacxoPocrra Ha nperaBalle Ha I{Mnync (6orosa'ra cxopocr), uapacroa cKopocrra Ha npeaaBalletta nH{topllaunxra (6uronara c(opocr)' ua I{enara, ronto ce nrartla 3a yBerulleHara cKopocr rlpl{ npe.naBaHero uHSopvaor untra e, qe rt Ivoxe.qa6rae l43xpnBella rlo-ll&'lKxlrlyl!{oBe. 6pom ua Qa:rre rpylno Moxe oulc lllHoro ra HapacrBax B\{ecro roBa ce B pe:y,rrar Ha roBa ce no"ryqaBa rolr6nHupa $a:oaa c alln,rHry.[Ha uoryxault T. Hap. Ksaopctmypuct ct-\ruumyottct.trodluatltrsr QAM (Quadranre Ampliude

212

213

- du lto6ualr rtlP Tenexor,,rvxuxaqnr xcupaun, qlMBor lHarpaMaraHa l6-QAM. Tyx e.qrH Ha ModuLatlon). $ur. 20.6 e roKa3alrt ca ra rrocuqerupr,6rra. Clran.rlapru:lupaut Mo/qeMH 32-QAM, 128-QAM r r.H. or ceprJrra npenopr,Kr V sa ITU-T, 3a I. ap. .uode.\t 6 leHmama Ha peqma (voiceband modarns). floc,reAnlrrr N{oAeM y cepurra rIperIo_ or prnx e noll HoMep y.34 bis (bis na r.larr.rHcKfi "[oBTopHo")I e C rraii-ro,ulra cxo_ o3HceilBa l 0000 0100 l 0 0 1 0 0 0 pocr 33,6 Kb/s, Koflro ce nocrlrra 'rpe3 2400 baud u l4 bit/cuutolt. I-lnrlparraracxopocr or 0 0 0 10 l 0 l l l 0 1 l 0 0 l 33,0 Kb/s c 6,ru:lra,'loreoperxqHur ilraxclrMyM e K x i l t p c l a B i l l t r r r e , r c $ o r r e H r H a J t .o i t o M a K 0 0 1 1 0 1 1 1l l l l 0 l I cl.tNlyv NIOXejla CC Onpe,qenuC u3BeCTHaTa I q)oluYxatra LllaHorr:

fraa,20

MvrrlinneKcl4paHe Haa6oHarHunAocl-l'n npl, dl4Kc!4paH!'t ..

lue B ycyxaHr-r agoiixlr r'loxe !a e cbc cKopocl B vefaxepu[, KaKTo ce BU.qI{ MeJIHX TOqKa cr'reaBaulaTa

0 0 1 00 1 1 0 l a a l 0 l 0 l 10
Our. 20.6. !rarpaua Ha l6-QAM

C-Blos.lt+SlN),

(20.2)

B S K.t,Acro e telrrara Ha KaHaJla, u N ca cr,orH EeTtloH(BoTo rra cttrHaJra lUyMlT. lllxpnHaTa rra reneQor{Hlr Kala.r e B = 3100 Hz (or 300 Hz .1o3400 Hz), S/N e o6nrHoreuo 35 dB, ul- (A --|6)

]ra raHan (20.2)ce flonyqa_ or r.e. 3162 n 3a r,ta(cfiN{a.1rrg11 Kaftaqr11er relreQorrHlr ea,.re 3100x1 = 36 022tls C= 1.62
tlo;fc]1llTc, npe,.lBllneHll:a pa6ora no reToaa o6qcHssa 3auloTpa,Afi[rorrrlo 33,6 Kb/s. O6aqe MoI(eMre 3a BpL3leQorrru xauanu,ca c MaKcHMaJrla c(opocr pa6ou.r c -56Kb/s. B /tejicrBxrenHocr Ka c I4Hreprrer, Kou'ro,rrrec rrpe,ruarar, ce re ca acxMerpxrrHu- B nocoKa na.lo,r1 (ttllt a6otrara) pa6our c 56 Kb/s, a e noHa coKa Harope(or a6orrara)- c 33,6 Ktis. 3a o6qclteHuc Ka3arroro lroxe Ia ce (20.2),orpaHuqeHnero Kanar:no,r;ra {rur. 20.7. Kaxro ce srlxln sr tpopNty,'la Ha B) e o'r uunoro Ha uyua N. flpl,l UrQrera C Ha xauara (npn 4)nKcupaHa ncltra ux IIa poBaTa Te-reQoHHa e oT lrpexa ocHoBHala No\llolleHTa ruyrla B TpaKTa lUyNrrT uclltreftuoro KBaHTyBaHe ce KBaHTyBaHe, roiiro se uoNe aa 6:bncflaMa,tell.qpe: (flaaa 17). IIocTotr{Ho rrocrHra roBaj .te oTHoueHlrero S/N e nor{rx KaxTo ce Brrx,qaoT <pnr.20.1a, IoAeprtl Ha EceKIIoT nBaTaa6olraTaBHact ruyN1o'r KBaHTyBaHe cKopocTra I]68 BctKa oT /lBeTenocoKl] 0 orpaHlrqeHaIO r.r upc re.lerloHuara llpexa xr,u I4u33,6 Kb/s. Axo, o6a,re a6osa.mr.I cc cB.bp3Ba (dlur. 20.76), Hcruilra ce llpol\{eutT. Clopt.xeunrrra ua gocrepHer ,qocraBqUKa TaBqrxa ce BK,'roqBar luperirr{o B uxQpoBllrc Karirlu IIa re,leQorruara Mpexa. B pc3y,rrar Ha roBa, cKopoc'rra B rrocoKaKbMa5ouara (dotvnloacling)e 56 Kb/s, noEHactHe IxyM or KBaHTyBaHe, tla Hexe HqNta HKM ttolupane II cboTBeTHo xofiTo e orpaHrrraBaularr Qar.rop. B rocoKara xr'rl HHrepuer (upLctading)e o6parHo ruMa llKM Ko,qHpaHeuerJrpanara f a6ottara({tur.20.76) fi lxyMr,r or KBaHB s3 ryBaHeorparxrraBa cKopocrra.to33,6 (b/s. qe flpIl O6tpttc'reBltuMaHre, olpaHIqellrltra 8'bpxycKopocTTa [peAaBaHe Ha paSorac vo;1ev c Ho:lreporra6xpaHe OK'|M Hc ca or a6oHarrrara tHAt, a ca J rpca ol JleHTaTa oroprraTaMpexa. Ou,ttpll lla Bxo/lalla onopHalailrpexaofpaHHqaI nHnCBaT BaTrrteltTata KaHaJta 3100 Hz. KofaTO TCall vp93 Ha AO QurTpu, .4oCT]fl'bT 2t1

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o) Onr.20.7' Car,P:rarec uoaeM' a) Mexay asa a6olara c ,qo33,6 Kb/si 6) xr'u Ihrepner c ao 56 Kb/s - a6osa"rsa :lrtutsi nK - texorcpl,4M - aeMoAynarop' - atlQepeH(fianda AII 4C cncrelra; -- xoAepi,rI,4 rrras 3a raHtll; M- uoay.rarop;OKTM- o6uecrBesa --16") ruyu or RouyrrtpyeMarcneoolIra [tpetia;44- unQpooausxlpxJrti lll. (,4 or tcr'M6 rcoalryoatte, roito orpallrqaBa cKopocrraHa11pcaaBaHe.'1 20,3.2. Ifufipoea t6otamua tunun DSL

Brnperu uuero 4u@pooaa6oHamHanL\tuz DSL (Digital Subscriber Line), no,n DSL ce pa36[pa He JIxHItt, a ]itorerlH c pa3nlqr{arexHororl{q 3a MyJITI.ITUIeK Karo oOuKHoBeHo JIITHI-rq, 3aealo c roBa ce npeaocc[paHe tla a6oHarHara Me,[Ha qecro ce H3rlor3Ba cbkpaueHxeroxDSL, guecro DSL, rann u re:re$ouna ycnyra. axo rpr6 na !a ce no.u,reprarr o6o6uteHou pa3rrllHlire rexgo.rorglr. B Mex,4yNIoaeM nellrara Hape'tra x DSL e, q B nrrpBllt r]pn Huunuara patJIHKa H c,ryrlai /ralHure ce BMecrBare re,reQoHHurKaHaJl ce l)pexBr,pntrrlpe3 KoM)"Tx-

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Mpexu CeI.I3rIOr3Ba MyJITI.rr]JIeKrlo qecroTa, BpeMeH KOA.B lbpBOTOnOKOJI9HITe e eaHoBpeMeHHo no cfipaHe no qecrora. B GSM craugapra MyJITI.IniIeKcI'IpaHero rJIaBHo Tperoro noB qecrora t-rspeue, My;rrlrnlercupaHero Iro Ko.{ ce InnoJI3Ba rlo Krerr,rrHH r',rpeNn(I-naaa 23). Ilpunqunnre Ha MyJlrI'InJIeKcHpaHero KoreHr..re qcrora 14 BpeMe o6cr,xqar s lraBa 17 L B r. 22.3 (:a GSM). ce no 20.5.1. Mynmunnexcupane no xol CDMA flpu uytmuntexcupaHemo no kod CDMA (Cod.e Division Multiple Access) (npe.qaaaHero) co6creeu xo.q,c gceru a6onar florIyqaBa3a [epnoaa Ha Bp'h3Kara "pa:cruna" (spread-spectrum)cltrnalla cll. Taxa gceKl.la6oHar H:nor3sa roiro q.r:rarareura (xamo e [pH Myrrl'InneKcupanerono npeue) I43a Ilqioro BpeMerpa(raxro e rpll vynranJleKoipauero no qecrora). ene Ha fipeaaBaHero rrpeaaBa crc cropocr R6. Koarr, ,4aaesna a6onara, npegcA6oHarbr aaHHLI qnQpoa rloroK ctc cropocr R. >>>R6. ,{anHnre ua a6oraBlsBa nceB.qocryvaeu Hara ce yMHoxaBar c ro3lt Koa rlpe3 rIpoqeca, Hape'reHpaicm&laue (spreading), (aKTo e rroKa3aHo Sr.rr. 20.12. flpu npueuuura ce I{3rI'LJIHIBa o6parHusr npoHa Pa3Ha cGuara rrpeaocraBeHa BpBKara xoaosa KoM6uHauH.fl. uec, Ir:noJBsaixn qecrorara, c Kotro ce npeaaBa,ce onpeae;lt c roeQuuuenra ua rxxpeHrlero Ha pa3cruJraHeG = R./Rt. Cnma,rnre B rlplreMHxKa, Koltro ca pa3crJIaHL c ap)Tt,r Kogoae (or gpyru aptsru), ce ar,snpneuar raro 6.u uyv KbM ore3H[s cmHarr.

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or r.rMa: loBer{e a60uarn, Hyn<.{a rro-IrHpoKaneHTaHa Bpr'3Karati Karo cucreMara ce Hvx,[ae or IIo-foJrrM o6xear g qecrorHl-lt c[eK'Iap. OcBeH Bbnpocbr c KaqecrBoro ua o6c:ryNaaue QoS e uuoro no-BaxeH npLI Ha nopaar,rr{3BbprxBaHe ycnyrn B pealrHo BpeMec aoMauHI4 lr 6u:nec

Karopeq,sxneo(TV). oco6euocr Qr4Kc[paH[r ua 6egxuqen I4ua easacrurecrgena aocrsn. cnprup ofpanl.IqeHl,Itra Bbpxyo6e]44 xlerrqsnre vo6unHuMpexu.IIpu aropme, nopa,qtl Maroa6oHaren repMnHan, pa6orn c u3KlroqurerHo ce r.rrerJroroHa Mo6nJrHur MpexaroBaorpar[tleHxeornanpe,{aBaren. Qurcnpaua'ra lIpN 6e3)rur'{Ha MoureH ga. Craugaprrr 802.16ne npegauNga pa6orac uo6nnnna6osarlr. r. c opmo) B 802.1la, 802.11gN 802.16ce Inorr3Ba Hap. MynmunneKcupaqe zoHarHuqecmomuOFDM (Otthogonal FrequencyDivision Multiplexing). Vznott' rpo6,reunre,c KoI{To c6mcKsapa,{}ropa3[pocrce 3BaHero OFDM naMa:rrsa Ha t craHAaprlr, paHeHuero rnfaxepuoslrx o6aar, rr,aero pa6orrr u[Tl,IpaHfiTe B qepra rra BcI.rt{KLI BHAoBe 6e3xxqeH aocrbn (BKnIo'l}t' O6utara xaparrepHa a6ouau npn rurerbqHlreupeNn) e, qe a6osarnara TeJTHO r.rro3r.r Mo6nnHrrre Ha
a Ilpnwtnara e B orpaHlrqeHln t ruuua (rana.n) He e rrH.{r{BnAya"tna, KoJIeKrHBHa. KaHa[I.IcraBa 6pofi paauoranaln, a cre.qcrBllero e, qe aocrbrIbr ao KoJle(TItBHI{Te Ha KoMyrarl[r, peannsupanar 6a:oraTa cTaHu[{. OcBeHToBa3a' c HrKaKBa QopMa I,I [poeronpauero Ha Mpexara 3a a6oHareH.qocrbn 'Ipt6Ba aa ce H3rIoJBBar Mero.q[Te 3a rpaQ]rqHoopa3MeprBaHe.

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21.1. KOR MPEXA E MOEI4'IHA? Mo6n,rrruca a6orraPa:6upace, vc'r'cpntntr "uo6xnHlt Mpexx" Hee rotreH. He Mpexara.He e roqHo re3r Mpexfl ra ce Hap 'rar "6e:NHqHu" ro trsa r.1Te, rrprlqxHfi. "Ee3xx.rHa" e ]fanKa qacr or Bp'l3riara- HqrorKocrornH Nrerpa 1;or,tKo tpa 6osoea cmart4utL Otfie ro r.r3KJrmqe HtKorKo Kr.rrorlte ,qo gaii-6.nn:r<aTa rrirrr ra 6aroBa craHurr, axo a6orar, aro 'roii e QurcupaH u,rn ,r1o 4pyra r.ar\r .rtpyrur .qo e roii e rro6rreH. ooaxHoaexoBpb3Kara no ra6elu. Moxe 6u no ra3x npxrruHa qecro ce H3rro,'r3Ba uvero PLMN - Public hnd Mobile Net$)ork,Koero Moxe aa tnsevuo-uo1ttnn upetrca, xar.oo6t4ecmeeua cc npeBeAe npaBunHo e Mpexxrc ra ce lapHqar "lilers'tHl". K,rettqgara CbBbpueHo NrHoroKparHoroH3crpyKrypa e HeorNreH[Mocaoicrao, rorrexe rt r]o3BoJ'rrBa Ha qecTo'ItlTe. trojr3BaHe Hrre ute u3no,'l3BaMe oOuonpnerur repullu l.ro6r,rur Mpexu c ropHure yfoIopru. C,rerorare,rHo HrMa rla roBoplrM3a 6e:xH.rHus (Koplnec) re,reQou c xoiiy I O Cepa3xox.&arlre aoMa cfi, Hgna ,qao6clN.4aive bluetooth ycrpoiicrnoro, :axarrelro 3a yxoro HJx [HopapeA Bpb3K[Te 3a Jrarrrofla, HrMa Aa pa3fnexJlaMe lt palrroBpb3Kara Ha Ko,frr,rre TaKcuNle'rpoBuTe o'f K0MTIaHHH, HacTpoeHfiHa eaHa ,rccrora. Bcuqru re He ca x,rerbqHHu He ca PLMN. B sacroruara u cJre.4Baunre rJ'IaBxule pa3r-neaaMe Krcrr,r{Hn cucreN{u,npeaocras-qull r.ro6uireu6e:Nt.IeH .1Be jtocTbn,qo fro6a,r ara re,lexo!tyHuKauHoHHa Mpexa. 21.2. Tp14KAPA14HAIH14 BbnPOCA HA MO514flH14TE MPEXT4 3a ;a cc n:rrpa11r o6uecl aeHavo6u,,rHavpcNa, e neobxoruno ,!.ace peua'r rlrr Bbnpoca. Orpanuvenuar pecypc Ha paAnoraHa.rrre e nbpBr'rrrnpo6reu.3a cr,Na-rcurre,pecypc'br Ha pa,q[oKaHaqxre3a peaJ]x3upaHe Bb3AyrrHHrl.rHTepQeiic Ha e 'tBr,p.qe yBen[r{eHre ua 6por ua KaHaJ][Te rocrhra c NroorpaHaqeH.[43BecrHo ce -tepnxre Nrero,qfl xo,qupauen uu$posara o6pa6orra lra clrHalr.rre (rx. f,raaa Ha l7). Ho roaa yBerxqeHuee Ao HrKo,'rxo nrru. Epom Ha a6osarure rra eAnaMo6r,tua vpexa Nloxe,4a e HrKoJlKo aecerKrr (aopn crorrrlg) xfJlr,qfi r'bru rroBeqe or KaHar'lrrer KoHToMpexara pa3nojrara.Peueutero Ha B'Llpoca craBa c eaHoBc pcMeHHonpljrafafie Ha ,4BeHeua: a) Knerl,,rHacrpyKTypa Ha npeAocraBrHeHa Kar{arH3a Bb3,[yruerr KoMyrauflr, peaJrr.r3fipaHaMr'toro B locrl'I|; 6) pa3npeAereHa I pa3.rrfi.lrnBr,3-rr(BK,'rro'lrrerHou B npueMo-npe,laBarer'rHfir 6,rox):a ro,rexruaIro r3non3aarre pa,[woKatta,ruTe. ce npeartx,la h flpeBKrtor]BaHe KaHaHa Ha Tyx ,rure (xeu4oer,p), aro uo6ullrnnr a6onar npelrlue B apym K,rerr(a,Koraro e 3aer (rosopr).

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222

223

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HaMo6l4nH Mpexq fraaa2/. Crpoexq OvHKuxoHxpaHe 3a MS cc r:nor:ga Haii-MacoBo rejleqlotlltuycnyffi. Ho llltec BcqenpeAnara r.r rra,laEHH rr:(t6parrenu. f:ralttara QyHKulit Ha MS e aa 4loplraTrpa rrpejlaBarre (pcv, u:o6paxettrc H,'1lt ]aHrtu) Br,BBuI 3a llpeaaBaHe rtrrdoplrauxtraor a6oHa'[a npeo6paryaaue, Ko.IupaHe }.1 r llpe,{ajle.ToBa srilrcqga aHanofo-ltrQpoBo rr xa IlocoKa o6parllIltl npouec. e B npueN{tiala run$poBaHe. u3an\'to!eiicraa c vpcNara, 3a aa Moxe flocjreaHarara MS ltroro aKTr-rBHo cH. HaflpxMepMS x3Mepla HuBoro Ha clfHara Ha aocrr3lbilHrBa{ryHxunure n,nrurc pajlr{o(aHarx tl xHoopNtxpa 3a roBa MpexaTa. 3a uel'ra MS floatrr,pxa c li cpaBHrrerHoc.roxHa cltfHa.qu3auus BS H B cBooonHo, B 3aero cr,crorHue, Br)4la l.lo-llony. lo KaK c r BS c or npyrrq Kpaii la Bb3nyrxHl.ttr.HrepQei:ic ti3llr,r'lutBaecrecrBeHure l u llpo,]aBaHe. urtrlrpltpatte leuru$prlpaHe,Koalrpalre u rfyrrrrtur rra nprcr\{aHe a6ollarHH JII4Hl',Iu, I(opale xa clrrHa,'rxre.florrexe nrrMarHAHBuaya-qHLI a IeKo,rl ia,Aocrtn, BS r:rrr,,'tnlsa!I Ko\tyrauxottltH -rexrrBrulpailuoKarrarH $yuxultl cuc u rrr ynpaB,leHue crfHaJIfl3a[llt. c brll,lcTBaulr.rTe Center) BS ce ce,p:ra c.\!o6u.ll nct 4elnlpe.r.t(MSC - Mobile Switc'hing qpe3 rrperrocHa cpela, KaTo lranpurllepHrKot oT pa3r,qe,{aHlren f,rala 14, lty,rHaqnH(l-naBa17). Haii-.recroroBa e 2 Mb/s tllnnexcrpaHa rro rpaAruuoHHl.rr rpaxr. I,lKM or MSC aeiicraa Karo KpaiiHa ueHTpaJIr OxKolpaHaMpexa c'ta3lr pa3JIIrKa, ,rc Hllra Quxcuparrra6oltaru.3a apeueHul't llciiH[ a6oHarxnorar aa ce lpxeMar nOKpXBaHa 6a3oBfiTe oT B MO\reHTa HalrltpaTHa TepHTOpr'IqTa, Ce Te3H,KOHTO rleHrpaiara r ca pefxcrprpaHH cborBerHoB Heiillllt vLR. lpyra craHunrJHa aT pa3nrxac, qe HqivaH rre Moxc !a rrNla orpallfiqeHue pxy 6por Ha re3ll a6oHaTH, u B aonr,,rrrexne KbMKoMy'rauxoHHxre apyftt OyH(tlLI[ Ha $txcnpatlara ueHrpaHa :ra. MSC c,rcru sa Ntec'tonoroxeHr.iero a6ottattte c noMou(Tarra VLR n HLR. BHrNlaHue, Mo6tt,rHara {e Mpexa ce npoetir pa na QyH(unoHupa O6'upnere xaro Mpexa 3a .qocI-611. HeirHara r,rasHa ueir e aa HanpaB[ Nlo6[nH[Te a6oHaTI4 jtoclblr{H 3a r"rlo6arHara releKoNlyHxKaurrolHaMpexa c HeilHnre t}lttcupaHt u,'tl.t rro6r.rxn aoosarx. Mo6ururre KleTbrrrllt Mpexu B]rHarH ocnaH,{rHa QI,tKcHpace x Hara r\rpexa. Mo6arsrre Mpexx HrMar iepapxuvua crpyr(rypa or uenTpa-rllr 3a MexAycenHuHH,r.rocooeuo MexayHapoarll.r flou]tKBaHrr,u3ron3Bar OIIKCHpaHara Nlpexa.

lpyrara ralava e,qa ce cJretu Mecrorro,toxeunero na a6oHat:a.B MpexaTa Bclr'lKu a6oHaru ca ro,qBuxlll u rpr6aa ar,a BceKl tltoMeHT ce 3lae Mecrolo_ !a r-ro)(eHrrero BceKu Ha a6oHar.Taru QyHruur, Korro e Heno3Hara:a QnrctpaHara ypexa, t3ltcKBa ,{on6,.rHHTeJteH coQryep I yltpaBneHrreroHa uelnpajrr.rrer cne3a Haii-,tccro lc?ucmbp Hq doull:urHo ca3Aa.{eHH uenra 6a3HIaHH , HapHqaHU ,vautHunlea6otumu (HLR - Home Location Register)u pezucmhp uq nocemunetume (VLR - Visitor Locatiort Register). C,'rereHero3a MecroIIo,roxeHHeroHa a6ola'ntre c'b3raBa!ont,ltHxreJIeHToBap KaKTO IJ',tpxyKaHaJlXTe CurrraJrx3auur, 3a TaKarr B'hpxyyflpaB.'rrBartlr-iTe ycTpotcrBa Ha ueHrpanr{Te. Ilpooepxara 3a aBTeHTlrrHocrra Ha a6onarlre e rperara 3aaaqa Ha Mo6urnure vpexu. floueNc ;1ocL:,ntl,qo Mpexata ce ocbrr(ecrBrBa 9pe3Bh3AyueH aurepQeiic,e Heo6xoAnMa npoDepKa aBTerirrrrHocrla a6oualn.re 3a na nprr BceKr4 onrr na r3rroJr3Bar pecypcure Ha ivpextrt. 3ir ttc;rra ca flpeJBltleHh lpyfn 6a314 AaHHfi (perHcrpu), a caN{ara npoqe.qypa cb3AaaaorHoBo Aorrt., {fiTeneH ToBaD Bbpxy ynpaBneHfieTo ueltTpa-'I}lTe xaHanxTe cHfHalll3auxq. Ha Il 3a 2'I.3. OCHOBHI4KOMNOHEHT14 MOs NHATA MPEXA HA OnpocreuaracxeMaHa ir'ro6u,rna npexa or $ur.21.1 c'bAr,p)Ka Heirrxre rpr ocHoBHuKoMrroHenta. CtoplNerrrara Ha Kr'rerKara HapeqeHx ca 6asotta cmau4un (BS - base -rr.raion). BS cblbpxar npelaBarexu u flp}reNlHrrrlli. vpe: rouro a6oHarHure repjlrxHa-'rrr. napeleutt.voda,iHa cma]ltl1tt (MS - ntobila station), ce crrp3BaT XbM Ha3e\lHaTa l\fpexa.

I4KM yn.naltela

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rcro no3Bo,rrBaMHoroKparHo I.l3Kjrcr'1,'rHa.r'a crpyK'rypa Ha pa,{HonoKpr.n yBe,qfiqCltUe O6CnyxeHXr rpaoIlK. IlOJr3BaHe qeCTOTUTe Ha U CbOTBerrrO Ha TcoperrvHo ca Aocraft,rtHl.{caMo rpu qecroru (t,tnrlTpu rpytr]r rrecrorx), c m KoHTora ce flocrpou Mo6[nHa Mpexa, KaKTo roBa e noKa3aHo Qur.2l.2a. Cxelrara Ha IroBTopeHxe qecrorHTece ap:'/.'q.ar Ha Kttbcml,p(or cluster - fpo3[Ha aut;lriicxr e3xl(). lue o3lraqrrMc C pa:nepa Ha KJIbcThpa. llpu C = 3 e cpaBHI'IrenHo'rpyAHo ce flocrpori \rpexa, nopaan 6.lx3Koropa3llotoxeHueHa roBTa.{a ptuxre ce Hoceuiuqeclorn l clrirHororrMa3aur\rrto BnttHHe(uHTepQepeHuxt).

<Dttr. 21.1,Crpyr.r-"'pa rro6ulla lrpeiria ua MS - a6oaarorrcpnnta,'t;BS- 6aloBacranunsi MSC- ucrlrpa,'ra Mo6x.nrrara or Mpenia

224

225

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@v,r.21.2. [IoaropeHrre qecrorfiTeKnr,crr,pD= 3,4,7 I|a c C Ha Qar.2l.2 ca roxa3aHn no,lpea6u Kraclbpr c pa3Mepr uT.llpn r c 4 ro11pe,q6ara BcnqKrl c vecrortlpr6na Ia ca HaeIHaKBo pa3crorKJrerKr e,qHaKBu Hr.re e,{Ha npyra.3a ra ce nocrurueroaa,rpr6aa or (21.1) L=r- + l'+tt ,
KT,AeTO ttJ Ca UeJtlt HeoTpHua'relHtr tlrlcra i ce HaptjllaT omMecmaaL4u napq^4emr pr. flo,ryvaeaulrre ce cxeMl.rca AaAeHna Ta6,rrqa 21.1.

B cucreMara GSM cxevrre 3/9 n 4/12 ca rafi-rony,rrpur, Tt[ Karo Knbclr,3a 9 pn c pa3Mepu u 12 ($ur. 21.4) ca ,qocrarl'{HH rocl rraHe na ua,rxauHrepQepeHrlfit. AKo oneparop-brHa i\tpex(arapa3rlonarac 27 qecrorlr u [3nor3Ba cxeMara or Orrr. 21.4; r.e, C = 9, ro sa easa xJIerKaMoxe !a ce flpeaocraBrr 27lC = 3 qecToTlL rta O,{eBfil]Hoe, qe H3IIo,t3BaHero Knbc83 I82 'fbpl{ c no-Ma.jrKo yae:rnvaaaKanallxTeTa Ha C AI l c 3 [ c 2 AI l a ? IrpexaTa B la.[eHa reorpaQcxa o6,'lacr. Ho c \z Y Ha I{HTepoeHaMa-rrBaHero c ce yDennqaBa 3 t A2 | B l l A 3 t A .2:l peuqurra. C,teaosare,'Irio,npH rpoexrxpane/* C 1t B 3 t 8 2 c l TO CTpeMexlT e aa ce rlocTllrHe MlIHr'lMauIHo C. npr yaoBJrerBoptBaHelt3]tcKBaHx{Ta3a C3 T C 2I A I I C3 l c 2 Ha KaqecTBo cHrHara. B peanHara Mpexa pa3NrepbrHa Kr'rerxll\ -,, B l I Te 3aBacr{u or oqa(BaHararrctota Ha a6onaOrr. 21.4.llrno.r:aaueIra 2l rure(Sur. .5). Kn6crEp 3/9 (C = 9)

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21.s. HLR VLR ABE64314 AAHH14: 14

C re:fi ase 6a:u aasuN,3a Komo BerrecraHa ayMa, cucreMara cJre.qrMecroIloJloxeutrero Ha cBor.rre Mo6r-.rrHn MoOxa6orrarx. Koraro grxoi a6oHar clt KyrIr-{ ,reu re,reQoH(u,rn no-rovHo KynyBaiiKr.r Kapra S1M - Subscriber ldentification cH Module), rozu nqxoi craea a6oHar Ha r\rpexara Ha oneparopa H 6ara perltcrpnpaH B HLR. Perrcmpr,r Ha AoMaruHurea6onaru HLR crxpaHrBa HHQopMaulrt3a a6oHara, Karo HanpxMepao (aKBn ycnyrr HMa.[ocrbn, HoMepaHa a6ouara no KoiiTo n(e ro Tbpcgr, .qaHHL cMer(ara or raKcyBaHulloBr{rBaHfit x Ap, Hafi-BaxHoro 3a (n Herro, Koero e 3arr[caHoB HLR, e Kbae ce HaMr]pa ro[ B MoMeHTa o6,racrra Ha roii VLR).

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226

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HLR e roqrara B ruro6arHaraMpexa, KbAsroe Aocrr,rrHanxQopruaulrna sa a6oHara, ue:atuo.rMo KbAe Haurparofi. Koraro ro r.rpcxr, ua6pauurrreneQo_ ce HeHHoMepua a6osara r geficrrlrelxocr noKa3Ba KbAece HaMupa HeroButr HLR. Perncrrprr Ha ocerr.rrernre VLR crxpanma usQopuauns 3a Bcu.tKE a6oHarfi, Konro ca B HeroBarao6nacr (r<arcro "vyx[x", raxa x ..coon"). Koraro EoB aoonar ce notsx a o6nacrrana VLR, nocleaHun ugQopunpaga rosa HLR Ha a6oHara.VLR cb,4Gpxacbuo u no-ToqnanHQopuaqlu rrAe e a6ouarrr (s rol Knerra r{Jrrtrpyna or ruerrlr), 3a Aa Moxe Aa ce cBrp3Barc Hero, Koraro ro rbp_
ctT.

HA u PovMuHr M5 PEruCTPAquf, 21.7.

3a MS e nporpaunpaHa aa 3Haeqecrorrre xa o6urure KaHanK cHrHiulu3alll,ls, qecrorH ll I.rs6npaBS, rosro Koraro c BurK)qar, MS :anoqua aa cKaHltpare3I.I naeuruQlraunoseu Hafi-cuneHclrrHa.fl.Torasa MS usnpaua cBot yHI{(aJIeH r.tMa Ko,{ [o o6tu]u KaHa[ 3a clirHiulu3allut ao ueHTpil:Iara (no-rouxo 4o uefiuu.r VLR). VLR, or noryueuara MS nAenrutlmaqnr, onperert crpaHara Ir oneparopa (vpexara) Ha a6oHara. Cne.u ToBa MSC/VLR ttnpaua cbo6lqeHne rru ",qo1rau.rara" Mpexa n clorBgrHo perHcll'pa Ha aoMarxHrre a6olrarn HLR. Tara flocJreaHr{rre tnQoplu.rpan, qe KoHKperHIrta6ouar ce ualtupa r paitoga Ha aaAeH VLR. HLR :anucea nuQopnautttra or cto6uesuero. Cera nosltxsaHrilta Kt[,l pa3rnex.qaH{t a6oHar lr1ece HacoqBaror HLR ItrM cborBeruxre MSC/VLR, roan6Tt ao a6onara. TOn36r{paT Koraro MS e B cBo6oaHocbcrotHhe, Tt He[peKBcHarocleru o6qnre xauanr{ 3a c}rrHarn3au}rx. Axo MS e B ABxxeHue Moxe ra ce Hallo],( onpecHnaaHeHa Mecmonoro,rceHuemo, Koero ce Hapl/,qao\\e poyrtuHe (roaming) l,I craBa no cneaHHr Haqr{H.K.nenqsara Mpexa e pa:}6nra Ha o6tacmu Ha roKaru3a4ut (L4 - In' Ha cation Area) or rro HtKollKo Knerxu. Mpexara 3HaeMecrolloJloxeHl'rero MS c rno6aneu u4eunr$nkaroqHocr LA. Bcnqrn BS a aa,leua LA u:npauar e.{HaKcB 3a unoHen Koa no o6rqure KaHaJH c[rHa.[Lr3au[t. flpn 4nlaxeunero ca MS stiHac rn n:6npa o6um r<ana:r safi-cluen c rHan. AKo npr nopeAnaracMtHa Ha KaHana ce orKp[e, qe no Hero ce 'r3llpaua Koa xa apyra LA, MS uttQopuupa ra roaa MSC/VLR 3a cMrHa Ha 3annca B rlocneauut. AKo HoBaraLA e rru apyr VLR' c[creMara cMeHr 3annca lr B HLR.

\rLR o6lrrHoseno qacr or qeu,rpaJrara (MSC), loraro HLR e oauocrosele uo QyrrqnoHnpaula, or.qeneHa AasHun Moxe Aa rroKpfiBa 6aga rpyna Qu:uvecra or MSC. 21.6. KAHArll,lHA Bb3AylXHl4fl 14HTEPOEfiC Kana.nrre Me)tAyMS r BS ca 4ra sAAa:mpabuquu KaHanL4Kalar t 3a cuev Ha.ru3q4ut, Bropnre a Jrnreparypara uo6raslr upeNlr, o6rrnoteno ce Hapl-lno sar Kara,lv 3aynpaeneuue (contol channels) . Kanalnre 3a cnrHa.lru3aur4r, cBot crpaHa,ce pirAeJrrr ua o6t4u (comman or control channels)u omdadeuu(dedicated, control channels) ll.spynre ca o6qn ea . Bcr,r.rKri a6oHar[ Ha KrerKara, a BTop[Tece orraBar sa o6cnyxaaHc Ha Aaaexo rroBr.rKBaHe.nocora HaAoJry BS rrrra MS) nHrfoprr,raur{rra (or B Karo HreHTnQrrxarIHr Ha Mpexara (oneparopa),nuQopr,la{xrra_:auecrorroJrolr(eH[ero, sr.rrHaJET 3a rrpceHe Ha a6oxara (nefigxr.rnr) ce npe.qaBar o6rqr.rre3a KrgrrTa KaHalrrr no 3a cnrHaJru3arlllr, Koraro MS e s cso6oAno c]crorHne,Tq HenpeKBcHaro cneAr.r oG ruure KaHa[ll.B o6parnaranocora (tarope rrrrl BS) MS ]r3npauarro o6rryu xaHaJr 3arBKa HoBo 3a noBuKBaHecto6qeune aaonpecHrBane MecrorronoxeultH Ha ero (roraro MS ra6elexu, ue e nawrr,ra o gpyra o6nacr). Oraa,qeunreKaHaJrn, KoHToo6cnyxaar KoHrperHororroBrrrBaHe AByrro. ca covuu. Ilpuuepu sa curHalrn3aursKLr,.r (narope) ca peyrrarnre or rMepBarle BS HllBoTo cl,IfHaJIa KaqecTBoTo Bpr3(aTa,ccuo t4HI_tBoTo c[IHarIa oT cbHa r Ha Ha ceAHr.r K:rerKr.f. Ilpuuepr 3a curHar,n3a\t4s BS (uaaony) ca cto6qeuu.sra 3a or yrrpaBneHr.re Mor{Hocrra l-l3ftqBaHe MS u nrcrpyxqr,rHTe npeBKjrroqBaHe Ha na no KbM ApyraKnerra(ApyraBS) ro BpeMe noBnKBaHe. Ha Mot4nocm ua npedaeaueno KaHarume, Marcuvaluara MorIHocr Ha npe.qaBaHe BcrKaKnerKa olpeAenr npu npoerr[paHeroHaMpexara.MouHocrra 3a ce 3aBr.rcrr pa3Mepa reorparpcroro piulloJroxeHr.re Krerrara. MoulHocrra Ha or n Ha npeAaBaHe BS no o6ulnre rcanalnga cHrHanr.Ba{u.,1 perynnpa Ao MnHuMaJrua ce noto neo6xo4ttvo, Kotroro Aa norplle Krerrara. IIo opeue ua noauKBaue, cucrMaracnelx u ynpaBJrtBa ueo6xogxutl Mr,tHHMyM go l.l3JrbqBaHgro MS n BS, Ha Tosa HaManraa qecmnHrepQepeuqurraMer\qy rcnerKlTe,Koltro ca Ha e,qHaKBH TH.flpaB[ ce cruo H r{KoHoMr.rr eHeprnrr 6arepnr.rre MS. Ha Ha

HA 2I.8.OECNYXBAHE NOBUKBAHE
Mpexu cblqecrB no @yHxunure o6cryxnane HanoBItKBaHHtraMo6[nHlrre I,l Bpb3Ka. pa3jrr{qaBar n3xoatulara Bxoaqluara npH BeHO Ce Hsxodnt4a epura. Houep'n Ha E-a6oHarace BlBex(aaB perscrlpa Ha MS qpe3HoMepoHa6[paHe. Ha c He fIoBnKBaHero 3arloqBa roBa,a c HarncKaHe 6yloHa CJIea (Call).MS rcnpaua no o6IIIHtKaItilJI c[rHaJII'I3aIrut 3:rtBra. 3a "fIoBnKBaHe" na ce HaHoMepa E-a6onara npexatplrr 4o MSC aa r'rs6op Ha cBEp3BaHe UHQpl|re qnr[pn. Aro E-a6osara e or QxrcnpaHara nrrs. MSC a*aJru3vpaHa6paH[re rene(DonHa upexa (PSTN), ro KoMyu.rpyeMa o6uecrBeHara Mpexa, HanpLIMep Ilpe.{rrroaa 3a[3rpax.[aneHaBpc3Kara. Ha MSC npexrrpnr Houepa E ItlM PSTN (Ir or,{areHcI'IrHaJIeH) KaHat3a BI'IKaMSC e ncrar or BS aa l86eperpaQ[.]eH KEM orroBopl{,MS n BS ce BKJItoqBar ur{c Mo6ureHa6onar.Koraro E-a6osara e n:6pauur xara;r,c KoeroBpa3KaraH3rpaaeHa. nonexe D-a6osatrr Tyr Bxodnt4onosuKaaHe. xaprnuara e MalKo no-cJloxHa, ga 6rae orrpur. IIo nouepa sa E-a6onaracraBaEacoqBaHe e vo6r;rex u rpr6ra noBU(KbMKofi VLR 'I?r6Ba Aa ce Haco'{H rsM Herosl4c HLR, KbAeroe 3a[HcaHo ct4tpxafixn KoAaHacrpaHara aauero. Agpectr ua ctorBerH t VLR e ruo6areH, IJIaH. fi xo.qa MPexaTa, HoMepauuoHeH Ha cnopeaMex.qyHapoaHnt

,'r9

229

frasa 22.GSM

floerjxlaHero Aocrnra ao MSC/VLR, a rocltcJtHnrr3rraeB Ko, LA e a6oHarr,r' F. Bcr.txr BS Ha xoHttpcr.uara u:npaqa,r rspceut (neilNllrrrJ LA cxrHaJ,r, c rrlerrrqsuKaulr.qra MS ua rrpceurr a60Har,no o6uure cr.tKaHaJrx Ha 3a crfHaru:aqul. Bcuvxlr MS s LA npuelrar clo6ucurrero, Ho caMoMS na E_a6onara pa:l03traBacBor{urenTfi4)t{KarlxoticH r noucxBaor cBorra BS rparfnveu Koa xaxaa. AKo ltMa ceo6o,1eH KaHa,l, Toii ce npe.uocraB,3arroBrrrBaleron BS r MS ce BxjrroqBar K.bN{ [ero. MS no:nr,riqna aro a6osa.rrr Harucue6yrorra ..floBHKBarr He" pa3roBopr,T 3anoq8a.

U TNABAABA,qECET BTOPA GSM

GSM craH.laprsr e eilxll or Haii-yclctLlHlire llpoeKru Ha ETSI, a GSM e HafiBapuaHTll A6oHarl rc Ha pa3tHqHHTe rl06tullla upefia B cBeTa. Da3npocTpaHertlla (ax. Appendix A ua lro a6oHarl'I 3eM{Ta Nto6ltJIHu 70qoor BcxtrKH hSM ar "ua creneH noBnritBa!I Ha B]3llprer[re [KOR]). @n,rocoQutraHa GSM B rortMa e 3G crau,laPlure. trpxHuunt-l 22.1. 6IIOKOBA CXEMA HA GSM CbOPbXEH14STA Jbr Onpocrera apxllreKrypa Ha cr'opt,xeulltra Y GSM (Globat Systent Mobilc Ha connunications) e rtoKa3aHa Qur' 22.l.

21.e. XEHAOBbP
Aro a6osartr e 3acr, HarrpuMep pa3rooop lt flpeMurreB Apyr a K,rrerKa, c KB_ telo ce pa6oru c .qpytu qecrorrr, [roBrJrBarrero rp_r6na rtc purnugna,u 1u 1o "" rrponbnxu or troBara x,rerria. Ta:u onepauu, ce apT!,axendo'bp (truntlover\. (B CcrepHa Avepura ce x3fior3Ba repMuuar hanrloff1. flo apeue Ha noBuKBaHeTo KaqecrBoroHa tspr,3Kara crenH HcnpeKr,cHaro. ce Mourocrra ra [peAaBate na MS ce rio,.ll' p)(a Ha Nt[HrMaJlt{oroB.L3NtoxHo HHB. rrpri yaoBJrerropuTeJ'ruo KaqecrBo.Kora.ro MS .qo6nxxn rpalrflqlre Ha Krerxara, MOUIHOCTTa npeaaDaHeTo Ila ,qocTxra ao MaKcr.rMartHaTa, KorTo e pa3peueHa 3a Krrerrara. Axo MS ce orlaneqr oute or BS, ro SNR na KaHanacna.qa fl BeDorrHocrra 3a fpeuKa BER ce yBer,itrqaBa. Aro xaqecrgoro [a.qne nol HrKaKBa nparo_ ra^ctoilnocr, t.ofaBa ce l:6upa Hoe KaHarr clceAHara KrerKa r,t MS, or a nosara BS ce nperx,rrouaar ttbM Hotsr.rr t<arrajr ejruoBpcrleHlto.

I
"r,l
A ur{repQoiic

21.1 TpUnOKO,|EH14fl 0. MO6UnHU MpEXl4

3a cpatulte_luo Kparbx nepHol ot.Bpctle ce clteHlrxa.rp[ roKo.j]etr{,(reHe_ patlxn) Ha craruapttre Hallo6urrulte lrpexll. lTtpeouo noKoteuue uo6r,rlu upextt ca c alaJroroBo rlpeHacrfle {.r Myrrrjrr_ JleKcfipaHeflo qecrora BrB Bl,3IyrxHu, turep@eiic. Haii_ycneuHul.r craHAapr cnope,l [KOR] e Nordic Mobile Telephone (NMf, rofiro un".qp"" y Hac no.{ " r'rproBcxoro rMe "Mo6xOoH". [Jce oulc rua B eKcnlroaraqu,q Mpexli or n.bpBoro noKoJ'reH[e. ca s rpouec Ha 3aKptrBar]c ue ocso6oa.qt Te u q"no,orn no"r" HeH qecrorelt cleKTr,p, KoiiTo jla cc u3not3Ba no_eQexrlano or cxe.xBaul[Te "u no_ xo,relt;r uo6lr,rHt llpeNl. Bmopono noro.nernre (2G) uolnrrlrl Mpcxu e c uurlpoao lpelauane r.rc MynTunJrexcupaue Bpene lr,Txlto xon. 2G rrpeNnre trrar llHot o [o_ro].IrM rro Kanauxrer H rror3Bar BcrrqKHtro3rrrlBl ua qtrfpoau:aquma. pa:pa6oreHanr 3a ERpola crartlapr CSM , Globul Sl,stent.for Mobile communicatiorts6lp:o no,ry.ranapa:_ npocrpaHeHxeno urr cBrr. Pa:r,rexna ce rrolpo6rro n c,re,{aaulara rJraBa. Tpemonto noKo.qeHue(3G) lro6l,rxt N{pexx npejlocraBrr MHoro no_ rlrpoKoreHToR Aocr'['nB cpaBneHre 2C I ce 6a:tpar ocuonHoHa KoroBoMyJr_ c lrrfljrerchpartc. f,ranu 2J cc o6pr,ua no_rorruo BHHuaHtc B rra npe,[]roxeHu,or L t )r craxilirpr. uapevta Urrlr'ersalMoltilc Teleconununications (tlMTS). Systent

OKTM
ISDN

<D'rr. 22.1, 6,ronosa cxcMa Ila GSM cr'opr,xeBr|qra - oflJ'ecrBerra O,(f,11- 06[ecrBefra RoruyrtlpycMa rc,rct[ouua upexa; O]lKW Ha flarfi$rtua (6e3ISDN) naKertIo"Rouyrnpyenra[tpetia.ra aanHu; [Clrpaulenlsra ca cbrJracxo AoKyMellrfiTe Ha ETSI 3a GSM crallaapra tr CeO6Cr'xJ|ar B TeKCTa]

230

231

22,GSM fnaEa v 3aeAHoc VLR per],1lc,Tpupa noMHI'IMecronoroxeHl'rsro Ha MS n eBeHTy:rtHol.l3rbpceu (ner,QKltHf) c rHan. cT Ilto rara MSC npexBlpnt [apaMerp[re Ha npaula t[OpoBaHero, yqacrBa B xeHAoBl,p (Koraro e neo6xoal'Il'to) n:aegHo c SMSC peanH3HpaHelo Ha ycnyzama SMS (Shon Message ISMS Center'S yqacrBa B Senice). na Ycnyrara SMS aasa BL3MoxHocr3a I'I3rlpaqaHe cto6uexne c orpaHnqen (Moxe aa ce Kaxe aopn' Kapa3MepKLM s Or MS. SMSC aeficrBa Karo ueHrpaJla ;o ueHTparac naKerHaKoMyrauH.r):a re:u ctooueHus. I'lanpareuoro or a6osara SMS ce npexBbprt or Mpexara ao SMSC Ha Herosus oneparop. TaM m cro6qeHriero ce IBBrI4qa re:reQoutturr HoMepHa noJlyqaretf, n cro6qennero ce npenHa rulu GSM craH.{apra, Ho qeH'I?il"']Irre GSM paua. SMSC He ce npHql4cJlrBa Mpexara rps6Ba aa y.lacrBar B npexBtpntHgro Ha cro6uenntra. Brg scsxa ulerbqHa Mpexa I'IManoHe eaHa GMSC, rorro ocuryptBa Bpb3Kara c apyrr{ TunoBe Mpexu. Blguoxno e xsroq MSC B Mpexara .4a e eaHoBpeHa MeHr{on GMSC, r.e. xru Qyurquure Ha MSC aa ca Ao6aBeHfiH OyHKUI'Ime utro3()BaTaueH'Tpana. GMSC pa6orrr xaro nrneptleftc Mex,qy Mo6nnHara Mpexa ll ctorBerHara Ha c Qlrrcupana Mpexa u cneaoBarelHo rptoBa .[a HanacBa rHanIl3auLI{Te aBere ltgQopMauut. HanpuMep, upexn. Moxe aa ce Haroxu aa HanacBal,t rloJle3Hara or or Ha rrpeaaBaHero .[aHHr.t GSM rru OKTM, rpr6na aa ce npeo6pa3yBa oopMara Ha raHHlrre s GSM Icbnt MoaeMeHcI{rHaJI B OKTM. GMSC crqo rara ynKolIToce nocraBtr MOK,qy paBJrrBa exo3arparl.tre;Il,ITe, Qnrcxpaxara n GSM t'lpe(ao xara flpn. xnara 3a roBa e 3aKBcHeHnero 65 ms) npn GSM KoaHpaHeroHa peqra r{ orpiu(eHnsr6 a g}rQepeHq[alHara cl{creMa, Kotro ce HaMI{pa r'aeNgy AJI Mpexa. (Bx. fnaBa 14 r fnaBa 17). H ueH'rpanaraHa E-a6oHaraor OI.IKcI|paHaTa

Ea3oBara cranrllrr BS or {rr.2l.l or rrpeAHara rnasa I GSM craHAapTa e npeAcraBeHa xanocucmeuaua 6azoeema (BoseStation Subsystem). cmaH4ut BSS xa ,{pyrara cucreua B apx[TeKTypara GSM e Hape're*a ^4pelrcoea Kovymatluu oH a cucmeJua NSS(Network and Switching Subsystem) cs,qapxa qeHTpturH n lr 6aza4ax::u.Tperaracncreuae HaeKcmoama4utma OMC (Operationand Main-. qe tenance Center). e noraralraxa Sr4rypara, He BbnpeKx e MHoro BaxHa pa6o3a TaTa MpexaTa. Ha llpn GSM, 3a pa3rllttaor aHa]roroBrrre uo6u,ruuupexu, a6oHnpanero ore or MoOHnHo ycrpoficrno.A6onarunreAassx ca cLxpaHeAeJIeHo repMrrHanHoro Hn r.ice npeHacrrc nody.tsa udeumuQurca4un a6oxama ua SIM (Subscriber lden_ tity Module), xofiro e orae:res or uo6tuuomo ycmpoicmao ME. Cle.4ogarenso: MS=ME+SIM. CncreuaraHa6a:ogaracranqlls BSS ce cbcrou or KoHmponep 6asosama Ha cmau4un BSC (BaseStationController\,rru rofiro ca cBbp3aHx H\KoJtKo nrye_ .uo-npedaeamann (BaseTransceiver BTS Station). BTS ca no eAr.rH K.rrerxa ce Ha H yrrpaBJrrBar KoHrponepa. or Kr,u BSS ce orHacr n 6lorsr za mpaucrodupaue u adanmupaue cKopocmma npedaeaue Ha uo TMU (Transcoder and.RateAdapter Unit). Ha Qw.22.l ce Blrxla, qe ocseHMSC nMax Bropn rlr4 qenrpanaGMSC (Gateway SQ, r.e. [n[o3oBaqeHrpara. M Ha Qlrrypara, mu no:xartre or f.laBa 2l peflrcrpr. HLR u VLR, ca Ao6aBeHI.r oule ABe6a:H lauun - AUC n EIR. Qeuntpt m 3a npoGepKa aameHmuqHa uocmmaAUC (Authentication Center) crrrpx<a 3a BceKr.i a6oHar no eAr{Hcer(peTeH KJrroq. Crqtrt rln,r e 3anr{caH g SIM sa a6osara. Pezucmtptm sa n udeumuQu4upaue (a6ouarnure) ct opb)rceHutEIR (Equipment ldentiJication aa Register) cbltpxra anQopuaunr 3a a6oHarHnreMo6nnHr.r ycrpofcrBa ME, Itam noltrbpxa, HanplrMep. repeH cnucbK Ho.ttepa omxpaduamu c ua ycmpoicmea. VLR o6r.l<noseHonpriKpeneH eAHa e KbM MSC. AUC or cBor c.rpaHa o6nKHOBeHOnpl{KpeneH e K'r,M HLR. IlOClegnurr Har-qecTo caMocTorTetHo ycTe po[cTBor.rMoxeAa cbxpaHrBa 3a aooHau cnope4[ANT]. AaHHri Io I MI,lnuoH 22.2, KOMyTAqt4RB GsM Kor',ryraurrra lr:nbJlt laa Haqerfipn Mecra, rrMeHHoBTS, BSC,MSC tr ce a B GMSC. flopa4x ue.qocruraum 6poft paA[oKaHaJl]t, nocneAH[Te rpr6Ba aa ce H3rroJI3BaT MHoro Toaaua:rara tpa{tqHaTa KoHUeHTpaUnr.(aH3nrJrHtBa Ao6pe. ce orqe qpe3 (oMyraunoHnxre BaB Bb3AyUHUJT HHrepQefiC Qynrqnu Ha BTS, KoiTo npeBrtroqBa KaHainre MS. :a BSC, ocseH HopMaJrHara rouyraqur ga cr6upa rpaQtxa or ctonre BTS n ,{a ro HacoqBa rru MSC, rnt;rurBa r.rBaxHaKoMyrau[r no BpeMe xeHAoBbp. Ha Koraro MS ce trprrABrlxlr HoBa B KJrerKa, sce e o6racrra, noxpurauaor BSC, ao To koMyraqnsra usr, puna cauo n BSC,6er.4ace rorapl MSC. ce MSC, no coorre QyHxqur,e ua[-6,rnrogo q[QpoalrrereleQouxu qearpaJl{, onncaHu f,'rasa12. B AontrHenue, e Karo (eHTDaJra s tvo6NrHa nrpexa, MSC 232

B G5M 22.3.MY'ITUNTEKC14PAHE
rocrbn e.4Mynr[lnercnpaHe Ha Bt3ayuHl{rl a6oHareH B GSM ce H3[on3Ba Ilpea nurepnal or 200 KHz ca MyJITllnJIeKrO HoBpeMeHHOqecrorHIt no BpeMe. no OT Ca KOIITO CBO'CTpaHa MyJITt'lruIeKCHpaHlIBpeMe. cspaHnqecrorHHraHaJIH, (4eQunupann BpeMero c KaHann) npoBbB Ifuxurtr cr.ulpxa 8 apeuenxrepnala .qrrxr.irerHocror no 0,577 ms ($nr. 22.2). Tara no eaxa qecrora Moxe ,4ace npoaexlar 4o 8 noBr{KBaHIrt. e Hafi-nonyrrpHr4trGSM craH,4apr B o6xBara900 MHz. C,reasalqutrno nonylrpHocr e B o6xsara1800MHz. (or Harope MS rrv BTS) crasa s reHrara 8903a GSM-900,npeaaBaHero 915 MHz, a naaony- 935-960MHz. Or rosa ce B[xra, qe aucrauuntra Ha.uy[rerca e 45 MHz. Tosa ce Hapl{qadynnexcc qecnomHodeneneFDD (Frequence e DivisionDuplex).ToBa orcrotHlrerpn GSM-1800 75 MHz.

Tc@
11cToTa

firaBa 22. GSM

200KHz

BpeMe

0,577 s m

l-lr h1,jror 8 a6oraia

0 I 234 567 0 I 234 5

5o l 0

flpueuane or MS

234 5

70 I 2

flpeaaBaHe or MS

cJleAetle n3Meppe3yrra[a or llerpeK'bcttaroro H (rrarope) MS npe,qaBa KaHana ro u rc Ha cllfll:ula B KJlel xara, KaKr'o lla oKoJlHll KieTKx. to llaHe cllrala r SACCH rrqua ueo6xolrnrrr Karaulrrer 3a npoBexlaHe Ha xesr'toBbp 3a (FACCH om Fast e flpcjlBr!4elt 6bp't npucbcdue KQtu.t 3.t ctrzHQ.tu3a\ufl {cxTa qpc3 orHeNlaue 20 ms oT TCH. tra ce A CCtl), xoiiTo r]px Hyng'la peaJtlll]xpa (Connton Con(za a6olrarxreB Kne'rKara) xara,rrr3a crnloJtr{3auHr O6ulwtc tl ttt$opltaultl ca: Chanucls)ca eAIroI|ocol]Hu IIPxrtepll3irltpc-qaBaHa trol - (Haaoly x's:"r ro MS) - flrHxpoHH3arlur qecrora u BpeMeHHTepBan[, ]ijteH.rlrprxaula la Mpex(ara Ha LA, fleiiaxxul cr,o6u1eHttc lbpcere rta a6oraL:ir 3a l ||ONrep olIaJeH xaHaI 3a HoBolloBUXBarlera llxo,tt0lo roBrlKBaHe, (Haropeor MS) 3atBKa HoBo rloBt{xBaHe. 3a :a foaopeiixlr 3a MyrrxnncKcrpallerorptoBa !a cnoNleHelr npaucrodupaHa ce eno, Koc'ro npaBlrMexAy GSM xoaupalteTo pettra c l3 Kb/s (tua 7 Kb/s) B r I,IKM (ojlupaHero c 64 Kb/s, Koero ce x3no"ir3Ba NSS qacrra r ar,r $rxcupauo pexa. llpu lpelaaaue Ha jlarHr'{ Ht\Ia ltyx,{a or rpaHcKol}rpafle, rpr6sa rrara ce qdorrrrnqa cKopocnma (rate adapl) lra llpe.[aBatteroHa /]atIH[ s BSS lra :\a o GSM Mpexara (14,4 Kb/s) cl'c cKopocrralla flpeaaBatte ISDN, rrarpuuep 64 re:u ABeOyrKrrnu Moxe ,ta e npeaBx.qeH o6oco6en 6stoxTRAU (Transfcr Kb/s. 3a roBa e rroKa3arro Onr. 22.l. Ba and RateAdupter Unil), KaKTo I4'I14 POYMUHT 22.4. ONPECHflBAHE MECTONOTOXEH14ETO HA

Onr.22.2. Mynrun.'reKcnpane qecroran opelrenprrGSM lto ca ,[,nere nocoxr.rHa AynJreKca orMecreHueAHaor Apyra c 3 BpeMeHHTepBana, KaKTo BxxAa or qlln.22.2. Tora o6rexqasapa6orara Ha ME, louexe ue ce ce HaJrara IIpeIaBa x npueMaejlHoBpeMerrHo. aa Or urnnpauure qecrorrz nptr GSM-900 ce Bux.qa,,re GSM oneparop]rre Ha o6qo cr,c 124 .recrotu finv 24x8 = 992 rauata, AaAeIIarepl.tropur pa3noJrat-ar xonloT p.r6ea,qapa3npeAer.qr noNrex,qy cx. I436poeHrrc KaHaur ce naputar Quzuuecnt Kaue.iu. floc,re.nHurece pa3apo6ssat ua.roeuvecxttKaua t, HNran.sro,txo BrlAaJroffiqecK[ KaHa,lH BGSM (oKono l0), xorro ce pa3rnqaBar ro rrpeAHa3Haqelxero l.r lrnQoplraultrra, Korro Hocr c-gr,Curua'u:aqulra! Kotro ce pearrr3xpac,'rorfiqecKu Kaltaru or erxH QaruvecKn KaHan(Haii-,recro e B HyneBr.tr BpeMefiHrepBa-rr ufiK6na), cne,qBa Ha oouara rorHKa 3a MootrnHr.{ Mpexlj (Bx. [peAxoAHararnaBa). Mc44y ,rornrecxure Karra:rr.j, rbpBo Mrcro ule noco.lrM npaQuuuume rcaHa ucttu TCH (Traffic CHannels), rorro ce npe.aocraBrr 3a BpeMe'rpaeHero noHa BrirBalrcro. TCH npeuacr peqra cbc cropocr l3 Kb/s, losexe Ko,4rpaHeroHa peqra e Ha orpr3bqr.{no 20 ms, a eIflH orpr3rrx ce Konlpa c 260 bits. El.uH omdadeu (dedicatecl) KaHaJr cxfna;ru3aqut e SACCH (SIow Associ3a atetl Control CHutnel) fina Heuo Ka'to 6aaeHnpucbeduHe Katrcu3q cu?ucltru3clHaIIp'IN{ep, [pe,4aBaHe 3a x-rlr MS ua gg4ua. Toil e aByrrocoqeHH ce lr3nojr3Bar q)opnat(xt 3a ynpaBJ'reHrre NrontHocrraHa npeaaBarrero MS. B o6parHa nocoKa ua

nbr, Koraro MS ce rpuaBtr)KBaa gpyra o6Orepaurrra ce l3Bt'ptlrBa BceKr.r jracr 3a JroKa-lfl3aurr(LA) rIJIu, xoraro a6orrarr,r BK.'Iro,ln afiapara cl-{ Ha Mtcro, ro pa3r{qHo or Mrcroro, K'l,,4ero c u3Klroqrr-! [pe.4r'roBa. Karro xa:axue LA e '[o.tHocrra, c Kosro Mpexara 3HaeMccrorlojroxeHuero tta MS. @u,rocoQuara Ha ra3rl oflepauur npx GSM e Karo olrcauara B npe,[Hara or rraBa (T. 2 I.7). B .qo6asxaule Kaxenr,se BTS rra x,lerKHTe aareHa LA He e 3aK'bNI U Ca .llI,JIXHTIHO.[a BK,'lmLIeH}{ CJlltH Cr.tttBSC. ce Onepaurara no onpecHtBaHeHa MecrorroJloxeHr-rero npoBexAa caMo Koro Ha onpecntBaHero laro MS e cBoboaerr. AKo LA ce npoMeHx BpeMe pa3roBop, O ce H3BtplIBa C,,'Ie.q K.jIIOqBallClHa pa3fOIrOpa. [p]t ce Onpecureauero tra rllecronoJlorieH[ero lrnn poyNrr,tHrr,T npoBex,4aB paMKfiTeHa eIHa upeNa (e,4ull onepa'rop) nprr cMrHara r{a LA, Ho Moxe Ia cTaHeI'l Mex.ay pa3nxqHu napexu. BT n BTopHt cxyqai rpr6aa la xr\{a poyllflHr crlopa3ypoyrreHrieNlex,(y onepaTopxTe ro3l cryqai c rr'inhqerr NlexcryHapo,qHHt r 3a uuur. @rr. 22,3 e utuocrpagus Ha Ka3aHoro. I.r caMorera or Co0ltr 3a JIoH.rloH crloapAa Jtonycuev,'re a6oHarbr e B3eJr necara ro e norlojrura aa x3KJlrort ilrobu.rHHtcfi anapaTno BpeMelra oneTa,Kofaro Ila nolrJloHcKoro,reruxle a6oHarr,TBK,rloqlio6paTHoTe,re4olia cH, onpecHtBaHeTO MeCTOnOJIO)I(HHe-lO eTanIr: Ha UICnpOTerJe Onpe,qeneHH npfi nO-BaxHLI

234

235

M T e n e x o M v H f i K a q r 1 4O v K c h p a H u , o 6 h n H q! , l P

fraRa 22.GSM

Mpc'r{a B BG

Mpexa e UK

a6oHaTAlla6oHaT6caK,IJNIe.quHIic]'xlollepaTop'Une,uBaTfxaBH}tTecT'bllKflHa l,{3rpaxAaHe Ila Epb3Kara (Our' 22 4)'

(crap VLR)

(IoB VLR)

'6

tOxr.22.3. I{eruynaporcr poynxHr B GSM ltpexa l. MS cxarrurpa o6uure Katia,'ru cxrlranrr3arrul Ha Lrec'loruTcla GSM. Or 3a ce KoroBere Ha LA, Mpexara ].Icrpao6ufit KaHanc Haii-cxneHcr,tr-rrall u3B,,ttiqar (coHara. floHexe Koaar Ha LA e pa:ruveu or 3anoMHeHlrtnpfi H3KnroqBaHero LA), MS npaBH 3asBKa poyMxur-. 3a Qniicrnr noHcKBa .uord))uapodrnrn noxep rn voSutuun 2. MSC/VLR (,'roHlloHcKr'rrr) a6ouam IMSI (lntenntionaL Mobile Subscriber Iclentiy) 3anficaHB SIM (rooa He e Mex.4yHapoleHrened)oHeHuomep, a GSM rrooa,reu uonep). MSC/VLR npasu no roBa llorjcKBarre'rpe: c1,o6rueHre Mex,qyHapoAHara upexa 3a cufHaJrr,r3aSS7 rlHr K'bM.4oMa[rHara Mpexa rra a6onara.Clo6ueHHeTorrocH ua Herosrr HLR nHQopuauur, Koii e aooHarr,Tfi Kr,aece HaMnpa(aapecbr Ha rroBrrrVLR). 3. Koraro HLR nprreuecr,o6ueHxero,roii ri3xcKBa crap n (coQuiicxur) or VLR ,ua"u:rprre" a6ouara. 4. Crapurr (coQuricKx) VLR norBT,pxraBar{3rp}rBaHero. 5. HLR orpecuraa ruQopuaunna 3a MecronoJroxeHxerorr r{3npaxraHa HoBar VLR a6olarHfiTe AaHHlt,BKJ,InqureJ'tHo ceKperHllreKo,qoBe aBTeHTnKaultt. 3a 6. HoBxre MSC/VLR cbxpaHrBar a6oHarHureAaHHrr, rrpoBeprBaraBreHTlllrsocrra sa MS I rrorBbp)r(aaBar nprrBbp3Barrero MS. MS x3rrrzcBa eKpaHa na cI4 lla uMero Ha UK r\rpexara. 22.5. O6CNYXBAHE HA NOEUKBAHEKbM MOEI4'IEHASOHAT 14Ma KbM].tor MHoroBr,3Moxur.r cueuapu[:a o6c,ryxaaueHa rroBlrKBauuira MS. Tyx ue x36epeMnpoar,'rxeHfie Ha c,,ryqaror nperxo.qHararoqKa. Harxutr noce'rHTeJ'r JIoH,4oH }ra 6uaa rTpcu or uo6uren a6onar a CoQra. flpxeMaMe, qe 236 Orr' 22.4.Ilosrlrsauenpe:2 GSM mpenu hHoopHa c 3aeAHo tloMepa 6 x apyra curHanHa l. MS A r3fipaua 3atBKara Ha rper BSS (Heroxarana tlrrypara) ao MSC/VLR - . Nrauuq (l c'rytal Ha cr'u]ara Ha MSC pa:no:Haaano lloNtepa 6 Koii e Herolltr HLR 2. r e epelleBG rupeNa).MSC ucra poy,niraztnuep or HLR ua 6 Poyvull uonep, npel OKTM' ue" rene4o".rr ttouep, xoilro ce tt:flon3Ba3a fl3rpa)(rane ua lp'srxa -xri:i u xoii VLR ro o6c'ryxna' 6'raroaapegue ua 3. HLn na E :nae xlle e h,treHrHoxKaCtAr'p)KaIUO cro6u]etrlte, HLR u3npaula poyNlHllr. NrexlyHapo.[Hl.tt or roc'qernuq aa lperocHa ulrlra ga E fi a,qpeca flocereltttq VLR, c Koero tlcKa poyMltllr lloMep TaBH c .i. rtasclvr-n na UK npexa'ra pa3norrara rpyfla poyMHHrHoMcpa'Koltro rere$orlru llorlcpa BJa3li crparla MSC/VLR Ha UK Ha oouKHoBeHrlre nprxntrar ro x3lpaua 06E' Mpexara[36upa eauHpoyMlHr rrtruep:a a6oiIa'r 3anlrcBaroH paruo Ha HLR, Koiiro [.LK ro flpexBr,pnt Kr'v MSC/VLR s BG ltpeNara' 'poyMnHrHoMepa) S. VSC Ita BG wpcNarau:6rpa (u:no:r:raiixn urQprre lra npx BctKo,lpyro lereoo]lHo MSC ua UK Nrpexarar nLTtr cc ll3rpaxaa KaKTo
NOB KDAHC.

pa3no3HaBa' 6. Koraro MSC,ryLR tra UK l'tpeNara roilyLiaBa floBllKBaHero' c ,le e ta a6oHarE (no laaeuur no-paHopoyrtllHr lortep) l:alovaa aa ro rr'pOl Ha 'qBara KaHanH rreiiarxuur cnrtta,r. flpl orfoBop Ha E ce nr'tto'lsat l:6pauure a6onara.PoyuunrHoillep'brceocBo6oxlasa,3arlacelt3nor3Banpr'llpyronoBTKBAIIC.

BSS u GMSC lta alcre vpeNu B 3a no-no6paeKcnouallllt He ca rloKalalll'l 23'l

T e n e K o M v H r , 4 K a q-l 4 uo K c h p a H r ,M o 6 ! n H h x l P O

fraga 22'GSM

AetcrBnre,tHocr 3a BcrKa Mpexa GMSC e qeHrpa,rara,Korro r6pcn llb.l ao cBo, HLR u,ru MSC/VLR.

22.6. XEHAOBbP
Ilpu GSM 3a xeHAoB'bpa orroaapr BSC. Onpaogauo e r.j lopaAx ToBa, qe xeHloBbpbT nat-.recTo ce c,lyqBa Mexly KneTKl4 eluH BSC. l4:nr,rseutero sa sa xenroBbpa rpr6ra 4a craHe 6rp:o,3a !a He ce Hapyulr KoMyHuKaqr.irra Me)Knv a6oHar[re. 3a.qa crase 6rp:o, BSC cr6upa gauHu or rl3MepBaHfirra B],8 Bo{eK; BTS u MS, o6pa6orBar r.jonpeclrrBapeAa B clxcbUure na K:rerKr.rre KaHArr,4arr.t c 3a xerrloB'lp, Bcurtrtr.t KouToca 3aeTr.r oT MS.
t''-ut"r lpyrrr a6Onar UeHTpana
l(OTBA

----a-'
2 l! 8

3
HoBa qeH'rpa,ra

aBeueHTpa'rn Orlr. 22.6.Xeuaosr'p Mct{,4y r'I l MS e seqe B HoBaKJIerKa craputr BSC n:elta pelreul'Ie Aa 3aroqHe xeHs goarpa. Peueul.rero ce 6a3hpa Ha pe3ynraTfiTeor H3MepBaHI.Iqra BTS u MS L TCH, KaKTo cHrHaJlureHa o6IqHTeKaHanfi I4:uepra ce cnrHan'br B x3[oJl3BaHr,tt BbBacI'IqKliKJ]eTK[ 3a cufHaJIx3auuq 2. Ctapun BSC pa:6npa, 'ie tofi He ylpaBnqBa HoBaraKrerKa Ir npaBlr3asB'{e a Ka KbMcrapxt MSC:a xeHqon,p KIM HoBaraKJrerI(a, crap[tr MSC pa36npa, e KJrerKa KT'M HOBara Apyra MSC. 3. Crapurr MSC ucra or HoBlIt MSC eaulr xeudoetp-uotep, Xeulorlpre,'leooHeHHoMep(u3rlon3Bace 3a I'I3fpaxaaHeHa Bp63Ka HOMepbT BpeMeHeH e Mpexa unri ofiopHara Mo6[,'lHaMpexa 3a IIeJI[Te Ha xeH'[OBT'[pe3 4)HKC[paHara pa). 4. HosruIr MSC ucxa or HoBuqBSC aa fl36epe rpa$uueu KaHar rlpe3 Bc3aynIHnr uHrepoei:ic. cBot MSC. 5. Hosfisr BSC x36rpa TCH r nHQopMlrpa Ha 6. Hosfim MSC [3rlpaqa n36panIit xeHAoBbp-HoMep craplrt MSC' 3a 7. Craprrr MSC r3nor3Ba uuQpure na xeHAoBbp-HoMepa HoMepoHa6xpaHC KbM [TOBI,I' MSC.

OIrr,22.5, palrrnq n cJryqau xeHnoBr,pa ua B GSM HMa4 Hrsa HaxeHAoBlp(Qur.22.5): a) BBTpeuJeH BTS (aro no HrKaKBa 3a rrpuqlrHar,BnoJ]3BaHu{T KarralrBpeMeH_ Ho ce e Bnoxrun), 6) Bhrpeneu 3a BSC u neNay BTS, B) MexAy BSC lra egun MSC, r) uexly MSC. flprl uuro n) rpr6na ga ce aHraxupa u MSC c xerraoatpa. llpn r.ruao rpr6_ r) Ba,{a ce aHraxupar u rBara MSC, To3u MSC, lpe: xoiiro n.r,peouavanHo 6[na e lJ3rpaleHaBpb3(ara, ce napuva MSC-xorBa x orroBaps 3a xeHAoB.bpa 3a BcrrqKr.r u cneIBaxIII xeHAoBbpn(aKo,{Nfa raKHBa),,qoxaro rpae BprfKara. IIJe pa3rneAaMe eralrxre Ha uaii-c,roNHnsuriro*a" xeHI(oBr,p Mcxay qcH-

ryatn (Qur.22.6;.

8. C,reA raro ce lr3rpa.qx[IJTtr or craplt MSC ao Hosara KJIerKa,HoBI.ltr HoBrIt MSC/VLR .qasaxouauaa Ha MS (npe3 craput MSC) aa ce npeBKrroqr K'bM 238

239

TeneKoMvltxxaquu - (brKclpaHx, Mo6hnH,| u lP

frasa 22.GSM ua Ha EpnaHr. Ilolylaaa ce .4 = l5 Erl. Tpr6na aa npneueu rpaQura a or egI{Ha6oHar. Ha6rloaeHnqra Ha peaJlHHTe Mpexn noxa3Bar 3a a = 2O+100 mErl. fopaara rpaHl{ua e 3a noceruTerl4 Ha Mpexa [TAB]. Hne ule npueueu cpeaHoa = 50 mErl. C.nelorarerso Ha e.{HaKrerKa ce naaar 15 Erl:50 mErl = 300 a6oxara. Toaa = qe o3HaqaBa, ue Hu rpr6nar 11000:300 36 r,rerrn' r.e. c 36:3 = 12 uaqra ctc ceKropnpaHnna l20o axregn,:a aa norpneM replropurra c I1000 a6oga'ra.Cera ocraBa aa Br'3jroxuM Ha palno HxeHeplrTeaa npoeKtllpaT paluorloKpl{TxeTo, 'rpyaHa 3aaaqa. Koero cr,re oraejlHa l,t gpeo r:lrepoaHur n npo6Haexcn,roaraunt rue ce (opxrspa [poeKTbr. Moxe Aa no8ropl.tM npoeKtnpaHero, t'8nor:gafixn K]jl'bcrLp 4112 (apyr nonype3yJlrarl.Ire. ,rrpeH xntcmp a GSM upexn) ll ga cpaBHI'IM Karno uoxe aa ce HanpaBnc ocraaaqnre 3 qectoru (u 6 vecrorn flpx KlrBcrr'IaBa. rq 4ll2) e [oacKa3aHoB Kpat Ha cJle.uBauara

TCH (HoBn qecrora 1-I BpeMe[HrepBanB HoBara KrrerKa),a cru(o raKa KoMaHtra KbMCTapnrMSC Aa H3IIl,JrHr.i KOMyraUnrTa. Craptrr MSC npenx,rrcusaBpB3Karac Apyrnl a6ouar Ha noBuxBaHsro 9. Bpb3Kara HosHgTCH. CrapHrr MSC (KorBa) no KaMHoBHrMSC, a BSC BKrrotrBa Bceoue ynpaurBa Bpb3Kara, Karo orroBapr HanprrMep raKcyBaHero.Harpat B 3a crapara rner(a ce ocBo6oxqaBaTCH.

22.7. npOBEPKA ABTEHTilqHOCTTA APyrU MEpKr4 CUTpHOCT 3A l4 3A B SIM Haa6oHara 3anrcaH Ki e ceKpemeH rcnnu la uaeurtrpfiraqnr.CrqurT Knloqc HoMepa a6osarae 3arrlcaH s AUC, Ilpuuqnnrr 3a rrpoBepxara ua rl Ha aBTenTnqHocrra ce cpaBHrBar,qBara e Aa r:rrcqa& 6e: aa ce lr3tlpaular npe3Ba3AylrHur r.rHrepOeiic. rroBfiKBaHe a6oHara, B ua.rarmoHaBcrKoHoBo ua AUC u:npaura [pe3 HLR 'rrrcno KoA go VLR cneglararpoiixa:clyuafiuovr.rc,ro, orroBopHacn1ntalHoro n 3a unQponane.IIpn ncrro o6plulaHersu AUC roi r:npaua HoerlcrolHosnr s q rpofirara. Mpexara r.Bnpauacn),"rafiHoro cro HaSIM n noc,reglru.rr,qpegceKperH[r Krroq, r.Brr[crrBaorroBopa.VLR cpaBHrBa .qsaramroaopa ua c,'ry.raiucno qrclo. Aro ca e,qHaKBH, ce 4onycrago pecypcure Mpe)Ta. MS Ha SIM r.r:no.ngBa cnyrafinoro q[cJro 3a Aa v3v.vclll:t xoda sa wu@poeaue. Hero ce run$ponanoC re:uara uuQopuauar, npa flpe,{aBaHero eQrp.Crufi.m xoa (:a uoar.rrcauero) t a e craHulrr. flpoaeprara :a aBTeHTntrHoc[a rtpaBlr ce ll aocraseHor AUC Ha6a3oBara (poyMnHr) MS. npn BcrKo onpecHrBaHe MecronoJroxeHr.rsro Ha Ha B EIR uoxe Aa ce noAAbpxa "vepeu"cnncr,r Harrpor3BoAcrBeHnre HoMepa HaorKpa,qHarrl uo6r,rHureleQoru t,tqpe3HeroAa ce orra3Ba Aocrrn HaraKr{Ba anaparx.[o Mpexara.Anroprr ue e saoers:an6r,nrapcKnTe GSM oneparoprgg npaBrT Herqo Bsnpoca. no 22.8. TPAOUqHONPOEKTI4PAHE GSMMPEXA HA Ile aaAelleArHnpr{Mep, rl3rron3Bau1 Mero,qr.rKa, onucaHa [ERI], sa Hava;ruo B npoerupaHeua GSM upexn. 3a4auuerocrAGpxa ABeqxcna: nporHo3xpan 6poi a6oHaraB Mpexara.recrorfi- 30. I 1000n npeaocraneHu I4s6npaue rntcrrp 3/9 (sx. npe.4nara r:raaa), 9 rpynu qecrorn.ToraBa r.e. B e.aHa KtreTI(a xMaue 30:9 = 3 urllo qecrortr u ocranr 3 (re cruo ule ce lgnolue 3Bar, no-KbcHo). Ho llpu 3 vecrorn Ille MaMe 3x8=24-2=22 TCH. I4saaaeslrre BpeMenH2 TepBala ce tr:rro.mnar:a Ha 3acr.rrHanrl3aqlu Knerrara, Ha ue QopunpaHe KaHaJrr.r Cre4oaarenHo,rpaQnrur B KrrerKararqe ce o6clyxaa or rrl;rHoAocrbner crofl c22 rasa:ra.To:r cHonce npoeKrnpa roleur rpaQn.rnv3ary6w (lnaBa c B 4), flopaAri pecypcor paAuoKanana uo6nlxnre KoMyHr-r(auul-t. orpaHuqeHr.rr npn Hatpuuep B = ZVo. Tara ce no,ryvanar:ary6u MS.{o MS or<o,ro or 57o. Tpa$nxtr I B cHola or 22 KaHana, zary6uB = ZVo, npu Moxe tJrHaa ce r.r3qxcrla (fnaBa5), v ,i Aa ce oapeAeJru rpaQrra (Qur.5.3), n,rn- vpeora6,u.rpe: 240

241

TeneKoMvHhKaq[! - OxKcrpaHn. Mo6onH14 lP o

Mo6lrnHr Mpex[.ynDaMeHre... fraea23.UapoKoneHroB,r n rcaro ETSI, ANSI n ap., crc cr,r,rnpeacraBurenr.i fleficKr.r ceBepHoaMepuKaHcKfi HOyqacTlle Ha IrHAycTpHtTa. rIporpec B cQepara Ha 3G, Heuara He ca y,rerualu. Etno e Bbnperr.r roJreMr.rr xtrr.I3G qe e eao,nnuroHeH.,[oraro pas,tarara Mex(Ayn6pBorcHo, rre npexo.qr,T (ananoroBo) I.t BToporo noroJreHr.re (quQporo) e orqerlrnB, To nDero rroKoJreHre xoArr or 2G rulr 3G e no-pasunr.

TNARA4BA,qECETU TPETA uJt4poKonEHToBt4 MOE14'|H14 MpEXl4. ynPABIEH14E TPAOI4KApAAl4OhHTEPOE14CA HA B

HastngaHero GSM crau.qapra TJreKoMyHLrKauHoHHara cbBnara na B Mpexa qe c pal[HpeHo r3noJl3BaHe I4Hrepner. ua Hanocle.{tr craHaoqeBn,qHo, .[ocrf,mr, xofiro GSM rasa,rrr npe,aocraBrrrpn rrpeAaBaHe AaHHu(MaKcxManHo Ha 14,4 Kb/s) e HeAocrarbqeH. 3nyru xlprlo:Ho, Ho mrnexAa roBa e cJreAcrBle Ha ycrexr{Te cBr{BaHeTo JreHTaTa npeaaBaHe peq. B Ha rrpH Ha Oveargurre norpe6uocrn or rro-txlrpoKa [eHTa 3a aocran [pe.q 3BHKBar 6ypna xrcnegomrencKa craH,uaprn:upaula r.r ,uefixocrno pealreupaHero 3G ua r'.ro6n,tnn upexu, Pe3y.nranre: MHorocTaHAapT[ pa3nuqHa c cTeneH nprutoHa
XHMOCT.

23.2.noKolEHl4E 2.5G ycbBbpueHcrBaHr.rr2G cucreunre.Ipauuqara Bcnqrl-l C 2.5G o:Haqasar Ha uexly 2G et25G crrcreMnTeoue no-MarJrtBa. e IIoa GSM2.5G ce paa6rpa none eAHaor cJreAHHre rexHo.lornn:HSCSD, re GPRSu EDGE. Bclrqxt,l npe.ulararperneHne no-Br.rcorocropocreH 3a Aocr611 (ao I4urepxer)na gaHHn. HSCSD e aucoKocKopocmHo npedaeaueua daxuu c Kuvymaqut Ha kaHaJru ((High-Speed Circuit-Switched Dota). ToBae nai-recHl,I.m Haqr.rH ce ycKoprr Aa npeaaBaHero. Ipocro auecro Aa u3tomBa eAHH BpeMer.{HTepBaJi, MS mnomBa eAHoBpeMeHHo rlsxonro (Io qcrnpr.i). CKopocrrace noryqaBaxaro 9,6 Kb/s rurn 14,4Kb/s ce yMHoxaBar 6por ua rpeueunrepBa:rr4Te. no Hafi-ro:reunlt ne4octarrr sa HSCSDe, qe nouo ce tr3nor3Bar Heaocr rarulTe pa,qnorana:rr (o6ul uenpr{ KoMyTarIHrTa KaHaJIlt.). Ha aocTaTBK GPRS cayotyzu c o6o6t4eH paduouumepQeic(General Packzt RanaKemeH dio Semices).KaKto ce suxAa or HMerocraBaAyMa3a cMrHaor KaHaJreHnareB reH pexr.rMa paanorrrepQefica Ha GSM. 3aroaa npnlaranero sa GPRS e nocKbno,Ho c MHoro[o-roJrrMe$en. frsraao ce fi3nolnBar.qo oceMBpeMe rrrep(u Bana, cnopeAI{)D(Inre 3a npe.qaBaHe oco6eno3a npHeMaHe npn'AayHnoABane"). Karo uaxcullaJrHa cKopocr, nplt 3a[IrrreHo rperrrr npe.qaBaHe, or safi-qecro coql-r 115 Kb/s. GPRSe oco6esono,4xoArrJt Mero.q npx ycryrn c eJacrnqeH rpaQax (fraaa l), raro elenpoHua noua r WWW crprlupane.GPRSce pa:nex,qa HaKpaTKO B CneABaUaTa TOqKa. EDGE e crrparqenxe,KoeroaHecce npeBexra Karop*twupeHu cKopocmu ua dauuusa zto6atrvaeeonnqut(Enhanced Data rates GlobalEvolution),3a1 for EDGE cror rrAeflraaa ce 3aMeHr.t h3noJnBaHara GSM uanranylaq , (ducKpema xa nodyru4un) c HoBa, HapeqeHa KpamHa oce uanunynaqun8-PSK(8Qasoea PhaseShifi Keying). Tosa yrporaa cropocfia HaAaHHHre. CranAaprHaraaa GSM fqtcoea uecmomua aHunynaqut c muHLwarHadeeua4un GMSK (Gaussian Minimum Shift Keyrng)crqo ce n:nomBa, 3ara Morar aa ce ynmpe6rBar craprr GSM renerpoHra, H 3auoro 8-PSK ne Moxe aa ce n3non3Ba a npfi ronrMo pa3croruxe or 6agonara craHqus. Br3MoxHo e o6elnnenne (e,qHoapeueuno npuarane) Ha lr6poeHrfre rpH Meroaa pa3uupexue GSM. 3a sa Ha Qur. 23.1ca nora3aHr.r Br3MoxHH cqeHapr.tn npexoA 2G KtM 3G. Ha or

23.1. KOfiKOfiEB 3G?

Pa6oraras ITU-T no 3G e H3BecTHa r.tMgro rroA IMT 2000,Koeroo3HaqaBa Mectedyuapoduu (lnternational Mobile Telecommuniuo6uauu menexouyauxaquu cations), a 2000 nua ABe3HaqeHr.rq. Ilrpno, 2000-ra rognHae roAnHaraHarr6pBrrTeonl,lrx 3a BbBer(Aaue 3G u rropo - rnomBace 2000 MHz-slrs o6xsar. na IMT 2000 Hee KoHKpereH craHlapr, a KoJreKrHBHo ea cucreun or 3G n l,rue nxlrovaa Qaulunrx uz6paua cbBMecrr.rM[ craHAaprn. I,Ir6paHxre ,rerfipr, (run ner) craHAapra s geficraurernocrrexHHqecKH ca MHoro pa3nnqHn. IlrpaoHava;lHaralrger xa ITU-T e ga lrMacaMoe.{HaHcrxscrr.ruo6ansa 3G npenoptm, Ho rro TexHltqecKr4rroJr}rTtrqec([ H npfiqnHn ToBa ,{oceraHee cTaHaJlo.

Hafi-aaxHare pesynraruor IMT 2000Karoqe rx ca ABa: - geQuunpau cnncbr or tr3r.rcxBaHr.rr 3G crasAapra; e xtu - 3a HacJre.{HH( GSM e ns6panUMTS, Kofiro ce 6a3fipaHa uupoKoreHHa moeunCDMA - WCDMA (WidebandCDMA). IlgucrnaHrs KbM craHAapra3a rpero noxoneHue uo6n.nnnupexu: uafictuecTBeHHTe ca: - cBeroBHa npr.rJloxuluocruo6rlnocr (uo6aaenpoyr.ruur); u - npfinoxnMocrH 3aOl{KcnpaHn Mpexn,I sa uo6xlxu rrlpexn; - npHtoxnMocr3arclrurrl Qopull ua uo6nnHocr; - noa&pxaHe HaKoMyTarIHr KaHaJrH naKeTHa Ha H KOMyraUUr; - npeAocraBtHeHa cKopocr Ha AocTbrroT MllHr.tMyM Kb/s (:a scl,qKll 1.14 cpe,q[)l,lao 2 Mb/s (:a 6aauono.uenxun craqroHapxn x a6onarn); - ocaqecTBrBaHe tr3KjrroquTerHo Ha Br,rcoKa eOeKrHBHocT n3non3BaHe lrpfi Ha cne(Tbpa. UMTS e paspa6oreu or llpoercm sa napmHbopcmeo mpemo noKotreHue 3a 3GPP (Third Generation PartnershipProject).Tosa e rpyna, BKnrcqBarqa eBpo-

243

T e n e K o M y H M X a q u uO r ! x c h p a H r ,M o 6 r n H h u l P

#1
GPRS Mpexa

f"sa

2J' UllnPoKoneHroB

r,-r,M OnKMA
(HxrepHer)

Oflr. 23,1,Cueflapli xa npexo,[aor 2G Kr,[r 3G 23.3. GPRS c o6c,'tyxBaHe ltcrlrHcra naKerla KoMyraurrc. Karro rasaxN{e GPRS npe,u:rara rtpelBtlaeHlt 3a ycnyrt c nacu GPRS r<,'ruenrnre [o.qel]rr Qr:uvecxure KaHaJII.t, KerHa KoMyrarrur. flolglpNa ce u raxcyBaHe,Ha 6a:ara ua o6eua npexBbpneHa qecrorHfirr o6xsar It crpyKTypara Ha urrSopuauar. Or apyra crpaua ce 3ana3Ba uuxr,,raor GSM. 23.3.1. E,toxoes cxeNa na GPRS caoptucenunma 3a GSM upexa ce Kr,u nrpaouavarxo npoeKThpaHara t<oMyrallllqHa KaHaJIn rr,geNaa aBa HoB[ BT'3eJIa B ao6aem Hoe[ cboptxeHHr lr uoan QyHrqnn. GPRS et'snu sa noddaptcaue q GPRS - GSN (GPRS Suppon Mpexara, HapeqeHl.r Nodes). Te ca o6c,rycteat4 GSN - SCSN (Serving GSiD tl ulruo3o6 GSN - GGSN (Gateway GSM.1, xar<roe noKa3anona@ur.23.2.3a,qa se e nperpynaHa$xrypar4 nrxor GSM ctopbxeHaq He ca noKa3anll (cpanar c qvr,22.l). TpaaIiuIroHHHTe Ha ce la GSM nosuxsaHlrr c KoMyrar]fi.s KaHalrrr Hacoqaaror BSC npe: MSC rsu or $nr.22.1 ce 3arra3Bar. OKTM. Bcrqxn crapx o3HarreHHr HLR e pa:urpen, 3a .ua cba'bpxa GPRS pezucm'apGR (GPRS Register), B c KoiiTo e 3an caHafiHOopMauxr, cBT,p3aHa a6osarrre, nolr3BautuGPRS. HanpnHa a6orara npu [oncKBaHe,r.e. Koraro a6oHarBTce nptlvep, IP aapec ce.qaBa BBp3Ba KGMGPRS. Aapecr,r ce ocso6oxaasa, roraro MS ce orB'bp3Ba GPRS or MpexaTa. SGSN. BT:e:rlr on'oBapr 3a rocraBKara Ha raxerr.qo BcnrrKr.l MS, xonro ca ponr Karo MSC/VLR ga GSM. Tofi ce e o6racrra. SGSN rrpae sa GPRS c:ruara c cBr,p3Ba HoBu MS B o6nacrra, [poBexAa npoBepKa3a aBTeHTr..rrrHocr, AocraBt Koa 3a unopoBaHe H H3rrpaua,r.rupfieMa rraKerfi KbMr ot MS. SGSN ynpaBnsBa uo6n:rnocrra, Koero BKrlrcqBa nprsr,p:oane/orrlp:aase xr,u/or GPRS, onpecHtBa o6nacrra 3a JloKaru3aur.rr,cMrHa Ha x,;rerxara ([ptl pexnM Ha roroBHocr) I.{ n nefaxrHr. Clrrsara ua K.lrgrxara cr,oraercrBa Ha xeHAoBr,pa sa uema SGSN ce naI(eTlIaa ce HacoqaT KbMHoBaTa KreTKa. fprrxu HenoTB6paeHnTe GGSN. lll:rrc:osnrr Bsser chorBercrsa Ha GMSC r GSM. fraanara QyHrcqflr aa GGSN e aa ocalrecrBrBa B3anMoBp63Kara BaH[rHr.rre c Mpexu or raHH[, Tofi,qeficrea Karo pyrep, KofiTo c(pxBa GPRS upexara or Br,HuHara Mpexa (Hai-vecro rooa e 14HrepHer).

Onr. 23.2,B,rorosa cxeua c GPRS apxlrerr;ipa B GPRS upeNara, naKernre ce I'IHKancyJI[parfipli HaqanHut GSN (SGSN larerr,r e a,'ruGGSN) u aerancynnpar flpfi KpaiHrr GSN. MeNay aaara Bb3eJIa, Ha erapaH a IP rraKer,Ko[To cI'abpxa IP a.4peca nony'{are,lt GSN. floBllxBaHl{srac OyHturar.rreHa PCU ca.qa lr3rpor(4a, no.ttar,pxa H Pa3na,ua rlaKerHaKoMyrauHr. Tofi cr,uo noa-qbpxa flpeaocraBtHero Ha KaHanI{ cMtHara
HA KJIETKATA.

23.3,2. tDynxquouupaue ua GPRS 14uQoplrauur4a-'lr Mpexara npeaocraBt GPRS yc,ryra H r<ouKaHarH(qecro3a TH u BperlteuHTepBa,rr) gaAe,rettu roBa ce v3 pallla 1o pa3nplicKSamelrHume ca (broatlcast) KaHanu3a cfirHaJlu3altlrt,Koxro ca craH.[aprHl.'I 3a GSM. HLzuGR x cbxpaHrBa nuQopnaurr 3a ycnyr[Te tl Mecrono:IoxeHllero (Koi SGSN) Ha Heroerre MS. SGSN, xoiiro orroBapt lra MSC/VLR, cbxpaHtBa no-roqHa r'IHSopMaor uut 3a MecrorloJloxeHrero lla MS u :a yclyrure, x3nor3BaHl-j rgx B MoMeHTa (Hanpruep uacroru1IP aapec).

244

245

TeneKoMyHhKaqrh

- otlKcfipaH14, Mo6ullHtl

fi lP

Mo6xnHh Mpex'4 ynpaBneHl,e' frasa 2l llltlpoKoteHrog14 g;'lltll or l'6lle rla RAKE flpttcr'lHllKa'3a BctKa 3t (c;rla, UE rpl6ea la lt3IIoJl3Ba qe BceKr of oTpifleHll'tc cltrHaJltl ce Ilyxtlrcillarra5a:osa craHrur.3a6e,'re;xctc' r t : l c ( , Ti I f . L c . l e H r ' 6 r r l R A K I eaHa oa3oBac-raHuurlr 3a UE Hqlra ronttta pa3illtxa )tc)li'ily cll'Lp3BaHcloK'1,\l IIa uE e foroB/la flpllcMa OT lit,Nl ITORCLIC C,lHa. Ll B.(Ba',Iacrytlat' nprer{Hllxl'T HtrioiKo clrfrra.la. flotrcNe scll'lxI,I 6a:oglt crarrutrtt' yqaclBault a SHO, lr:rror:BAl eJra rt c6tua qecroTa, ro uE ltoxe Ia pa3r.rlcx]a rexllllTc cllfHarll Karo aoll1,JlIl[Teilll!{orpa3eltrl KoNlllollcltrll. cr,uec'toeHa pa:anr(d N{ex]'lyclrsaa or SHC) K,lOlrx o'lpl3eH clllHaJ c, qe Bcclill sHo Kiloll rl3nojlfBa pa3iljqelt Koa. SHO He e nnqurlcllrlro u c,ry'laiiHo,{EJlcHue llpl'l UMTS. SHO rMa ljltoro rro:rcrr t cBoiictua tt roii utltpoxo ce lllfloll3lla SHO ttaii-qecro ce h3noil3DaoKojlo 'falt UE Ntoxe ga cr6cpe' I Pllllflqr{r'c lta xjlctliaTa, KbAclo Kr'lerill re cc 3acT}llBaT. Ee: SHO .rpc: SHO. eHepfurra na crrniura ol Iloncqe or tjllla 6a3oBa clastlu npe.qaBa i\lrloHa B tl3lloJl3Balla Nlortclllll 6alonl crattttttn tpl6na llr c;l IICTBetlaTa aepotl'Ho l o rro-roJlMa l!{olrlHocr, 3a ila rlocrldffle ,qo uE, fioc'lo ol cBot crpaHa r(e yBeilrrrrir trtrrep$epeuulrTa B cllcrclla'la. OcueH roaa, aKo UE e s SHO' ro ls Dpl'3Karallfll\'la ce rpeKbcllc, aKo c,qxHol cl'll-HaJlll IIpona'qHe Aa Or:rpyra clpana SHO ne lpl6tta Aa ce x3non3Ba 6c:pa:6optto. llolele rpeilaBaHrr crfHa-tlr o3HaqaBar lloBeqe cHeprur I eQttpa u noBeqe rlHTepq)epeHllufl xcHAoIll,pu ce ynpaBrflBar or Mpcxara ll clleKaxro u npr GSM tcrqrn BH,,loBe u||airHo ot KoHrpoilepa ua 6a3ogara craHuxt' Koiilo ryK ce HapHtlario'ltltpo]Iep ct Duduo,vDe)rcqmtl RNC (Radio NeI*-ork Cotllrol.ler) 3a uc,!ra, Nlpexara ri3MepBa ua,ro:ry (rprrr. 23.3). flpettaBauclo uat ope, a UE - ltpe,qaBaHero

gg IIanpHrlrcp rt 14urcptret, xt Koraro GPRS Kr!ierrr noxc;raena(crHa Bpb3ra, xr,:rt npuBr,p3Bale GPRS. Torasa cc,taBillP a,lpecHa MS rr r,raenocbrqcclBrBa Tr,r Br{xila Web crpaHlt[ara na 6pay:epa tta cuor l4tt rcpner 4oc'ran'lrx. A,{pect1 (URL) rrarairr roApa3Snparua crpaHxtlacc c'LXpaItBa ttpH a6orrarnH ,qauHu cc rc npc3 riocro KJrxerrrbr rpllBrpe s HLR/GR ce npexBtprq rraSGSN 3a Bper\rclo, :as xr,rr GPRS. GGSN aciicrea Karo e;lllH rpilllllqcr pyrep \Iexry GPRS u I,luHa aKT BHt IP tepHel. GGSN clxpaHi{Ba-ra6Jrlla t\Iapttpyrtr3allrtra3a BctJqKu t cl'ol lleTHutl ltaKc uTe Kl)Nl SGSN. SGSN alpecll, 3a Ia e B c,bcT0ttlrle llaCoqBa Aa raKerirrc K'I'IIKlerxara, B Kot'to MS na xpaitull rro,tyvgor c80r crparrarraco'JBa
TCJI CC HAMTPA B T,IONICHTA.

C14CTEMA UMTS 23.4. YHI/BEPCA'IHAMO5I4'IHA TENEKOMYH14KAUI4OHHA uu Onopuana .upc:ttco UMT S (UnitarsaI Mobile TaIeconunwticatiortsSystem) ca Ha e,{Hopa3Btlr're olloplara \,{pcxaIIa GSM. fo:relln rc npoN{eHx a ope car\ro ]\leTo,l ]tHoxecTBeH 3a raHr3aqlltTalta a6oHaTHllt;locTlr Il BbBBb3nplleTxt noc1'6n(CDMA). 23.1,1. Oqe trcuqo3u )ttuoJrcect(ctlut docrrtz'rtc deTeueno KoO 20. Tyx ue.loOaallt ueua, CDMA se,rHbNce o6cl'xJa Ha(parxo e l--raga neo6xoarrlu npfi o6rcHerrrra ra QyuxuuonupaneloHa UMTS. h:no,r3garust NrHoxecrBeH ,qocrr,tr ryK, qecro ce Hapltqa urupoxoteumoa-WCDMA (.Wideband Ha CDMA), norrexe ce rj3no-r3aa .'lrlpeKro pa3lrpbcKltaHe crrHa-!a [direct sero quence(DS) spreadspectrurn] Lttrara [perocraBtHaleHra or 5 MHz, r.e. ulta no ciHa Hoceua qecTola3a Bcll,llillDa3,lerciltl Ko.lKarla,lu. 3a CDMA e Mrrofo BaxHo c$exTrBlroro t)?p4zleuue Hq .\touluocnm.t ttct u3' ft ua 3a :tbyee e. To e Heo6xo,u{Mo rrit\rlt:tcrlre rrureprlrcperrurl B u{creMaran e rr nocoKlr(Harope cBr,p3aHo cl,ulxocrra na DS-CDMA. Toga saxlt u 3a.qBere cl,c rra,{o.ry)Ha npelaBar{ero. [pera,]er crnla.t ce orpa3tBaB pa3rrqHlire RAKE npue.wutx. Oprrrttna-:tttttrr lloc:tcr'lgurr npxeMa HtKoJlKoKorlllt Ha npenrTcTBHt IIo ltl,Tg KbNl npxerlrrruKa. Te opnfrHa.rlHltr cfitltar c pa3-rr[.rHo]aNbclieHllc. ttorar,la 6b'lar llpueTllc raKa ot npuei\,lHr.K RAKE (rye6,ro).floc,te.qsllxrc l{anpaBc}l Koperaropl{, HapeqeHqq Hapet{eHx tr,6n ua lpe6,roro. BceKxor Koxro npleNta no c.qrH ct{fua,r.BcuqKt'I Ho :l5rr o6pa6ornar ctrrHalla clr c ejluu rr cr,ul fio.'l (l3loJ3BaH or npe,taBareng), 3albpxaHe Br,BllpgN're'r'o. cbc c'r,oTBeTloTo 23.4.2. CoQn (.vex) xenioazp XeH.qosbp'brnpr CDMA e NlHoropa3-ruyel or xeH,foBbpanpu TDMA Koraro e B cbclorHr'ie Ha iaKa Hapcqetifit .vex xuiormp SHO (Soft Henrlovcrl a6oe HarH rr repNl[Han uE (User Equipmcnt,cnope:. UMTS craH,napra) cB6p3aH ($nr.23.3) KbNl roBeqe or c!ua 6agona cranqlr. (flplelloc.qHoBperreHrro v|v'cNodc B tmset D' npe,'laBaTejlfiT 6a30BaracraHqur ryK lroclr c,l.paflrro'ro Ha 246

23.3.CoQr (rrcl.)xcrlaoBr'p <Drrr. c"ri Noa' ,/J nprcMo-ltPcaaBa'IIIa rcpMrlltalr; UE - a6oHarcn clalturq II{ RNC- Noulpo.lep 6a3oRara 6aloBara cTaHIlntl;

24'7

TeneKoMVH Xaqfi

d h K c M p a H h , M o 6 t 1 n H t 1f i l P

f'asa 2J Ix'4PoKoneHTos

23.1.3- CrnpyKnrypuus UMTS Hail-Kpa.r'Koro Ha rra reor.rHupaHe crpyKrypa'ra UMTS e rro;xe6u cncJHoro: "narcreH WCDMA Br,3.qyrlerr uareprlrciic, rolr6lr lpan c oloplra Mpexa GSM + r\rpexrreo'r'BroponoKo"[eHue, CPRS'. Oorc}reslrero ToBae, qe Mcx(Ay 3a GSM e rexno-rolrr. Te3x. Ko ro craHAap rr.r3rlpar :Haqr,.rerexHr-tlraii-rt3nojl3BaHa'r'a 3G rT clarrlapT cc Etre.lpttsa no-tecHo,aKoce 3al4lTtT rHBecTr'rulruTe. rralpaBelrIl 3a 2G c'r'aH,rap'ra. pa3Bhran IMT 2000, Mpexa'ra ce Ka:anoro lro/lxoxAarr ra Kofluenrlnt'ra Aa qacru: onop|a rrpexa lr Nrpcxa3a 'locnn. pa'ljle-rllr rra.tBe loqHo jlcQrrHrpaHlt I,I.tcr-rae. rre pa3jllllrru pear'rr3aurrrr \tpexara 3a :toc-rtr lrorar ,qace cB-bp3Bar rra c pa3Jrr(rHx peilJrr3rurrr Ha ofiopHara rrpexa CN (Core Network). E.4HoBaxHo ri3lrcKBaHe topnoro e, llBere crpaHttAa orroBaprr na rara uapereur.rl ll3a /4 nteprlrcilcIrexily rrx, Koero rue ce Brriltr]\ra-rKo rro-Kr,crro. 3GPP cncrrnQHrtupaKaro rrpexa 3a:tocrl,r UTRAN (UMTS Terresn'ial Radio Acccss Nerlrrl), r'.e. Nrpexac lla3er\{lo-pa.qro loclbn,qo UMTS, a Karo CN cr,orBe GSM/GPRS(dsr'. 23.4). lHo

<Dur.23.5. E,!eneHrl l| xxrepoeic rraUMTS upcxara

: Uu
fiHrepQeiic

I In
rHrepOeiic

23.4.1. UTMN fpaHauure sa UTRAN ca Iu nrrepQefic KlM onopHara rlpexa H Uu unrepqe rfciic rr,lr a6olarHnTe cropLxeHrlq. O6r,pnere BHuMaHUe, Iur rHTep$eiic'br,aaBartlBpl3KaN{e)nqy KorrlponepaRNC, e rorxtlecKfi (HTepQeiicr'IHe e 3a.qT'Jl)ruraBa rerHo,4a Hna rp.rxa $r:luecxa npr:ra. I'IHave Node B u RNC s ro,lqMa creneH rrorpraar $yrrr<uulrre.cr,orBcrHoHa BTS rt BSC npu GSM (pa:6upa ce B ycjloBtltra na CDMA). Taxa uarprlrep, RNC orroaap.r:a SHO u:a cparuure,rHocJloxHoro yrpaBneHnelra MoulHocrra a npe.4aBarje. ,{pyra oco6enocr e n3ror3BaHeroHa Iur NodeB ua pa:rurrrepQefica ynpaBneHueHa SHO, Koraro npuevo-npe.qaBare,ru 3a c -:ruqHH RNC ca aHraxfipafl . ynpaB,'lcfiueroHa Bpb3Kara KoflKperHljsUE rpr6aa ta craBa caMo oT e,quHrr RNC. KovyrruxaqnrTa r\rcx,qyRNC,:a qe.rra Ha yflpaBjrcll ero r oco6eHo,axo ropaarr aBuxeHuero rra UE, TproBaaa craHe npeMecrBaHe (relocationa UMTS craulapra) lreruy RNC, crasa no Iur. Taxa ra:u BbTpeuHa UTRAN $ynruur ce octrlecrBrBa 6e: aa ce asra3a xripar rleHTpanrrelr uHrepOet:caK]Ni rtx. 23,4.5. @uxcupan 6etluueu docm'un3G

Orrr. 23.4.CrpyKrypaEa UMTS pa3Brrrxcro GSM xr,lr 2.5G u lo6asrHero rra erelreuTare E"raroJapeHrre Ha raKerHaraKoMyraurrrB onopHaraupcxa, npcxo.rtbr 3a xrll 3G (o vacna CN) e
ivllrOl'O lllaBeli.

C UTRAN ce nocrura no-BrlcoKa cropocr lra noc'rbrra, lps6ga,qace or6eno rexrl, qc pa3rxxara rre;xry UMTS rr 2.5GSM He e 3alueMerrBauta Dlerlna roqxa or Ha a6onara.GSM c scr.rxu 2.5G ocr,lpelrcrrroaHlrr. ri3noJr3BaHe BcuqKlre npu Ha oceNlBpeMerrH'r'epBiurac/'uraqecrol'a, i,roxe aa roc ltfHe cxopocr' 6,rr:ra 1o 200 Ha Kb/s. UTRAN i\,rpe)Kara, !a rraAxBbpJlu 3a ra:n cropocr,.rpr6Ba Ia [3[o,t3Ba lorrrri rteiur pecypc Ha e:'lHa 6aloBa crarrqrrr 3a egun a6oHar. Ho aoxaro GSM x,rerxara rrra x Jpyrl qecroru. UTRAN KjrerKa.r'a caMoeAHa l\ta Hoceua (B nocoKalla.qoJry). floLro*ceguero e ronKoBaJrotuo,noliexe tarerrutrr pexlrM cbc crarucruqecKoro rrc ryr rxnrcKcrpaucylJ.l lrraa Mlror ro6pc rparflxu o r arrrtn. Ll o Ha Qur. 23.5 ca [o(a3aH,.r e.qe]retrrrrc tHreprfeiicnre Ha UMTS Nrpexara, u cl,r-racHo o3uaqcrl.irranptrcrl B crar{:uprc. Ha crclrara e roKa3ala Mpexara 3a ce rocl-r,r rr sa GSM (BSS),3a 71a B[.ilrr r]pl,gxure. Ol ra:asolo rro-rope u or Qu,te ryp 'fa ce BLI)K,,lit. qacTTaCN e raro npu GSM/CPRS.

Kaxro xa:axne, cbrracHo KoHuenuurrana IMT 2000, qacrra 3a,{ocll'n Mocran,qapxc aa ce rpeaJrara c pa3,ttrqHurexuolrorlilr. B UMTS, 3acera uMa e.qHa 'r'lr3r.{paHa - UTRAN. B npoqec Ha cneuuQuxauur e Bropu craHAapr, rexuolrorur Bapeset .vpqrca 3a aupoKolteunloBpaduo docmt'n BRAN (Broadband Radio Ac' cess Nefirork). Toaa e loxaraso na $ur. 23.6, K.b,qcro (AccessPoint) e mo\Ka AP 249

248

- 6l,|xc!|paH!|, Mo6nftinl.|lP Te|eaoMvHrKaut,||4

Mo6rrlHt4 Mpex[. ynpaareHre.., fraaa 2t llhpoKone8ToBu

lu flnrepoefic OIrr, 23.6.Ao6aBrHeHa BTopairpexa 3a aocrbrr B UMTS

3q docmbn,v APC (AP Controlle r) e KoHmponepbm, BRAN e cneqnrpnqspxsa or ETSI noA t1Mero HiperLAN2 H Moxe .4anoA,qapxa cKopocr 3a aooHaTa ao 30 Mb/s. HiperLAN2 arnot3Ba HenHueH3xpaHut paB .[HOC[eKrrp 5 GHz neHmTa. O6$[e.raBanoxprtrneo.r 30 ao 50 Merpa B rIoMeulb Hr.re Ao 150-200 Msrpa Ha H orKprro. TunllqHo np]noxeHue Ha HiperLAN2 e crrpsBaHeTO narron c 6e3)|orqeH Ha voaev (gx. c'b[Io r. 20.4).

I4urcp$eperuur

KrerKac rorrM

Otlr. 23.7.B3arMtlo B!'rltt$[e Met(ayrp80xuure tlpe3nltrepQepeflqttflraupn WCDMA B KJrerKttre

HAMOEUnHUTE HA B 23.5.ynPABnEHUE TPAOI,KA PAAI4OI,IHTEPOEICA MPEXI4

ua B Hacroruara roqKa ce pa3rretqqar rexHIrKI.tHa ynpaBJIeHI{e rpaQura lt KonTolxupoKo ce m[or3BaT I,lB GSM, r'Ia UMTS. Ha paAuopecypcl'Ire, npl. Bb3nTpaQux om xendoetp. llua cluecrges nclD(oJtorItqecKr eJIeMeHT pHeMaHe a6oHarnre Ha rpaonqHnre sary6n npn xeHloBap. A6ouanne nporoT Ha BtBar rtpnHMocr KbM oTI(a3BaHe o6cnyxBaHe (3aero), flopa,qHHe,{ocrhr Ha Muoro no-ocrpo pearvpar, pecypcr,r Mpexara, Koraro rrpaBtTHoBonoBI.IKBaHe. Ha Koram Beqe H3rpa,ueHaBpa3Ka ce pa3na,4He,HanpnMep nopaal{ xeHloBbp H Heaocrur Ha pecypc B HoBara rurerra. Toga saxl,t KaICro3a reneQoHHt, TaKa x 3a npn ctptlnpaue a llnrepuer). Ha npeAaBarrero AaHH (HalpraMep o6cryxBaHero Ha rpa(DI'IKaor A6onaure B63np[eMar Karo 3a,qoBoJlfiTeJrno xeHAoBbp, roraro TpaQxuaure 3ary6H npH Hero ca or l0 ao 100 nlrH rIo-MaJIKH

23.4.6. Ilpoexmupane Ha taupoKoJteumosa pexna Ilpoerrnpauero Ha3G WCDMA Mpexar{MaB MHoroorHo enu.ro6qu neHa ua c flpoeKrr{paHero GSM Mpexa(r. 22.8), vo nua n cruecraenn paulrri IIpn 3G WCDMA Mpexara HrMa no3HaroroqecrorHo nJraHr{paHe KJracrBpu, c qecrora. nosexe ncnqxx6a:ooncranqnnpa6orrr HaeAHa npocro u roqHoAa ce .{pyrara pa:nuxae, qe npli GSM voxe cpaBHnreJrHo uaxcr.ruanurr rpaQn,reu KanarluTerHa rtnerrara. tlpn WCDMA rrlarQuxcnpa cnMaJrHrrrr Kanaqr.netHe ce orpanr.rtraBa 6por ua pecypcure, rpopr,lnpaqlrraor Hilll r, a or r,rFrepQepeHrlnrra BbBBb3AyrxHrrr uurepQefic. Tara uoxe Aa cp (anaqrrTeT crcTeMaTa, MaKcHMarrHr,rrT Ha npeAn.{ace e cBGprugll aocTxrHe aocTa (a[arlxTerbr Ha KaH:urHHTe (ogoBgre). O6r,pHerernncroptxeHnr (uanpnrraep uanue o6ave,ve e Br3MoxHo,{a ce rcIlo:raBarMgoro KaHaJrHn eneMeHTHAare[a B xrerra n,qa ce o6crgnxra ro,rru rpaQlrr B Her.aKoB cbceAHHTe x.nerxn rpaQnror e uHoro c,ra6(Qnr. 23.7). IIpu WCDMA pa:Mepbr HaKrrerKara e rfuncnpau n :arucn m rpar[r.lra. ne Ta IUrtTHogr.CneAonarenno napaMerbpa rpr6Ba .[a ce npoeKrflpar eIHoBABara peMeHHo. Aro r sgro.g KtrerKaHe crt-tra ttanaufiTer,Tofi He Moxe aa ce yBelIuql| qpe3Ao6aBtHe Hona na vecrora (raro npn GSM). Hafi-nepomno rptoBa Aace u1e Hosa KrerKa u HoB Node B. Ilopaan BarrMHaraHHrepoepeHu{r, napaAo6arlr Merplrre Ha cbceAHnreuerrn rp.r6na 3HaqnrenHo ce npoMeHrr, or Kogro Aa rpr6ra ga npouennM cneaBaxrure ctcerHlt HactceaHnrelcrsrKrr. Yge,tnqesuero rpa(bnqHr,rr Ha Karraqrrrer craBano-recHonpu fiepapxnqHa cTpyKrypaHaK,IerKrrTe, KorToce pa3nrexaaB cneaBarqaTa ToqKa.

na sary6n nonrpaQur. or rpaQuuunre qacr pe[reHr{t ,{ace3ana3u or pecypca K;Ierlone Ha e EAHo sr3r"{oNnt{Te or
ManKo npe,4H ce 3anltHl,l Pec)?cbT Ha KJrerKaTa 3a xeHAoBbpnoBnRBaHr.rr, aa (npu na.u<atpmne urranr npar) ce cnfipanpneManero HoBLr a Ha 3aJIBKx,cana pa6ora. HopMaJIHara rro.q npara ce Br3o6HoBtBa MO xeHloBrp. [Ipn cnaaaHe or ,{pyra arruoNuocr e "HacI.r,'Ic(Qnr. 23.8). rseHusr" xeH,qoBap A6oHar r or Qurypara, xofiro ce o6cnyxra or ue'n<a I e B 3oHaraHa l(,lernp[noKpHBaHe Mexly .4Bere Kn. 3a HaBJln3aru[r aooHary HrMa pecypc B KrsrKa I u a6oHaTr ce npexBbpnr KbM Krrerxa2, sa aa ce pecypc3a/. ocBo6onr Ktemxa-uadtp. Ha $ar. 23.9 ca noKa3aHH r.nerrn, noKpnBarqu 5 Otrr. 23.8."HactlacrBen" xeuoBr,P 251

250

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rep[ropr]r B GSM Mpexara.CrAaaeHa r{ uaTa TepITop[r e rroKpuTa oT KJreTKa_ qaAtp c Apyra rpyra qecrora (Ns 6), xe(Te3[qecToT[MO_ cGBna,qauH c aoltHhTe qegroraT aa ca, Hanpr.rMep, ocTaHaJlrfie rl,t or npoeKTr.rpaHero r. 22.8). B K.nerrara-va4rp rdoxe Aa 6rAe lBnotgBaHa noHeBTp[ cnyqar. - Axo s Hcror or AonHure KnerKn rrMa roxaJrHo npemBapBaHe, seo6qyxeHl,lrr rpa{DllKMoxe aa ce HacoqHKtM

b rnA BAg EMECETU qETB PTA qPE3 TErEKOMyHl4KAqt4l4 !PMPEX]4

24.1. lP l,l ]4HTEPHET Bcgxa xnnra aa I4nrepher nl nn IP rano,rnac ucropn.rra ua llurepuer. I,ft'ra(u nop]qaJrn nlarurn) BpeMe Cry.{eHa Bo[Ha. AuepnxaucrnreBoeHHH Jroe.4Ho HaaexaHa KoMyH[KaqnoHHa cracTeMar KorTo.qaH3HayqeHureaa nM HarrpaBrT (rorunorrpHu H TeJreKoaToMHx 6oM6x.V,reHure aspxa aopn, aKorralaTpycxr.r TaKaBa Mpexa,Korro rro-KBcHo cleqranncTn)HanpaBHJrH xopaTa MyHr..rKaur,roHBr4 Ho uaperru ARPANET. 3a uacrre, arounr 6ou6n He naaHaJru, or npa-npaARPANET ce poanr(a) Ilurepner :a xopara.B r.ru6a6ara(urlr npa-npa-.q.r4oro) r.rcropnr I4HrepHer, Hace Haft-BalKHo TepecHara Ha 3a 3aAaHnero BoeHHtre Ha or npear.r noBeqe no.tIoBHH KoeronoacKa3Ba or BeK, 3arroaHeruHlrrr I,IurepxernsrTaKa. Jrex.qa (IP). I4HrepecyBa cr'uo I,IHrepnere nocrpoeHa I4HrepHT c rrporoKona Hn Bt3MoxHocrra ce crpo.m,qpyrll 6a3 paHuMpexfi. IP aa Egna IP upeNa npeAcraBnrBacBbp3BaHe HrKoJrKo Ha nodnpetca (AS noaMpexara(Hafi-qecro LAN) cBbp3Ba repMnHajru, Autonomous ,t)'Jt?ms). KoMnro'rpri l cbpBbp(u). Egna no,aupexa ce cBbp3Ba apyrnre noaMpexn qpe3p)rc mep, rcoitropa6orn cnope.u npaBfirara,nocraHoBeHH IP. Bcsxo cboprxeHfie or qacr - c!uMaaapec.llpeQurcrr s a,u,peca onpeaenr noaMpexara,a ocraHa;rara opbxeHrnero.Pyrepnre nMar qacrnqeHnorJreA lruara Mpexa r HacorrBar Ha HHKbMcbcerHrnepyrepu Ha 6a:ara sa HaqarH[Te 6urone n a.apeca. Qopuaulura Tara crana xouyrauurra, Mynrururercnpanero crarlcrHt{ecKo e ntn aApecHo, c rareru, floctnra r.e, paHe. ce BtlcoracreneHHaMynrr,rnneKc nopa,4x xaparrepa rpaQr{Ka aaHHlr. xa or (MHoro flpe,Iaaace c Br.rcoKa cr(opocr3a KparKr HHTepBzLirr.r no-KparKn npoor Ha ce JrecHo na(eruHa atJDro.rreJrHocrm cecxrra). TpaQnrur or .qarHr.r noa{aBa pane(Hrlracrporr uopun u :a6as*rero). IP upeNaraocriryprBaB coKaHaAexlHocr, 6naroAapeH[e MnororoB3aHa pyrepxre n Hajll.Iqnero MHoro rrMHr,r BpB3KH MeX,4y Ha n'brr.lllla Mex.qy roqKr.r. aBe I4HrepHer caMo e eAHa Eb3MoxHa Mpexa,nocrpoeHa npororonaIP. I,Iscrnc Tyrllrfi KaToKoMnaHr.I{, a,[MItHncTpaT[BH]t BeaoMcTBa ap. HaBap3BaT ra cBoxTe Bcrperl-lHn r,rpexN,u:nor:tafiKn IP rexHororHrra, B ro:r.r uyuai roBoptr 3a lH(intranet, T.e.BrTpeuHaMpexa). I,IHrpaHerce cBbp3Ba mpaHem BGTpe (oHKperB Hara HHcrnryr1fi, Ho rrHaqepa6onr no caurut HaqnHKaro llHTepHsr. B npouec Ha cneq[Quraqn-s m ITU-T ca npenopr(fiTe 3a Mpexu or cJre.{Bauro noKoreHr,re NGN, xouro rraaxap HerBHo r,r Ka3aHo 6a3xpaT IP. ce Ha ua HaKparKo pa6orr,rr. Hap.IP peuclt^l KaK ,[o r<paa rnaaara Irle pa3rneaaMe ga HanpexsbpnnHe uuQopuaqnrra(r. 3.8),raro Hafi-qecro npfiMep I{3noJIHa trle gsaMe (n Hafi-ror.flMara nparrlr.ecrlr eAr.rasrBeHa o6qecrreHaMpexa,6a3acera) 3r.rpaHa IP pex[Ma - I4HTepHeT. Ha 253

- Pecypcrr xa Knerxara-qaArp uoxe Aa 6rAe pe3epBrrpaH o6c,'ryNaane :a ua g lrouenra HrMa rpaQHK, xofiro :a pecypcBAonHa xeHAoBr,p KnerKa; - K.nerrara-vagrp noNe Aa o6cryxsa 6rpso,qrnxeulnce a6osarra. Axo 6rp30 ABuxeu ce a6osar ce o6c,ryNna AolrHnre or xlerxu, roi Moxe aa nperbprllt
HeKOnKOKpaTHO XeHAOBrp.

frepapxuuua cmryKmypa. Cxevara or Qrr, 23.9 Moxe aa ce parrpoorpe Ha rroBeqe or ABe H[sa. Torasa roBopr,rM3a fiepapxnt t,r HanpaMep 3a MaKpor;rerrr, MrlKpoKJrerKH nurornerxr.r (rpxr. 23.10). u IlrKoxrgrrlfie ce r.BnoJBBarHai-,lecro B 3arBopeHufloMer-(eHnr(ne e sa.4cJtxt{TenHo), HanpnMep B rbpnoBcKn ueHTbp, o$hc-cfpaaa. frepapxuvnara cr?yr(rypa npu WCDMA nua oco6eHocrr.r. AKo ce H3noJBBar rpfi qecrort, no e.[Ha 3a 'TpHTeHr,rBa,nMa aBo MaKDoxnerKa fhrcoxlerxa npo6leva: - qecToTaTa Ha MaKpoKJreTrxre o6clyxoa MHoro nomalro rpaQux or qecrorara (pOKJreTKr4Te; Ha MU - xeHAoBEprT MeXIy Hr,rBaTa He Moxe Aa e SHO, a suHart{ ( V e TBApA. \ Btguoxno e Aa ce H3noJI3BaeaHa qecToTa3a rpnTe \-, ,/ '\ HHBau raKa ce nocrma nafi----/ HacoqeHa ,[o6po rpao[qHo )mJErHrBaMaKpoKnsTKa 3a He Ha paluocneKTbpa, Ho noKpxBaHe Ha arsHuraar npo6neMr.ror Ap).r ayro6an xapaKrep [KAA, KOR]. Onr. 23.10.ftepapxrc ua Krerrrre c 3 trta

ffi

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ffi

252

feneKoMvr'r KauHr - duKCl,paHh, Mo6n'tH!ax lP

24.2, t43nOn3BAH

nPOTOKOrll4 (pa3uupeHue Ha TCP/IP creKa or fnaBa 2)

n l'lurepuer o6nrnoBerro uapnqarcr,c cr,6upace n3noJr3BaHl,l flporoKoJrure, lloAcJlTCP/IP" (r. 2.3). Ha Qur. 24.1, Kotro e eIHo pa3uarrMe"cr'roecr re.qHoro peHxe Ha TCP/IP ruo,leJaor Qur.2.5, ca n36poenx ro,rtlla qacr or rlporoxo,n..rre He ua cJor rra yo,qeJla. ca u:6poexu e"leMeHTrre xanalnur r saHa rpITe fopHr'r 3[qecKrir c-]roii, Koxro rpa,qxuuoHHoce pa3r,rex,qar B KHllfH IIo npeaaBaHeHa (Bx. r{anpHMep rJ [FOR], tSTALl, ITANI). raHHr.r xoMrrnrl'pHu KoMyHuKarrux ca x [r,rH Te uMcrla Ha c'bKpaulettfitra(HaaHrnui:icKfi).B reKcra IIo,l{a,lcun Ha rlporoKonlt. HrKaKbB npcBoaHa uNlerlara pa3t-renaHfi're CnequalrrNrr r{zlrorl,K rporoKollll TCP, UDP RTP e Ho BrrrrNralue o6lpuaro lta "I(oNryHrxaur{oltlHTe" ( r N . c r , r r t o ' r2 . 3 ) . .
flpruo,lilrr

repMuH e xo' (h"P)' KOerO BCbUIycnyfara, or Kotro ce liy)t{Iae Apyr H3IlO.II3Bar (pyTepaJ' rrocT e al.lpcKTllaTa lIr,lHl'ltlMcxqly aBa Bb3eila nporoxoJllt Ha $nr,24.26 e lloKa3allo yeacrllero lla KoMyH[KalrhoHHI.lTe '1. Hap. MAC (Meditutt ACcess sublayer) aapec Ha R I B Xocr A B LAN A n:no,r:sa

ce aeKarlcyil[pa or LAN-a, :a .aa aocr[rHe ro trero B pyrepa Rl IP narerr'r (cnoii 2) ti raKa carlo MpexoBrltr fiaKer (cnoii 3) ,bpeiiua ua Katt&qHlltnporoxoJl KaHarH"ot xtu MpeNa I or $nrypara. Mpexa I uoNe 'Ia li3no'138a a" "uaou"o 'ro"*u-Ao-a,,.r*o" R2 [Iocneauutt, nax la 6a:ara na l'Lt(6e: MAC tlpoloxor) no x3rloJlpeca a lP xcitr'pa, r:6npa nocorara xTu R3 npe: Mpexa 2, xoqro Moxe aa (Halpuuep FR) R3 nplcua IP naxera' lpo',"u apyru'fe\tlo.jlor[q Ha rlpellactHe B'bl] Lr[Ta-qe e.la xocr B, qrfiro MAC a:tpec u LAN B ce :nae fi ro BKapBa (csor I ua xocl B) drneiiuaua LAN B, 3aelHoc MAC alpeotre

sNfrPl F.rPlltlmP I
TCP

DNSIIRTPIIRTCP
IJDP
IP. RJP. OSPF.BGP

l\4pexoBtl

Kaltan t lt u q)H3n.recKrr

Our. 24.1,Hsxon TCP/IP nporono,ru BCP - Border GatewayProtocol; 1)NS Domain Nam System; FTP - File Transfer Protocol; H?-fP - HyperText Transfer Protocol; /P - lnternet Protocol; OSPF- Open ShortestPath First Protocol; R1P- Routing Information Protocol; RfCP - RTP Control Protocol; RIP - Real-timeTransport Protocoll SMTP- Simple Nlail Transport Protocol; fCP - TransmissionControl Protocol; UDP - User Datagram Protocol 24,3. 8Pb3KA NPE314HTEPHET Ha r!ur. 24.2 e noKa3aHa rrpr{Jlepga Bp'b3xa ille4ny.{Ba aboHara fi,,'ru ABaxocTa, xaKToce Ka3Ba TCP/IP. Xocntu clt c Kol\trx)Tbp, lta KoiiTo ce u3[.b]rHtBar B npofpaMxlc na a6onara(nporpaMuor npxnoxttlir c:toii),:a aa no,lyva a6orraTrr 254

6) Orr' 24.2.BPr,:xa o 14nrepner R - PYreP;H.4'HB - xocr A' B Xoct B ttpoulra B noJlero "HAeHrltQrt<awt rla uporoxo:ra" Ha IP xe.qbpa TCP unn UDP Axo ce tr:nor:sa TCP rpt6Ba na ce e pa36 pa !.aJl!ri. ".no.o.uu or n3rpaarna BupryanHaBpb3Ka xocr ao xocr. TCP llMa rpflxara aa flo'{pexJa x Ha xcKa roBropHo npeaaBaHe llaKernre (axo rpr6oa). Holtepr'r na nopra n TCP *",,1upuo,',pi4"n" or roil npoqec (npu,roxelue) e cr,o6ureHnero'Hne 6rlxue xaga[oua, [pexBbpJltHe ua Qaii'r u reneyc:lyra ce orHaot - ereKTpoHHa .qtr 3a KaKBa r.s. Aro e VotP qe ce fi3noj]3BaUDP, sN{ecroTCP u Hrua Aa tIMa BnpryanHa 8pb3Ka.

255

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1244424]q4lrsqv!! {4c{r .ra Bepcxr Ha l4HrepHerfiporoKoJla lPv6 e cnerlroxltHpauaor IETF o]Ile npelu B ra lol ur [GOS]. lto llc c rtaBr'l!3.qilfllaKlxKara lJL'cc c oqaKBa-lo to.irH l0 ItpH npexo,rlaor IPv4 xr'n IPv6, n,ii xaro l4rtrepHel (roraea) ece rrrra lpo6rrein oule He e Ko\repclIaIll3]'ipaH. [Ir,paac rpyn! npo6-'tevu. Blnexltarrc'roHa [Pv6 cc c6JrLcKBaIBe pa3nuqHg c IPv6 Kol'tyllxKallrra Mex.llyr'l8ar no8eqeIPv6 ocrpona,l.}o,rllta e cDl,p3arra Mexly cDeraHa IPv4 c paru l lPv4 Mopcro.BToparac cut,p3aHa l(oMyllr'IKatlfltra cBrr sa lPv6. Oqarna ce.qo KpaqHa Hacrotuloro aeceu,rerue IPv6 aa u HoBrr! l'IerocH lano,IHcpalll pocrpaHeH xclrr,pbrIIa IPv6. Toit e c rflxcupaua lr,-'txllsa or 40 Ha rfur. 24.4 e noKa:]ar H a;lpccr c 4 n-brn flo-t oJlt\ta !'bjtxutta. oKTera
4 oKTcra

24.4. I/lHTEPHETNPOTOKO'I IP adpecupatrc.3a!a r:nr,.qHrna cBorra rraBHa 3alaqa no Mapupyrtr3arllrrTa na(ern (IeiTafparttr), IP pa6oru c r-qo5a.larre a,apecr Ha xocroBeHa or.rlerHr{Te .te It pyrcprrre. fro6a,rHure l4ttreptter aapecl uexayHapolHo ce pa3aaBar oT Hu(top.ttct4ttouert 4eHmbpte.uporc(tme NIC (.NenvorkInfomwtiort Center).Bcexn IP xocr r.rn[ pyrep xMa yHuKarIeH alpcc c Qnxcrpaua flr,,rxrsa or 4 oxrera, I,Iua (Qlrr. 24.3). K,racA ca 3a uaii-roreurre Mpexu, a KnacC llrxoilKo xraca a;1pecll NIC.qaea loMcpa ria Mpexara, a NrpexoBl.nr anMxr.rxcrparop 3a Hai1-Nranxure. Ha ltoi\repa xocTa. ,|aKa rapeqerrara \elnqbpnn IP xed'ap. Axec ce fi3lro"q3Ba eepcux (lPv4) ua qac.r Ha fiaxera. 46,'lxr]tara Ha IP xear,pa e o.r 5 .4o 15 onrcra. 3arr'laBuara !r,,1oxlera (r'.e.= 6:l K orrera). Ha nparraxa,lr,Llxr,rHara xurrara rra raKsra e ,qo216 e ro-Ma,rKa. l\rHoro Ar,rrrre,qeilrarpaul ce pa:6rnar ol IP cro, Ha rro-KpaTKu cerMerirH or no 1500 orrera. floc.reqrto'Lortuciro e or pa3Mepa no,Tcro3a.[aHHIjB Ha LAN (Etherne| OpefiMa,a LAN loqrn BxHarx yqacrBa ur,BBpr,3xara.TaKa Moxe ra ce Kaxe, qe rrnnqnara IP leiiralpaua e or nopr,lb(a la 1500orrera.
Krac Ha I rrrrrrrrrrrrrrrr eapcca 4 okrera

24 32 u ,t ' t t ' t , ' ' o t t t , t , t ' * ' ' t ' t t t t t ' t t u t ' , , , , I ' , ' I , , ' ' , , , I I , ' lt,t,t,t,t,
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Source address(Axpec Ia Iorarcjre)

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<Drrr.24.3. (IPv4) Ooprrar HaIP axpcca Ocseu ,qnala arpeca (rtorate,q x nony']are,r) rle cnoMeHeMu nore-to apeve da )rcueee(tinrc-to-live). To npclna:ta rraKeraor 6e:xpaiiuo uxpKyJruparre, HanprjMeprropaAr HeflpaBHneH saluc g ra6,tul]nre 3a MapIIlpyr[3au[,r B HrKoii p]"rep. Axo ce u:no,t:na xaro raiiuep I cc or6po-rrar ceryn,llltre B ToBarlort, NtaKcrMaJlHrtr xr.lBor rra naxera e 255 s. flo.lero ce H3[on3Ba no-qecro 3a or6porBaHero (tralra,rrraue c l) ua acexn ,{or, no Koiiro MrrHaBa naxe.rbr. ,{pyro laxuo :a roMyHnxaqlflTelrore e npomoKoitbnl. 3arttcrr B HeroonpeaenrrpaHcnoprHlrr{ ttpor o x o , rn e 6 : a T C P r l 7 : a U D P . 1Pr,6. Cpanttre-,rHo orAaBIIaca xoHcrarrpaJ'Il.t Mlrofo Henocrafl,uu na IPv4, l\Iexxy KorlTo'fpxTe f,qaBH ca: l\railxoanpcclo npocl.paucuo, c,'ra6a:auluta cpeuy noccra'rercrBo rpotllaBolpcrxpale Ha u3c)xporrnHr li rpa4uK (pe,i).HoBa-

Xe:trPra IPv6 Onr, 24.4. x3ucxllaHrtra K'LII IIaKcla 3a 3aKbcllosteto npuopument (ltrioritt') noKa3Ba c 3a Ilo-crpoflt Hopl[r. Cror"rnocrr or 0,1o 7 e :a ueHue. flo-grrcoxara crol:ir{ocr (HanpxN{ep 4 rpenopl,qRar 3a FfP), a or 8 ;to l5 :a pe,{H su,]co. naHHH fToicro emurem HcrnonroKa(flot label) e 3a ynpaBnerr[e na rtKorro eaHoBx tla peMeHHxtlo tOKaOTnaKeT[ MC)I(/'ly xOCTa 3a IaBaHeIIpxOpl'ITeT H3OXpOHABa HrI' rpad)xK, KaToce d)xKcHpaB pyrepure llrxar(Ba KoHcraHrHa ncHTa3a [3OXpOHeH TpaoxK rranpr'rMep,

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na pa3lnnpexne Quxcnpaualloneto ctedeat4xedbp @en header) [o3BoJrtBa KakbBe rpaHcnoPTH[tr npoTa arnxnHa. AKo HrMapa3lxnpeHleryK ce yKa3Ba roKoll (TCP rnn UDP). (hop limit) e Karo noJlsroepeueda rcaeee lloneto ozpauuteuueHaxonoaeme 3a rt{Hrll npu IPv4. Tyx mua BeqenpoBepKLI rperuKu,nopaft{ Ilo-oe3lnyMHrrre nporoKon. rt gnec.Aro rpr6sa npoBepra, ce npaB[ B Kpat HarpaHcfloprHlrs na LlznonseaNe mynenu uo6ueu IP, ToBaca aBepa3tLqHu, Ho B3aHMo3aBnnbpBoro. Moxe aa uua pa:n[qH[ npuqnlr14 H3not3Ba cnun pa6onr,KaroBToporo or a,qpecHa Mapupyrr.Baqutra Aa craBa c aApec,KoiiTo e piBnHqeH I'IcrHHcKHt BbB o6uecrseu I'lnrepner 3a Bp63KI't BIrpF xocra. Hanprvep, roraro H3noJBBaMe qacrHaMpexa (VPN), HHeMoxeMaa HcKaMe e cnpr'tra.{pecaHaxocra B Aa TyaJrHa myuet (tunnelIP naKera,m cro6paxennr 3a cllrypHocr. 3a uema ce I|3IIoJI3Ba ing), rpn roBa ce HHrarrcyJltrpa aaaeHIP narer s .apyr IP narer. Ilellt,ttr nspBn narcer(xe.ErpnnrocAaHHI) ce urut[pona.A,{pectr ata aropltt naKere HapyrcpaMpexa. H ulros vex,4y o6uecrBeHara tlacrHara Mo6uaHn-flrIP e cneuuQuqupauor IETF upeaM1P (Mobile IP) IDIX]. Ty& naK 3a aa ce peiut3rrpa poyMr.rHr, ce usno[3Barynel, Clea [HKancynupaHero, MapupyrBarlHrra c ocruecrBrBa c BbHlIlHHtxeatp, rofito HocI{ a,[peca Ha Opurnna;rxur IP naKerce aeMpexara, Kbaem ce nauupa a6ouarrr l MoMeHTa. Ha KancyJrnpa urJrro3a nocereHaraupeNa, noftro 3Haentrt go rrpcexur a6oor
HAT-IIOCETNTEJI.

24.5. PyTEP- KOMyTAqI4RH MAPIXPyTl,l3Aqllt Pyreprr urnurnroa aBarl,Ina3aaailn: - npexBtpnrHeHanarcrl (aefirarpaMll) or aaaeHBxoaKbM,qa,4eH H3xoa,raro pyrpbr u:6npa uaxo.{a (xona), na 6a:ara sa aApecaB naKera n 3anl{c[Te B ra6nrqnre na pSrrepa; - ynpaBneHl{e 3anl{ct{Te, Koaro aa cTaBa ropHoro npexBlpJltHe. Ha c Ilrpamo ce uapnvako ymaqut, qB:roporo mapapymrcaqun. s KoMymuur, KaKro on caHa r, 13.5.2, e Kolrl[aungra e sua naKerHa "t-|cro. Mapupyrrcaqrrra a IP 6arnpauure Mpexu e orAetHa, cnelrHanHa (rx. xanpnueptCOMl, tGOSl, [IANJ prr", na xorm ca nocBerenlr MHoro KHHrH I.tnlreparypara noco.reHa raM). LIMa aBa maBnu rfina nporoKonlr :a IP uapupyruanpaHe: BbrpeurHo aporoxoJltT AeIcrBa B o6lacrnn u gtuuno-o6nacrHr.r.Paen.trara e B ToBa.qaJIIr eAHanoAMpexa(mrl Karco r HapexoxMe aBmHoMHa cncreua AS) urflr nssbu ner. B egnaAS ce v3 orBRa sbmpeuHo-uun3oanpomoKon IGP (Inteior Gatewo! Protocol) x o6uxnoseHoce np[nara or e,[uHoneparop.Mex.qf ase AS ce rlsnorsuaabHutHo-uuto3oe npomorot EGP (hcteriar GatewayProtocol). E4nn or nrprnre IGP nporoKonne RIP (rfnr.24.1)- Pyreprr, pa6oreq c R/P (Routing Information Protocol - npomoKoJt, pa6omeul c unQopna4un3a apa' pymusa4unma)pi!:lflprcr(Bacroouenle 3a onpecHrBaHe Map[pyrn3aulttra Ha Ha acern 30 s, Koero sbatpxa IP a.{pecrrrH pa3crornuero (6pofi xonoae) go ctm-

BerHlrreMpexu. Bcl'txx pyrepu, pa6orefixx c RIP, na 6asaraxa ragn nnQopuaqt,tr,onpecHrBar rabruqure cn. ,{pyr IGP nporoKon, rolto e s crcrorHr.re .q11HaonpecHrBanHQopMarlxrra3a Mapup)nrtaqlrr, e OSPF (Open Shortest MrqHo Aa Path First - omsopunbp6ouai-xacun ntm), Pyrepwe o6ueurr uuQopuaqtr :a Ha TonoJrortt LI 3a cbcTocHueTo tnHr.IuTe ctc cbceafiTeclt H H3noJI3IrpexoBaTa rtr,r.qononyqareJrr. roga, ra ,ra rn6eparrafi-ao6prr (Hafi-Kl'o-tx) sar qe Ha O6rpHere BHnMaHr.re, ,46JrxuHara nrr{ Hee 3albJrxr,rrenHo e pancrG. Ia (:arrcnenne) gp. 3a Ha a uoxe.4ae 6pofixoloBe,BpeMe npeHacrHe rraKera .rHxe, a BGP (Border GatewayProtocol - npomoKotr epaHu\euur.tns\ e EGP npoHa nbrurr(ara H Ka3Ba cbceArre cr.tKot,tnrHa roror. IIpn BGP pyreprr r{3r{HcrrBa HanpaB[eHle. Tr.rtrta [3no[3Ba KhMAaAeHo Ctcegure na6npat cronre nrrnqa, xnrfopruaun.r. Hanpxuep,aKopyrep X rbpcli nbr Ao r:nor:safiru norryqeHara qe crbnKa rr,u upexa Z, upexa Z, a cr,ceArr My y e Ka3an, rcnon:sa X ga BTopa p1"rep, ue I. ro pyrep Xneve :xae, ve rpr6aa ga utrroJrBa cbceaeu a Apyr pyrepurece ll3rroJBBaJrH cnrp:aar Hrxonro LAN-a. C pa:anruH.nxora 3aAa H ero ua IP MpexHTeno roJreMHHa c;roxHocr ca ce orrpor{nfi vemupu HueeB MpexoBarafiepapxw [GOS]: rcxanua Mpeira, .Mpet$a docmun,uempo npecrca 3a u onopua (core utu backbone) npectca. H.nrorapyreprre ca 6u:rnyHunepca.nH[ rlHn,3ape.qeHn Mar c paunveH corpTyep(cnopeA Hyx.qure Qyurqnnre).Ilpes 90-re ro,qnulr 3anoqHrurri 3aMeu ca aa pyrepu c xapayepHo n.rr coQryepHo 6asnpaHnre 6a3[paHr.r. pearnupaH[re pyrepn Hapa3JruqHnre Xap.uyepHo rrpon3Boanrernce palrrr.rqaBar,{ocra s Acrafirrrre,Ho r{MarMHoroo6qo a ocuorunre npnnuunr. Tara qacrfi 3anpexBbpnrHe naxernre(xotrryraqn'ra)n3a o6[xHoseHo MaorAeJrHr.r Ha o6pa6orra Ha Map[pyrr.rre (Mapupyrrcaunrra). fraBHara rrpnqlHa 3a roBa AereHe e, qe pyreptr rp.n6aa KoMyrxpa KoJr(oro Moxe rroBeqe ce naKerrl,Koero aa ce nocTurac KoHKpeIHo rrpoeKrHpaH c[eulanH3HpaH npoqecopIlpoqecoprr:a Mapupyrn3aur orroBapr3anoAAlpxaHero rrpomxoJlnre Ha MapupyrmauH.tr, 3a rarro n :a rs6op na rafi-go6lp nrr. I,bucrsaHmra Kbrtrcropocr:ra ua o6pa6orKaHaMapupyrHr.unpoqecopca c noprArrln no-MrurKror resr.r Ha(oMyraqlroHHur npoqecop. Iloc,reannrecnoMeHarr.r He[Ia B HacrorlqararoqKa ca MHorocrruecrBeHr,r. Hlrora rournrrplrnTe c equaJrrcrr.r MHoroce ropreexa, ve llHrepnet xe e fiepapxlrqHa Mpexa Il c HpoHr,r.r flreAaxaHa 3aKocreHenHTe re:reQoxunupexr c MHoroHHBa fiepapxnr.Tosa 6erneraKa,.loKarollurepuer xe ce pa:an. IIoHa rope npe6ponxue vernpu nnnar llxrepNer. He no-pa3rHqHo 6eureorHoltrenllqrc HaKOMnTOTbpHHTe cbc CneqlalncTr.r TeaeKoMyHrrKarIHoHH[Te rrbJrHI4 KbM Mpexn, (oco6eHog rou)nauurra). Tona npo4urxr.r aoKaro pycneuu:rnu3npaH xap4yep TepHTe ce pa3Buxa He n .locrarT,ttHo HeAocrrrHaxa nuuura ua cropocrta ua cotp[peanarar pa:noo6pasnnxapryepno 6arnpaxure. .(uec vuoro npor.r3BoAurenn peaJln3HpaHr.r MorqHn MaunHri3a pyrepn B IP Mpex[Te (rx, uaupnuep ,ayepHo cr.r [GOS], a or WWW re 3aclnBar c nperuroxeHnr).LlsrnexAa BcHqKo l,rlBa Ha Mtcroro H He3a n6prn nrr norropHo "ce orxp[Ba Kofienoro".

258

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qpe3 lP Mpexlr frasa 24 TeneKoMvHoKauu!,r

24.6.nPOTOKOnU TpAHCnOpTHUf, OT Cnoil

KaKro e [oKa3aHo ra Q:/tr.24.26 [poroKoj]]rre HaA MpcxoBr.r,cnoit pa6oTrT or xpari ao xpafi, lnere B.r,3l\toxHocrx ca: TCp:a rra.qcxrHu Bpb3KoBl CO-PS xoltyHfiKarllll n UDP ra 6e.rspr,:xonu CLpS xolryHnxaqaxc aeiiTarpaMri. Koi o; lpotoKoJrHTeule 6'b!e n36paH3aBl{crr rlptrJroxHl.tt[poroKoJl Ha.q.rtx, IlJIr.t or ;1Ha_ qe Ka3aHo or rereKoMyrJHKaurroHHara ycryra (BX. crulo.t, 2.3 H 2.+), Po,rrra Ha TCP e ga rapaHTllpaHa1exlHara AocraBga Ha AaHHgre 3a [p,n_ r'roxHHre npol-paMu, Bt,BexJlaiiKrr pe! B rrcHaAexlHar.aCLpS ycnyra Ha Ip no jloclaRKa rra raxerfiTc. TCP e CO-PS ycJtyra, Korro 3anoqBac r.t3rpaxAaHe Ha Buprya,tHarBy[ocoqla Bpb3Ka]!lex,ay aBere npunoxeHrrr. floc,,reaoBare,qHocrra lra traKerrire rapaHrrjpatra Hlua:ary6rr. TCp opratrl:rrpanoBTopHo e u npeAaBaHe rra rraKer[Te (rIpx rpeux ) u perylrxpa cKopocrra Ha lpeAaBaHe(rlpu fiperoBapnaue). I-lo TCP HeIaBa raparrulzrl3a 3aKbcfleHarraHa rra(el.flre. Xe,tr,pr,r ua TCP nporoxola 3arroqBac ABe rro;rera, lrapeqeu{ c.r,orBerno "llopl ra no.qare,rl" I " opr na lo,ryvare,rn". C rlolrepara *,a nopruo"r" rrpx Bi,p3rraHero rer'lcycnyrnre lnpxnoxeHurra) Ifl,M TCp Hr,lx hHaqe "ra"u Ha Ka3aHo yyirrrlrreKcapaHero tta TCP, a orrar{ I a rl ,+r4rra. flpnuep Ha ra:ano.lo e AaAeH Ha Out . 24,5. Talr xocr X o6lleu.r$aiUroee a4roupa"anno c xocr I I xocr Z (cr_ orBeTHortpc3 rrpoqecrrTc FTPI a FTP2). Iocregurne ce oTrflqaBar or HTTp no HoMepa nopra. [P narerurc, Hoceutu,rlaHHu FTpl, ct,tr,pNar Ip attpecrre Ha rra na xocrore X u Y:a uapupyrll:xpaHe npe3 Hurepler, jloKaTo,4pyrxre Hoc.ar Ip ag_ pecureuaXuZ.

UDP e a,rrepHaruacu ua TCP tpallcnopreH rlporoKon, KoiTo ce [3no,'I3Bao1 a RTP (Real:fine lrqnsPort Protocol - npomoKon3a mPaHcnoPm pecuuo epeue) rpallcfiopr c MIlHuMaJllla tl (pe'I, Buaeo).UDP Itpetutara ia x3oxpoHrrrre"teycJryt o6Da6orxaIla raKerure. Hllta roperultt lta lpelrlKtre. He ce u:rpaxaa ap'u:xa \rexay aBara xocra. Tosa c CLPS nporoKo,r. Iloaarelar tlpocro x3npaur Ieiiraftle B ltaM!IKr,MnorygaTerq.llo nrlta rapaHqur, [a(erHTe uc IIpltcrfifHaT cl>lllHt qe Bcn.IKIttlle np,tcrflrHar. UDP xe4r'plr I MHol-oK'LC pei1 rrltTo.r(opul'apa]rqxr, (6ur.24.6).
-l orlcra

2.1 -12 16 8 o,' tl t, t, t,*,',u,t, tl t,t, t, t,',u, t, t t,t l' ,t,t, ,t',t,tl ,t,o,t, | ,t, I '

Sourceport (llopr lra no,lir,|e,rrt) Length(A!nxxHa)

Dcstinution port fnopr HJ no,ry'rare,rtl (Korrrpo:trta cylta) Checksurn

Data(!aflHu)

xerLp ra UDP Orr. 2,1.6. llpoocprara 3a rpeuKl itpe3 xorlTpojrraracyMa ce npaeu 3a IreJrHtlraKer' (xeaTp + aarrul). flpu orKprrBaleHa rpcurxa, rarer'r,'r cc x3xBlpJtt 6e: ra ce npeanpHeva HrKar(Bo apyro,4etcTBHe.

CtIOR OT 24.7. nPOTOKOnU nPnrOXHl4f,

C pauuvrtnre rporoxorfi or npt:loxHllt c,'roii. Kn[cHT'br nonyrraBapa3ll]'ttlH, lrurc'r'e,teyc,'ryf SMTP (Sintple Mail Tronsport ProtocoL - o1uKHose npomoKol 3ct tnpquc' IIoHexe c Hero ce peanu3lpa ttopnt tru ttottyu)e eAltH ot illHoro u3rloJ'r3aalrltre, fiorua (E-nrail). er.reKrporrHara 3a F'?'P(l-ile Transfer Protocol - npontoKo.tt npex$bpntlte Ha Qaitoee) e Norpa(pHqHlrt BceKH 1'T, Koraro lt3ItoJI3BaMe xe 6u e/:lt l or Hai-u3non3BaHrrre. Bp63KaHa 8lpxy fi.[KaI{Ba xrrrcpoeiio ua [auara nbpcqvKa (browser) H KJTnKHeM expaHaH3tro,l38arle FTP. H'I'tP (Hyper-Text I'ranskr Protocol - nponloKo.r30 npexrbp.rflueHq xuueP' nexctu) a craHJaprrrnrr nporoKo"r:a cr,p$upaue a WWW. Ilpe.uua:Haqene I'raBHo 3a KoNryHUKarI[qra xjrncHT-cr,pBr,p . K]trtuntm e np noxHa npofpaMa,HapflqaHa-n'pca'rKa 3ant{TBaHe ult 6pay:ep, Ko{To x3fpaxaa Bpb3Ka /la HanpaBll 3a

Oltr,24.5. Pearu3npalIe I|a ycnyrn qpe3TCp

260

261

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K:sMye6-cbpB'bp.Cr,paupum e [puroxHa rrporpaMa,(orro rrplreMa3aqBKara ga Bpr,3Ka oTroBapt Ha 3an[TBaHero. rt I,I rprre nporoKo,ra(SMTP, FIP a HTTP) pa6orrr nrpxy TCP (Qrr. 24.1). URL (Uniform Resource L,occttor eduomuneurorqmop Ha pecypcu) u DNS - cucmeua Ha u eHama ua o6tacmume). (Domain Name System ABere ca ma1_ MOCB:bp3aH[, B6[peKH qe Capa3I[tqHI Hen]4,HOCaMO BTOpOTO MO)r(e ce Hapeqe Ia URL ce [3no,'r3Ba, aa ce yxaxe rc,,qe sa rrporoKoJr. auQopvaunoneu pecypc Aa.qeH rr e'beWWW Moxe Aa 6r,Ae HaMepeH KaKr,B nporoKoJl Ia ce ri3llor3Ba, 3a ,qa ce n:lr,reve unQoplraulrra. Crpynypara Ha URL e nora:ana Ha $r2r.24.7.

VOIP' e Heo6xo3a 4a ce pealnsllpar B [JllpoK uau1a6releyclyru or rl.r[a c6c cllrHaJll3aul-itra H c KatlecrBoro Ha o6cnyxIrjMo peulaBaHeroHa Bbrlpocrlre
BAHETO.

(f:rala 11) B IP MpexI.ITe ca Ha Ha cursa.ru:aulura s Ha [3noJl3BaHero SS7 Ha IETF IGOSI' [CoL]' MHofo ycxnl.It rrocBereHr'r noBeqe' npoAro aaaeua geirarpaua n'bryBa r1o no-AbJlxr nLT H ce 3a6aBH (aro RTP u RTCP' He Morar '4a [poMeHtr Hellara' or ToKonHTe npfiJloxHltt cJloii, cfloeBe, Hal]pfiMep or MpexoBl-'Jt 3a rosa ca HyxHr nporoKonll ot ro-AoJIHl'{Te Karo RSVP, Diff Serv' MPLS H ap ' KonrexHI.lKI{ cnoii. 3a qenra ca npeanoxeHn To ce o6tclltBar B cre.qBarlnre rraBri'

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opfaHh3au[rHaxocT-I(oMnroTr,pa @rr. 24.7.Crpyrrypa na URL

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He ,{ronuHara @opua Ha I4Hrepner a,(pec}.rre e y4o6lta ta rtureHrure. flopn Iecerrigrro [peacraBeHnTeoKTerr{.pa3aeJreHu roqKu ca Qopua ra crteq alrl_tcrl,L c Blrecro .r.rcra ce u3[or3Bar ,.r]reH uu o6.lacmu (domain names). DNS e e ro:rslra a 6a:a-aasnu c iepapxlr.JHa crpyKTypa u npororolr 3a KoMyHuKaur.r.sra Krr{eHTcrper,p. 3a URL or @rr.24.7, 6paysep.rr nxra qpe3 DNS :a Ip aApeca Ha www.iec.org. DNS orroaapr c arpec BIB Sopuara, noKa3aHa Qur.24.3. (eaftHa rT,r, uuriro URL e naAeg Ha 6:,zr.241, Moxe aa ce r.r3noJr3Ba ,{onbJrHr.rreJrHa Karo nlrreparypa KrM cJreABaurara r,rasa. Ha ctruur caiir r.rMa orrre oKoJto200 uanxu PDF @aiinacbc crerHaro pa3Bltrne Ha reMHJMHoro or KoLITo o6cbx,(ar B Hacce To{rlaTa KHnfa). RTP (.Real-Time transport Protocol - npomoKorr3a mpaHcnopm s pearHo 6pe.ve) e cr3aaren:a lo4o6pxnaue o6c:ryNranero Ha u3oxpoHHl.f,TpaQHKor UDP. RTP He Moxe na rapaHrr.rpala,qeHo KarrecrBona o6cnyxnauero (eoS), HanpuMepHe Mofar.4a ce orcrpaHrr 3aKbcneHru.RTP gana B.r,3MoxHocr K,r,M.{aaeH rraKeT ce ,[o6aBn MapKep3a BpeMe 3a nopeaelr HoMep.Te3n MapKep[ ce aa rr I,I3nor'BBar rrpr.ieMHlKa yrrpaBneH[eroHa ri3r'bqBaHure or 3a sryx lrln,ru 3a ynpaBreHue Ha rloaBLtxHorou:o6paxeHlte. RTCP (RTP Control Protocol - npomoKon3a ynpqsneHueua RTp) e tporoKoJr,cB6p3aH RTP.I{pe: u3rbqBaHeHa flepuoalrqHr.i c cro6qeHu.r ro3t4 rrporoKoJr Itpe.{J'rafa Bb3MoxHocT ynpaBneHfie 3a I4I{T9H3r-{BHOCTTa Ha nOTOKa naKeTr.r. OT

24.8. B TEnEKOMyHt4KAql4t4TE tP
oplleHTllpaHo rroBeqe npn:roxeHr.rero Ip s rere(oMyHlrrauunre, KbM Ha orKoJtKoro KT'M crpQvpaHero r<lu WWW-apxnre(Typara lP-6a3xpaHara lr Ha Mpexa,HapeueHa I,lHrepuer.

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TNABAABAAECETU NETA KOMyTAqhfl ctE.qBAu{O oT nOKOnEHUENGN t4
2s.1. COOT-KOMyTATOP
fl f,rala 3 lcqe 6c u:notltnaHo llotr'I,l.t{e.ro .rlpeJt(uon c,tedaaulonoKonemte NGN. Mpc)Karae 3a peq, BlIIco lr JarrHrr. o6enrrrr{ga rftxclrpaHl rr lro6a,,rnu xo_ N{ylfuKar{lu n yo6atx natepu tnpbcK6dle. NGN c repvnu, nt,3nplcr B rrpetop}rlrlc rra ITU-T lr re3rt rrpexrt ca B rrpouecHa c ritulap rrr3rrpaHe. yoMeHTa flo ca lrprrcr'rr rn'pBurellBe upenopl'Ku(Y.2001 r Y.20ll) oT oeaKEafrard r.oirrilra [oDe_ 'fe r.r.reprauar ocltoBHrn.e tlitrta. \apaKTeprrcrlttrt NCN u o6ullte xorrrypl ua rra NGN apxtrlexr ypirTajKaTonoLtTI rr u]o rrc Ka3Bar u3roJr3BaHirra 3a Kot\,tyrallHr. KaTo c,rc,Ic|lte o'f axrtlBHocrra Ha rrpor.t3RoJHTtjH oUepat.oprr. trx.repa,rypara x B Betrece npoKiralrupar IrpnuurrflrJTe KO.rr)nl.ltlutntq c,7ed6.tr40 |a otn rtoxo,zetnte. T, ce 6allpa rfa r. rrap.utftn-t<o.tt.ynuntop tvttt corfntcvul (srftstvitch).Tyr rue ce u3iro,llBa leprfl tL'r "c(](pT-Kot\t],Ta1.op" c pltcr(,{ace no/ipa3H[r. lypncrur.e (uo te c:brtccrByua rr,qyrra soltswitchI anr.trlircxlge:lr). I-lagrrr Lexapa(reprrc Kl ua corlt-r-rolryrar.opa t.x ca: pa3ltpcnejeIla apxxTeK rypa, - rpyr rxurro rropa3.1e-tltlre Ko\lytaquol ltara rtacror ynpaatreHuel.oJ tra-'r rta - ItaNcllra (rrt, KoMyTal Iloa pa:npe,,teireua apxu.ferrypa ce l\ta npe,[Bljr reorpaq)cxo pa3npe.(enerrre. Korrylaquorrlure yc.rpoiicrBa lp_r6la ga ltc ca Kortuetn.pupalu, KaKTo B e cbruecrBylauurc rlelirpajrr{. ra ca r!3HeccHu nepnr}cpurr.a r\rpexara no_ a rio Ha n 5,ltr:o j1o a6oHarure.Ocsogrroro lpearrltcrBo rra raxaBa apxrrex.lypa e, qe ce rpaBlt tcKoltoMrrt npeHocelr H;l pecypc. OLraKBa lr otue c,1rlolorrbns{TeJlHo ce l]pc-lrlrrcTBo: HorlrrTe oltcpatoptr .la rloraT !a lirnoqDaTc.t,c cpaltrrflTeJtHo 11o_
r,laIKll lta\altHft I lBecTflu!IH.

frasa 2l. KoMwaql4r or cneaBau]o noKoneH!4e9! NGN

craHtuerr nflrep$eiic (Srr. 25.1). Cotf'r-xortyraTop apxnrer'lypara IIpe'aBHx'4a jlapru3r{panu omaopeHuwnreprfrciictt Mexay MGw H MGC. Torasa Bcexll or re3It aBa cjreMel|TaNroxe Jla ce pa3B[aa caMocrotTeilrlo' a oneparopbr Ha Mpex(ara IIpOH3BOAHTeTI-1. N{oxeaa rll Ky[yBa or pa3"qH'rHrl

ryrsqogv: .e:T9g:l LEPvqQ

Vnpaa,reune
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14 25.3. nAKETHA KOMyTAql4flNGN

Ha Br,3MoxHocrtl l-tHTefpauHt 3a flaKerHara KoM)'Tauut r{Horo no-lxrrpoKr.r .qaBa 'lIHrerpaJIHa"Mpefcneycnyrure or xoM)rraurura Ha xaHanu(xamo e B eaHa,1pym Na - ISDN). flpenacrnero na unrloplraqnrra or aBerernaBHIlrpynu ycnyrir - [3oxpoHHlr(pe.r,angeo) u acuHxpoHH[(aaHHu) rlo eaHaKbB Haq[H,r.e. He e caMo ufiQe UCTLIICKa HHTefpaUIiJI yC,'TyrrlTe. Ha Br-.r.4 HO POB, K B',bB Ha [aKeTr, npeAIIOJIara HeKoJIEaHo or lperuMcrBara Ha naKerltara KoN{yratut, xoero e !I3TT,KBaHo nopaafi cmamucmuqecKomo xoKparr'to, e no-,{o6poro x3rroJr3Bane JIHH}IHTe, Ha rla Ha )tytmutueKcupaH? ,[onr,,rnure,rnoro fio,qo6peHue ]t3nojl3BaeNrocrra JITHHHTe uIBa or fipfirarauero Ha uHmeru?eHt1ltrctma )ttapwpymrca4us a IP ltpexare. B cbuecrByBaufiTe Mpex[ c KoMyraqur Ha KaHaJIure, Maprxpyrlr3aq]ura e QltKcHpaua (craruuxa) fi ce ctcron B H3rroJr3BaHero o6xo.qnu nr,rulua. Cavo s Cerra Ha BcpHa AMepr.iKar.rMaAIrHaMr.rqHa Mapupyrx3allu,t, oTqlrTalqa [3MeHeHHeTo rpr$rr,rurre norouH x ro calro a rrai-ropHarapaBHxHa Mpexara. Ha ,(uualruvnara Map[pyrn3au]u a IP vpeNara e Heulo noapa36l4pauo ce (1.24.5). 9pe: o6ver ua cr,o6uerruq Ha [poroKoJr[Te 3a rlrapupyrr{3aunr Mexay eneMerrrfi Ha r{pexara, nocre,qHr4Te uHQopMupare,4HH re ce ,4pyr 3a cB],p3aHocrra

2s.2. OTAEnflHE ynPABnEHETO HA

Pca-rrrupaHc.ro r.eorparlrcxu Ha pa3lpejtejrer a apxureKtypae rJeB63\,roxHo lat _ oe3pa3llertllcro Ita KoN,ty.laq or.ynpaBJlclruero. rra OantrsecKrrpa3rrpe/lclleHara llpxlrrctcrypa o-r'Hacr Ko\ryraurlofiHara ce qacr. a rre3a ylpatl,rraauta.ra. paeua 3a cci !e loBa or4cJ'rrlre ynparJneHrero xoMyraq{orrrro_rparrcnop.rlare lra or rlyHx_ urur e K"rlrcqoB e.lclteu-r peaJll3upattero NGN. Te3l!,iIBa u Ha ejlevcrrraHa (oNly_ laullgra B NGN ca rrape,roun cr,oracrrro: .yr:dar_uu]u MGW (Metlia Cate Woy) tl .tteoutr-KoHnlpotep MGG (Media Gatcfq,- Controller-). u tra rrx ce 6a]trpa ur,,rara NGN. flo-.recro, rro,t corllr-xovyrarop ce pa:6upa canroMGC, Ho rxc ruc B.b3lprteMa!re coqrrcyu.r xato rlrt,roco(ttrr apxlrTeflypa.ra KoNtyralllrlTa. rr fia tra lloHexc cTaaaBbnpoc 3a llaxeTllaK0i\ryTauu,Hr]\raxoMyTaqxoHHo norc, [aKTolrpu 'I.ejre(DollFrHTc llcrrrpaJrx. []prr rerrr ueH.rpa[[ (nN. fLraaal2) c.rutoulra oTleJrlle Ha ytrpari.rreHtlcoT Ko\lyTaUHrTa, Epb3KaTa ro HO i\{cx!y Trx c c Br,1p9_ 264

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fraRa 25,Rov'watlt a or cne[Bauro noKoneH[e n NGN

cn u 3a MoMeHTHOmCI{ CrCmtH[e. Tara npatm{tlectcu e HeBb3MoxHo ,qa npr.rHaToBaprane(romu rpaQuK) B MpexaTa. r(anaqr,rTeT Hen3rroJBBaH Ka3aHara pa3rHKa B Maplxpyrmaulitra e cBbp3aHaI.t c OaKT4 ,{e B ByBauure fiepapxHqHn MpexH c (oMyralrrt Ha KaHar[ MacoBo ce H3rron3Ba Ha Aoo6pa3Horo cBT,p3BaHe B!3JII{ or no-AoJIHo HI'IBoKaM B!3nL or no-ropHo

(ry iW. qudeqa:Dzu QunM u dp.)

tanp ycayat sa danuu(WWW,Etbqa u Ap.)

nanp.netelouua (ayduo, foxc u dp.)

IP Mpexa. m. Hefiepapxuvnara Mpexa e no-6lugo Aa nrJlHocBbp3aHara Maprup}'Trcallnr, a Mpexa He Moxe .{a IrMa AI{HaMI,IqHa 3B$aoo6pa3Hara e rotlHoo6parHo. nbnHocBbp3aHara KoMyraulrt B NGN e Ha nonox re[Ho cJreAcrBHe naKerHara Apyrc
pa3nHqgfi HucKocKopocmHucxeMu Ha rodupaue Ua HOCTTa ce H3noJr3BaT Aa Qopua4unma.

(TDM nnx ISDN) MpexaocnoBHara cKopocrHa B crulecrByBauara Ha saue e 64 Kb/s, npousuuaqa or IIKM Ko,qnpaHero peqra. Kanaqurenr nnsnur:e o6urnogeHo e KpareHna 64 Kb/s (E0, cnopen o3HaqeH[tra Ha ffu] I{KM, cruacuo mu na 2O48Kb/s (nr,peuunaracropocr E1 na 30-xaHarHr.r.{

r).

o[r. 25.2.OrAensfle na ycJryrf,reor rpaacnopra n NGN (cur.nacno nperopr,xa Y.2011sa ITU-T)

plane (Paatnta xa neuudtrwam) Maaagemeru

Crqecrnymqure

nHec (oaeulr, pa6orequ c MHoro [o-ManKa cKopocr

Ha Cortrolplotu (Paeuuua )rrpsne+rc) plane(nonw6unerckaWeluHa) User NGN srvict strahrm(NGNrulacr Haycjl''rx)

KO,{UpaHeHa peqTa HanpnMep, He MoraT aa ce I,BnoJBBaTB B Mpexa c KoMyrauur Ha KaHaJrrrre. GSM upexnre ce l,rlnoJIsBa

RoArrpaHe Bl3ayrlnnr unreEleic. Ho str Surcapanara uac'rna upeNara (cir 3a 64 6arorara craxqlu) cnruaJrbrce npeo6pa:yra B craHAaprHLIt Kb/s rauan. B' 6a:npanara Wexa He ce Halafa noaobso neuo r.rB rbJrna c na ce Bt3MoxHocrureHarogupaqnre ycrpoficrsa. NGN,CnOPEA|TU-T 25.4. MPPKA OT CIEABAqO nOKOnEHUE rmBHaraqer B ql4rupannre.qee npenopbKr.r Y.2001x Y.2011ce o6ssssa n NGN. Tr e aa ce npu6ruxar n o6eanH.rrupen<r.r .4ace ooegrrHfi ycrDfn. IIo-qoBe[IKu c Ga,qeHa MaJIKo ,{eQuuxryrra sa NGN or npenopbn}rre Helra 3aKoHoAarreH) e: (NGN) e naxemuo-6asupaua IuQetta om cnedeat4onoKoJreHue npexa,
oocma6tt4a marcycJty?uc pa3ru\Ha uupuHa Ha reHmama, c mpaHcnopmHa noann, zapaHmupar4a ueo6xoduuomo QoS. B NGN Qyrauume, csbp3aHu c me, ca Hq)aauatlnu om muHotroanume, csbp3aHu c mpaHcnopma llpedocmaga

Mstwgenent plane (Padnna HaMeHudlwwm) Control plan4 (PaBHuiaHa)mpaareHue) Userplltna (nornp6umencka pa6Hula)

NGNinn{ort strahm OIGNruramrta rpsEcnopr)

ce HeozpaHuqeH docm'anua nompe6umenu upectama u do xonrgtpupat4u do masqwlu Ha manE)atyzu,KaKmo do caxume yatyzu no mexeH u us6op.luQela noddupcra eceo64auo6unuocm,Kotmo t4e nosBolru ma edumeoodanyuceaxe
.Memou

Ea3oB ua Otrr, 25,3. eraroneurro.re.l NGNModel) NGN BRM (NGN BasicReference 25,4.1. Ocnoma xapaxmepacmurcu NGN ua flpenoprxa Y.2001 aaBacneanrre ocHoBHr xaparrepltcrltrn ua NGN: * TpaHcoepHannQopuaquaraua 6a3anaKerHa KoMyrarlur. * Orgemue Qy|Kql,r,rreHaynpaB[errHe Hocelllurepec)pcll, or noBIlKBam Hr.IrHJrr{ cecHfiH oT npluloxeHHr rrn[ ycJryrri. .! OrAeirHe r{a npeAocraBrHero ycJryflr or rpaHcnopra n ocfiryp.{saHe Ha HaorBopeHu nHrepoeicH.

ITU-T Qopunpa B npenopbrr.rrecnuclr c Qyn{auerftulHure ru ua NGN, no-BaxHure or (oltro darrnqecru seqe 6rxa 3acerHarll,a c[LIcbKe B cneABatrIara ce noamvxa. Ilpe4u rora Tpx6aa.Ea m6eaexr It3TrxsaHaraoco6enocrna NGN sa omdetnxeua ycttyzume mpaHcnopma, om nonmairn nrrlga ce npeaJrarar nooraeJrHo ,qace pa3n[gar caMocrosrrHo.T r-l Moxe ,qacn nngn na Qlrr. 25.2 u $ur.25.3, Kor{roca B3err-r npenoptra Y m (www.itu.int)]. [ooraer:ro Qlrr. I u r[ur. 2 ua crp. 6 n crp. 7 ua npenoprKara

261

ot noKoneHue n NGN fnaBa KoMwaurA cneaBauo 25.

t flpe.qocraBtHeHa ufipoKa raMa or reneycnyru u AoI|bJrHHTeJIHH npgJroxeH[r, Ha 6a3aTa Ha dnoKoae 3a peanrcupqHe H4 ycnyzu (service

blocks). s lapaHl.rpaHo Kavecrrona o6cnyxrare QoS. 'rper Mpe)Kr, mropeHnuureptleficn. * Pa6oracbc clrqecrayBaunre 4 Bceo6 ra Mo6[nHocr. * HeorpaHliqeH .4ocrrn na norpe6uren[Te pa3JliqHl,t Ao AocraBqr,rIIH Ha nyrll. .:. Pa3nuqH[ cxeMn uaeurndnraunr ua norDe6 terrre. m (msnpneuaunor norpe6nrelr) na n yHl,loxufipaHr.r xapaKtepucrHKr, ycnym. perHara .:. O6e.qr.rHeHr..re HaycJD.rr{Te, flpeaocftrBrHn Quxcupan no nnn uo6tlen
n He3aBucr,rMocrHa QyHrunnre rIo flperocraBrHe Ha ycnyrn or TexHoJlorfiu, Te ce IIOI Ttx 'rpaHcnopTHH * I43non3BaHeHa pa3nr{rlHr,r rexHoJrorHlr 3a aooHaTeH.(ocrbn Mn:r.{").

Mexry 'IpaAHIIHoHHIrre reneKoMyHHKaunpa3JrnKa flpneua ce, qe rJIaBHara rreflpx n'I'pBl,Ire BeprItraJIHa [HTerpauHt uMa Mexly KoHMpex[ s NGN e, oHHl,r upexa. flpe.lBllxnace NGN Aa e eAHa r eAuscrreJleycnyra cneqrlQnvna KperHa yuyrn (tex, 3a TeJleKoMyHlllq[ouxn BeHaMpexa, o6ua n,'IarQopua BGI+IKI,I n Ha srraeo,,qaHHr{) I'lurepHer npunoxeHltt (elerrponHa nou4 npexBbpntHe Qafirosen WWW). Ha n ue.n Apyra HeorMeHuMa HaNGN e o6eanHeHnero OllKcnpann uo6unuu oqarga ce s 6raeqe NGN 1a axloqBa renepa:]nprcrBaHe. Mpext H TepMrlHa:li. 25.4.3.Apxumexmypa ns NGN 3a apxnrerrypara Ha NGN e Btsnpfieftr cnoecra crpyrcrypa, Br:uoxnara na raKaBa NGN e rloKa:axa Qnr. 25.3. 3a uafi-orpynueua qe Or npenoplra Y.2011 sa ITU-T cne.aBa, croecraraapxurerrypaHaNGN HaflrJrHo cJroecrHreTaJroneH c6c rttoleJlosl - Hr.rTo 6pofi ua cloeno Hecr,Bnaaa Ha Harono r.r3no:r3BaHr,r [poroKolrrr. rto Bere,Hr.rro QyHKurrH cnoeBere, Ha 5nr.25.4 e aaaeHa BeporrHara apxlreKrypaHaNGN, rbacro oraenHr e ca rpynapaHu o6oco6eux r 6,roxoae. {ynrcuuu llnreprfeficu. fpanuqnre sa NGN ca roqso aeQruxpaunc rpn Brraa llHrepOefc'r: * A6oHareH HHrepqeltc Interface). UNI (User-to-Network .:' I,IHrepQefic rlu Apyrr.rMpexfl NN1(Network+o-NetworkInterface). * I4urepQeficsa nputoxeuut ANI (Applicationlo-Network Interface). Tota 'tpflIr crpaHI-I" gocraavnqaua npnloNexn.r (ycryrr). e fpaHBuara NGN rcbM Ha Tpancnopren n.racr. flpe.{ocraarcBr,p3BaHe Karro ga arHuxure Ha NGN (Hai-Beqe eJreMeHTr, repMnHanr), rara u 3aeJreMeHTrr, ca pa3noKor.rro a6oHarHn roxeun Ha cBpBaplr NGN (HanpruepynpaBnrBaurycrpoficrra, 6ala aasun, B runlo3oBe ap.). r.r rexllororflr Kam fiocmtn. Tezn QyurqNn 3aBucrrMHoroor rnnon3BaHnre nanpnuep Aocrsn (DSL, LAN) nrr 6esxrqen (WiFi, WiMAX, CDMA {urcnpaH H ap.). Tpaucnopm docmtna.Ocneurpaucnoprnpe3Mpexaraga,{ocrtsn, na ryK ce rlpelBnt(Aarr.rQyuxqlrlrno y[paBnen[eHaQoS ,rpe3 6yQepx,onaurn, pa3nr.rcaHI-'' I.I T.H.

a OrroBaprHe Ha pa3n[qHu perynaropHu ]t3ncKBarrur Karo noBt,tKBaxut gaurHtenocrxa uuQopuapura, nocerareJrcrBo Bl,pxy Mpexara n Ap. 6e.4cran.r, rlogroroaxara ua npelopbKu 3a Mpexa, Korro Aa orroBapr HaropHl{ll peHcfillcbK or xapaKTepncr[Kn, rex(a 3aAaqa. e Pearr.$aqrnre HaorAerrirre paKrepucrlrKn BaHMocBbp3aHx, ca ycnyrn BoAr.r flpegocranrHero peqeBu Ha
r.i3rroJI3BaHgTO CJIO'(HnnpolleAyplr 3ZrynpaBteHl{e r4 CnrHaJrr.Eau[r oT Ha

Bceo6uarauo6ulnocr u3l,rcr(Ba KoHBepreHrlnt QuKcnpaHrre uo6urmt Ha n HoJror[n, n oraeJrruero Ha ycnyrrrre orrpaHcrropra. flocle.{soro u:scroa
.qocraBrrreHa orBopeHn nurepQeEcx, Koero nbr or cBor crpaHa BoAH.qo paHeHa MeroAr{Te, u:non:lalru a o6qecrteulx llurepuer, KbMctrqoro fi c[rypHo cB6p3BaHe, Kamo npn OKTM.

25.4.2. Patauxa mecrly NGN, Ilumep*em u menexortyHuna4uor! ume pstel Koraro ce 3aroBopr, NGN qecro ce nocraBrBrnpocbr Ka(Ba 3a e uex,4y NGN u llurepHer, cJreA Kam r. aBereMpex[ ce 6arupar ua IP Orroaoprr HaBbnpoca crAbp)Ka rr6poeuure no-topeocHoBHr{ ce a ruxr HaNGN. Haft-B&rcara orJrr,rKa qe rrpu KoM)rrau[rra 3a npexB]pmHe Ha e, Ha uut NGN He ce ocJraHs llprHquna "Hafi-ao6rp rc6op (best effort)", KaKroe
I,lurepner. 3a 4a rapannrpa nocpeqaHe Ha [3MeHrrqrarece rfiHcxBaHnr Ha

barernre KbMpa3rr,rqH[Te ycnynr, NGN peann3npa o6cnyxralre ua 6a3a.NGN e Ha.qeX4Ha, 3aurrena Mpexac o6e3neqen MeHn,uxMbHT. NGN se e Mpexa3a aaHHH, Korro Moxe ra npeHacru peq, a e Mpexa,
IlMa 3a qeJr noAMrHa Ha cbrqecrByBarr]ara reneQonua/ISDN Mpere (eMynauut

Onopuaupecra. Ocnrypma ce rpancnopr npe3onopHaraupexa. flonexe ce cuecnarrpaQuryror pa3Jr}Itmri ycJrynr,orqxrar ce pa3JMrrH[re usncxrauur saQoS. YnpaatenueHo mpaHcnopma. BrrtnqBa pa3Hoo6pa3nr.r Qyurquu. IIpu o6cJIyxBaHe cecnHTyKcranaugeurxr[rraur{rra r{ npoBepKara aBTeHTHqHocr cbc 3a Ha a6oHarHTe, pa3rro3HaBaHeIP aapecure, perncrpauurraHa a6oHarr,[e, na AorlycKaHe o6cnyrcaHem, c[ope,Alt3xcKBaHr{ma a6onanrre 3a Jlerna14 na Ao QoS rr
T.H.

OKTM/ISDN, cnopeArepMxsororurra Ha ITU-T) c yAoBrerBoprBrme Ha aaprr{TeHao6uecrBeHnrerJreroMyHlKaur.rouHt{ Mpex .

(3a A6ouamua6asa dauuu.Ha $ur.25.4 ca noxa3aur.t 6a3nAaHHn .[Ba ABe qacrr.! nlacra), no B AeficrBtrenHocr re3H,AaHHr.r pa3npeleneHn pa3JrrrqHu ca no HaNGN. 269

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B:t3MoxHrlre,reycJ]yfri, Kaxto ce raga ts npe.lxoAHarafraBa, MexAy BcHqKI-t e rouro NGN npeaocraB{ B MoMeHTr.Hai.i-ro,rqNr rHrepecr,r Kbr\rpealru3rrpaHero qe rrMarcrro Ha VoIP. Cr,uo raKa Ka3axMe, B apxr'rreKryparaHa coQT-KoMyraropa pa3lenrHe Mex.{y ynpaBneHlreroH IpaHcrlopra,llo4 rpaucnopr ce pa:6upa raxro r'I Ha llocl'br.qo Mpexara,TaKa npeHacrHero xHoopMauurraIpe3 MpexaTa. B cryvaii Ha VoIP r"lpexa, AocTr,n'r,rNroxe Aa ce ocr,llecrB[ lr.nHor IP r:!rJ]n rovunr (uepcoualeH KoMrrrorr,punt,tIP Te,'reOoH), or cbrlecrByBarrHTereJreOoHHuanaparn npe: ue.uuenumo: MGW. 3A 26.1. lP TEPMI4HAIlt4 VolP [o ca flpoaex,{aurre re,reQoHurlpa3roBopr..r ]4HTepHernbpBoHaqa,'rHo caMo KoMnrorpI.r, cua6aeuu c roBopr{reru n uurpo$onn. fonopuNrexay nepcoHaJrHrr le:ur u ulrxpoQoHbr ca caMo BbHltHara crpaHa Ha npoqeca. flo-eaxnoro e, qe xoMnrcTbp(PC) e B cbcroqHne.qanpeo6pa:yoaaua,roroBrrrcfirHalr rrepcoHarrHxrr B Haperrra B qrSpon r 4a ro otraItoBa l]arer , 3aaa ce lpenece c IP upororo"'ra. "or PC go PC" e 6ura,{a ce 3ao6}.rKof,rasHara MoruBau r 3a re,'redo ti.f,Ta ru Ha re,te$ouurre rroM[aHrlu c tsficoKfiTe rapnQu 3a rroBr.rxBaH]r{ aareqnl-I "r-ar floBII(BaHn.f,. pa3crornrir u ocoOeuo MexAyHapoaHHTe Taxrs run VoIP rereQoIlxt ce I{3noJI3Ba u,4Hec, u MoxeM aa t Hapei{eMllonyJlrpHa, Ho He n MacoBa. flpnvruure ca aBe: eaHara e, qe nonyqertoro KaqecrBoHa o6c,'ryxBaHe(QoS) e Bbnpoc Ha K6cMer,a Apyfara e, qe Ha xopaTaHe uM aonaAa.{a rcBoptT IIpeA MI4KpoQoru. alraparypa pearr.rpar Karo 3aIlpou:nogure",rnre Ha reJreKoMyHxKarlhoHHa ra3u qacr Ha KoMrrrofloqBar Aa npeanarar IP meteQol, flocreannqr BKJrroqBa rbpunr xaplyep, xosro e ueo6xoAunta:a IP re:re$ouuoro rroBr4r(BaHe. re,reQoIP Hlr e csa6.qeu cbc cBoii IP agpec u c rpaQu'reu nH'repQefic,roi yqacrBa B re;reQouuoro noBlrrBaHexaro PC, cauo xr'gero e ro-ygo6eu 3a a6ouara aH'rpoTIOJIOIUqECKIi.

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noie3Ha aHq)opMaqHt

Orr.25.4. npeARxrrqana apxlrerrypa na NGN LlJtuosoae. O6sneqaea ce lHrepQeiicr,r c .qpyrrl Mpexa Kaxro Ha HxBo rpaH_ crropT,raKa Ir Ha HHBO ynpaBneHfie (clrrHa,ru:aqun). Cazpseaueua cpedume. Pa:aoo6pa:Hlrre Qynxqau sKnro,tsar Herla Karo reHepr.rpaHe roHaJrHr.r Ha clrrHar'rr.r, opraHu3lipaueHa rou$epeH,rnr.r Bpb3xu qpe3 npe_ IoctaslHe Ha Heo6xoAIiMflTe MocroBeu ap. Ilracr Ha ycJyrHTe. @ysxqanre Ha nJ'racra npe.qocraBrr cecrnHr.rr.rHececuiifiu yc,ryru, BKrroq{TerHo a6olrpaHe ra utQoplllpaHe r..r norBa Ha nHoop3a MaI{Ht, KaKTo MeToAuTe r 3a.4ocrasxaua cbo6ueuar. Ilpe4ocrae.rr ce cbllto TaKa Bcutrxl,t ycnyrtr, no3Harn or OKTM, ISDN r.rx,renqsl uo6r.rnHu wexn na GSM. [Iputtocrceuun. Bcl{qKtl s6:noNHr.t rprzJroxeHr.r, r.r6e: npoaepra 3a ,{ocro1c BepHocr),KaKror aocraBr{[uHre Ha ycryrHTe ^uto tpar" atpu"". }lMar Aocrafi Ao pecypc[re Ha rrracra Ha ycJryrHTeua NGN upe3 c.r,pBr,pl,I [nr{ [JJlto3oBe To3r.r B nr'racT. ynpasreHue Ha ycnyzu, flpeAcras,r.ssa yfipaBneHrre cecnxre 3a rrpe.qocraHa tstHerraycnyfuTe, T.e.ynpaBJreHHe Hr{BO Ha nJ'racT ycJtyrllTe. Ha 2'10

flpe4avcroara Ha IP repMuHaflure (PC ltru IP rereQon) e, qe re He ce Hyxraqr or Mea e u,rm: MGW 3a aoclbrr ao IP upexa, a o6[rHoeeHo rrolrrpxar H.323 ttstu SIP (aN. cre.{aaqara r,raoa). @rguqecxu IP eAHHor ABara rrporoKoJra vpes LAN, qlriiro xb6 cJryx[ Karo KoHTepMuHaJrHTe cB6p3BarKbM Mpe)Kara ce qeurparop ua VoIP runnHre. Axo nroprrr a6oHar sa epr:xara n:no,r:aa o6rnroaeH rele(lon, ro roii :aa,,,'rxure,rao rpr6ea aa ce cBbp3Ba rrpe3MGW, raxro e nora:auo ua $nr. 26.1.

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npo4ecopu c'6ccu?HqnHu cTaRa c IHaJInMexAV roDHrTe.[Be crpatu. floore,luoro exofioarl{cua DSP (Disital Sigril prurnttorl. O6pa6orxara cllrHaJIIlreBKntoqBa cllrHarlttH aaarlrltpaHe na uvoposoxarre. KoaflPahjaeKoaxpaHe Ha aHaj]oroBn HhSopMaul{x K.bM nopentUaor IPleiirarpavu. KolrrpaHaTa or 6'roroearil'o"u-oMa Ha 6Hr.26.2 loxauaQynrqlru, rB[t'J]HtBaHH MGW Ha AyMaTaor noO6pa6orrara no rrpeo6pa3ylaaHe I4KM noto*u B IP naxeTx. nu pelHfir BpeMelrHTepBaJI 3arlorlBac aHarn HacbAl'pxaH[eTo, 3a .{a ce onpeAenlr peq. AKO t CHIHaJII'I3aII t,Inr,t 0T lIIl'bT IIOCT,hnttaU(a xHQOpMatlXt AaHHlt MOAeM, ce orpq3BaT ce nay3xre Mexry aKTITBH fieplloall' [paBI{ ce KoMnpec[fl ].1 e psq, Te eX03UfpanltTeJttT. BXjllOqBa flpeo6pa:yoaue alo $opuar
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pC Our..26.1. Cor,proa e lr{ ['C Rr,M x,rrrpC kr,[r oouRfioBctr Tere(pofi fpaQltullrr rlicnr'reii e e,rHo rpe.qtr\tcrBo rra lp Te,reQoua,a cpaBHeHHe c anirroroBrrr reneq)orrc 12 6y.tola. BaB Bropl, c;ty.{aii gcsxa norb;rrrsre,rsa 6vgtfltfir ce oc],uecTBraa qpe3 Hrr{aKLB xo,1 (ropegrqa oT qfiopB), xoii.ro aoosarBT rpr6aa,ta rronuu. MHoro a6otau ce cMyutaBar lte r3non3Bar rr pa:uoo6pa.:nlre a-b3trroxHocllt. ro rrpe.f"'rarar Kot ,1reurrrnc rejleKorryHHxaqrn. B cny.la, c rpa_ rprrleH gucl-,reil e rouuo o6patrro. l4:nol:lnauero ua Ip replruua,rn c xe:larenHo 3a oneparopa, troHexg Toii urilta na rlBecrxpa B MOW, a car,torp.s6aa,qa floctann MGC Hsrble B rlpexala. 3a !a oclfypt{ rrrrrejlrreffruocrra Ha yc]yrara. Clequa-'rrto ra IP re"'reQona, IoHrK.b/IeBllcoKarauefla e BeporrHal.aflptlqltHa 3a cpaBHrreJluocna6oro My pa3npocrpalclue ao N{oMeHTa. Moxe 4a ce or{aKBa (u roBa BeporrHo ule ce c.[yqn) ]\{Horoflo-ror,rr}ta |oty"rlrpHocr Ha lp TeneooHa, xoraro roii ce o6erurlt c uo6a,rslrr repMHHa.r 3G r"lertqnnre ua N{pe)Kfi lxupo_ c KoJreriroa aoclbrr, xaro UMTS (f,rasa 23). 26.2. MEA14EH 1!IlO3 Haii-rlony,upuurr JIocTrr /'lo VoIP c .rpc: Mc,4ucg[111103 MGW (f,raaa 25). Lfl:rrc:r,r' ocr,uecrt:rtoa lpeo6pa:yeaue Ha pexr.rMala npexR.LpnrHe ua tH@opruaIIIIqTa(npelaBaHeTo)rr KolryHI|KarlxoHrra.ra flpoUeJypa (ctrrraJIfi3ar{grl.a).KoI_rTo ce u3[toJ'r3Ba lBeTc ctpaHII. MGW lloxc la e caMocTorTejr r oT o c.hopbxerlneLiJItr Ia e t{Hrerprparr lpyra cucreMa. B Cr,qecrsysaut.rc .rele@oHl, o6uKHoBeHo Aocrrrar,qo MGW qpe3 yqpexqeHcKa ueHt.panalrln xpaiixi .r.e,reQouua uerrrpiina. lllrrrc:r,r narerupa peqra u r Mapnrpylr3upa npe3 Ip Nrpexa.ra. Taxa rot uoxe.qa cc pa3fJrex,qa KaToCpeICTBO AOC.rbr,r4 Karo KoMyTarop. u 3a MGW ce pa:no,ra_ far lo ttpauuara rraIP rupeNara. Lll,'rrc:l.r cr.4lpNa r?H rrarlrflj eJeMerrra:a) rrrrepQeiic or crpaHa Ha Mpexa_ fa c fiol{yrartrtrHa KaHarrflre (TDM Mpextm); 6) Iltrep$eiic 01 crpana rra rraKerIlala Mpexa (oor.rr(IroReuo Erepxcr LAN upl,3KaJ: ,,*6*oarn,uru o6na6orxasa B) 272

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Otrr. 26.2'<Dynrcqrorrpane MGW uo npeo6paryaaue lr I|a I{XM ltorol(a (oTTDM) 8 raKerll (Io'nr IP tupexa) B pauxlla Ra coQr-KoMyrarop apxr'rrKTypara ct'tqo Moxe aa yqactrtn!036T TBa B KoMyraqnqra, B 3aB[cllvtocr or crelreHTa Ha IIHTeiII-'IfeHTHocr. TeHAeHMy ulltra e KT'Mno-Ma,'IKo B lrJuo3au [oBerJeB KoHTporepa(MGC l,rHTeJIfireHTHocr I{nH coOr-KoMyTaropB TeceHcMac'bn),3a Ha pa3nllKaor paHHme ro,qt,tHfi voIP, Koraro uJrrc]LT cbal,pxa aocrallqHo IrHTeJIxreHTHocr, Aa aocperua rIoBt,tKBa3a rlllflra Pa3BlTuero ynpu"r""rtuoro ycrpoicrBo (uapuvaHo roraBa Hai-qecro gatekeeper' cnopea "u H.323 ua ITU-T) B coor-KoMyrarop or Mpexa Ha oneparop' n3Terns I'tHTent;eHruocrra or uJlrc3oBereKbM co0r-KoMyraropnTe (or MGw rr,r"rMGC). B n"ttl'ar:yputu ce yrBtpxaaBar rpl{ Kareropllx MGW, g sastc]illrocr or pa3MepHOC'na I,lM. -.(oM0r111y. ce nonyJupHx cr,c 3arroMHtltloro clxpaueHl{e SOHO (Small Of' lice/Home oflir" -.-oi o(puct: o6uc/oo.uaweh

273

Mo6rn8l, fi lP TeneKoMvHrlKaurM OutKcripaHfi, yATUi UJnl BCAOMCTBeIIIT yspcxJlellcKn - BTopoTo e llo aHa"'Iol-flr c - oleparopcKlJ. saurr)Toce l13 oJ'l,BlI 01 oncpaloplt Ha vpexH r8 aHfjloe3r,t,{I Har a .1H cpal ypa ca HlBccl ll lt ro n At\lelo .d f ri ?r p rad e\. tNrar or aBa ,qo oceM Bxoila 3a BKJItoqBaHcHa re.]c4)oHfi KtM lolramt|trre TAX. ca na Qrtp:vta, lpejltlpt{trrre, yqpexaeHtre. Cnr.p3aar ctqsgBe[olrcrseunre qac'rHa re,re{ouHa turlpacrpyxrypa xr,v IP t'lpexcu. Ilaii-Ltec ro roBa rByBaua qpe3 BK,'rloqBaHeHa u,'|rrc3a o-fKl,M cTpallaTa Ha c1'e.41'lllfiTerllI{TeJIUH}rIl Ha craBa yA'lU.'IoBa :a perucHt,Ie [pHRJIeKareJ]Ho co6craesrra ua YATI{ n rla flprJree nO Ilpexa. nolleXC CbxpalltBa Beqe IIaIlpaBeHxTe Ttx UHBecTIUI-lll. Xllllall e Ka|auHTet-6'r' Ha Be,tloMc'tBeHH't uijlto3oRe Bap!{pa or HqKonKo Bxora 3a ALrpeliruo r]xJrcqBa e Ha lc,reooHn, ao lltKorlrKo 14KM ilaHrtl 3a BKrloqBaHe Ha YATU. Or lpymra crpaHa Ha [tr' o3a ce HaNrxpa tleroBara LAN Bpr,3Ka KBM pyTep. al(o plTeplT re e Bfpa.Iell B [lnlo3a. urrc3oRe rpr6sa,r,a uvar aocrar'6qeH KanauHTer, 3a.qa 06Oneparopcltnre cnyxBar Kpai"rH li rpaH3[rHx re,req)oHHu ueHTpiulx, HarplrMcp Ao 100 000 xaHana orK6M re-re(boHHaraMpexa [l ilo enxrl STM-l (155,52 Mb/s) or crpana ua IP MpcxaTa.Ty( ecrecTBeHo craBa ayMa 3a apyfx x3MepeHtrt I'I 3a crpltKTHo cIIa3BaHe lta llopMt-{'re 3a rta.{ex.aHocr I{ Ka{ecrao tra o6cltyxaauero, no3l{ar or TeJIeQorlrara Mpexa.

fraaa 26 VolP

nphnoxeHhe Ha codr-KoMwaTop apxuTeKTypaTa

26.3. COOT-KOMyTATOP ltaii-qecro ce n3noJI3Ba CoQ'r-xouyra'rop e rcpMrH, Koiiro B Itocte.qHoBpel\1c 3a ycrpoiicrBoro, fi3BecrHo x c ItaHMeHoBaH[traKoHmpo]ep Ha uulua MGC (f,rasa 25), ?eimKunbp (gatekeeper),crope,q H.323 ua ITU-T u azeHmttq no6uKrepMHHa euremo (call dgnr), cnopea MGCP sa IETF. Httc cbuto H3non3BaMe co$r-xouyrarop, Br'[peKI{ qc craBa ayMa 3a ynprEttBallo ycrpotcrBo' a He 3a lrci uHcKoKoMyrauloHHo ycrpoiicrBo. rra Ha Mpe)rara Koop,qtlCo$r-roruyraropr,T KoHqeHrpxpafi HTerxreHrrroc cttrHarlfi3allutra x apyfure 4yHI(llrrn, I(oHHrrpaylpaBnefiI{sro Ha roal{xBaH!IflTa, IIpe3 Mpexara (u,ru npee nrxolro To ro3BoJltBar x3rpaxAaHero Ha Bp:h3Klrre T'e' vpexu). Ocuonuara Qyuxqrr e yfipaBneuue o6c,ryNnauero Ha noBI'lKBaHI'It, yqacTtlltHa I-{ ro Ha rj3rpaxlaHe, |la6,trc,uexue IroBBKBaHeTo pa3na,[aHe xeJIaHl-ie ufl re B Hero, xaxTo roBa e ortcauo noapo6uo B f,rasa 8. Mapupyrr3arlxqra Ha cbo6[leHfitra 3a cllrCo$r-xouyraroprr KoopauHUpa Harlfi3au r. CoQr-xor'lyraropr,T oc'brlecrBrRa aBa BHAacrrlalxl3a\t4s'. crrraJttl' (roaa' roero 3HaeMor 3arlHq or Kpail no Kpai 3a vnpq'leHue Ha noattKaattemo franr l0 x I l); crrHaru3aufit Mexry corfr-xoltyraropa x unrc3a HapfiqaHa //lpac.,reureua .vedaute Qnedia control). 3a cItrHarH3auHtra [o ynpaBreH[IeHa IIoBHKBaHcro [3rror3BarnporoKonureH.323 x SIP (Bx. lmza 27).3a curHalrgace rlurla ro ynpaBneufiero Ha vcAHI{re ce x3rlor3Ba MGCP n,rll MEGACOM.?4g' ofilrcaHrrno-llojry.

IVIGC u reiiTK]rnrp.br ca AHec rrrxou lpxeMar. qe Llltro3oB[rr KoHTpoJlcp uperurecrBeHlr[lr ua corlrr-xolryraropa. Tc ce npoexrrpar :la pa6ora c ]tHoro nor{!ulxr{tro Maua6fi Mpexu c VolP u re ca 3a oneparoplr o6ucclleuu (t",runy6na e lrpcNr. feiirxrnr,pbr e fipoJy(T Ha crag,'la Jtrrgtrr,KaKTo NrojlcpHo cc Ka3R3) ,1apraH.323 sa ITU-T. flotteNe H.323 e pa3pa6orel3a LAN-oBe,.qa,(eH refirxglrr,p rta l{.323 Moxe ta yrpaBnqBaca}ro ,leiiHocrrr B pl\rrltre Ha eAHa3o,la. :loHaTac cbcTou oI e,4HH J { HtKojrKo lxnlo3a H c/ll{H-eIu crBer{ reiit KHflbp. l-eiirKrnbpr.Tlpr6oa aa ce pa:6upa Karo norxqecxa Qyuxuur, a rre raro $u:uqccxacAruriua. @ytrxtlaltreua rcfir xlnlpr ca r-faHcrauhr lla arpeca (T.e.xMero rtr'ruc-mail a/Ipeca Ha rep!flrHait x.rH urrlo3) lr Korrrpoil Ha ]locr]xa (rta ayropra3HpaHxr jlocl-bn,qoMpexaTa. oTKr,,qeToltllclo f('trK ntrp.1.!'.llllatt Haun03a). l| C yBc,rll,raBaHc ycJloxrrrBaHe VoIP lrpexure cc norBtuil rreo6xoAuH na Nroctrao-r y paB,lcl[le c e,lrra NrHorolo-pa3Bllra lt reJrr rreHTlocr. flogsflsa cc rryTK/la or rro-foJrrlra H o6pa6olraulailtout{ocr t:apagu rrorpc6rtoctra cbfraor cyBarreMexty urrHalrr3auurra n IP upexara u s OKTM (r.e. i\rcxay nporoKoJlxle Ha cxflraJru3aqur npr VoIP u SS7 npr Kotvtyraurir xaua,rulc).lpyrlre Ha r!yrr$tulr n caorBerfio nofl'blrHrtre.ll tt'l roBap e ocpelHuqecrBoro lrex,ly H.323 upex(ure u SIP rrpexnre, lanpxMep. flocpcAHfi,recrBoroc leo6xogluo r.ruexqy ur.rK)3oBe're pa3J'rxrrrxrc o'r rrporr3 Bojlxre.lt. Blnpr'rt cncqla,ruoro yAapeH[eB c'raH/'lapTfile Bbpxy orBopcr{rcTe rrpoloKoJlHu B3auNrHaTa BMecTlMocT utJrr{)ct rra 3oBe'rc, Ta3'rc r,ailrecrrr\iocl HeBtllor'tiln. aro coQr xovyrarophr lte ce laroBae px c rocpelHxttecTBo. CoQr-xolrylaropr,r, ro;1o6rroHa ,1HellHurereJc(torrrl qeurpanl, ocHryprBa crarrcrr.rKa 3a raKcyuanero H 3a oneparrrBHu lt a.rlNllrnxcrparr.rgHdryrtru].ut. fe Tofi pa6olu cl,BMecrtto c raxa rrape'reHurcbplbp 3q npurlo){etn6.3a rlpe.qocrassue tta a6ouatule rra AorrnHxrelrHLt BH.qoBe yctyrx. @n3uqecxucorp'r-xolryrarop'lr e co$'ryep, pa3nonoxelr B'bpxy[racn Ha cr,plhp.3arlbJ'tHeHoIP rr,qarruu BKrrcqBa c npfiJloxclrusra o6c:ryNaarte floBlIK:a Ha BaHHr,a clrqo TaKau ApauBepu. Crrna.ru:auuoHen uLuol. Cursall3arlnolHHTe [r,']ro3oBe r.:lor3tsat.aa ce rpucjltar rxHl-.ru cxrraJlr3ar(tl or OKTM. CrruanHu.nr,[Irrro3 cHrHarH3arIHt 3a 3a lo o6q xasar SS7 c"'ryxrr Karo nporoxolreH locpe,qHttx (rpanc;rarop) rvexay OKTM n lP llpcNara, r.e,j (oraro IaIeHo noBrxBaHe Bb3rrrixHe IP Mpexara, B l3rorr3Baiixu Hanpnnep Fl.323 xaro IP nporoxo:r 3a c[rHa,rr3aui.rfl u rpr6aa aa 3aBbpurt,t npx E-a6oHar s OKTM, e neoOxorrua raraBa rpaHcJrau[r ue;<ay H.323 chrHzuru3aufitra SS7. @ll3r.i.tecKn, lr Ha $yrrxqrrure3a nocperuarre cxrEaJrll3autjr.r'a Morar aa 6r.aar u3nb,'ltrBaHx aflpe(Tlro a MGC r,tu B carltocrorreJrHoycrpofrcrBo - ctrrHa,''It3ar(troHcH lll'11o3.

26.4. nPOTOKO,l14ynpABItEH14E MEAUT4HL|TE 3A HA UJIIO30BE

Koraro ce no,qyqu 3atBKa3a rr3rpaxaaHeHa IIoBrKBaHe, Kolrponepbr Ha MeltHiiHHre uJJlro3oBe MGC e ro:r, xofiro rpr6aa.[a onpelerx Korr ca Bxoltrutrrrr l.l I.r3xojlrulnrl Nre,lHiiHu lutro3oBe MGW. Cnen rosa MGC lrflcrpyrcrxpa MGW xa 215

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Kaxro se.rc ce crroMeHa, x3rpa,[tr Bp'b3Kara, .uaara uai-nonylrpHr 3a ra3g uej.l nporoKo,'rr ca MGCP I MEGACO/H.248. 14 .4Bere cr,KparreHur ca or Metlia G e*'ay Control Protocol - npomoKo:r3q ytlpasreHue tla uedueu wwos, MGCp e nporoKolr rra IETF. Toii e criaaaen no-parro t{ e no-pa3rrpocrpaHeH. MEGACO/H.248 e pa3pa6oreHclBuecrHo or IEFT u ITU-T, xaro HacJ're.qpr..t( Ha MGSP. O:HaqeHneroH.248 e cnopeA r{oMeparlHrra npenoptrure o ITU_T. ua ce uruecru MGCP B 6cneule. O.raxBa MEGACO .rta 26.1.t. MEGACO/H.218 flo-uara rux B reKcra rue u3rror3Baltecarro HMero MEGACO, nopa.qll MHe_ My i\ronrrrHur xapaKrep ue [3nycKavcH.248. H MoAe,rtr :a cBbp3BaHena MEGACO. 3a Aa ce pa36epeMEGACO, rpa6aa 3a floc,terslrl e aOcrpaxuur Ha pecypra ce pa36epeHeroBrlr Mo,qe;t cBLp3BaHe. cltTe lta t!{e.[IiiHHt lUnto3.ABere r]eH'IpaJIHr{ Korrrlerqr].t Ha Mo.qeJIa cBrp3BaHe 3a Ha MEGACO ca: xpaert useod (tetmfuation)u xonnexcm (context). - Kpaitrume ussodu ca Mecrara. r{6,r1ero lur}opllarluouHure (ueariirt) noToufi BJrnal n rr/tt,tr-t llrtrar or ve.autlrxte urro3oBe. - Kotmercmam onucBa cabp3BaHeTo lrexgy rpaiiture nrao4u. Ha Qnr.26.3 e trotra3aH ].r3rpaAeH Mer(qy a6oHar[ Ha.[Be o6nacr[ - A fi nbr B. A6ouarrre sa o6,rac'rA u a6osarure Ha o6.tacr B ce cB6p3Barao IP lrpexara qpe3 ueHTpaJ'rr KoMyTarlnrHa KaHaJruTe, c Koltro He ca rroKa3aHrr QHrypara. rqa Ha qe npneMeM HanpuMep, obnacr A lr MGW A ca car,p:aHu c6c cnon or cbeauHr.rrerHn JrHHrlr (l4KM KaHa,rll),o6cnyxBaH[ or ort-HilJll.r3au[rno o6ru xana,rr Ns7 (SS7). T.e. curHarlr3arturra Mex/(y o6nacr A I co$r-xouyraropa c.ratsa Mperro xara sa SS7. Or gpyrara crpaua, aOouarrr B ,qocr{ra no MGW B upc ISDN yqpexqleHcKa HanpnMep. ueHTpana, IIa O[rypara [tMa qerrips rpafiun u:lota, trpe3Koxro MHHaBa Bpr,3Kara. lloKa3aH ti eilHH apyr KpaeHu3Bojt (T5), cTuo Ha MGW A, rofiro s MoMeHTa e e He :aer, Kpaiirrl r:rao,1r Tl r T2 ca npucleatHeHx elllH Kt ]\r.qpyr epe3 BKapBaHgTo rlM u KoHTexcr.,{pyrnlr xourexcr or Qurypara e npne,t T3 n T4. O6rprere aHlNtaltle, qe KoHTeKcrbre nor{aJ'leH laaerr u.llto3. Bcext routexcr yroqHrBa no3a coKa'ra Ha npeaaBaHe(Ha nrealitun.r Io'rox) ll,rl monorozllzma Ha KoHTeKcra, crlopeA aBropr.{Te MEGACO. Toea. lre4ao c r. Hap.nqp&vempu Ha cuecaaHe Ha rra Neduume e BaxHo npx roHQepeurHt cecult, 3a yroqHraaue Koii or yqacranu]rre rf oxe Aa roBopr.t, xoii cavo .4ac,'ryrualrteaau r.s, a Kouan4u ua MEGACO. Ilpe4all4eHu ca occM Kol\{aHAr.{, uecr or Ko}lro ce u:aasar caN{o MGC, easa - cavo or MGW, a eaHaKoMaHAa or Moxe.qa ce [3.{aBa II OTjlBeTeCTpaHtr.

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KpaeH rr3BOAK6t\'rJ(a.rlcH KOHTeKCT. AOOaB_f,

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l4:aasa ce or MGC. Koraro roii xelrae ra Bx11otr3MelH xapaKTepxc ntKu, c66rrur nlbrt4 cuf*aru Ha aaIeH (paeH u3Boll. I4:laN!a xpaeg ri3Boaor Hacro{ruln cH KorrreKcr
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276

277

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frasa2ZVolP

f o 6 c n v / r ( B a HH a n o B u K B a H e l p o r o K o n u H 3 2 3 v S I P e

27.2.1. Cuznntulu4ut! 3a noauK6sHemou cu?rt&ru3aquttsa cpedana Ila tpnr.27 .2 c la.qeua .4[arpaMara sa o6lrena Ha cu]-Halrut npu o6clyNnaue Ha rroBr{Ktsarrcro u36opa Ha cpeAcTBaTa roBa. floHe)(e yrracTBar!r H.225.0, u ll 3a H_245T(]ca u3rrr,caHu K},MuNrero Bc{t{ocbo6uleHuc. Ha Kaxro I rra Qnr.27.l cue rranpaBrllru olpocrrBiluroro rolycKaHe. ,rc a6oHarHrre repMxHanri KouraKTyBar 3a ,,tripeKrHo. aa npagr,pNeuH.225.0 Kbrl o6o6ureHara ,rru.rarpaNra or tfur.27.1, n3rror3BaN{e HeiiHule HoMepas cxo6u.Le.@axrrt, qe B[(au1rrrr repMnrran rroJry_ ,{aga,qsecl,o6ulenlr{ 3a ctcrorHlero }ra noBltr{BaHero (r.e. CALL pROCee{ine _ pa3Br.rrlre rroBrrxBarrero ALERTING - :ar,neue) uJlBa.qtpeKrno o. *orrrpu_ Ha u uero sa ISDN cyrHartu3arlrrrrau 11.323.Cnucr,,lrr Ha ropHoro craBa no_rceH, Komro ce orqere yqacruero tt la KoMyraqnoHHUTe B],3_rrr, sa o6vcua Ha crrfHa_ u ,rn (rN. $r.rr. 11.5).3a6e,rexere cbrlo, qe HMeHara vaH.225,0 cbBrraaa.l.c re3r.r or r]rr. 11.5. Kaxro ce elN;1a or Qur.21.2 rr crpaBxarac Snr.21.l, yroqHrBaHero rra l{orulpautxre yc'rpoiicrBa I u:6opr,r ua nbTr (HocxTernre) ca or noMuereHurrr_ ra ira H.245. Claugaprrr H.323 onpeAe,rrr cbrrlo Ha\xrra, rIo xoiiro neo6xo,4r.nrara ruQopuaqnl, ort{ocHo B'r,3t\'to)Kuocrr'ae a6ogatrrure repMr.rH&rtu, npuKaqBa Ha cc xr,lr cTo6uleHnlla lra H.225.0:a ynpaBjreHue noBHKBaHlura. Ha

27.2.2.RAS cnznanusaqun Cfirba,rr.r:aqriqraot tltnr. 27.2 e rocrarbrlua caMo 3a orpalluqellx eallHuqnll flpn pa6ola a upexu (Tacrrtufi o6[iecrBeHu)ca Heo6xo1IlMn aooil,,p3aaHrrr. Karo rpaHcraqrlt Ha aApeca,ayroplr3aUl'{t u KoHTpo[ Ha flr,-rlHulc.IlHu oyHliUux (ilonyoKaHero). 3a're:u $yuruttn orroaopr H.323 reiirxunspsr. aocr-r,rra no3BontBa,qa npaBI,l ce IIoBr1KBaHe, x3flonsBatKl1 * Tp rclraulrrtaua aApeca rcreQoteg Hollep, E-flolrla aapcc ujrtl URI ua H.323. IURI (Unifbnn Resotrrca ItrliL:utor - edtomul1o7 ttttduxantop ua pecypcu) e [o91]'l rJ]llloTo xaro URL (tN. Ha 3a f:raBa 24 u $nr.21,7). URI ce !3non3Ra aa ce nolqeprac aorlycKaliero Mo(URI) ue e rPtlBl'p3aHxr'tr e4rro Qa:uee.uaaeua,4pec 6rj-!Hoor, Koero o3HaqaBa, ttccKo yclpoiicrBo, a e roBeqe Jlofflqecxri o6eK-r,KoiiTo Moll(gaa ce ,4Blxlr r l(a ctr cMcHq\'recrolo,'ro)reHue'ro B IP Mpexara]. H.323 reiirKnnbpbr npeBpbua fop"lP Ha irrre uaelrf[(blrrar]uu B.qBor'iKara aapec,HoNlep rlopra". Ha Ha {. 14ayropl:aqurra, u KoHTpoJrr'T locrhna yrlacrBar BbBB3eN'IaHe peHeua KaLo 66.4enpuero. Aymopustt4uamaBKJtloqBa rueHrre /tarn [oBrrKBaHero,qa pefr.rcrpaulr, oxpa[a, pe[eHr'Ie (oii Ha I(ofo Moxe aa 38brlu L['t. H KoHmpo.rbm Ha tM docnbnu onpenert raxn uMa noclarbrltlo pccypcH3a odc,'ly)KBaHe rIoBuKEAHCTO, (r.26.3), t,ttt,L e rlHoxccrBo or Kpai4lll'l fosKri ynpaBnt{. flo jledruHr.ruxq BaHlJ OT eiluH-ealtHcracr refirltllnr'p. MeHu.qxltr'nn r Ha 30llaTa BKJlIoqBa3aaarlH olroHala Nato.qu6tg!He rr'llt !rJBl)LlaHc tta rpriiutl lL,LlKU * Me Huartur,rrr:s'r Ha noBhKBaHero ylpa8jttBa Heula l(aro llpexB'bprqHe rla IIoBIlKBaHel o, HanPulvleP. H.323 RAS cxrHallfi3atlxrra c Ntexly a6onarllllt repNlxHa,l tl reiirKllnbp, a \a bvr. 27 .3 e la.ueH nprl]lep Ha clrrHaJll3aull,ITa, BKrIoqBau caMo ayropn3aqlr'fa x KoliTpOIa Ha AocTLIia. 21 .2 u 27 ,3 ca B aeiic tB HObuelrr,r Ha c rrrHeurr B llocre,qHure .n.Be Oxfypx TeJrHocrrrcno cB'bp3aII[. B vpexara. ynpaBntBaHa or Aa,[eH reHTKunbp, ilBara a6oHarHn rcplrxHaxa rpr6aa aa [p[Knloqar per[crpauutra or Qur.27.3 N arrarrluqr a6onar rpr{68a,qa nollyql-i pa3peuieHI're,B'LB Bxa IIa c'f,o6nleHue "Admisslon Confirm", 3a ita HanpaBlr 3atBKa 3a IIoBtlxBaHeu ra 3a[osHe curHallr3aur{Ta or ,{aK cne,q fiotyqaBaHero ua SETUP c6o6u]euuero, $ne. 21.2. Br{xauuqr a6ouar, qpe3 RAS cufllaJ][3autit{ 3a aonycKalreTo My,[o MPexaTa. cJIe,4 npaB[ 3arBKara xaro roir nolytlt cr,o6qertneto Admission Confinn or reiirxtln6pa [poa]','lxaDar ocralraJl[Te eralln oT 4)I,If.27.2. O6LpHeTe BHuMaHIie, '-{e B TsX reiiTK[['bpr'T He yiracrBa ll c],o6ueullqra SETUP, H r.H. He rpeMullaBrr nfe3 rcirK nr'pa. "A:auo l firvla ra3[ RAS curna,tu:aqnn?". lP upeNara e flo6r,p e ernpoclr te,te{tourra N{pexa. KpaitHI;ITe roqxu r\1Horo [o-,]IIrHat!{lrqHa olrpaatrlltroHrlara (u:roaure) Nrorar aa ce npcxll'lpntr or eaHa 3oHa B.epyra n H.323 rpt6Ba ra uHQopnupa reiirxut|bpa 3a rextlltre aaenrndtuxauutl. Or apyra crpaHa, Hocerqara cpera rla IP Nrpexara rl llilgllur,'f Ha yn.il brllel]lero it, ri3Ncrsar pa3perueHrle 3a HOBaCeCrt. Ha .1O[yCKaIIC BC9Ka

[--------l: Br4r{aur I repMr4Han I

ll
:

Buxas
TepMHHan

i__
l__ j<_ i+;--

( 1)H.225.0 SETUP
(2) H.225.0 CALL PROC (26)H.225.0 ALERTING (3) H.225.0CONNECT----------------i
( u 5) I{.245 I{srpaxlaae ua apl;:xara -------+i

i....._-

(6) H.245 Paznasawe Bp'b3(ara na

<Dur. 27.2, Onpocrena arrafpalra Ha ctlr-Har,rn3aqtrrra npt| o6cryr{BaHc Ha H.323 cecut

284

285

TenexoMyHxKaurr t xctnpaH|4, MO6UDHUt4 lP -

fraar 2Z VolP - o6cnvxsaHe Ha no8lKBaHe. flporoKon, H.323

5lp

: : i. i-

FI.225.0 Regisrration Requesr --l-3arBrt |a per c rpauuq {a},roprluun,I H.225.0\ c 5 r s u . 1 u u n L o n l t t m t r,.!J.u Regisrrarion r confirm _-i Ilolor,px,reltre Hapertlcrpaul"ru

! i

ii
|

.{pyra pa:rura (aoHqrbae ca'bprauac ropHoro) Ha SIP ctlruanx3aurirra e, qe AreHThr Ha norpe6nrer I (UA l) [orBbpxllaBa npr4eMarrero orronopa 200 OK ua (Ha co6crgeHoro clo6ueHne INVITE) crc cr,o6ulerruero ACK. O6lreur,r 'INVITE - 200 OK - ACK" ce uapu'ra "Tpofiuo pTxocucxane" UOHI. KaKlo ce Br'trqlaor $ur.27.4 repMr.rHaJlr B SIP ce HapuqaqzeHmuq nompe6ume'znUA (User Agent). H.qiuarlb,rHo c'r,Bna.{eHne Mexny UA a H.323 repuupa3r'lt{Ka acoql].rpaHero* xaro KaxeM "areHT Ha Har. (I4:r,rex,4a xMa HtKaKBa B florpe6uTe;rr" clr [pe,lcraBrMe HrKaKbBco$'ryep, a Karo KiDr(eM "a6oHareHr.epruuHaJr" npercraBqMeanaparypa), cr

H.225.0 Admission Requesr _

?^-3algra la Ionycrare

-i

I uaz I'
i i--r( l) INVITE (IIor<ana) (:, |80 Ringing t3er, errc)---------.---J

'*'

H.2250 Admission Confirm flornr-nxn fIorB'r,pxneHxe AonycKaero rra <Dur. 27.3,RAS crrHa,rr:auus

27.2.3. Eeo.ttotlun ua H.J23 flo-rroBrre Bepcul,I u 5) ua H.323, xoxro ce norBrBar (4 c,te.q2000 r., AaBar pa3uupeHf_sHa craHlapra, Kollro ro npaBrr y.ao6eH 3a flpr.rraraHeB roJ,reMx 06_ lqecrBeufi uperxn. flptuepu ca floBrre cpeacrBa :la arayp"oar, 3a eKcr.Iroaraux, ''ryue,rtpaue". Ha upexara, 3a Tyuetu. fia aonycneM, qe olrrr{MaJHHrr n],r Mexay gea re,reQouuu a6orrara Ha r\{pexfl c r(oMyraltxr Ha KaHanullrHllaBa npe3 o6,racr c H.323 upexa. Bepcrr 4 rra H.323 craHaapra ,taBa cpeacrBa :a .,ryre,rrpaue,, fSUp (.t.e. ra ce laKerxpa q.q,roroISUp c.ro6ruesle B qactra 3a"u ""JOq""Hrra ralHu Ha H.225.0 nar<era), aa KoMyHLTK[paT ar]peKrHo rrpe3 rl]trripar{ara

l_
l-

(3)200 oK
---------+1 (a) ACK (norB'bpxrreHrre)

'-{6)

BYE { llpuxrrro,reaue r

l_(7)

200oK

c H.323. Tosa rpaau o6,racrraH.323.qa.,nfo:fa,rua,, ISUp c e :a :f:.:9]1"1r, T.e. c r,ooII.lerrHrTa, nocllenHITe

11.323o6lacr. 27.3. SIP 27.3.L Bt aedenue SIp o

Onr, 27.4,Onpocrena lrarpaua ua SIP ct,trralrr3aurllr UA - arctrr Ha flo-tpe6xrenq SIP e s rorq\aa crenen 6a:upan lra IITTP x floxpuBa cJre,4tfiTe rrer rraBHlt - Jlorotuso4uz ua nompe6umet'.Kou xpaiiun clrcreMu ue ce Brlrrcqar B cecugta? -.[ocmt'rurocm utt nompe6umet'.{a;rl rnxarrulr no'lpe6fir'ert(norpe6urelr) xe,rae 4a yvactna? - Xapannepuctttttxtt ua ttonpe1umet: KaKBaNre,rr-ir (reneyc,ryra) ue ce x3n o J r J BB c c c l l r T u y c r r H o B r u a HH 3c B b p 3 l t f i l cc r o a an a p a v c r p r ? a e u - Llzzpax:daue Hu cecunuct (noettxaattemo)'. C,le.q xaro ropHnre Bbnpocx c a6ouarule ca peruerrl, ryr ce Quxclpar flapaMerpure Ha cecfirra, Banu[Hr 3a BCI{qI(}-l yqacTruuH. Meuudtc.ttr'um o ce.urma: Tyx ce rroKp Bar Bc qKt-r QyHKur{nc trpexB'bpJItue IrJlt4 nprxrror.rBarre IIoBHKBaI{ero, Ha Ha uogl$rqnparre Ha napaMerpllTe cecrltTa H rpIlBJr'IllqaHe lon],nHrrTenHIlycnyrH. Ha

{yuxuuu:

@vr. 27.4 e rroBropeHxe o6o6ueHfi, npororoJ,r Ha or Qur.27.l (u Ha H.323 cr'r|H:ljrx3arlflror Qr'tr, 27.2). HO C TepN{HfiOjrofnrra na SIp. f:rauad_rasrurl,'a pa3r!it<a, ko{To ce :a6e,r.s:aa cpaBr;eHle or Ha Quryprre e, qe npn SIp,r[ncsar crl,rlKu (4) u (5). B aeiicrsureJrHocr Haqairrroro c.booueHxeINVITE oofiKHo8eHo HOCX lHo.pMarl'-s 3a Ko.qeurre, T.e. r ryl( IrMa,qfiaqor yrorrHrBa'e Bb3MOX_ 3a HOCTITe jlBeTe
Ita cmaHLt.

Htl\lacrarKl ra zr6op ta fipeflocHara cpeAa(5). Axo e crrcuua,rno rre_ ^^..^: :lt w\,^urH^ra rrpoue.qypr npc,qocrasflte raueH Ja Ha ItpeHocHH pccypcr Hucectrla, ro ce H3lo_!3Bar.apyrlr nporoKo_lrl. Hrnranpeasrlaa"u SIp pe3ep_ Bxparre pecypcu. Ha "ur"Jii"u",3a 286

28'1

- Ol,KcupaHu, u lP Mo6HnHu TeneKoMvH!4Kaqhh caM sIP He r3trr,,rH.f,ua acrlqKool tlo-fopr ire Qylll(llufl },InpxBruqa apyfl'I flanprmcp SIP He ltoNe caMocrot'rellHojla oll'Iule Brllla N{enxt, Hxro rporoKolrr. c lla q)[Kc pa c8bp3aHu'reroBa llapaMeIpfl. SIP udernurpurantopri. SIP norpe6rrerllre cc anpccHpa}tpe: URl. URI e SIP rrpH.jllqai Ha a.lpccure ua E-nouara. npcaxolualtr c oyKaure s4r. Hanpultep: i c s i p : r h o p s k a t b u l g a r s k is u l a t c o n t @l sip: shopska bu)garski salati.com;5060. ruecttlrte HoMepa ltx Ha Ho\tep'hr noptl c rareH ,sllo 14 rrpuNlep lltc nropu-a u,{a ce nolpa:6upar. Cnea8aullffTIIoMcpe Ha \roxc.11aHc ce .rlaBaT lrop'r'oBc IIor1ep: c [Tr]q)rKa'rop re-rctpolleH lrite gateway.corn tel: 35929653253@tu-sofia H SIP ri3no,r3la rpyrn URI. t{pe: DNS, no craHjlaprHxtHalulr, cfaBa npeo6parynaue ulleltara lta roIta or rreirrrrrre SIP URI o IP alpec, IlanpnNtep: 1 s i p : s h o p s k a @9 8 . 2 1 . 0 . 2 0 1) s i p :s h o p s k a @9 8 . 2 1 . 0 . 2 0 : 5 0 6 0 . qyr tla lopr 5060 ua qe o3rrayaBa, SIP o6ern'r uoNe aa 61,1e Bropr'rrr':arrrrc yria3aurr [P aapecu qc rNtero]ra cborBcrttrl UA e shopska. 27.3.2. 3anaxu u ontzosopu Ir 3atuxt-rrc ttaptlqaror ce rrna cbo6uleHfit{: 3arBKlI ot'roBopli. B SIP fiNra.tRa Mexlly Mero.qr .vetnor)u(nrcthods).Hxe Hflua Aa flpaBuMpa3JlttKa crarrrapra o]||rc (3nuo rraprrvar Nte)q1y ":aruxa"-Ta"teto,q" x 3a pa3jurKala 3arBKa lBere rtoxe aa ce ropoBnre n UOHI rua craHlapra,uanpuuepRFC326l). 3annrn. O6ulo ca ae$uHupauul3 ueroaa (3atBxu)B ulxo,lxo RFC. I},pauRFC326l) ca: le urccr (or ru.pelr SIP crauaap'r

Ha nporoKoru 27.VolP o6cnyxsaHe nos14KBaHe. H.323 SIP fnaRa h Be.re l.r3non3BaxMe e tlur.27,4 Tpu oT ropHlrre MeToAr.r INVITE, ASK r.r ot BYE. (Ma,rro e crpaHHo, ve o SIP rorar,pxgqesnero ASK ce cMrra 3a 3rurBKa, a
BcltgK 3aflBKh ce Hapxq r M(toltt).

Ka:axve, qe SIP u:rrorrsa DNS sa rpeo6pa:yaaHe Ha URI I Ip aApec.Mero_ roaa AuHaMuuno.Hanpnlrep, entrHa6oHar (UA) cc penlc_ .qlr REGISTER rrpaBr'r rptpa c REGISTER cyrprn a paoorara cH, qpe3 cBbp3BaHe cBor URI rru Ip Ha a.{pecaraM. Betepra, xaro ce BbpHe Bx.r,utr.r, onpecuraa (vpe: REGISTER) UA nprer,p:oanero "URI - IP aapec" c HoBoro MecronoroxeHue. REGISTER n03BomBaergoBpeMeHHo perucrprrpaHeHa fioBeqeor eaHo Mecra. B roparr fipurrep, roBa Moxe ra e n pa6orara lr y.{ol.ra. Torana, trpr.r Bxoarrqo 'rencQoH[Teu{e 3B'bHtrx Ha roBuKBaHe, ABere Mecra. AKo a6oHarrr orroBoptr B eAHoro MecrorronoxeHue. cbpBbp'hr tue orMeux ,lpe: CANCEL H3npareHoro INVITE ua npyroro necronoroxeHfie. KaKTo Ka3axMe no-paHo (rpx o6c,xgauero Ha ArrarpaMaTa 5nr.21,4) uHor n:6opa Ha KoAeKa npnKaqBa ce Ilt,M Haqa,lsoroc.ro6uteHue INVITE. Qopuaqurra:a Axo BHKaHurrUA o.qo6pt,qanenro4ex, roii ro rocoqea ctc c.ro6uesnero 200 OK. Toea N'roNe craHe l't no rpyr HaquH,Karo qpe3 Merola OPIIONS npoBexla 3ana rHTBaHe Koaeut{Te, Koxro pa3noJrara 3a c Bl,rrtaHxtrUA, 9ar c,reg roBa rz3rrpalua INVITE cTo6uresle, xaro ro ltocx lrrQopuaulu :a u:6paHur t(oAeK. Orronopn. Bcerx SIP orl"oBop rrpeAc raBr'lrBa Ko.qor rprr qtsplr, raro nr,psara qu@panoxa:na Kareropurra Ha orroBopa, (orro Moxe Aa e or I go 6. Toaa e noxa:ranona Ta6,rr.rqa 27,1. fh,pnnre ner ca B3erlt or HTTP. Orroaopure "1xx" ce Hap[.lar speMeHu, noKaro Bcuqxx ocrala;-t ca oKoHuctmelHuo t?060pu. Ta6nwra 27.1.Kareropnu na SIP orroBopnre Kog ua Kareropur oTroBopa HaoTroBopa Onucauae H npHMeprt

INVITE (IIOKAFII]AM) (PE|CTPhPAM) REGISTER

3a Ha9a,'ro cccur{. Ha 3a cl:ilaraHe Bp63KaMexqy e.{rH 3a URI x e,lllrr u,'rl rroBeqeaApecr.r

XOHTAKT.

lxx

BYE (|IP14KJIIOIIBAHE) ACK (TIOTBbPXAEIII{E)

3a xpair Ha cecrrra. 3a norsrpxaeHre (or urrrrqraTop), qe e lprrer oKo qarerHHtr INVITE. orroBOp 3arBKaIa lra

14HQoplraur.rn 3a {asa uaQopuauNa cacrorHnero Ha 3arBxaraB rpo(eca Ha o6clyxmue. Ilpuwepu: 180 aa.rueue, 182nogr(saHero HapeAeHo onatut<a. e Ha Vcrex Ilpurep: 200 OK.
IIp uuep : 302 npeMecreH BpeMeHHo.

2xx 3xx 4xx 5xx

flpeuaco'rsaueCTpar,ptr e BlpHar Ba3MoxHr-tMecrorro;loxeH[t.

Kraextcxa fpelxKa flpuelrafirm clparp He noxe aa o6pa6ora garsKara. npuuep: 401 neayropa:upan, 404 ue e orxprlr.

Korro e B 3a orxa3Balre 3atBKa, or npoqecHa peaj l3HpaHe. I{a (OnUr414) oPTroNS 3a yro,uuoane Ba3NloxrrocruTe rjJlr KJruerrr. llaaeH SIP chpts-bp B'hB Bpl,3Ka o6rcHerurero 3a OPTIONS trlc KaxeNl,qe IIo ae(blIHrlunr e.qrrr c SIP o6err urpae po,rr fia rol,lcrrr, Kora'ro relepxpa 3a{axa I{ nrpae pons rla clpIlt'p, KOfir^'lo OT|OBap{ 3atBKa. Ha

CANCEL(OTMEHJIM)

fpeurra ua c bpB'r,pa f-,ro6anerr Heycnex

qe O6pa6orrara Ha3alrBrara nponaAa, B.bnpexn 3arBKarae BaJrrrAHa. Ilpuuep: 503 ycnymra Hee.qocrbnHa.

6xx

Ilpuuep: 600 zaero HaBcrKbtre.

188

289

T e n e K o M y H u K a q h-h d r l K c h p a H l 4 , o 6 t l n H i ,q l P M l

Ha [lporoKonu H.323 5lP H fraBr 2z VolP o6cnvxBaHe no3|,KBaHe.

qe Ot lpur. 21.4 ce Br'r)K,4a, KoAoBcre-orroBopuca [pHApyxeHr.ror H{KaKBo floc,reAHrre ca caMo 3a yJrecHerrfle rpx llpoq!ITa. SiP nporoo6gcserue c Ayrur,r. He ce fiHTepecyBa r{x. Taxa rtanpultep "l80 zvanene" ue ce Br3npueMa or r(oir.t,r Karo3arruca "l80 na koy mu puka,4e zvani". no c'bulurrraquH, 27.j.3. flpoxcu czpcbpu u npeHscot!ssulu cbpgbpu Ha !,yr'lala "cr,parp" trMaaBoeHclrlcr,Jr B peqHr.rxa SIP. fI r p u o: Ka:axue no-rope, qe SIP c'r,o6 leur.reroe HJrn3arBKar,urnorroBop. MoNe Jtace Kaxe cr,ulo, qe SIP e eauu nporoxoJr wa 6alara Ha Br'ltpocx u orroBopu. B ro:u cuucr,,r "cTpalp" e npoclo'repMr.lH:a o6exr, roi:ilo orroRapJlHa,qaAeHa 3arBKa(Mcro.[). Pa3,rtl,ilrt,tre SIP o6erru, BxnroqnreiHo UA n lpoxcu cr,pa, (T.e.rla Ca Cr,pBlpx).KaKTO aa reHepl-tpaT pHTe,MOfaT OTr-OBapsT 3arBKlr Ha tr Ia 3arBKrr(r.e. ;1a ca K'rueHrn). B ro';n clcrcr,r'rytc "clpBr,p" e Heuo BpeMeHHo 3a o6exra (ro noso.q o6N{eHa rra,lareuocr,o6uertie). B r o p o: "Crprlpr,r' e H3ToqHlrK HeuloJKoero rpq6sa ,qa sfi ce npeaocHa rawr. Hanpruep: Qair-clpsr,plr ,qaaaaoctr,tr .{o csxpaHega tnQopuaqul, ye6cbpBbpl,T npe,qocTaBr cbabpxaHr.e, cbpBcplT 3a aocTbn ,qo crpaHrrta c HrKaKBo ayreHTnKarr{t npeaocraBr,[ocrbn. B to3]-tcMncbJrryK "c'bpBr,p" e Heu1onocro'HHO H 3ABUHAfl,i.

27.3.4. fpt 6 xt.u eprS nompe6umetcxu azettma Brr.qrxlte. (te fipoKcrrara 6e3 c'r,crosur{t caMo [pexB'bpr']rr cur]taJru3au[rr 6e: Aa ce rHrepecyBar or SIP cecyrra. TaKa Hape,leHrrre zpu6 xt.v zJ:t6 nompe6unetcxu a:euntu B2BUA (Back-to-llack User Agent) ca rovHo o6parHlrr cly'laii. 3a.qa,rara BZBUA e Aa opraHu3upa Ha orae;rHucecxu c a6oHarure, raxa.{e re ".qacu [rrrc,rs'r",.re yqacrBar B ceclrl or Kpai Ao rpai. Taxa, axo UAI u:nparr INVITE xtn UA2, ro IIIe ce rpfleNreor B2BUA. fioc,regram ue cr3aaAe cLBbprljeHo HoBa, cBot 3atBKa INVITE, rOrrO u]e u3rIpaTI rr,u UA2. llpotlectr U]e Ha npo.lltjlxtl H c olfoBopr.rTe 3a{BKaTa, c Apy .ITe3arB(H. ll 3aqo elrn oneparop ute B:bBex,qa B2BUA s lrpeNara cr? flpu.ranure ca ulro.rxo: Taxa aOouar N{oxe aa HE noxa:lsa uaeHTll$[Karoprrre cr ]J aa ocraHe aHoHrMeH.CaMrtr oneparop Moxe ,la xeJrac ra He rr3Jara altpecrJTe cBorrre Ha SIP npoxclr cr,pslpx. Harpar, B28UA Moxe aa y.racrea n pa6ora [pe3 rr3rpaaeH]t sat4uuuu cnerru (f re walls). 143no,r3Bartero B2BUA, o6ave rpexr,cna "or xpafi,1o rpaii" xapaxrepa ua Ha SIP nporor<o,ra Bbo6[ueHa VoIP Bpb3Kara. r ToBa Moxe aa ce orpa3x r.raHaAe)r(aTIOCTTAHA CECll'lTA T HA NDEXBI'DI'HCTO HA TAKETITC.

B repvlrrlre npo*cu cl,pGbp u npereco\6a14 cbptbp ce BJlaraBToputr cMacr,,r.Pa3n[(ara N{exAylBara e roBa, Koero re rrpeAocraBtr. - Ilpoxcu cbpsbpume (proxy o3HaeaBa ytrr,nHoMoueH)nperaBar KaKTo 3arBKrr,raKa r orroBopr.r.Elnn npoxcr cr,pn'bp,qeilcrBaor llMero Ha UA (Hnn Ha apyru nporcu) B npe,qaBaHe 3arBKaIaH,rfi B orfoBaprHe Ha 3arBKara.O6uKHogeHo Ha eJrrHnpoKcllc6pBr,p xMa aocrr,n,qo6a3aJaHHr Hnx Joclbl ao ycnyru c yroriHtBaHeHa Mecrono,qoxeHnero. flpoKcr-{ ci,pBt p[.ITe .qBa ca BtlAa: - Ilporcumo ct'c cbcmonHufl,troxro llpocnegtBar 3arBKr,rre, xouro (npe) npaular. Tc or cBo-{crpaHa ce AeJItr Ha npoKcumacbc cbcttofl La a npaH3aK4uu tI npoKcuma cbc cbcmofluul Ha noauKaatuz. fl'upaure, routo ca rafi -lony,urpuure lpoKcl, c]pBr,pn [JOH] "nor'lnrr" cl,croqHusra (Hanprltep INVITE) ,{o trortyqaBaHe oKoHqarerHnqorroBop (B c,ryuar 200 Ha OK). Bropxre cr,Aapxar rfiOopltaulrr 3a urrJrara cecHr, .qoKarorrrpae or INVITE no BYE. - lTpoxauna 6es cucmontun ca re3t, KoHToo6pa6orBar Bcr(a SIP 3arBxa, caNloHa 6a3aTa cbAbpxaHnero ra clo6ugeuuero. Ha - lTpeuocouaaulunm cbpsbp He (npe)npelaBa 3arexa INVITE, xorro rronf{asa or UA (lrrl ueroaul npoKcu), a BpLU{aorroBopa c rrrQopMaqxrra, r(orro rroMara3a MtptupyTfijau rTa no BfiKaltHt a6oltaT. - Cupetptm 3a pe?ucnlpupatrc, Hapul.aH ou\e pe?ucmpap (registrar), npueua cauo REGISTER sarsxu (Ha Apyrrre orroBapq, .re He Moxe na orroropr.r). @yuxIItJtra rlry ce norpa:6upa or r{Mero.O6uxHoseHor.t3}rcxBa B,{o6aBKaperircrplrpauttrgr ce UA Aa ce ayropx3[pa.

290

291

TeneKoMyrrrauln -d|4KcxpaB[, Mo6rnHr r lP

npoeKrnpaHe VolPMpxa 8a QoS. Ha rraar 2t r\aqecr8o o6cnvxBare Te3I{ [aKeTH, a Ca pa3npscHarr-rB noroKa, KOA[paUIfie CXeMItMorar Aa nOMOrHaT. flo-npocroro e ,qanoBTopflTnpeAuIrHIxI naKer, a no-cjloxHoro e aa HarIPaBtr eKcrpanolraqnr Ha Mrcmro Ha rcry6ennr. Axo oary6nre Ha narern ca raKfiBa, tle mpr nmo He nouara, a6oNarure rue rpr6na.qa noBToptr roBa, Koero Beqeca Ka3aJIIr. Oneparopure, aocragsutl VoIP cagHagar, qe 3a ra Morar aa rapaHTl{par cBolre neqa;r6n, nprrBrut{afiKl.la6oHaur (u 3a.&pxafiKl npuBleqeHl.Ire),rps6sa aa rapaHTnpar QoS, roero [oHe ce ao6nuxaBa ao KaqecrBoro B cbrllecrByBatrara TeneOoHHaMpexa c KoMyralrnt Ha raHar re. Ilpo6neutr Ha IIocJIeaHara e, qe rt IP He e MHoro rroaxoarua 3a aaHHLI. upexure, or cBot c'rpaHa,ca MHoro [oAxo3a rl aqnll{ 3a aaHHr,r MofaT aa ce HanpaBtTnpI,IeMnIlBl] peq, npfi ycroB[e, qe nocpeqHar n3xcKBanlrtra 3a QoS. fonopefirn:a QoS, ce noapa36upaKaqecrBo,nocrl{rHaro "or Kpafi ao Kpafi". Karo cfie,qcrBr.reMoxe aa e aHriD(I{paH rloBeqe or eAItH oneparop B ocHryptMHeB ro Ha QoS. flosursanero Moxe .[a Ba3HrKHe Mpexara Ha.qaleH oneparop, a Aa npe3 MPexara Ha rpera. Ilopaan npnKnloql,IB Mpexara Ha apyr, npeMl,{HaEaixn HA dOZOeOpU HUAO O6CnlCreaUe 3A Ce Or Ka3aHOTO e norBr{JraHeO6XO,IIIMOCTTa (Semice lcvel Agreement\ uexty paultt{Hure oneparoplt. SLA SLA ca aoroBopu, c Kouro o[eparopl.tre noeMar aHrax[MeHTH e,4gu cnp{Mo He aKo apyrfi 3a QoS n 3a HaKa3aHI4t, re3u aHraxuMeHTn ce I,BnuIHtBar.

rflARA 4BA4ECET OCMA U KAtlEcTBo OECJIYXBAHE HA eoS. flPOEKTI4PAHE VolPMPHT(A HA

tre O6qonpuero e MHeHHero, KaqecrBoro obcrryNraxeeos e Hafina ro;reMlrrr npo6neu, xofiro rpr6ra ga 6rge penrenflpu peaJru3paHeHa Mpex]rre or cneABauo noroJreHre NGN n no-cneqnaJrHo npu peaJrn3[paHero Trx Ha B ycnyrH (pe.r u rugeo). IIIe pa3rneAaMe !.r3oxpoHHnTe npo6neurr sa QoS, ram MaJrKo no-ronrMoyAapeHHe nocraBlrM ule BbpxypeueHr.rem npn VoIp. My ycJrlrtl c negocrarrvuo QoS ce np[eMar, caMol(oraro re ca 6esn,nanrt(z;lu c HucxnrapnQu). Tom crBtpueHo He3aroBomBa r{3r;rroq[TeJrHo re3n, Kor{To rnnofi:aaftKlr IP rexHoJlont[Tece o[r{TBar ,[a orK;cHaTnapqeor ronrMara 6annua ua rpuxoArnrexa o6qecrneHaraKorrry.rupyeMa rene$ouxa upeNa OKTM. He ga4oso_ qp IP H ctotserHo NGN ce onrrrsar .[a n ,r.eea co6crnenuqr.ne OKTM, KoHTo sa locrnrHar KoHq/peHTHn rapxQu. Or cror crpanaQoS ce oxa:ra .,rocrenrmopex" g cMeAaireqor nocuraHe HayHr,rBepcanHo peuexne (aro ato6rqe rMa raKoBa). 28.1. KAqECTBO OEC'IYXBAHE HA KaqecrnoroHao6c,ryxraueseqe6eue 3acerHaro frasa 4 (rovra 4.4), no s rnaBHoB npo6neMarr.I(ara Mpexure c KoMyrauxr Ha KaHarH, Ha KbAeror:raBHntrr rpurepnfi ca rpaQrqHure :ary6lr srs BHA BeporrHocrga "sasro" r.tBeporrHocr Ha Aa ce rraKa(aKo [o3BorrBar uaxane).Ilo-pano, Aopn BMesro eoS, n:nonrraxa (Ktqc) Hao6cnry6aue GoS(Grade of Senice). Cuncurrt, lpyr repMr4u cmeneH Kofiroce Brara a QoS e no-nu.rpox. Ha na QoS e c6oplroMepr{no HrrBoro o6clyxBaHe a6oHara,BKrroqBarqo Ha pa3nxqHnKpr.rreprrH, raro: ,4ocrrnnoct (MaJrKa BcpoflTHocr, qe lopa.qn noBpeaaHrMa o6cnyxnane), npo[ycKaretna cnoco6nocr, BpeMe H3rpaxAaneHa Bpb3Kara, 3a ycneuHa AocraBKa nnQoprraaqrarra gp. ua u Konnperuosa IP upexara QoS ce nsuepna crc sary6aHanaxerr.t, 3aKbcHeHre lr rore6anneua garscuexnero (lxlrep). IP, no crorra cBunosr, e odcrryxrane c r. gap. xafi-ao6lp r6op (best-effort) (ax. r. 3.8) l,tHeaaBarapaHun[3a.qocraBKara nnQopr*raquma. msa nouaHa 3a mr npororoJrlrre rpaHcnoprHr.u or clofi (r. 24.6)Ha:uoaeaa TCp/Ip (r. 2.3).TCp oc[ryprBa AocraBxara]ra rraKerr.r rpenrxr.r B peAa,no roiro ca rcnpareHf. 6es u 3a crNanesueTCP nocrnra ?oBac qeHara Ha 3BecrHo 3aKlcHgHr.re. KoeroHee romu npo6aeu 3a runnqHure IP ycrryrlr xaro E-noua, ye6-mpcexe u rrpexBrp n.f,He QafiroBe, e HecbBMecrnMo Ha Ho c npeAaBaHe petrraBHIeo.H rarro seqe Ha cMeKzI3BiUIL peq tl Br{aeo r,Bnon3ga 3a ce uDP, a HeTCp. lfunoJBBaHsrc UDP e 4o6po B cMuc6lr,.{e UDp caMHeBHacr3aKbcHeHr{r, na no UDP ue voxe ra rroMorHe, Mpexarae nperorapeH ulznn ce ry6;n naxeu,. aKo a Karro ra:axue no-pauonoBTopHoro H3npauaHe nponaAHan noBpeAex Ha rJrr.r Ilaxer np[ VoIP ue louara (no-rouno xasauoe 6escvhcrrrqa).AKo e MiurbK npoHa UeHTBT npona.qH:urrrre narern (uanpnvep nol, 5Vo)u axo Heca nocreAoBarejrHu 292

HA 28.2. l43MEPBAHE KAqECTBOTO OEC'IYXBAHE ua rat{ecrBoro o6cnyxaaxeKaro"Kollpeuop, ra E.800ua ITU-T aeQunupa onperent creneHTa Ha JreKrHBeu eQerr m $yuxqnoxnpaxeHa ycnyrara, KoftTo yaoBnerBopsBaHe no,pe6nrerr or ycryrara". Ta3r.r rBrpae o6ua ,{eOfiHHul.lt Ha Ka3Ba MHoroBaxHrlueqa: ve QoS e c MHoroQaKna QoS n aeficrsurenHocr aBe KJTHeHT, m qoser.Pa3nuqT,e. TOpHa OUeHKaqe OrIeHKara npaauor rcpafiuu.r I,| ce Hnre craHAaprfi3npauu opraHn3aun[ ce crpeMflT ra npeo,aonetr cy6eruannr Qarrop n ga gagarrorun uruepenm ua QoS. HtKoJIKo raK[BaHopMI.I QoS.B cKo3a B Ta6nr.rua ca .lareHn3anpuMep 28.1 ITU-T npenoptrn. Bl4xaa ce, qe HopMI{Te ca 6ure ca uoueparaHacborBerHnre pa3nfiJleHH B pa3nr{qHH npenopbKn, Morar .qace r3Bnexar ropHr,nerpaHulru CtIrlo rara or ITU-T npenopaKETe HaEaxHrrre IP rener[ouurranapauerpr: 3a o 3artqrenlre s eauaranocora(or ycra ua yxo): - Ao 150ms - rp[eMrI.IBo; - or 150ms ao 400 ms- rrpneMnnBoycnoBnr; c - sar 400 ms - HenpleMnuBo. o lxnrep - nog 50 ms, Ha Ocnen a npenoptrr.rre, nooeqe3a HopM[Te QoS Moxe aa ce npoqereB

tFrcl, tRArl.

4 T e n e K o M v H r x a q r 6- O h x c h p a H ! , M o 6 u n H 1u l P t,

Ha Ha Qos. Mpexa frasa 2a Kaqecrso o6cnvxsaHe [lpoeKrrpaHe VolP BaHeHa r{eooxoA}tMara reHTa rra ycjryrure. flpamuxa e onTrqHllTe ra6ean, npu
ltM, Ia Ce OCTaBtTC ItHOro "HeocaeleHn" BraKHa. IIOJIaTaHeTO B KoHKpcrHa clrryauxr l.l KoHKpereH MoMeHT, cne/loBareJrHo, Moxe Aa ce flono6pu QoS vpe: go6aoaHe Ha lorlbJrrflTeJrelr pecypc. (Oco6ero, aKo Mpexara He e uroro noulua). ToBa, pa36npa cc, Ir9 e oxolrqarertuo petrreHre Ha nrnpoca c QoS rt ule pa3fJre.llarlleflo-I{HTeJIrreHTIrHTe lteroau (A r't 6), qpe3 xouro no-eSexuaxo ce l3rror3Ba HanuqrlaTaJIeHTa,

Ta6rrlla 28.1.HopMu3aQoSor npenopr,KU ITU-T na flapaMerprt Ha B Bperre3a rr3rpal(AaHe apb3l(a HaquoHanHara Mpexa(E.721)

Hoprua 5000ms 3Vo 5Vo 1 8 0m s 0,9 ms 1 0 0m s 1000 ms t0r

(E.711) rrrocr 6,roxrpooxa ra I3cpor

T I O B I J B A I I C B H A I I U O H A J ] H A\ I P C X A . fi i - MexlyHaDoaHo noBtlKBaHe

Bpelre ra npexnrp,rrne (rpe: Ba3e,'r) cxrHant3aunoHHoc6Ha ga (Q.766) ua o6urelrI{c [3rpa)KAarre Ho8onoBllKBarre Bperrcra npcxarpnrHeHa-tuchpev or peq (Q.55| )

HA 28.4. PE3EPBt4PAHE PECYPCI4 c r{a Mero.nHTe pe3epBHpaHe pecypcfi ca cneuuoxqHpaHxor IETF raro npomoKOJl3a psepcupaHe rra pecypcu (Resource Reservo on Proto<:ol - RSVP) c ua Msroa 3a peryxripafle QoS. crpruo ncuurr RFC2205.RSVP e Hafi-cnoxHHrr Ho'r'oii AaBapeueHrie, Koero e Haii-6rx3o,4o xMurrpaHero ua nirpaxraoc'fanLru, B He Bp'b3Ka IP Mpexara. RSVP aasa Haaor(qn[ rapaHrlxu3a QoS, ao6po pa3npeteyclpoiicrBa. KbM Jrefllre pecypcxre x ,qo6pao6parHaBpT,3Ka aboHaTHr{re Ha RSVP npearara,qBe rrHBar{a o6cjryxBaHe. [Ir,pBoro e raKa HapeqeHorozapaumupquo [l4Bo, I]pu Koero ce fiaBa uaii-6lu:o ao rulrllpaHe lla 8pT,3Ka. BropoHa To HlrBo e Ha raKa uapeqeHllt ynpqa.trlqtt moeap. Toaa HHBoe eKBHBitJIeHTHo o6c.qyxRaHero, xoero ce npeaocraBfl B Mpexa, pa6o'reuta Ha npnHunna "fiafi(best-effort) (eN. r. 3.8), npu HeHaroBapeHa \rpexa. no6r,p r.r36op" noaarel flpuuqrrT r Ha pa6ora ua RSVP e nora3an Ha QHr.28.1. ,{a.qerr (npelaaa're,r) nrpBo s3npautacbo6ueHr.re PAfH ao roJyqarerq npe3 crorBernflq 6poii pyrepu. Cr,o6uteunero PATH c'slr'pNa mporluvru cne4u@uratlun(TSpec), 3a,{aHH[Te,Korrro ce oqaKBarro,lareJrtr aa U3flpaua - Heo6Kosro ,4asa,qeraii,'rr{ neHra H.{'bJrxrrHa naxera. BceKH[oaar,pxaul RSVP pyrep no llporeHa xo.qr.rMa xeririe Ha rrr,Tr rrpaBtt3anrc, HapeqeH cbcmotHrreua nt'mn Qtatlt state), Tovl3a(r.e. clce.4Hu.r sa a,qpeca npe.[HHr r.r3ToqHr.lK PATH cro6uleHr.]e Ha nfic BXJrroqBa "xon" ro nocoxana nonarent).

(or Bpeive rpexar,p;rqHe xpaii Io xpal"r) IP larer :a na - u:oxpouerr rpa$rx; - rlaiir (Y.l54l )
BeporrHocl Ha3ary6aHaIP naKer(or rpafi ao xpafi) (Y.1541) (E.771) Beporrnocr :a neocbulecrBeH xeHAoBbp

0,5vo

28.3. nOAXOA14 nOCTUTAHE 3A HEO6XOAT4MOTO KATIECTEO HAOECNYXBAHE

CbulecrByBar MHoro r.rpa3r'ruqHu npegoxeHn.q 3a nocrrjraHe n rapaHTfipaH ua QoS. Te vorar'4a 6raar o6eaxHeHn Tpn rpy[x: ts A. Pezepeupane a pecypcu. Hanlpar ce pecypcu 3a raaeHa cecnr H ce pe3epBr.rpar pecypcr.rre ra3u cecltr, npe,qurs aa 6r,.qer]3rpa,4eHa. 3a TaKa fiN.ra ugaecTHo orKa3BaHe fi],JrHara or cBo6o,]aHa nocTbnaIo pecypcli, 3anerHana IP $uloo coQxrra n BpbulaHeK'r,M Bt3npllerara npx KoMyraultt Ha KaHiut[ npaKTxKa ce !a l:6tpa u :lana:eauTur ltexny a6onarlre, Iipe.quaa 3aroqHe3BbHeHero. E. Ramezopusupaue mparpurca, ua Tyx crara rareropu:upane ua rpa{uvnure rroroult or pa3nt-rqHxre reneycJlyrx B pa3nuqHl-t xracose. Ha pa3"rlx,rrr].rre KjlacoBe rpaQrx uoNe Aa ce aaae pa3ruqer{ lprropr.rrer. O6firuosego rpa0txrr or u:oxpofl n yc-ryrrr! KaTopeq Hanp[Mep, e c no-Bficox lptroprmer crrp,rMoeJracTrirrHrrt rpaq)uK, Karo E-rloxia Hanp Mep. B [3BecrHa crerreHTo3ll noAxoA e rro-JrcceH 3a rrpnr'Iararre, re rpr6aa aa ce aorrycKaar,:troxuocr rpaQnqHfl_sr no rroror or eAHa TencycJlyraAa 3aeMellerfir pecypc. C,reloaare,ruo e ueo6xo4llu Mero! 3a cnpaBeIJlrTBO pa3[pe,{eJIeHHe pecypcuTe. Ha B, Ilpedocmaexue u.t dott1".tutumercfl pecypc. Ha -npocrrlrr Haqr.rH 3a,qo3a BoIrrBaHerra H3ucKBaHHrra QoS e aa ce npeopa3MepuMpexara. He e aafi3a eBTnnltr Ha.Itll, Ho lloxe 6ll rrafi-vsoro H3nor'l3Banxrr3a cera. He e H HaiirnynaBurr lraq[g, KaKToHtKot Moxe Aa c]t noMficJrrr. AKo B Mpexa 3a AaHHr]ce lt&'Ioxn Aa ce nycHe H rpaSlr o'l VolP, ecrecreeuo e Ia ce Ao6aBrrr{ ^qorrr,JrHr.rre,'reH pecypc B Mpexara. Pa3BHrueroHa'texHorroflt-{Te Ha orrlrlrr[Te ra6e,rn n nDxraraHero Ha DWDDM 3a MynrxnreKclpaHe(fnaBa l9) ltoBete ao noeBraHr"rnp."up"iuqo

Onr,28,1,Pe3ep8rpaBe pecypcn Ea rper RSVP

294

295

- OuKcupaHu, Mo691nHx lP q TeneKoMvH14Kaqh14

Ha HaVolP Mpexa QoS. frasr 28 KaqecrBo o6cnvxBaHe npoeKr!4paHe porrHocr, npk ycnoBue, ve rpaSrrTr or ro3t-t !.I3TorIHHK Ha.{xB'bpJrr He HtKaKr,B ,{erflpx KJraca, Ha BceKriKJIac yroqHeH Ma(c[MyM. AF.qeQl-rHlipa rrpe,qBapxreflHo a ca 3aAaAeHa orrpeAeJreH o6eM pecypor (6yoepHa rauer a:reura) r p1.repa.Brrpe rraKeT eaxH oT Tplr B'b3MoxHr.r lpuopr]TeTa3a oT[aaaHe.B B KIaCa,Aa.4eH flpl-leMa Ha orAereHx :a 1a4eu AF x,rac, AaIeH pyrep, aKo Ma rrperoBapBaHe pecypcr,rreJ rrp}rop}lrer qe 6raar u:xgbp,'reHa C rr6pBri,TaKaqe rraKeTxre [aKeTI-{Te Hai:i-HI-rCt'X c rro-BlrcoK[p[opsTeT Aa nMaTHqxaKBa:aurra. 3a aa e,qo6pa pa6orara e Heo6xo,4rrMo nocTr,rrBauHtTIIoToKaa He e c MHoIo rojrrM rrpoqeHT Bl,tcoKorrpliopl{Ha I-{e,rra e npu [peroBapBaHeaa ce ocxrypl,l nponycxaHe Ha Br.rcoTerHH rraKeTH, (orrpr4opnTeTHITe, ToBa He Moxe Ia cTaHe,aKo BcHqKI]naKeTrz c BI,IcoK a ca tlp]rop[rer.

floly.rare,r.rr, cJIeAnoryqaBaHeHa PATH, orroBapr c6c cro6uenlre RESV_ 3A$6KA prepqqpAHe - reserv\tion request, Koero zxtnuaa cne4u@uKaqun 3A H(] nomorca(fl.owspec).floc,'reaHarac6rr,pxa Tspec, llloc r.ruQopllauur 3a rltna Ha o6c,ryNaanero,r.e, aanfi e c rapaHTlpaHoo6cnyxBaHe]znti c ylpaBJrrBaH roBap. Cro6qesHero RBSV nrryaa o6parHo K6M rro,{arerr [o c6u{x.{ n.br, no KoEro e MHHzlJro cto6uleHnero PATH. Brs BceKnpyrep ce pe3epBrrpal.noucKaHure pecypcu ([pu ycnoBue, qe rr uva). Haxpa.r cro6uleulrero Aocrura ro rroaareJrrc rrorB'bpxleHue, qe pecypcnre ca pflepBllpaHr'r. I4HTepeceH Blrrpochr - 3aujo pe3epBaur-i{Ta flpaBl{ or fioryqarerr, a He e ce or rroAarert? Toaa ce lpaau 3apa.qlIBr3MoxHocr Aa ce pealrr-r3[pa MyJrrl]KacrnpenaBaHe, KoraTort]ra MHoro [ojlyqaTeJrrr e.{ H noaaTel. rr qe O66pnere BHnMar{lte, RSVP e ylpaBn{Baur nporoxo:r, roiiro ne npeHacx rrole:Ha unQopuaqur. flore:Hara nHSopMauu.l(peura) ce npeuaca or RTp (f,ra_ Ba 24). ToBa craBa qaK cJre.q npoBel(AaHe npoqeAyparano p$epBupaHc. Ha P*epeaquxra, Korro ce [paBu or RSVP Moxe Aa ce xapeve ,,lrexa", r<oero qe o3HarraBa, loryqarerrr rpt6Ba Ia t o[pecHrBa npe3 3alaleH [HTepBaJr Bpeor Me. RSVP opraHlBrapape3epBrrpaHe npexB.bpnrHe naKerH caMo B eAHara 3a Ha rocoxa. flpr.r rBy[ocoqHfir VoIP pa:rorop, lpoqe,qypara Ha pe3epBupaHe qpe3 RSVP, rpr6aa aa ce rroBTopuu :a oOparuaralocoKa (ocBeH,aKo e4Ha-ra orpaHae B c'bcTorHue caMoAa cnyua I-tHe I'bpxtl Aa roBopril). 28.5. At4OEPEHqUPAHOOSCIy)KBAHE luQepeu4upauomo o6cnycrccaue DifiSen (Differentiated Senice) e cpaBHlrTeJHo npocro cpe.4crBo3a fipuopurrl:rlpaHe Ha pa3Jrr]qHl.rre rnnoae rpaQur. B AeiicrBxrerHocr DiffServ e .{p}T npororon na IETF, Hapeuen "Apxumercmypa sa duQepeu4upaw o6cttyxeatwx" e onacas c REC2475. DiffServ tl3noJr3tsa rroJrero "Tun ua o6ctycreaue" (Type of Sentice Io.l) a IPv4 H eKBnBaneHTHoro nore "Klac ua mpaQuxa" (Trffic Class) e IPv6 (nx. lmza 24). B .4eiicrsurerHocr ce [3noJBBacaMo qacr or utroro no e v ra3Ll.racr ce Haplqa DS no:re. Tosa nore ce rSIIOJt3Ba Map(UpaHe aaaeHIroToKc KoHKpeTeH Ha lpexBbprsHe Hanpe.4. 3a Ha THn I4:lo,tssaHoro npexB:bpnrge e or Brraa noeedeuue om xon re xon pHB (per-Hop Behavior), raro DiffServ geQanupa ABa rr.rna npexB.bp ycKopeHoEF (EWentHe.. dited Forwarding) n eapaumupauo AF (Assured Forwarding). flo-nr'cen craH.qapr(REC 3246) onpe.qe,rrEF xaro o6clyxeaHc, rrpu Kocro 'rpa$uqeH rroroK ce rpnxcnpauunnuanHa Ha o[pe.4eneH cKopocr Ha HanycKaHe Ha KOTTO nO-fOJI{MaOT CKOpOCTTa nOCT,hrrBaHecSILlI4tB63eJl IaIeH BG3eJr, e Ha B (npu yc,roaue, qe cropocrra rta nocrbnBaHeHe HaABrrrxaBa npeaBapxrelno yrorrueu ltarcr.rrrlyu).To:a uerog ocnfyprBa npeMaxBaHg 3aK,hCHeHIleTOqaKaHe Ha OT Ha ona[rKr,r.flanuata nplrvrua 3a 3ax.r,cueHnero a6oHar.qo a6ouar. u oco6eso or Ha A)K.rrepa,e qaraHero no onauxrr. Ha nparrrra EF uoxe ga [peAocraBrr o6cryxBaHe, KOeTO eKBUBaJeHTHO TOBa BtipTyalHaHaeTa e Ha OT JrrrHltr. Apyr no-Kr,ceHcraH,4apr (RFC2597) orperem AF raro o6c,ryNaaue, npr KOeTO rraKeTlrTe aaleH H3TOgHr.rK npexBbpjlrT ycflenHo c MHoro foJIrMa Be_ oT Ce 296

28.6.KOMyTAUI4' ETt4KET]4 C Cpe.a .nnreparypara, IP Mpexu l4HrepHer,nonynspHo no u crrpau{eHuero e

MPLS, xoero s\Ba or MllltiProtocolLtrbeL r.e. Heruo KaroMHozonpoSwitching, Koirymaqun emuKemu. noKonHa c Karro u npu DiffSew, MPLS uapruparpaQura HaBXOAa Mpexara. Ha LrasHorolpe.{Ha3HaqeHueMapKupaHeTo aa ce aaHa e He "xon" Hanr,Tror rronpr.{opnrers pyrepa,a,4ace onpe,qeJru np}.r c,reAsautr4qr Aar
aaTer ao lloflyqaTer. MPLS npegonrqa .qo6assHeHa Kpalhr ernrer KbM rraKera, rrpeA[ IP xearpa. ToBa npaxrhqecKl{e Heluo rroao6EoHa Br,Bex.qaHe HoBcnofi ue4ay IP cro-r u Ha HaMlpaqr-rJrce noa Hero KaHzrJreH c,Ioii. Ernxcr6r c'b, bpxa qrJrara [HoopMarlru, Heo6xoAHMa pyrepa, 3a Aa [36epe cne,4Barq]fi"xon" r.raa npexBrpJrr.r Ha naKera KLM cne.qBaqxr p)"Tep.Pa3jrnr(aTa cTaHAaprnaraIP Mapurplaz3aurir e, qe He ce T6pcr.1 oT rracr Ha aApeca,a ce Tbpcn cBBna,qeHlre Han-AbJtforo ctBnaAeH[e Ha Haqa,'IHara Ha roveu 6poii 6uroae. Taxa ce ycrop.raanpoqec'brHa Mapuplrr43aq[r B pyrepa. MPLS eruremr ureHr[Qrrq(pa r. Hap, Knac Hq eKauqaqeHmHo npexsbpnnHe FEC (Forwarding EquivaLenceC/ass). Bclrvxn naxerr.r,Korro rrpuHa,{JrexarHa aaaen FEC, ce rperxpar elHaKBo npr npexB'r,prqsero.Bc[.]Kn naKenr or e,[Ha rejreyc,ryra, Karo Harrp[Mep peq, [Mar eAHaKbB FEC tI ca e,qHaKBo rperupaHx. I4r6oprr ua Blraa rperrrpaHe, e xpaiHa cMerKarapaHTlpa, qe acuqxu [atterx or aaaeH TpaouqeH noroK Mex,qy aBe rot{Kl-l B Mpexara clreaBar ea}rH r.I cllq rT,T. AKo noroK'bT uMa KoHKpersrl u3r4cKBallll\ K:bM JreHTara, ce Tal3rlJ.reHTa npe,{ocTaBt B HaqilnoToHa cecntTa, 3a aa ce fapaHTupa,qe aaaeH [oToK xMa HeobxoauMara JreHra3a ocxryprBaHe Ha rro-BrcoKo QoS, n ve naxerr.rrerue nprrcrrrHar B peAa, rro KofiTo ca lr3rrpareHr.r. MeroA Ha ocliryprBaHe neHTa3a cecKrra I.r e.qC,I'rrlr.fiT HaKBO npexBbpntHe HacoqBaHe rla(err{Te B cecHtTa,Moxe aa ce npunox[ lI Ha Brpxy cyMapeHroroK or MHoro ceclru. Hanpuuep uoxe Aa ce AaAeeaHaKtBFEC Ha BcHt{KrlpeqeBu rraKerr Mexry.qBa reorpa$cKr.rpa3,qeneHu MeanfiHr.r rxJl}o3a MGW. ,{a cr lpeacranuu VoIP upeNa, flperocraBrua Bp63KtlHa fo,reMtl pa3crosHttt. TaKaBaMpexa nle riMa MHoro MGW Ha pa3r[rrHr.lMecra. AKo 3HaeMTpaaBoiira MGW, Hre MoxeM ga n:6epeu xoHxpeQuuHur nurepec Mex,uy ,qa.qeHa reH nTr (c KoHKperHfipecypcH) npe3 IP upexara, rofiro ga o6c,ryNea rpaQtr(a

29'7

TeneKoMvHrrKauhh- d{KcupaH!1, Mo6xnH6 h lP

fraaa2d KaqedBo o6cnvxBaHe npoeKrrDaHe VolpMpexa Ha eos. Ha 3a upexa B paMKare Ha crpanaTae HopManHo Aa ce r3nor3Ba WAN. 3a xa_ uannul c,roil ttau za ctoit 2 (cr,rlacxo ruoae.la OSI, r.e. :a c,ror, *oiro no4 IP).e ecrecrBe-Ho ce npueMenpomoKonlrm .qa om mottKado mo,tra ppp " (point-to_ "no" Poitrt Protocol). TpaSuuuama npozuna e rpyt+a s orroaopta pa6ora. Ilporto:ara rpr6aa 4a ce rrpaBH Kr,MMOMeHTa nycKaHe eKcnrouruur" He Ha B Mpexa, a 3a [o_ KbceH MoMeHr,HarrpxMep3a c;rel e.{Haroatua. "urlulllu* Tpa@arrr, nocTr[Baq oT ([nu r<tm) OKTM Ha BceKvrpa.q KbM (rjnl, or) Hartero c.hopaxeHr{e rpaAa _ ujrrcr3a B MGW, ue ce pa3npeAenl cre! roBa rru (l-t;ru. or; npyin r-puoo"" B Ip Mpexara _ apyrlre MGW, cbrracHo rrporuo3lparrar rpraQuveH'l"r.pal. ip"O"u ,u .. or"r_ ra u MexgyHapo,{Hurr rpaQtr, xarro u rpa{uxtr, xoiro ne uoNe Aa Or,Aeo6cJ'IyXeH HauaTaMpeNau rpqona Aa 6.ble HacoqeH oT K6MApyr onepaTop. AKo lpaQllrGT e nporHo3upaHHe B epnaHr[, u no n"*i*u lpy, Haq1rH, Han_ priMep MxHyTo3aeMaHr.rr Mecel 3arbJIxLTerHo 3a II' e roi aa ce [peg6pHe B epr'IaHr[ 3a tlHT. Mecrono.noxeHue rl opa3MeprBaHe Ha KoHTponepnre MGC (cor[r_ rouyraropure). flpe.{,rarauure or npol-r3Bolr,rreJrl,rre MGC ca c.qocrarrqHo ro_ nrM Kanarlurer 3a eBeHryanHo ynpaBJ,leHrre urrara Mpexa. Or cro6paxeunl:a Ha HaAex.qHocr Ha rltpexara Mo)(e 6lt e pa3yMHo .qa ce nocraBrr,4Ba coOTKoMyraropa MGC. I4:60pr'r Ha MecrorroroxeHrero ua MGC ecrecrBeHo B,rrre Ha Mpexara, a orraM ,r Ha ueHara, HaaexaHocTra x.qp. H:,.:.:1..:11":rHrra rrpri oueHxara Ha KarrauuTera MGC (coQr_KoMyraropa) Ha e MHoro BaxHo Aa ce noaqeprae, qe roBa e ylpaBJrrBarro yc4)oficrBo. C,reaosarerHo HaroBapBaHero My He ce x3MepBa epJraHr', a c 6poii nonHxsau'' c 3a ealrHrrqa BpeMe. To3,,,Ka[altr.irer e or rroprAbra sa 150000 noB[KBaHfi, gHT, n cnopea aaxH]l Ha npol3Bo_ Ouetxara Ha roBapa oupxy MGC rpn6ra 4a ce npoBe,qe crcaHru HaqrrH. no Or nonyqeHn, cyMapen.rpaQwxA npeIrsul,

Mer(ay lllJ'll.o3oBeTe HaaxHe Mexlly Te3tl aBa tlrjrrc3a.c,I'ulo TaKa,aKo Tpaq)uKbT BuHaru IlIe {Ma aocTr'II ao Heo6xoaHMrITe MpexoBfi peBbpnr fiporHo3r-{paHrrr, cypcn,3a.{a ce trocpeuHe 3aaa.qeloro QoS. Tora fioaxoa, nprr Kofiro Ha BceKh KoHKpereH n6T, c KoHKperHr.i MpexoBr{pecypcl.l roxrpereu rpa{nr ce npeaocraBrr no IP ltpexara ro Hapfqar mpoQuuuo utoteHepcmlo (ax. HanB Jrlfreparypara, pavep [RAI]), a MPLS ce pa3rnexAa Karo ocHoBHU[uHcrpyMeHr:a rpaQlvHo fiHxerrepcrBo. Karro pa:6rpar B IEFT noa repvnHa rpaQnvro [HxeHepcrBo e go6pe cucreuaulripaHo B rexHut aoxyuenr RFC3237. Ha .(o6po rr regeune a o6ruupHarareua 3a obe3neqaBaHe xaqecrsoro Ha o6cnyxBaHe B IP Nrpexne roKy-ulo urrrupaHaraKHrra [RAI]. HA 28.7. nPOEKTI4PAHE VolP flpoeKr[paHero na VolP lrpexa, HanpxMep3a crpaHara, e rmp4e o6elllcro Heulo, 3a.{a 6r,ge pa:xa:aHo B rrrt(o;IKocrpaHltuu. Muoro BaxHLtHeluaHa rrpoe6l{3peqeH}re. ra tqe 6r,rat ra:aun c no c.qHo lIIe pa3rre.[aMec,'re.qHara rBcp,]le3eMHa 3a,qaqa: ce npoerrapa VoIP r'.rpe{a xa, Korro pa6ora napa,re,rnoHa OKTM ri Ha Mpexrre Ha,Apyr[ KoHKypeHTHr.r orrepaTopH. Ha 6a:a nporuo:a ua rpaQuxa, xoiro rqe orr,roxlrM Kl,MHauara Mpexa, a:6npaMerpaaoBe,B Kouro rr.[e[ocraBuM cr,op'bxeHr.ir. Br,s gcern or n:6poenrre rpaMoxe,qa npeABKAxM e,quH no MeAr{err u,rrc: MGW. Vs5upave rexHoJlortrrra ,4oBe x npoH3Bo,qfiTentHa ctop6xeHHrTa, a TaKacblrlo cr{rHarrrl3aqt-tflTa Mexqqyun}o3oponepa MGC (uoxe 6s MEGACO Karo oqaKBaH scre MGW n KoHT nporoKon Ha 6TAeuero - f:rasa 26). PeujasaMe ute n3rroJtBaMe orAeJreH cHrHar 3arluoHes Aarr4 ulnros SGW Hrr.rll1ece o6,rerueu na MGC, xofiro nolalpNa SS7 alrpexrHo. I,ls6rpaMecrrHarr3arrns Mexay KoHrporepr{reMGC (H.323 nrn SIP - frara 27). Kodupaue. K,racuqecroro I4KM-xoglrpaxe (nperoptra G.7l l) 6[xMe H36panr, caMo aKo lto HtKaKBanpuqllHa e HyxHo lt3(]']roqttTejlHo I(aqecTBo KoaI-IpaHe. Ha MeNay .upyrrre craHAaprr.r Ko,[rpaHeHaii-qecro ,$6upar G.729 ]rnn Bapr{ar{ra Ha G.729B, rofiro e c norrr.icKaHe nay3nre a peura. ,{onrlHnre,reu n naNex tl6op e Ha rrpo,rbrrxrTeJrHocrra npo6ara or peqra, Korro ce Koanpar.rflaKerr]pa.Aro e noHa orHocfiTerHrrr arrr Ha cyMara ar,ma npo6ara (xanpnuep Ha.{40 ms), ce HaMaJr{Ba or oKrernre Ha xeABpr.rre [poroKonETe(lP + UDP + RTP) B naKcra, Ho ce yBerra nr {aBa BneceHoro3aKhcHeHrie o6parno. llpu G.729 ItJDI<uHaraua npo6ara ua t,l peqra ce lpoMeur rrpc lOms. Hafi-vecro u:6Hpar 20ms. Clarucruxara coqll, qe rlptt HopMareHrere$oneH pa3roBopBceKrlor,qBara yqacrHlKa roBopu oKo;ronoiroBrflara or Bpellgro. I43ror3saHeroHa KoaeKG.7298 no3BorrBarrpe3ocraHaJroro BpeMe(nay3r.rre pevra) 4a ne ce npe4aaarnaxera. 3a B npoeKTr.rpaHero Moxe Aa ce npueMe,qe rozu tparcmop arcmueuocmma 50Vo. ua e 3a aa ce rapauupa seo6xollr'roro KaqecrBoHa o6c"[yxBaHe,rpr6ra aa ce ll3nor3Bar rexs}rKure, onficaHi,rB npeAHr.rre rovrr, Hai-4o6pe e Aa ce [3non3Ba erhKerHara KoMyrarllrr MPLS, Korro Moxe Aa ce xou6NHnpa c flpfinaraHero Ha raro DiffServ (r. 28.5) u RSVP (r. 28.4). apyrlre Meroar.r

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cpcaHararrpoj, Qop (4.5 s vpe: uv,ra ), :::ff;#ff"l"ffiJ :ffi ;;i]:ffi"il'#:'r:

* tP:9:1"t., *orro np."r"aBarrrpe3 BceKa rrrrrro3oBere yn_ or MGW, !l_11lil or MGC. paBJrrBaHE

28,7.1.Ilpoexmupane na meduenu,trot Tpa$uvnoroopa3Mep{BaHe MGW ce pa:6asa na HaABeqacrt _ opa3MeprBaHe Bpa3Kare Ha xrlr OKTM u opa3MeprBaHe Bpa3xr.rre Ha rru Ie lapexara. CHortrr Mexry MGW r.ruenrpa,rarinu Cjrtu ouyno"o".rr no"orrour.nr",u rpaQ].rKa, ce ,3[oJr3Ba aKo SS7 :a ctrsalt:au""." M.*1y MGW lr OKTM aua p:rnflB rpa.qa cB'bp3Ba ce urrc:tr. [o Qopvy,ra1111"1",!1""9j:l.KonKoro ueHT Ta Ha bpnaHr(5.10),vpe [3nojr3BaHe Haqr{HHTe, npe.qjroxeHHfrasa 5, ce on_ s peAentor nporHo3upanrr rpaQnr I-{npxerr4re :ary6u-g (nanpnv o,lTo),6pon ep HA
KAHA.J]ATE.NBbB BCEKA CHOTI

I{3qrc,'reHle Ha HeodxonfiMara reHTa rtBM Ip Mpexara. Or gpyrara crpaua tra MGWe IP,rusnrra, 3a Korro rpqoBa Aa olpe,qer]rMHeo6xo,qalrara rcura.

298 299

Mo6rtH!a h lP TeneKoMvHMXauuu duKCttpaHl4,

Ha paHe VolP fraBa2, Kaqecrso o6cnvxBaHe TlpoeKr Qos. Ha Mpexa Kora 3a ynpaBJ'leHr.re RTP-RTCP (BX. fnaBa 24) ao6aas nenra lo 5Zo or pear_ na Hara VoIP,resra n ce no,lyqaBaoKoH.rare,ruo = 28,56 Kb/s. c O6rpHere rurzuauue,qe Hee ao6agexerarera ua MpLS, no u mra oe loryqaBa c(opocr, Korro e MHoforIo-BHcoKa Hava,ruara or cropocr (g Kb/s) Ha KoIeKaG.729. Aro 6porr Ha (aHzL'rrrex.ru OKTM e N = 1000, a or (2g.1) ce cMe orrpenenhnv n =0,4,ro npw B = 0,lVo or (28.4)ce noryr{aBa = 448 :a roprara rpiHuua y Ha AonycraHure aKTLTBHU IIoBlrKBaHrg.Kat:o ce yMHoxI_ty cr,c cxopocrra c = = 28,56Kb/s Ha eAHoaKT[BHorroBrrKBaHe, ueo6xo4ruara cKopocr Ha ruHl.t.sra :a rsu IP npexara ce noJryqaBa = 12,8 Mb/s. C Ha vutatell, KoMyro pa3cbxAeH[qra u x3r{LtcreHrjtraB Hacroru]ara rro!_ TOIr(a Ca yMOpr{TeJrHx [r aoca"qHa, npenopbqBaM Aa IIo re.{HaT B www.erlang.com/calculator/, orKlAero Morar Aa r3TeDr.srrerarHo t'r 6e3uarHo nporpaMx're3a npeBpbxraueHa KaHa,ru lrnt,t]-paQur I a cropocr C ua nuswsra. N IlpeepTqauero Moxe Aa craHe H online 6es cBaJrrHe nporpaM[. Ha rrc6osHa_ Ha Ter'rHUtqrrTaTetr [penop.bqBaM3a aoMa[Ho.{a oTroBopu:3auo pe3ynTaT[TeOT caiira ne cuenllar c Haurre Detv,traru?

Aro ce r:no,r:ea G.7l I cKopocrra e 64 Kb/s, a npr.J rt:6Bituzuue ua xoderca. or pauus G.729 - crorBerHo 8Kb/s. llpx HanpaBeHlrt nac u:6op, 3a orpr3r,x or peqra 3a [aKT[paHe c a:bJrxtlHa20ms, no,ryvaraue ctorBerHo 160 orrera npn G.7l 1 u 20 oKrera rryu G.729. Xedt p om npomorotume IP, UDP u RTP.II-{e nprnounuu, qe narerr4paHara peq ce npeHacr or RTP B'bpxyUDP r *pxy IP. Xear,pr,r Ha RTP e 12 oxrera, Ha UDP - 8 oxrera, a Ha IPv4 e 20 oxrera. O6uro ce no.nyuaraxea:rp or 40 oxrera, a cyMapHara,4r,Jrx[HaHa naKerae chorserHo 60 orrera. Ha noeuxaauun. [lo-rope npkexMe,qe npn qoBeulrara I4squcneHue aKmuzHume peq trMaaKTnBHocr ot<o,'to 507o.B nay:ure KoAeKhr ll:npau1anogr,pxarqrl naKerr-1, x Ho Ho re ca MarKlI I-lnpe3roJleMuIIHTepB:urli, Mofar Aa ce npeHe6pemar. :a cT,xareHlte He MoxeM flpocro !a yMHoxIrMno 0,5 ueo6xo,4rlrarareHra, a rpqOnaIa orqereM gralicrnt{ecxu-n xapar<repHa 6pot Ha eAHoBpeMeHHo aKTnBnr-.rre noBuKBaHI.Ir. cJre,4HrITe o3HaqeH[.rr: AKO rrprieMeM I - cyMapHr{r 'rpaQnr or OKTM ruu MGW; N - cyruapHum6poii xaua,ruoT OKTM rru MGW; a - roe$uuueHrrr Ha aKTlrBHocr Ha or,qerHoro noB[KBaHe (Hanpr.rMep KaHaJr e B aKrr.iBHo cbcrorHr.re e: 0,4+0,5), To BeporrHocrra ,qa,ueH .qa

,t=4",
a BeporrHocrra aa r,rMa roqHo i noBlrKBaHnr, cbmacHo (5.14) e:

(28.1)

P=1"ln'l-n)''.

(28.2)

Cera, axo o3xaqnM cr,c C reHrara Ha JruHfirra or MGW r<lu IP rrlpeNara,a chc c JIeHTara, Heo6xoAttuaHa elHo aKTITBHo noBlrKBaHe, uarcnua,rgurr 6poii ro aKT[BHlrroBt4(BaHKt, KOI,ITO MOfaT Ce[OeMaT, e: Aa (28.3) v=C/c. A(o v < N, To BeporrHocrra cl-IcreMara.qa B cbcrotHl{e, npn rcoeroce ry6rr e naKerH,e:
p-\p

(28.4)

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llxgerc na aHr,tuficKr ctKpa[teHr{rr 28lQ-2 Bits- I Quatery, 194 3GPP - Third Generationparnership Project, 2L, 243 AAL- ATM Adaptationlttyer,39 ADM - Add./DropMultiplexor, 197 ADPCM, 189 ADSLG.dmt,2I7 ADSLG.tite,2t7 ADSL,2I7 AMI - AltemateMark Invenion, 192 AP - access point,2l9 APCM, t89 ATM - Asynchronous Transfer Motle,3g AU C - A Uthentica Cente 102,232, tion r, 240 AUR - AUtlrcntication Register,I02 B2BUA - Back - to - Back User Agent, 291 BER- Bit Error Ratio, 18 protocol,259 BGP - Border Gateway BHCA - Busy Hour Call Attempts,46 BICC - Bearer IndependentCall Control, 281 BORSCHT,l16 BM - BasicRateAccess, l3l,2ll BS- basestation,224 BSC- BaseStationControler,232 BTS- BaseTransceiver Station,232 CBR- ConstantBit Rate,18

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IEEE - Instituteof Electricaland 2 Engineers, I Electronics , I E E E8 0 2 . 1 l 2 1 8 IEEE802.16,220 IETF - InternetEngiteeringTaskForce, 2l lGP - Inteior Gatew7!Prok,col,258 Mobile Subscriber IMSI - Internotional Idetltity, 236 tMT 2000,242 129 lN - IntellisentNetworks, NelwotkApplication INAP- IntelliSent Port.l3o I P - l temefiwrkihSProrocol,29 1Pv4,256 I Pv6,256 Digital Services ISDN - lntegrated Network,15 $UP - ISdnllser Part,130 Telecommunication ITII - International Union.18 Area,229 LA - Lncation LAN- I'oc\l Area Networ,t'15I' l9 1,194 Procedure LAP B, LAP D - LhrkAccess B uu D,25 Prutocol D Jbr IAPD - Littk Access 132 channel, Nunber'36 LCN - Iogical Channel LED - Light EmitingDiode' l'14 Contol,l5l MAC - Mediun Access sublaYer,255 MAC - Medium ACcess - MetroPolitan Arcu Netwo*,169 MAN Part' 129 MAP - MobileAPPlicotion MCM - Muhi Carrier Modulation'215 Control MEGACO - Media GatewaY Protocol,2-76 MEGACO/H.248SeeMEGACO Controller,264 MGC - Media GatewaY MGCP.SeeMEGACO MGW - Media Gotewa!,264 Scare,l9O MOS- Mean OPirtion MPLS- MuttiPtotocolLabel SwitchinS' 29'l MS - mobilestation,224 MSC- Mobile SwitchingCenter,225 MTP - MessageTransJerPart' 128 APenure,172 NA - Numericol

NGN- NextCenerution N?ljrrorks,40, 266 NRZ- Non Retum to Zerc, 192 l4 & O&M - Operation Maintenance, oADM, 206 Divisiott OFDM - OrthogonalFrequency MuLtiplexing.220 Inlercotnecliotl,23 OSI - Open Systetn OXC - Optical Cross-Connector,206 PBX (PAB0 - Pri'ote (ALuomac) eXchange, 140 Brunch PCM - PulseCodeModulation,182 PDH - Plesiochrcnous Digital Hierarchy, 195 PLMN Public Land Mobile Nenork. 223 PPP - Poin,40-PointProtocol,299 PM - Primary RateAccess, 142 PSK- PhaseShiti Keying,2l3 Amplituda QAM - Quadrature Modulation,2l4 of QoS- Quality Senice,18,41,48 QPSK- QuadraturePSK.2l3 RAS Registration, Adnissiottand Status,283 RFC- Request Comnen42l For RIP- Routitlgltrfonnatio Protocol,25S RNC- RadioNetworkController,24'] RSU- RemoteSwitching Unit, l4O RSVP Resource Reserration Protocol, 295 RTCP RTP Contrcl Protocol,262 RTP- Real- TintetransportProtocol,

SIP - SessionInitiation Ptotocol,2Sl SLA - ServiceLetel Agreenent,293 SLIC - Subscriber Line Interface Circuit,

t12 SNR- Signal NoueRatio,183,197 to SOHO- SnrallOfice/Hone Olf<.e.273 SONET- Synchronous OpticalNETwork, 196 SPC Stored ProgramControl,9l - Signalling SS7 System nunlber l2tl 7, SSP ServiceSwitching Poittt, l2'7 STM - Synchronous Tranq>ortModtle, 196 STP- SignalTransJer Poirt, l2'1 TCAP* Transactiott Capabilities ApplicarionPart, 129 TCH - TraJllcCHannel,234 TCP- Transnission Control Protocol 30.254 TDM - TimeDivision Multiplexing, 126,

r41
TMN - Telecommunication Management Network, 114 14, UA - UserAgent,281 UDP - UserDatagramProtocol,30,254 UMTS- UriversalMobile TeIeconrnunicat ions Sv"ten. 230, 246 s UNI - UserNetworkInterface, 132 URI - Resource Indicator,285 UTP - Unshielded Twisted Pair, 166 UTMN - UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access Network,248 VBR- Vari\ble Bit Rate, 18 VLR- Vislor LocationRegiste 1O2,224 r, VolP - Voice over InternetProtocol,15,

26r,262
RZ - Retuntto Zero. 192 SCCP- Signalhg Connection Contol Part,129 SCP- ServiceControlPoitlt, 126 SDH - Synchronous Digital Hierarchy, 196 SDL- Specification Description and l"tnguage,84 SGSN Sen lrg CSN,244 - SoftHentlover,246 SHO SIBB- Senicehtdependent Builditrg Block, 129 SIM - Subscriberldentifcation Module, 221,232

27r
VPN- VirtualePrivateNetvork,l4l WCDMA- Widebattd. CDMA,242,246 WDM - WavelengthDivision Multipleing, 179,20O WiFi - ot WirelessFidelity no al;,aaorus c HiFi,2l8 WiMAX - Worldwide Interopcrability Jbr Microwave Access,22O WLAN - Wircless LAN, l9l, 218 WWW- WorldWide Web,2'7 rDSL,2l

30'7

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[Et4q] IMEPI [MhPl] [Ml'lP2] [MI4P3] [IIEHll IflEH2] [nyn] IPAEI ICTOI] [CTO2] IOEP] tXPI4l UIAHII UIAH2] [{AH3] [III4H] tAGRl [ANT] IBELI IBOSI E qeBf., B,'1. ny,,lKoB. MyJrr,ureKcHr.r olrcreMr."HoBx 3Ha{nr", 2003. Mepaxanoen. Te,reKor\4yHrKauxoHHr,r "HoBra Mpexu. 3HaHnr", 2002. Mllprea C. qr{opoBuxoMyTarllroHHl.t clo6qlrreanl cucrenalr. "Hoaa 3uauua", 2000. Mup,reoC. Te,rerpaSuuno npoerrupane. "Hoau 3Hauus.", 2002. MupeeBC. ATM ronyurnaqun. "Hoar.r 3uaum", 2001. neHeeBa Mo6u,rHr E. upexu."Hoeu3HaHhr",2002. flenveeaE. Apxurexrypar ynpaBreHIl reJre(oMyHr.,KaruosH! Ha Mpexx.Ty - Co$ur, 2005. Ilyrron Br. PDH r SDH - uu$poal fiepapxuu rJreKoMyHrrKa{uare. B "Hotn 3narrtrr",1998. Pa6oB Cr., Jl. Xp[cror. Onruvnu rouyHnraqua."Hoou 3uanur", 1999. Croruoo f., fr. C;raoooa. Kor,.ryHn(a[uoHHa rexHuKa."Texnr-rra", 1990. Croauooa Ipeuocuu lunrr lr vpexu. "Texnurc", 1994. B. Oeparluanaor I\o. Muqee.Ceeroeolul KoMyHurauuoHHr,r E., cucrevu. 9acr I H Il, "Cuena",2001u2002. "HoBu3uaHrr",2004. Xpucron Xp., C. Mrp'ree. Tenexouyuuxauslr. I-IaHKoB I-lB.C,laBoBa. 8., Tpa$urtl,rB cbobulxrerurrre Mpexr 14 crcreMu. "Texunra", 1979, IIaHKoB Koruyraqronna B. cr,o6qlrreluarexuaxa."TexHfixa",1991. I{auroa E. I-{lrSpoar xouyraq},oHHn cucreMr."Texnuxd', 1992. tlluuaop,{. A. Kounrcrr,pnr upe)Ku. "CoOrIIpec",2003. AgrawalC. P. LightwaveTechnology: Telecommunication Systems. John Wiley&Sons,2005. Anttalainen Introduction Telecommunications T. to NetworkEngineering. Second edition.ArtechHouse, 2003. (Third Edition).JohnWiley, New York,2000. BellamyJ. C. Digital Telephony BosseJ. C. van.Signallingin Telecommunication Networks. JohnWiley&Sons, 1998.(BurrapcxunpeaoA: Curra,u3a{ul BTe:reKoMyunKarlllrre, "HoBr-r 3HaHr.u.2000). Collins D. CarrierGradeVoice overIP, Second McGraw-Hill, 2003. ed. DaigleJ. N. Queueing Theorywith Applications Packet to Telecommunication. Springer,2005. Dixit S.,R. Prasad. WirelessIP andBuilding the Mobile Internet. ArtechHouse, 2003. Dodd Anabel.The Essential Guideto Telecommunications. Prentice Hall, 2000. (6rrrapct<rinpeBo.(: AHa6en ,4oa,Haprqnuk ro rerexoMynr(aurn. I4H0o,4AP, 1999). Ellanti M. N., S. S. Gorshi,L.G. Raman, D. Crover.Next Generation W. Transport Networks.Springer, 2005. Understanding Telecommunications. Volume I and2. Ericsson Telcom,Telia and Studefitlitteratur, 1998.

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