I. Intro II. Knowledge and 4 common sense beliefs. A. knowledge is a belief that is certain. B. There is a material Universe C.

There are cause and effect relationships. D. Nature is uniform E. I have a self

Transition: Following common sense, I believe, for example, that this paper is real and has inherent qualities of texture, color, and spacial dimension, but how do I experience these things? III. Impressions and Ideas A. you cannot have an idea of something without having previously experienced B. all ideas are ultimately derived from impressions it.

Transition: I believe I know these things, but can I conclusively prove the world I experience, or anything at all, exists outside of my mind? IV. I cannot know what truly exists because I cannot experience anything outside of my mind A. Berkeleys argument on knowledge B. Humes addition of that you cannot know wnything exists in the mind either.

Transition: Even if I accept that I cannot know the world exists, I still believe that events cause and effect other events (regardless of what the actual substance being effected is), and that belief is crucial to my thought processes.

V. Hume argues that if I cannot have an impression of a cause, then I cannot say I have any knowledge of causes. Even in my own mind, I cannot prove that I know cause. A. the idea of cause comes from two sensory ideas that arise directly from impressions 1. contiguity- touching in space and time 2. Temporal priority- one event happens immediately before another. B. It also come from a third idea 1. one event must necessarily cause another to occur. a. one thing HAD to cause another, and could not have done anything differently. 2. you can never have an impression of something necessarily causing another. C. Cause and Effect also cannot be proven through a priori reasoning 1. There is no logical proof or reason of the idea that everything must have a cause. The Idea only comes from experience 2. There is also no way to know that one particular cause must necessarily produce a particular effect. D. I believe there is a necessary connection between events because I perience them together. (constant conjunction) There isnt though. E. I believe in cause and effect because my mind creates it. 1. Constant conjunction leads us to assume necessary causation. 2. There is no logical reason for this. it is a natural impulse of the mind. the mind projects itself onto the surrounding world. F. This invalidates the idea of cause and effect, and therefore any scientific theories repeatedly ex-

Transition: Could I not argue, though, that as I have experienced the world behaving in identical ways thousands of times, I can know it will behave this way again? Scientific laws and common sense beliefs are accurate because nature must act in certain ways. Right? VI. Wrong. I cannot know that tomorrow will be anything like today. There is no way to know that nature is uniform, and therefore the uniformity of nature is not a way to prove the existence of cause and effect or a material world. A. You cannot have an impression of the future B. you cannot conclusively reason that the future will remain the same. C. Science and common sense beliefs clearly, once again, prove nothing D. You only believe that nature is uniform because of your animal nature

Transition: If I cannot know anything about the material world around me at all, do I even exist? Can I know anything about my mind? VII. You cannot have an impression of a self, and therefore you cannot know that you have one. A. a self is a continuous unchanging thing that exists throughout life and defines B. Can you have an impression of any such unchanging thing? 1. No, there is no impression of an unchanging self. C. But, do I experience anything outside of impressions and ideas? Do I have a ing self? 1. Whenever I think of what I call a self, I think of my perceptions. 2. Nothing exists outside of my perceptions. thinkus.

D. The most rational conclusion is that your mind is simply a heap of ideas and sion that come and go. F. i only believe I have a self because my mind deceives me into believing that things are the same. VII. Conclusion

impres-

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