The Neoproterozoic Sergipano Orogenic Belt, NE Brazil - A Complete Plate Tectonic Cycle in Western Gondwana

Precambrian Research 181 (2010) 6484
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Precambrian Research
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The Neoproterozoic Sergipano orogenic belt, NE Brazil: A complete plate tectonic cycle in western Gondwana
Elson P. Oliveira a, , Brian F. Windley b , Mario N.C. Arajo c
a b c
Institute of Geosciences, P.O. Box 6152, University of Campinas UNICAMP, Rua Joo Pandi Calgeras, 51, 13083-970 Campinas, SP, Brazil Department of Geology, University of Leicester, Leicester LE1 7RH, UK CENPES, Petrobrs, 21941-598 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
a r t i c l e
i n f o
a b s t r a c t
The Neoproterozoic Sergipano Belt formed by the collision of the Pernambuco-Alagoas Block in the north with the So Francisco Craton in the south, but the timing, duration and mechanics of this amalgamation are poorly understood. The belt is divided into the Canind, Poco Redondo-Maranc, Macurur, Vaza Barris, and Estncia lithostratigraphic domains; the rst three are composed of plutonic, volcanic and sedimentary rocks and the last three of sedimentary rocks. Our new eld, structural, and geochemical data, and SmNd, ArAr and UPb geochronology provide robust constraints for the following evolution. A Mesoproterozoic (980960 Ma) continental arc (Poco Redondo tonalitic gneisses) developed on the margin of the Palaeoproterozoic Pernambuco-Alagoas Block. Extension of this continental block gave rise to (i) A-type crustal granites and associated sedimentary rocks on the stretched, rifted margin of the Poco Redondo-Maranc Domain, (ii) the Canind rift sequence between the Pernambuco-Alagoas Block and the Poco Redondo/Maranc domain, (iii) a passive margin on the southern boundary of the Pernambuco-Alagoas Block on which sediments were deposited after 900 Ma, (iv) and a second passive margin on the So Francisco Craton. In the Canind Domain, rifting continued until ca. 640 Ma and led to emplacement of a bimodal association of A-type granite (715 Ma) and continental mac volcanic rocks, a continental-type layered gabbroic complex (ca. 700 Ma), magma-mingled gabbro/quartzmonzodiorite (688 Ma), and rapakivi granites (684 Ma and 641 Ma). Deformed pillow basalts and interleaved marble lenses are likely ocean oor relicts in the Canind Domain. Closure of the Canind oceanic basin began at ca. 630 Ma with the intrusion of arc-type granitic plutons. Convergence of the Pernambuco-Alagoas Block and the So Francisco Craton led to deformation on the passive margins and granite emplacement in the Macurur (628625 Ma, and 590570 Ma), Canind (ca. 621 Ma) and Poco Redondo-Maranc (ca. 625 Ma) domains. A small oceanic basin was most likely subducted beneath the Poco Redondo-Maranc Domain to account for the presence of 602 Ma arc-type volcanic rocks. Shortly after, exhumation of the Pernambuco-Alagoas Block and Canind, Poco Redondo-Maranc and Macurur domains in the north led to deposition of uppermost clastic sediments in the Estncia and Vaza Barris domains in the south, possibly in a foreland basin, and to nal thrusting of the continental margin sedimentary rocks onto the So Francisco Craton. Our results indicate that the construction of western Gondwana involved a ca. 300 million years long history of plate breakup and collision. 2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Article history: Received 24 September 2009 Received in revised form 29 April 2010 Accepted 11 May 2010
Keywords: Sergipano Belt Western Gondwana Neoproterozoic Tectonic evolution Geochronology Brazil
1. Introduction Following the breakup of Rodinia, continental blocks reamalgamated to form western Gondwana (West AfricaNE South America) and eastern Gondwana (IndiaAustraliaAntarctica) before nal construction of the Gondwanan supercontinent in the Neoproterozoic (McWilliams, 1981). Whereas the history of amalgamation of eastern Gondwana is increasingly well constrained
Corresponding author. Tel.: +55 19 35215158. E-mail address: elson@ige.unicamp.br (E.P. Oliveira). 0301-9268/$ see front matter 2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. doi:10.1016/j.precamres.2010.05.014
(Collins and Pisarevsky, 2005) that of western Gondwana is still poorly understood. In order to construct a viable geodynamic model for the evolution of western Gondwana, it is important to understand the detailed evolution of key individual orogenic belts, such as the Aracuai, Ribeira, Sergipano, Dahomeyide, Rokelide, and Ouban guide (Boullier, 1991; Culver et al., 1991; Trompette, 1997; Neves et al., 2000; Brito Neves et al., 2002). Post-collisional indentation and extrusion between the West African, Amazonian and So Francisco/Congo cratons at ca. 630580 Ma (Caby et al., 1995) gave rise to a major dextral transcurrent fault system in the Borborema Province of NE Brazil and the Transaharan belt of NE Africa that transects the orogenic belts (Fig. 1). In order to improve under-
E.P. Oliveira et al. / Precambrian Research 181 (2010) 6484
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standing of the mode of construction of western Gondwana, we here provide new multidisciplinary data and a new plate tectonic model for the Sergipano orogenic belt. The Neoproterozoic Sergipano Belt, located on the northern margin of the So Francisco-Congo craton, was rst interpreted
as a geosyncline (Humprey and Allard, 1969; Santos and Silva Filho, 1975), later as a collage of tectono-stratigraphic terranes or microplates (Davison and Santos, 1989), and more recently as a fold-and-thrust belt, the southern part of which was produced by inversion of a passive continental margin (Del-Rey Silva, 1999).
Fig. 1. Palaeogeographic reconstruction showing the connection between the Borborema Province (in Brazil) and Trans-Saharan belt (in NW Africa) in the Neoproterozoic. The main gneissic blocks and shear zones are indicated. Arrow shows the Sergipano Belt of Fig. 2.
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Fig. 2. The Sergipano Belt and its division into domains (modied after Del-Rey Silva, 1999). The Poco Redondo-Maranc Domain is separated into two sub-domains. MSZ, BMJSZ, SMASZ and ISZ stand, respectively, for Macurur, Belo Monte-Jeremoabo, So Miguel do Aleixo and Itaporanga shear zones. ID Itabaiana dome; SD Simo Dias dome; JPD Jirau do Ponciano dome. Towns cited in text: (1) Gararu, (2) Porto da Folha, (3) Gracho Cardoso, (4) Lagarto, and (5) Macurur.
However, the absence of constraining data on the geochronological evolution, isotope geochemistry, absolute timing of amalgamation events, and the bulk kinematics involved has led to major controversial interpretations of the geodynamic evolution. Our new data will help to resolve some of these arguments. First, we will evaluate current knowledge of the Sergipano Belt; second, we will present new information on its geochronology, whole-rock geochemistry, isotope geochemistry, and structural geology. 2. The Sergipano Belt The Sergipano Belt represents the western segment of the major Oubanguide orogen that extends into NW Africa (Trompette, 1997, 2000). It consists of a triangular-shaped, E-SE- to W-NW-trending belt located between the So Francisco-Congo Craton to the south, and the Pernambuco-Alagoas Block to the north (Fig. 2). In spite of controversy about its tectonic evolution, there is a general consensus about the subdivision of the Sergipano Belt into ve lithotectonic domains, namely from N to S: Canind, Poco Redondo-Maranc, Macurur, Vaza Barris and Estncia, which are mutually separated by the Neoproterozoic shear zones of Macurur, Belo Monte-Jeremoabo, So Miguel do Aleixo, and Itaporanga (Fig. 2) (Davison and Santos, 1989; Silva Filho, 1998). Located in the north of the belt are allochthonous domains/terranes (MarancPoco Redondo and Canind) accreted during the Neoproterozoic. The three domains to the south (Estncia, Vaza Barris and Macurur) largely consist of metasedimentary rocks, the provenance of which is constrained by Nd model ages and detrital zircon UPb ages. Our description of the domains will be from S to N. We do not include the Rio Coruripe and Vicosa domains (cf. Silva Filho and
Torres, 2002) in this account because the former is a continuation of the Macurur Domain to the north, and the latter is still poorly mapped and age-dated. 2.1. Lithology and age of different domains 2.1.1. Estncia Domain This domain consists of a 13.5-km thick blanket of subhorizontal, undeformed to weakly deformed platform sediments of the Estncia Group (Silva Filho et al., 1978; Saes and Vilas Boas, 1983; Davison and Santos, 1989). The base of the group is represented by 2030 m-thick autochthonous unit of conglomerates, argillites, sandstones and diamictites (Juet Formation), succeeded by ca. 40200 m-thick limestones and dolomites, sometimes with stromatolites (Acau Formation), overlain by feldspathic sandstones, siltstones, and argillites that contain well-preserved ripple marks, mudcracks and dewatering structures (Lagarto Formation). These platform sediments are overlain by 3-km thick, molassetype, clastic conglomerates, sandstones, siltstones and argillites of the Palmares Formation (Fig. 3) (Silva Filho et al., 1978; Saes and Vilas Boas, 1989). Brito Neves et al. (1977), Silva Filho et al. (1978), and Dominguez (1993) suggested that the uppermost Estncia Group sediments, mainly the Palmares Formation, were deposited in a foreland basin lls produced by erosion of the Sergipano Belt during the Neoproterozoic orogeny. This would imply a syn- to late-collisional sedimentary inux towards the So Francisco Craton. On the other hand, Del-Rey Silva (1999) suggested that the sediments were derived by erosion of mountains in the So Francisco craton to the south; this model implies that all sediments in the Estncia Domain should yield depleted-mantle Nd model ages (TDM ),
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Fig. 5. Detrital zircon histogram for sandstone of the Lagarto Formation (after Oliveira et al., 2006). Fig. 3. Stratigraphy of the Estncia Domain. Contacts between formations are unconformities. Thicknesses are not drawn to scale.
or detrital zircon grains no younger than the Palaeoproterozoic, because the relevant rocks from the So Francisco Craton are older than 2.0 Ga. Fig. 4 shows Nd model ages for the three sedimentary domains of the Sergipano Belt and their potential sources. Samples from the two uppermost formations of the Estncia Domain show TDM ages in the time range 1.71.4 Ga, whereas three samples from the basal Juet Formation indicate ages between 2.9 Ga and 2.1 Ga. These ages suggest that the So Francisco craton may have supplied clasts to the Juet Formation, but that younger sources
are required to explain the TDM ages of the Lagarto and Palmares Formations. UPb SHRIMP detrital zircon ages of sandstone from the Lagarto Formation yield age clusters at 570 Ma, 634 Ma, and 958 Ma with a few Palaeoproterozoic and Archaean grains (Fig. 5), this implying deposition after 570 Ma, which is more consistent with the foreland basin model, at least for the two younger formations. On the other hand, detrital zircons from the basal Juet Formation are not younger than 2073 Ma (Oliveira, 2008), poorly constraining sediment deposition to anytime between 2.0 Ga and 0.6 Ga. 2.1.2. Vaza Barris Domain The Vaza Barris Domain is more deformed than the Estncia Domain and for this reason its stratigraphy is more contentious. The domain contains several formations that were previously grouped into the Miaba and Vaza Barris Groups (Allard, 1969; Humprey and Allard, 1969) with modications by Silva Filho et al. (1978), or into the Miaba, Simo Dias and Vaza Barris Groups (Del-Rey Silva and McClay, 1995; Santos et al., 1998). From our eld observations, we adopt the stratigraphy suggested by Del-Rey Silva and McClay (1995) for the Vaza Barris Domain with the following modications: (i) the former LagartoPalmares Formation is not included in the Vaza Barris Domain, because its rocks are now recognized as two separate formations (Lagarto and Palmares) of the Estncia Domain, and there do not appear to be any stratigraphic equivalents in the Vaza Barris Domain, (ii) rocks of the former Jacar Formation are now included in the Frei Paulo Formation, and (iii) the Simo Dias Group is no longer a group because, after the modications above, it now contains only one formation (Frei Paulo Formation). Our proposed stratigraphy is shown in Fig. 6. At the Fazenda Capito type locality, the lower Miaba Group comprises a 130600 m-thick basal unit of quartzite with minor phyllite and conglomerate (Itabaiana Formation), overlain by poorly sorted, up to 150 m-thick meta-conglomerate and pebbly meta-greywacke with pebbles of gneiss and quartzite (Ribeirpolis Formation, ex-Jacarecica Formation of Humprey and Allard, 1969) and then by intercalated stromatolite-bearing dolomite and limestone (Jacoca Formation) up to 200 m thick. Basal quartzites of the Miaba Group rest unconformably on basement gneisses and migmatites of the Itabaiana dome (ID in Fig. 2); in places the unconformity has been transposed into a thrust. The overlying Vaza Barris Group was thrust southwards over rocks of the Miaba Group. It starts with siltstones, phyllites, and meta-sandstones (Frei Paulo Formation) over the Ribeirpolis Formation or over the Jacoca Formation, succeeded upwards by phyllites and diamictites of the Palestina Formation, and then by grey to black limestones and dolomites, occasionally with phyl-
Fig. 4. Depleted-mantle Nd-model ages for clastic sedimentary domains of the Sergipano Belt and their potential sources SFC So Francisco craton, PEAL Pernambuco-Alagoas Block, Itabaiana dome and Poco Redondo migmatites (modi ed after Oliveira et al., 2005, 2006).
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that clast contribution was from areas older than Brasiliano/PanAfrican in age. A signicant number of granites intrude the Macurur Domain. On the basis of RbSr isochron ages between 623 21 Ma and 595 10 Ma, Guimares et al. (1997) suggested that the granites were emplaced by successive magmatic pulses during late stages of the Brasiliano orogeny. Recent UPb age dating of these granites (Long et al., 2005; Bueno et al., 2009) constrains their emplacement between 628 Ma and 570 Ma. Bueno (2008) suggested that the older granites of this domain (ca. 628625 Ma) formed in a continental arc. In the Macurur Domain minor conglomerates and greywackes of the Ju Formation (Fig. 2) have undergone minor deformation and metamorphism, but are not intruded by granites. Menezes Filho et al. (1988) interpreted these clastic sediments as an alluvial fan deposit that is possibly correlative in time with the Palmares Formation of the Estncia Domain farther south. 2.1.4. The Poco Redondo-Maranc Domain This domain is separated from the Macurur Domain by the major Belo Monte Jeremoabo shear zone (Fig. 2). It is divisible into two major sub-domains, namely Maranc and Poco Redondo. The Poco Redondo sub-domain is a migmatitic gneiss com plex dominated by granodioritictonalitic rocks that represents the basement to the Maranc sub-domain. Santos et al. (1998) considered this sub-domain to be a lithotectonic terrane, separated from units to the north and south by shear zones. We have studied the structural trends of the entire Sergipano Belt with Landsat ETM+ imagery, followed by systematic eld investigations along three NS-trending transects. During this survey we did not observe any important shear zones separating the Poco Redondo and Maranc sub-domains. Migmatitic gneisses from the Poco Redondo sub domain have two UPb SHRIMP ages of 980 Ma and 961 Ma (cf. Carvalho et al., 2005). The Maranc sub-domain comprises greenschist to amphibolite facies, pelitic to psammitic metasedimentary rocks, rhythmites interleaved with calc-alkaline andesite to dacite, intercalations of basalt, andesite, gabbro and serpentinites. Owing to deformation, no estimates of unit thickness are feasible. Peridotites and gabbros with variable degrees of serpentinization mainly occur as lenses in metasedimentary rocks or as intrusions in the south of the subdomain; they may be slices of lithospheric mantle from beneath the orogen, or ophiolite fragments (Silva Filho, 2006). Calc-alkaline volcanic rocks most likely belong to an Andean-type magmatic arc. Several granite bodies occur in the Maranc sub-domain, the largest of which (the Serra Negra batholith) is deformed and has a geochemical signature similar to that of A-type granites (Carvalho et al., 2005). The Serra Negra granite and the Poco Redondo gneisses are the basement to metasedimentary rocks of the Maranc subdomain. Geochronological data from the Maranc sub-domain are as follows. Van Schmus et al. (1995) reported UPb ages of 1007 Ma on zircon grains from a meta-rhyolite and 1045 Ma from a sub-volcanic granitic sheet. However, from a more thorough UPb SHRIMP study, Carvalho et al. (2005) demonstrated that the Maranc volcanic rocks are much younger (602 Ma) and contain ca. 1000 Ma inherited zircons. Nd isotope data and whole-rock geochemistry of Carvalho et al. (2005) (TDM ages of 1.121.74 Ga; Nd(t) = 1.1 and 8.62) indicate that the calc-alkaline meta-volcanic rocks most likely belong to a continental arc. The A-type Serra Negra batholith has a UPb SHRIMP age of 952 Ma (Carvalho et al., 2005). Additional detrital zircon SHRIMP data show that metasedimentary rocks of the Maranc sub-domain were mainly derived from a provenance with ages between 980 Ma and 1100 Ma and less often from Palaeoproterozoic and Archaean sources (Carvalho et al., 2005). The former age group is found in gneisses and migmatites of the Cariris Velhos
Fig. 6. Stratigraphy of the Vaza Barris Domain, modied after Del-Rey Silva and McClay (1995). Contacts between formations are tectonic or unconformities. Thicknesses are not to scale.
lite intercalations (Olhos Dgua Formation). Jardim de S et al. (1986) described clasts of detrital micas and embayed blue quartz within greywackes of the Ribeirpolis Formation, which they interpreted as meta-turbidites (ysch) associated with the beginning of exhumation and erosion of volcanic and metamorphic rocks in the interior of the orogenic belt A detrital zircon study of the Vaza Barris units (Oliveira, 2008) indicates the following ages for the youngest zircon grains within each clastic formation: 2000 Ma (quartzite Itabaiana Formation), 780 Ma (metagreywacke Ribeirpolis Formation), 657 Ma (meta-sandstone Frei Paulo Formation), and 653 Ma (diamictite Palestina Formation). These results support a model of sedimentary provenance from the So Francisco Craton for the basal Itabaiana Formation, which rests upon basement gneisses, but not for the other formations. It is more likely that the sedimentary provenance of the uppermost formations of this domain was largely controlled by uplift of sources farther north, probably in other domains of the Sergipano Belt or in other parts of the Borborema Province. 2.1.3. Macurur Domain The Macurur Domain contains amphibolite facies, garnetbearing meta-turbidites, feldspathic-aluminous mica schists with minor intercalations of quartzite, marble and meta-volcanic rocks, and lenses up to 200 m across of amphibolite, garnetamphibolite and chlorite schist. In the northeast of this domain, a 200300 mthick quartzite (Santa Cruz formation) rests unconformably on the basement (Jirau do Ponciano dome JPD in Fig. 2) and is considered to be the base of the Macurur Domain. Gneisses and migmatites of this dome yield a 2000 Ma RbSr isochron (Brito Neves et al., 1978). Detrital zircon ages of quartzite and mica schist in the Macurur Domain indicate dominantly Mesoproterozoic (1000 Ma) sources in the west, and Mesoproterozoic and Palaeoproterozoic (950 Ma and 2100 Ma) sources in the east (Oliveira, 2008), indicating that the Borborema Province was the main provenance of the Macurur sediments. No zircons younger than 856 Ma were found, implying also
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orogenic belt to the north (Brito Neves et al., 1995) and from the Poco Redondo sub-domain. 2.1.5. Canind Domain The Canind Domain contains the following lithodemic units: (1) the Novo Gosto-Mulungu unit made up of ne-grained amphibolites intercalated with metamorphosed pelites, siltstones, cherts, graphite schists, calc-silicate rocks and marbles, cross-cut by mac and felsic dykes, granites and FeTi-rich gabbros (Nascimento et al., 2005). (2) The Garrote unit is a continuous, up to 2 km-wide granite sheet that has intruded the Novo Gosto-Mulungu unit and has been strongly deformed with rocks of that unit. (3) The Gentileza unit is made up of amphibolites and diorites intercalated with porphyritic quartzmonzonite, and minor dolerite and gabbroic bodies. (4) The Canind gabbroic complex comprises massive and layered olivinegabbronorite, leucogabbro, anorthosite, troctolite, and minor pegmatitic gabbro, norite and peridotite. These units are crosscut by granites, granodiorites, and rapakivi granites. The tectonic setting of the Canind Domain is controversial since 1976, when Silva Filho (1976) interpreted the domain as an ophiolite. Later, Jardim de S et al. (1986) suggested an island arc, and Oliveira and Tarney (1990) an intracontinental magmatism. Rocks of this domain have the following UPb ages: Garrote unit 715 Ma (Van Schmus in Santos et al., 1998); Canind gabbroic complex 701 8 Ma, Gentileza quartzmonzodiorite 688 6 Ma, Curralinho rapakivi granite 684 7 Ma, Boa Esperanca rapakivi textured granite 641 5 Ma, Lajedinho granodiorite 621 9 Ma (Nascimento et al., 2005, in preparation, and our unpublished SHRIMP data). These ages, coupled with whole-rock geochemistry and mineral chemistry supporting a continental signature of the rocks (Oliveira and Tarney, 1990), lead us to interpret the Canind Domain as a rift sequence that was later deformed and accreted to the Poco Redondo-Maranc Domain. The rift is likely to have evolved into an ocean basin because of amphibolite occurrences in the Novo Gosto-Mulungu unit with interleaved marble lenses and relics of pillowed basalts (Fig. 7). 2.2. Structural relationships and timing of deformation phases Our understanding of the structural evolution of the Sergipano Belt is based on a study of Landsat ETM+ imagery and on eld relationships along three transects indicated in Fig. 8. The correlation of deformation phases within a domain or between two domains is complicated because it is likely that deformation was diachronous along the orogenic belt and because deformation events in one domain may not be recognized in another. Four deformation events (D1 D4 ) affected the supracrustal rocks in the Macurur and Vaza Barris domains probably in the period 628570 Ma, the emplacement age of syn-collisional granites (Bueno et al., 2009). Deformation also reworked earlier structures in the domes and/or inliers of basement throughout the Belt. We begin with the deformation events in the Macurur, Vaza Barris and Estncia sedimentary domains and follow with those in the Maranc/Poco Redondo and Canind domains and basement domes. ArAr, UPb and SmNd age determinations are used to correlate the timing of deformation in all domains. 2.2.1. Deformation of metasedimentary rocks Macurur, Vaza Barris and Estncia domains Deformation that affected the metasedimentary rocks of the Sergipano Belt was heterogeneous in both style and intensity, developing in a progressive sequence of four events, hereafter referred to as D1 , D2 , D3 , and D4 . 2.2.1.1. D1 event. The S1 schistosity has been strongly transposed by D2 and for this reason its structural elements are recognized only
as cleavage in phyllites and meta-greywackes in the Vaza Barris Domain and as schistosity in garnetmica schists in the Macurur Domain. F1 folds may be inclined, horizontal, tight or asymmetric with their axial plane foliation parallel or oblique to bedding S0 . D1 structures are particularly well displayed in a superb outcrop at the Gracho Cardoso dam (number 3 in Fig. 2) in the centre of the Macurur Domain. Chaotic clasts of mica schist, phyllite, graphite phyllite, meta-rhythmite and rare granites are embedded in a matrix of meta-sandstone; the whole package was subsequently deformed by D2 (Fig. 9). Taking account of the fact that the clasts are metamorphic (e.g. phyllites and mica schists with S1 schistosity, Fig. 9a) we suggest that the Gracho Cardoso rocks are remnants of an ancient alluvial fan. This interpretation implies a signicant time gap between the D1 and D2 events during which some granites were intruded into the D1 -related schists. Indeed, farther north Bueno et al. (2009) described a post-D1 , pre-D2 tonalite (Camar Tonalite) with xenoliths of garnet mica schist; the tonalite yield a UPb SHRIMP zircon age of 628 12 Ma. This date and that of the Coronel Joo S granodiorite (625 2 Ma, zircon UPb age after Long et al., 2005), which is intrusive into the Macurur mica schists and which was affected by D2 , set a minimum age limit for the D1 event. 2.2.1.2. D2 event. The D2 event is the most penetrative in the Sergipano Belt and was associated with the main phase of collision between the So Francisco Craton and the PernambucoAlagoas Block. It gave rise to pervasive south-verging thrusts and nappes throughout most of the metasedimentary domains in the orogen. Structures associated with this event formed under different strain magnitudes from the margins to the centre of the orogen. Anchizonal sandstones of the Estncia Domain contain well-preserved sedimentary structures weakly affected by open to gentle, asymmetric, F2 folds (Fig. 10a). South-verging fault bends and thrusts (Fig. 10b) conrm the south-directed shear sense of D2 . In the western part of the Belt meta-carbonates of the Vaza Barris Domain are thrust-stacked onto meta-siltstones of the Estncia Domain. Tight to isoclinal recumbent folds and low-T ultramylonites affecting such meta-carbonates demonstrate localized strain partitioning during the D2 event. These ultramylonites were preferentially nucleated in the hanging wall of south-verging imbricate fans (Fig. 10c) coeval with the D2 compressive shear zone that marks the limit between the Vaza Barris and Estncia domains (the Itaporanga shear zone ISZ, Fig. 2). Sedimentary rocks in the upper part of the Estncia Domain (Lagarto Formation) contain distinctive, asymmetric tails around pseudo-nodules and south-verging folds, suggestive of syntectonic deposition. Their shear sense is in agreement with the kinematics shown in ductile deformed rocks from other domains to the north. This implies that the upper Estncia sediments were deformed while they were still unconsolidated and partially liqueed. The D2 deformation is most pronounced in the high-grade centre of the orogen in the Macurur Domain sandwiched between the Itaporanga and Belo Monte-Jeremoabo shear zones, in which the highest shear strain magnitudes are recorded. It may be comparable to the foreland-verging imbricate fan of Huiqui et al. (1990), in which the largest displacements are accommodated. The L2 x lineation coeval with D2 is dened by quartz rods and stretched feldspars. Its degree of pervasive development, however, depends on rock type and heterogeneity of D2 strain. In the Macurur Domain, for example, the ne-grain size of the rocks hinders the immediate identication of L2 x , which is therefore commonly restricted to coarse, quartz-rich layers. On the other hand, this lineation is very pronounced in quartzites intercalated with metasedimentary rocks of the Vaza Barris and Macurur domains, in which L2 x evolved to form L > S tectonites. The kinematics related
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Fig. 7. Field photos of amphibolites of the Novo Gosto-Mulungu unit. (A) Marble lenses in amphibolite (arrow) and (B) possible pillowed basalt.
to the D2 event are demonstrated by, asymmetric tails around pebbles in meta-diamictites of the Vaza Barris Domain, asymmetric boudinage affecting quartz veins in quartzites, and recumbent folds in quartzose mica schist (Fig. 10d) of the Macurur Domain, all indicating a dominant top-to-south sense of shear.
The main structural features of the Sergipano Belt are shown in Figs. 11 and 12. Refolded isoclines (type II fold interference pattern) (Fig. 12ac) are diagnostic in the east of the Belt, where F2 folds have a distinctive behaviour, and contrast with F2 styles in other regions of the Belt. In the east the F2 folds verge W-SW. A
Fig. 8. Main structural features of the Sergipano Belt. Shear zone acronyms as in Fig. 2. This map is an integration of LANDSAT ETM + images and maps of the Brazilian Geological Survey CPRM (Sheets Aracaj NE and NW, and the geological map of Sergipe State). PEAL Pernambuco-Alagoas Block, CD Canind Domain, PRMD Poco Redondo-Maranc Domain, MRD Macurur Domain, VBD Vaza Barris Domain, ED Estncia Domain, shear zones as in Fig. 2.
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Fig. 9. Field relationships of Macurur mica schists at the Gracho Cardoso dam. (A) Chaotic clasts of granite (1), phyllite (2), and meta-rhythmite (3) in a foliated sandstone matrix (4); (B) D2 foliation surface is highlighted.
Fig. 10. Field relationships in sedimentary domains. (A) Gentle to open F2 folds affecting So bedding of anchizonal meta-pelites of the Lagarto Formation, Estncia Domain. (B) Fault-bends and thrust faults affecting the bedding of low-grade sandstones of the Lagarto Formation, Estncia Domain. (C) South-directed thrusts in an imbricate fan affecting meta-carbonates of the Vaza Barris Domain. Ultramylonites have nucleated at the interface between each horse. (D) F2 recumbent folds affecting the S0 bedding of meta-pelites from the western segment of the Macurur Domain. Note the nucleation of D2 shear zones in the attenuated folds limbs.
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Fig. 11. Map showing the main structural trends and kinematics of the western sector of the Sergipano Belt. The block diagram in the left corner of the gure illustrates the chronological relationships and kinematics of this sector. The stereographic (equal-area) projection shows the attitudes of fold axes (L2 b and L3 b ) and stretching lineations (L2 x and L3 x ) formed during the D2 and D3 events.
movement from E-NE to W-SW could account for such a structural framework. Age constraints for D2 are provided by UPb dates of granites emplaced along the S2 fabric of mica schists (Bueno et al., 2009), our new 40 Ar39 Ar ages of muscovite in quartzite and mica schist, and our new SmNd isochron date of garnet mica schist in the Macurur Domain. Bueno et al. (2009) carried out a detailed study of the relationships between granites and deformation, and concluded that most granites in the Macurur Domain were emplaced during D2 , the eld evidence for which is: granite sheets were emplaced along the axial plane foliation of small- and large-scale folds; the granite sheets commonly show Z- and S-mini-folds associated with inclined to recumbent F2 anticlines and synclines; local igneous ow in granites parallel to the regional S2 ; and, larger plutons show D2 foliation at their margins. Titanites (zircons are inherited) in two plutons of the eastern sector of the Belt have UPb ages between 584 10 Ma and 571 9 Ma (Bueno et al., 2009); a two point SmNd isochron of a garnet mica schist yields a 573 1 Ma age of metamorphism (Fig. 13a); and, muscovites oriented along the D2 foliation have an 40 Ar39 Ar age of 591 4 Ma (Fig. 13b). In summary, we suggest that D2 lasted at least 30 million years, from approximately 600 Ma to 570 Ma. 2.2.1.3. D3 event. The D3 event occurs in kinematic continuity with the D2 thrust tectonics by activation of lateral displacement along frontal thrusts ramps. Structures formed prior to this event were strongly transposed and refolded coevally with the development
of steeply dipping strike-slip shear zones. A kinematic change from dextral to sinistral, as observed respectively along the NW and NE segments of the main regional shear zones, led to an important partition of strain, with the simple shear component of deformation more important at the eastern and western edges of the Belt than in its centre (Figs. 11 and 12), where a pure shear component prevailed. The nucleation of D3 shear zones occurred at the expense of the early-formed structures. This is demonstrated at outcrop scale by the development of localized shearing on the attenuated limbs of F3 folds (Fig. 14a and b) that affected originally at-lying S2 foliation that carries a down-dip L2 x lineation at a high angle to L3 x . Type II and III fold interference patterns may occur parallel to fold axes L2 b and L3 b . Folds formed during D3 range from open to tight and verge to the SE, S and SW, depending on their location in the northwestern, central and northeastern sectors of the Belt respectively (Figs. 11 and 12). The strain increase during D3 is recognized by the progressive tightening of F3 folds that become isoclinal in proximity to anking shear zones, being locally transposed along the Sm3 mylonitic foliation. In a section normal to the foliation and containing the L3 x lineation this kinematic pattern is indicated by asymmetric, rotated boudins, rotated garnet porphyroblasts, SC and C structures, shear bands and syn-mylonitic folds (Fig. 14c and d). These kinematic criteria indicate dextral and sinistral movements on the northwestern and northeastern boundaries respectively of all the shear zones that bound the Estn-
73
cia, Vaza Barris, Macurur, Maranc-Poco Redondo and Canind domains. In the western extension of the Macurur shear zone, we sampled muscovite plates oriented along the S3 mylonitic foliation,
which yield an 40 Ar39 Ar age of 581 2 Ma (Fig. 15). This age is somewhat older than the SmNd age for the metamorphism in the eastern sector of the Belt, and probably indicates that the deformation events varied across the Belt.
Fig. 12. (A) Main structural trends and kinematics in the central and eastern sectors of the Sergipano Belt. (B and C) The block diagrams illustrate the chronologic relationships and kinematics of these sectors. Stereographic (equal-area) projections show the attitudes of the fold axes (L2 b and L3 b ) and stretching lineations (L2 x and L3 x ) formed during the superposition of D2 and D3 structures.
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Fig. 13. Age data from the Macurur Domain. (A) SmNd isochron of the metamorphic age of garnetmica schist FS-68 near Garar town (longitude 709438, latitude 8898422). (B) 40 Ar39 Ar age of muscovite in quartzite SBE-95 near Porto da Folha town (longitude 693888, latitude 8901524). SmNd and 40 Ar39 Ar data are in Tables A1 and A2 respectively.
Fig. 14. (A and B) Nucleation of the S3 foliation along attenuated limbs of F3 folds that have deformed the S2 foliation of mica schists in the western Macurur Domain; (C) asymmetric boudins, SC and C fabrics dening dextral shear movement in the western segment of the Macurur shear zone; (D) asymmetric trails of boudins showing sinistral shear sense in the eastern segment of the Macurur Shear Zone. Kinematic criterion dened by a quartz vein within marble of the Canind Domain.
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Fig. 15. 40 Ar39 Ar age of syn-D3 muscovite SBE-122 (longitude 493265, latitude 8980900) from a mylonitic quartzite south of Macurur town, in the western sector of the Macurur Domain. 40 Ar39 Ar data in Table A2.
indicators, combined with the development of down-dip, late-D3 L3 x lineations that crosscut all previous stretching lineations. In the innermost part of the Belo Monte Jeremoabo shear zone this phenomenon is readily recognized by the coexistence of syn-mylonitic folds and kinks with vertical fold axes that show both sinistral and dextral shear sense. Similar structures are also seen along other shear zones of the Belt, where they mimic the major structural framework. These structures were probably associated with the later stages of collision between the Pernambuco-Alagoas Block and the So Francisco Craton. Comparing the magnitudes of strain of the D2 and D3 events across the northern and southern segments of the Belt it is certain that D2 fabrics are better developed in the south than in the north where D3 strike-slip tectonics prevail. Such a contrast illustrates important strain partitioning across the Belt that can, in part, be attributed to the rheological contrast between the sedimentarydominated domains in the south and the more magmatic domains in the north. Such a difference of behaviour can explain the formation of the Belo Monte-Jeremoabo shear zone as a terrane boundary developed during accretion of the Poco Redondo-Maranc and Canind domains to the northernmost wedge of the Sergipano Belt. 2.2.1.4. D4 event. This event marks the end of Neoproterozoic deformation in the Sergipano orogenic belt. Continued shearing during uplift and cooling of the belt either developed new ductilebrittle to brittle structures or reactivated the D2 and D3 ductile fabrics. The main D4 structures are kink folds, shear and extension fractures, faults and en echelon tension gashes, all showing a shear sense that is compatible with that indicated by the
The kinematic incompatibility of the D3 structures results in an important partition of strain in the centre of the Sergipano Belt, especially along the centres of the Belo Monte Jeremoabo, So Miguel do Aleixo and Itaporanga shear zones, where there is a prominent component of shortening perpendicular to the Belt. This relationship has caused a localized kinematic ambiguity, demonstrated by the coexistence of sinistral and dextral kinematic
Fig. 16. Main deformation features of migmatites in the Maranc/Poco Redondo Domain. (A) Fn1 fold transposed along Sn foliation. (B) Isoclinal Fn folds with steep Sn axial planes and vertical axes. (C) Syn-D1 conformable apophysis of the Queimada Grande granite. (D) Earlier structures (Fn2 ) preserved in mac enclaves in migmatites.
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ductile fabrics. In the Estncia Domain several strike-slip faults indicate southward displacement of the whole sedimentary pile. D4 is also prominent in the Poco Redondo-Maranc and Canind domains and will be described in the corresponding sections. 2.2.2. Deformation in the Poco Redondo/Maranc domain This domain comprises a late Mesoproterozoic/early Neoproterozoic basement (migmatites and gneisses), a supracrustal cover and igneous bodies. Because the timing of deformation and migmatization in the basement is not yet well constrained, the sequence of structural events is numbered with the youngest recorded in the basement rocks as Dn . Hence, all structures developed prior to this event will be referred to in alphanumeric indexes, such as Dn , Dn1 , etc. This domain preserves relicts of a complex deformation history (Dn1 ) that was coeval with a period of anatexis that generated the migmatitic gneisses of the Poco Redondo region. Fn isoclinal folds subsequently affected the migmatitic banding Sn1 during overprinting of the Dn structures (Fig. 16a) that were variably transposed and refolded by younger structures. The axial planar Sn foliation mostly dips steeply and trends E-W (Fig. 16b). The timing of this event can be constrained by the syntectonic emplacement of the Queimada Grande granite, which shows ow structures (oriented mac enclaves), pre-terminal crystallization features (ductile deformed feldspar, but weakly deformed or undeformed quartz) and granodiorite apophyses parallel to the migmatite banding Dn (Fig. 16c). This granite has a UPb age of 624 Ma (Brito et al., 2006) and a continental arc geochemical signature (Bueno, 2008). Structures older than Dn1 occur within amphibolitic xenoliths in migmatites of the Poco Redondo/Maranc domain. These are small, gentle to open, asymmetric Fn2 folds in a differentiated banding Sn3 , that is truncated by the Sn foliation of the migmatites (Fig. 16d). Investigating deformation in metasedimentary and metaigneous rocks of the Maranc sub-domain, Carvalho (2005) recorded two ductile deformation events Dn+1 and Dn+2 , that succeeded the Dn event observed in the migmatites. Dn+1 developed a penetrative, NW-trending axial plane foliation marked by oriented micas, garnet and sillimanite in aluminous schists and quartzites, and by amphibole in meta-basalts; the Serra Negra batholith was partially converted into augen gneiss. This event developed SSW-verging, asymmetric folds associated with shallow to steeply dipping, SW-directed oblique thrusts; in the northern part of the sub-domain the fold vergence is opposite, possibly a result of backthrusting. Dn+2 is a continuum of Dn+1 . Fn+1 folds were coaxially refolded and transposed along left-lateral, strike-slip shear zones linked to further displacements of Dn+1 thrust sheets. Apparently, Dn+2 did not signicantly deform felsic volcanic rocks in the southernmost part of this domain, suggesting that the volcanics are syn- to late Dn+2 . A third deformation event affected this domain, though its effects were restricted to areas close to the Belo MonteJeremoabo shear zone that delimits the Poco Redondo-Maranc and Macurur domains to the south. Small-scale chevron folds and kink bands are the main structures associated with Dn+3 . A fourth Dn+4 event, correlative with D4 in the sedimentary domains of the Belt, is distinguished by a set of left-lateral NE-trending strike-slip faults. Geochronological constraints for Dn+1 come from 40 Ar39 Ar dating of amphiboles extracted from a meta-basalt close to a Dn+1 thrust shear zone. Three 40 Ar39 Ar plateau steps yielded a combined age of 625 3 Ma (Fig. 17a). Muscovite plates from a garnet mica schist give a younger 40 Ar39 Ar age of 612 7 Ma (Fig. 17b), which we ascribe to exhumation of the Poco Redondo-Maranc Domain during Dn+2 that may have lasted until at least ca. 603 Ma, i.e. the UPb SHRIMP age of andesite and dacite (Carvalho, 2005),
Fig. 17. 40 Ar39 Ar age of (A) Dn+1 amphibolite SBE-38A (longitude 602073, latitude 8913274) and (B) garnet muscovite-schist SBE-33M (longitude 626936, latitude 8907792) of the Maranc sub-domain, Poco Redodo-Maranc domain. 40 Ar39 Ar data in Table A2.
if we take into account the fact that the felsic volcanic rocks were weakly deformed during Dn+2 . 2.2.3. Deformation in the Canind Domain The Canind Domain is separated from the Poco Redondo Maranco Domain by the Mulungu-Alto Bonito shear zone (cf. Seixas and Moraes, 2000), which is the eastern extension of the Macurur shear zone in the centre of the Sergipano Belt. Deformation in this domain was similar to that in supracrustal rocks of the Poco Redondo-Maranc Domain, and is well preserved in metasedimentary rocks and amphibolites of the Novo Gosto unit that were affected by two ductile deformation phases, D2 and D3 . Because the Canind gabbroic complex entrains deformed amphibolites from an unknown source, we refer to this early deformation event as Dn . D1 is commonly transposed by D2 , but is recognized in metasedimentary rocks by minor folds parallel or oblique to S0 (Fig. 18a). Increase in deformation intensity produced a metamorphic banding S1 that is usually folded by D2 structures (Fig. 18b). D2 , the main deformation event in the Canind Domain, can be more accurately described by two progressive deformation increments. The rst is characterized by open to tight folds, sometimes associated with N-NW-dipping, low angle thrusts and a L2 x lineation that mostly dips NNW. In the second increment of D2 , the S2 foliation (higher angle dip to the N) evolved to a near-upright mylonitic foliation as the Mulungu-Alto Bonito shear zone is approached; associated upright-to-inclined, tight folds verge south with an axial
77
Fig. 18. Field relationships in metasedimentary rocks of the Mulung-Novo Gosto unit of the Canind Domain showing D1 affecting S0 (A) and D2 folds (B).
plane foliation that dips NE. During D2 metre-thick sheets of pink deformed leucogranite were emplaced parallel to S2 ; they are syncollisional/accretion crustal melt granites. A third D3 event, correlative with D4 in the sedimentary domains of the Belt, is distinguished by NE- and NW-trending conjugate shear fractures and by a set of NE-trending faults; the latter show a dominant sinistral shear sense and offset the mylonite fabric S2m of the Mulungu-Alto Bonito shear zone. The orientation of both sets of structures enabled us to estimate a maximum compression 1 , oriented N-NE, which is compatible with the indentation of the Pernambuco-Alagoas massif southwards into the So Francisco craton. We suggest the following constraints for the timing of deformation in the Canind Domain: (a) the Canind gabbroic complex (701 8 Ma) and the Gentileza porphyritic quartzmonzodiorite (688 6 Ma) are not as intensively deformed as the Canind supracrustal rocks; they behaved more competently during deformation and were affected by D1 and D2 close to their contact with the Mulungu-Novo Gosto unit and by the D3 -related faults therefore D1 and D2 are younger than the ages referred to above; (b) amphiboles from D1 -, D2 -deformed amphibolite of the MulunguNovo Gosto unit have an 40 Ar39 Ar age of 636 7 Ma; the Lajedinho granodiorite (cf. Seixas and Moraes, 2000) entrains elongate mac enclaves that parallel S1 S2 of the host Gentileza amphibolite Nascimento (in preparation) dated this granodiorite at 621 9.5 Ma (UPb SHRIMP); (c) the Curituba monzogranite (617 7 Ma, zircon UPb Silva Filho et al., 2005) crosscuts the Mulungu-Alto Bonito shear zone and thus sets an upper age limit for D2 . No age information is available for D3 . However, given that D3 correlates with Dn+4 in the Poco Redondo-Maranc Domain and with D4 in the metased imentary domains, we suggest it might be younger than 581 2 Ma, i.e. the 40 Ar39 Ar age of muscovite plates (Fig. 15) oriented along the D3 mylonitic foliation in the western extension of the Macurur shear zone in the Macurur Domain. 2.2.4. Pre-Brasiliano deformation in basement domes Correlation between deformation events observed in the Poco Redondo/Maranc domain and those in the two basement domes to the south is difcult, because they are distant and have different ages (Archaean palaeosome in the basement domes vs. early Neoproterozoic in the Poco Redondo domain). The deformation events recorded in rocks from the Simo Dias and Itabaiana domes are referred to as Dn , D1 , Sn and S1 . In the gneiss domes a Sn banding was affected by tight to isoclinal F1 folds, and developed an E-W-trending gneissic foliation S1 with a steep dip to the north. The parallelism between Sn and S1
supports the interpretation that Sn was originally sub-horizontal, and that its current position was caused by overprinting of the Neoproterozoic events (D2 D3 ). The intense recrystallization of plagioclase and hornblende along the S1 foliation demonstrates that the D1 event developed under amphibolite facies conditions. A SHRIMP UPb age of 2868 25 Ma was obtained on zircons from a grey gneiss palaeosome of the Simo Dias dome (Oliveira, 2008). However, the signicance of this age is open to interpretation, because no zircon grains have U/Th ratios lower than 0.2, thus favouring a high-grade metamorphic or protolith age. 2.3. Geochemistry of igneous rocks and tectonic setting The geochemistry of igneous rocks of the Poco Redondo Maranc and Canind domains is important in order to understand the pre-collision history of the orogenic belt. We focus rstly on the geochemistry of the migmatitic paleosome (980960 Ma), the Serra Negra batholith (952 Ma), and the andesitedacite (ca. 603 Ma) of the Poco Redondo-Maranc Domain, and secondly on the Gar rote unit granite (ca. 715 Ma), the Gentileza unit rapakivi granite (684 Ma), the Boa Esperanca granite (ca. 641 Ma) and the Lajed inho granodiorite (621 Ma) of the Canind Domain. Representative chemical analyses of these rocks are in Table A3. The migmatitic paleosome samples from the Poco Redondo Maranc Domain have a major element calc-alkaline to calcic signature and trace element contents similar to those of volcanic arc granites (Fig. 19a and b). These geochemical characteristics, combined with the slightly negative to positive Nd values of two samples (Nd(960 Ma) = 0.87 and 1.64; Table A3), suggest that the igneous protoliths could have originated in an Early Neoproterozoic continental arc. The Serra Negra batholith has anorogenic geochemical characteristics (Fig. 19c and d). We interpret it as a granitic batholith that formed at 952 Ma in an Early Neoproterozoic rift (initial breakup of Rodinia?). The swarm of daciteandesite sills in slates and phyllites of the Maranc sub-domain have a dominant calc-alkaline to alkali-calcic major element signature, which is similar to that of volcanic-arc magmas (Fig. 19e and f); Nd(T) values are negative, mostly in the range 7.4 to 1.3 (Table A3). We suggest these rocks were intruded in a 603 Ma continental arc. Geochemical data of granitic rocks from the Canind Domain are shown in Fig. 20. The Garrote granite is an elongate sheet intercalated with amphibolites in the Novo Gosto-Mulungu unit. This association raises the possibility of rift-related bimodal magma-
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Fig. 19. Geochemical diagrams for deformed igneous rocks of the Poco Redondo-Maranc Domain. (A and B) Migmatite palaeosome; (C and D) Serra Negra batholith; (E and F) Intermediate to felsic volcanic/subvolcanic rocks. Fields in A and E after Frost et al. (2001), in C after Whalen et al. (1987), and in B, D and F after Pearce et al. (1984). Geochemical data in Table A3.
tism. Indeed, our geochemical results (Fig. 20) indicate marked similarities between the Garrote granite and anorogenic withinplate granites. This geochemical signature combined with the continental characteristics of the associated amphibolites (cf. Oliveira and Tarney, 1990) strongly supports a rift-related tectonic setting. The Curralinho (684 Ma) and Boa Esperanca (641 Ma) granites, especially the former, exhibit rapakivi textures. Although the tectonic settings of rapakivi granites are debatable, their occurrence in extended continental crust is well established (e.g. Calzia and Rmo, 2005). In Fig. 20c and d, samples of the Curralinho rapakivi granite fall in the eld of A-type and within-plate granites, whereas those of the Boa Esperanca granite straddle the elds of within plate and volcanic-arc granites as well as the elds of A-type and other granitic types (Fig. 20bd). Because the Curralinho granite occurs associated with mingled mac (amphibolite) and more felsic (porphyritic quartzmonzodiorite) rocks of the Gentileza unit and the mac rocks of this unit have a geochemical signature of continental ood basalts (Oliveira and Tarney, 1990) we sug-
gest the Curralinho rapakivi granite was emplaced in a continental rift. On the other hand, the genesis of the Boa Esperanca granite remains open to debate. It contains sporadic rapakivi textures and at least in part is geochemically similar to A-type granites elsewhere; thus it could have originated in an extensional setting. It is much younger than the Curralinho granite. If we accept that the 641 Ma Boa Esperanca rapakivi granite formed in a rift, then exten sion of the continental crust in the Canind area must have lasted at least 70 million years, because the Garrote granite was emplaced at ca. 715 Ma. Finally, the Lajedinho granodiorite (621 Ma) is one of the youngest granitic rocks in the Canind Domain. It was probably emplaced during or shortly after D1 because the elongate mac enclaves it entrains (igneous ow structure) are parallel to S1 //S2 in the host Gentileza amphibolite. This granodiorite has a major element alkali-calcic signature (Fig. 20a) and in a Pearce et al. (1984) diagram samples fall on the boundary between within-plate granites and arc granites. We suggest it was emplaced in a continental
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Fig. 20. Geochemical diagrams for granitic rocks of the Canind Domain. Fields in A after Frost et al. (2001), in B and C after Whalen et al. (1987) and Calzia and Rmo (2005), and in D after Pearce et al. (1984). Data for the Boa Esperanca Granite and one sample of the Lajedinho Granite from Nascimento (2005). See text for discussion.
arc, with signicant geochemical inheritance from previously rifted crust. 3. Discussion The time relationships between the deformation phases coupled with the interpretation of our new geochronological and geochemical data reveal that the crustal framework of the Sergipano orogenic belt was the result of successive accretion events that involved a complex interaction between the So Francisco Craton, the Pernambuco-Alagoas Block, and allochthonous terranes and gneissic blocks during three main deformation episodes (D1 , D2 and D3 ), all developed in the time span of 650540 Ma. These deformation events are recognized in the Poco Redondo-Maranc and Canind domains, and in supracrustal sequences of the Vaza Barris and Macurur domains, and less clearly in weakly deformed sedimentary rocks of the Estncia Domain, and in basement rocks exposed in the Itabaiana and Simo Dias domes. These domes also contain a record of earlier deformation events that were extensively transposed by the Neoproterozoic deformation. 3.1. Geotectonic model We propose that the evolution of the Sergipano Belt began with the breakup of a Palaeoproterozoic continent (Fig. 21a) followed by development of a Mesoproterozoic (980960 Ma) continental arc (Poco Redondo gneisses) possibly on the margin of the Palaeoproterozoic Pernambuco-Alagoas Block (Fig. 21b). Extension of this continental block (Fig. 21c and d) gave rise to (i) the Serra Negra A-type granites and associated sedimentary rocks on the stretched margin of the Poco Redondo-Maranc Domain, (ii) between the Pernambuco-Alagoas Block and the Poco Redondo/Maranc domain the Canind volcanic-sedimentary sequence, (iii) and a passive margin on the southern edge of the
Pernambuco-Alagoas Block (basal quartzites of the Santa Cruz formation, in the Macurur Domain). A second passive margin formed on the So Francisco Craton (basal clastic unit of the Vaza Barris Domain Itabaiana Formation). The absence of any ophiolitic rocks suggests that ocean oor basalts, which we presume separated the two opposing passive margins, were removed by subduction that was necessary for the generation of a continental magmatic arc later between 630 Ma and 620 Ma. Deposition of sediments on the passive margin of the Pernambuco-Alagoas Block began after ca. 900 Ma, i.e. the age of the youngest detrital zircons in sedimentary rocks of the Macurur Domain and the Maranc sub-domain. In the Canind Domain sedimentation probably started at about 715 Ma (UPb age of the A-type Garrote granite) and continued to at least 625 Ma the age of the youngest detrital zircons in the Novo Gosto-Mulungu unit. Deposition of the Juet and Itabaiana Formations on the So Francisco Craton passive margin could have started any time after 1975 Ma (age of youngest zircons in the Itabaiana Formation). In the Canind Domain, rifting continued until approximately 640 Ma (Fig. 21d) with emplacement of the bimodal igneous association of the Garrote A-type granite (715 Ma) and continental mac volcanic rocks of the Novo Gosto-Mulungu unit, emplacement of the continental-type Canind gabbroic complex (ca. 700 Ma), of the Gentileza microgabbros and quartzmonzodiorite (688 Ma) and rapakivi granite (684 Ma), and of the rapakivi-textured Boa Esperanca granite (641 Ma). There is no conclusive evidence for opening of an incipient ocean oor in the Canind Domain, although a few pillow-bearing amphibolites of the Novo Gosto-Mulungu unit resemble ocean-oor basalts (Fig. 7). Convergence of the Pernambuco-Alagoas Block and the So Francisco Craton led to deformation in shelf sediments, build up of a continental arc between 630 Ma and 620 Ma (Fig. 21e) in the Macurur, Poco Redondo-Maranc and Canind domains (621 Ma Lajedinho granite in the Canind Domain, 628625 Ma
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granites in the Macurur Domain, and 624 Ma granite in the Poco Redondo-Maranc Domain), slab-tearing (?) and emplacement of the Curituba monozogranitesyenite at 617 Ma, and syn-collisional granite emplacement in the Macurur (590570 Ma), Canind and
Poco Redondo-Maranc domains (Fig. 21e and f). We infer that a small oceanic plate was subducted beneath the Poco Redondo Maranc Domain to explain the occurrence of 603 Ma-old, arc volcanic rocks in the Maranc sub-domain (Fig. 21f). Subsequent
Fig. 21. Proposed tectonic evolution of the Sergipano Belt from the Mesoproterozoic (ca. 1000 Ma) to the Neoproterozoic (ca. 570 Ma). The main shear zones are indicated by their acronyms MSZ (Maranc Shear Zones), BMJSZ (Belo Monte/Jeremoabo Shear Zone), SMASZ (So Miguel do Aleixo Shear Zone), ISZ (Itaporanga Shear Zone).
E.P. Oliveira et al. / Precambrian Research 181 (2010) 6484 Table A1 Sm and Nd isotopic data of garnet mica schist from the Macurur Domain. Sample FS 68 grt FS 68 wr Rock Type Garnet Whole-rock Sm (ppm) 0.357 9.143 Nd (ppm) 0.673 41.956
147
81
Sm/144 Nd
143
Nd/144 Nd
1 6 5
0.3204 0.1317
0.51305 0.51234
exhumation and erosion of the Pernambuco-Alagoas Block and the latter three domains led to deposition of the uppermost clastic sediments in the Estncia and Vaza Barris domains with 615570 Ma-old detrital zircon grains, and deposition of the Ju sediments (piggy-back basin?) in the Macurur Domain (Fig. 21f). At this time the supracrustal rocks were thrust onto the continental margin of the So Francisco Craton in the south. The nal domain conguration of the Belt is shown in Fig. 21g.
Acknowledgments The authors thank FAPESP for research grants to EPO and MNCA (2002/03085-2, 2002/07536-9 and 2002/02368-0) and a travel grant to BFW (1997/12387-2). EPO is greatly indebted to CNPq for research grants (302703/2002-0, 301025/2005-3 and 302590/2008-0). Discussions with Adejardo Silva Filho from the Federal University of Recife greatly improved our understanding of the geology of the Pernambuco-Alagoas Block. We beneted from the positive comments of two referees. This paper is dedicated to the memory of Marinho Alves da Silva Filho who spent most of his professional life in understanding the geology of the Sergipano Belt.
3.2. Regional implications The above tectonic evolution has several implications for the amalgamation and breakup of the supercontinents Rodinia and western Gondwana. Accordingly, the occurrence of 980960 Ma juvenile granodiorite (migmatitic gneisses) in the Poco Redondo Maranc Domain suggests closure of a late Mesoproterozoic ocean to form a continental magmatic arc, possibly related to late stages of assembly of the supercontinent Rodinia between 1000 Ma and 900 Ma (Li et al., 2008). The Canind rift (715680 Ma) and shelf sediments on both passive margins of the So Francisco Craton and Poco Redondo-Maranc Domain may be linked to the onset of breakup in this part of Rodinia, although elsewhere widespread continental rifting of Rodinia occurred between ca. 825 Ma and 740 Ma (Li et al., 2008). Convergence of the So Francisco Craton (plate) and the Borborema Province possibly started at about 630 Ma with emplacement of arc-type granites in the Macurur, Canind and Poco Redondo-Maranc domains, and it continued until ca. 590570 Ma with intrusion of leucogranites in the Macurur Domain during the main collisional event (D2 ) in the Sergipano Belt (Bueno et al., 2009). Post-assembly extrusion tectonics affected most of the Borborema Province as indicated by widespread occurrence of large-scale strike-slip shear zones and granite emplacement; some of the shear zones have their counterparts in Africa (Fig. 1). According to Bueno et al. (2009), correlation between syn-D2 granites in the Sergipano Belt and coeval granites farther north in the Borborema Province indicates that, whereas granites were emplaced in the Sergipano Belt under compression, in the northern Borborema Province granites were emplaced under extensional conditions related to regional strike-slip shear zones. These contrasting emplacement settings for contemporaneous Neoproterozoic granitic rocks are most likely explained by a combination of continentcontinent collision and extrusion tectonics. Finally, its diverse petrotectonic assemblages correlated with a detailed structural history and its well-documented long-lasting evolution make Sergipano a key orogenic belt for understanding the Neoproterozoic construction of western Gondwana.
Table A2 Ar isotopic data of muscovite and amphibole from shear zones in the Sergipano Belt. Sample SBE-38A amphibole Lab# 1914-01A 1914-01B 1914-01C 1914-01D 1914-01E 1914-01F 1914-01G 1914-02A 1914-02B Laser (W) 0.2 0.3 0.5 0.6 0.8 1.2 3.2 0.2 0.3 40/39 107.43460 137.49220 136.01470 133.07670 130.97080 133.89580 130.57470 122.66960 136.12750 38/39 0.01376 0.01458 0.01214 0.01078 0.00136 0.00920 0.01833 0.01085 0.01087 37/39
Appendix A. Analytical techniques In addition to eld relationships and Landsat ETM+ imagery observations, in this paper we include new 40 Ar/39 Ar age dating, a SmNd isochron and whole-rock geochemistry. 40 Ar/39 Ar geochronology was carried out on mineral separates (muscovite and hornblende) from regional shear zones. The selected samples were pulverised on an agate mill, washed with distilled water to remove rock our and kept in ultrasonic bath for 1 h. After drying, the minerals were separated on a Franz magnetic separator, followed by hand picking under a binocular microscope. Forty to fty micrograms of each mineral concentrate were used, from which 2530 grains were selected along with grains of the 28.02 Ma Fish Canyon sanidine standard. Each sample was kept in aluminium foil, vacuum sealed in a silica tube and left for irradiation for 14 h at the Institute of Energy and Nuclear Research (IPEN), University of So Paulo (Brazil). The Ar isotope data acquisition and age calculations were done at the Geosciences Institute, University of So Paulo, and followed the general procedures of Vasconcelos et al. (2002). Only 40 Ar/39 Ar probability density plots were used to show plateaux ages. The results are shown in Table A1. SmNd isotope data (Table A2) were acquired on whole-rock and garnet concentrates from a garnet mica schist following the general procedures of cation exchange resins of Patchett and Ruiz (1987) and Gioia and Pimentel (2000). Sm and Nd were analyzed by thermal ionization mass spectrometry at the isotope laboratory of the University of Brasilia (Brazil). Whole-rock major and trace element analyses of selected granites were obtained by X-ray uorescence spectrometry at the geochemistry laboratory of the University of Campinas (Brazil), respectively on fusion beads and pressed powder pellets, following the procedures of Vendemiatto and Enzweiler (2001). Representative chemical analyses are shown in Table A3.
36/39 0.00479 0.00352 0.00125 0.00056 0.00330 0.00384 0.01325 0.00021 0.00058
40*/39 106.03910 136.47050 135.65360 132.94300 131.94350 132.78450 126.91840 122.60660 135.95560
%Rad 98.7 99.2 99.7 99.9 100.7 99.2 97.1 99.9 99.9
Ar40 (mol) 2.14E14 3.46E14 5.48E14 3.07E14 7.50E15 4.07E15 8.58E15 2.78E14 5.17E14
Age (Ma) 504.00 625.98 622.81 612.25 608.35 611.64 588.57 571.43 623.98
(Ma) 4.28 2.49 2.10 2.24 15.64 8.11 6.61 2.75 2.42
0.13784 0.11769 0.05419 0.19640 0.00000 0.14781 1.61253 0.00000 0.00000
82 Table A2 (Continued) Sample Lab# 1914-02C 1914-02D 1914-02E 1914-02F 1914-02G 1914-02H 1914-03A 1914-03B 1914-03C 1914-03D 1914-03E 1914-03F 1914-03G SBE-95 muscovite 1905-01A 1905-01B 1905-01C 1905-01D 1905-01E 1905-01F 1905-02A 1905-02B 1905-02C 1905-02D 1905-02E 1905-02F 1905-03A 1905-03B 1905-03C 1905-03D 1905-03E 1905-03F 1908-01A 1908-01B 1908-01C 1908-01D 1908-01E 1908-01F 1908-01G 1908-01H 1908-02A 1908-02B 1908-02C 1908-02D 1908-02E 1908-02F 1908-02G 1908-03A 1908-03B 1908-03C 1908-03D 1908-03E 1908-03F 1908-03G 1912-01A 1912-01B 1912-01C 1912-01D 1912-01E 1912-01F 1912-01G 1912-01H 1912-02A 1912-02B 1912-02C 1912-02D 1912-02E 1912-02F 1912-02G 1912-03A 1912-03B 1912-03C 1912-03D 1912-03E 1912-03F 1912-03G Laser (W) 0.4 0.5 0.6 1.2 1.8 3.2 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 1.2 3.2 0.3 0.5 0.6 0.8 1.4 3.2 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.8 1.6 3.2 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.8 1.6 3.2 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.9 1.4 3.2 0.2 0.3 0.3 0.4 0.8 1.4 3.2 0.2 0.3 0.3 0.4 0.8 1.4 3.2 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.3 0.4 0.4 0.6 0.8 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.7 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.7
40/39 135.33060 132.65710 134.01350 133.84560 134.07390 118.82370 130.50070 137.22420 136.87790 135.48780 134.55210 131.46440 126.18270 129.23420 126.61740 127.67570 134.50080 75.32806 62.33438 128.74780 126.36270 127.62780 126.90490 116.64190 125.71480 127.89700 128.12670 126.55930 127.11220 128.25900 126.43700 117.54300 132.76010 133.25640 136.03340 132.79420 135.57700 131.51480 75.67517 127.41230 132.48870 130.35210 129.10870 133.74000 135.87720 134.08570 131.99940 132.05160 133.66210 134.46640 133.45240 135.51230 131.54990 104.59890 119.65330 126.02760 125.22710 123.64390 125.37020 124.49140 121.79790 114.00830 125.95050 125.00940 125.31220 125.89910 125.01670 122.45100 105.28910 120.79140 125.13840 124.47320 124.14690 125.14920 121.94530
38/39 0.01191 0.01364 0.00952 0.01005 0.04498 0.13305 0.00506 0.01141 0.01106 0.01373 0.01402 0.01301 0.02049 0.01040 0.01008 0.00984 0.02660 0.00238 0.01205 0.00925 0.01380 0.01108 0.01249 0.03020 0.01613 0.01151 0.01207 0.01156 0.01013 0.00266 0.02129 0.05132 0.01075 0.01119 0.01917 0.01258 0.00219 0.00654 1.12480 0.00776 0.01126 0.01783 0.00013 0.01334 0.01150 0.03087 0.00296 0.00793 0.00098 0.01688 0.00287 0.01364 0.01779 0.01471 0.01042 0.01161 0.01464 0.01175 0.01170 0.01416 0.02051 0.02146 0.01594 0.01379 0.01432 0.01265 0.01336 0.01566 0.01113 0.01201 0.01087 0.01291 0.01150 0.01288 0.00510
37/39 0.00000 0.27685 0.28359 0.49766 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.20403 0.79741 1.48275 0.00000 0.00974 0.00000 0.00000 0.03300 0.00000 0.16897 0.15101 0.03495 0.04050 1.30520 0.57763 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 4.41466 0.00000 0.05573 1.26481 2.04412 0.19423 0.00000 20.01728 0.00000 0.00000 0.55974 0.00000 0.66829 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 1.10080 1.36174 0.00000 0.10958 0.00000 0.57192 0.14795 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 2.26463 1.17663 0.42811 1.37348 0.43009 2.58297 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000
36/39 0.00022 0.00276 0.00029 0.00182 0.00357 0.12759 0.00352 0.00067 0.00021 0.00175 0.00222 0.00225 0.00772 0.00044 0.00007 0.00603 0.03238 0.00053 0.01570 0.00282 0.00281 0.00247 0.00262 0.00813 0.00418 0.00423 0.00009 0.00187 0.00248 0.01210 0.01622 0.05908 0.00194 0.00041 0.00324 0.01146 0.01165 0.01987 0.86026 0.02339 0.00061 0.00494 0.01484 0.00245 0.01706 0.03437 0.01117 0.00080 0.00678 0.00112 0.00707 0.00124 0.00833 0.00688 0.00225 0.00103 0.00286 0.00099 0.00065 0.00174 0.01104 0.01089 0.00514 0.00045 0.00292 0.00085 0.00531 0.00336 0.00013 0.00215 0.00162 0.00034 0.00052 0.00186 0.01213
40*/39 135.39560 131.88640 134.14420 133.38930 133.02250 156.51040 131.53840 137.42030 136.94070 134.97000 133.93030 130.93080 124.13720 129.36260 126.64030 129.45330 144.06550 75.48640 57.69541 127.94180 125.55660 126.90230 126.13780 114.44150 124.57250 126.64500 128.09820 127.11250 127.84370 131.83330 121.64540 100.72370 132.18700 133.14260 137.20350 129.74130 139.05040 137.38360 120.49850 132.30800 128.98260 133.49350 133.12720 140.91940 144.23750 135.29930 132.28700 135.66260 134.79380 135.53810 136.06180 129.31180 102.56450 119.00600 125.72130 124.47410 123.37500 125.17820 123.97630 118.53490 111.13390 124.61970 124.94450 124.66860 125.71570 123.85930 123.44360 105.32630 121.42620 125.61520 124.57410 124.30070 125.70000 125.52830
%Rad 100.0 99.4 100.1 99.6 99.2 131.7 100.8 100.1 100.0 99.6 99.5 99.5 98.3 100.1 100.0 101.4 107.1 100.2 92.6 99.4 99.4 99.4 99.4 98.0 99.1 99.0 100.0 100.4 100.6 102.8 96.2 85.4 99.6 99.9 100.8 97.6 102.5 104.5 433.7 94.6 99.9 98.9 103.4 99.5 103.7 107.6 102.5 100.2 101.5 100.2 101.6 100.3 98.2 98.1 99.5 99.8 99.4 99.8 99.8 99.6 97.3 97.3 98.9 99.9 99.4 99.8 98.9 100.8 100.0 100.5 100.4 100.1 100.1 100.4 102.9
Ar40 (mol) 4.59E14 2.85E14 1.66E14 1.74E14 3.93E15 4.65E16 1.58E14 4.45E14 3.94E14 2.50E14 1.86E14 2.65E14 5.93E15 4.82E14 2.27E14 1.32E15 1.62E15 2.15E15 1.74E14 1.18E14 3.00E14 1.80E14 2.59E14 1.92E15 6.43E15 1.30E14 2.80E14 1.83E14 1.69E14 4.37E15 9.68E16 1.08E15 1.33E14 2.20E14 1.96E15 1.46E15 3.44E15 3.82E15 4.90E17 8.75E16 2.04E14 6.12E15 3.48E15 5.16E15 3.36E15 2.30E15 5.62E15 2.13E14 3.44E15 9.20E16 2.59E15 2.30E15 4.65E15 9.41E15 1.49E14 4.32E14 3.09E14 1.85E14 3.50E14 1.95E14 5.30E15 8.97E15 2.26E14 2.78E14 1.91E14 4.42E14 1.14E14 3.25E15 8.18E15 1.77E14 3.21E14 2.71E14 3.88E14 2.50E14 5.63E15
Age (Ma) 621.81 608.12 616.94 614.00 612.57 702.02 606.76 629.66 627.80 620.15 616.11 604.38 577.53 598.22 587.47 598.58 655.18 372.64 291.49 592.62 583.18 588.51 585.48 538.51 579.27 587.49 593.23 589.34 592.23 607.92 567.59 481.83 609.30 613.03 628.82 599.71 635.95 629.51 0.00 562.99 609.77 596.72 614.40 612.97 643.14 655.83 621.43 609.69 622.84 619.47 622.36 624.39 598.02 489.54 556.99 583.83 578.87 574.50 581.67 576.89 555.09 525.01 579.45 580.74 579.65 583.81 576.43 574.77 501.04 566.71 583.41 579.27 578.18 583.74 583.06
(Ma) 2.51 2.68 3.42 4.08 11.78 53.14 3.20 2.23 2.36 2.80 3.57 2.22 7.99 1.80 3.07 33.14 21.09 7.25 1.35 3.83 2.72 3.32 2.96 13.33 6.24 3.76 4.52 3.30 3.08 9.83 21.50 19.20 4.50 3.36 15.94 31.34 9.72 9.67 26.06 2.83 6.27 10.30 8.05 10.24 12.40 9.01 2.96 11.32 28.28 13.68 16.41 8.63 3.52 3.57 1.96 1.98 3.15 2.15 4.44 7.23 4.26 3.15 2.17 2.62 2.16 3.33 9.23 3.74 3.22 2.37 2.10 1.87 2.49 6.66
SBE-33M muscovite
SBE-122 muscovite
Table A3 Representative chemical analyses of igneous rocks from the Poco Redondo-Maranc and Canind domains. Poco Redondo-Maranc domain MC-128B paleosome SiO2 TiO2 Al2 O3 Fe2 O3 MnO MgO CaO Na2 O K2 O P2 O5 L.O.I. Total Ba Ce Cr Cu Ga La Nb Nd Ni Pb Rb Sn Sr Th U V Y Zn Zr Nd(T) 59.11 1.15 20.27 8.33 0.05 0.83 0.55 0.97 4.61 0.406 3.22 99.5 1393 118 88 31 25 59 23 59 47 28 202 5 126 22 2 127 53 64 250 0.87 MMC-90B paleosome 71.01 0.314 15.82 2.22 0.047 1.03 3.61 4.62 1.11 0.098 0.38 100.2 169 28 12 8 19 23 11 <8 12 14 61 <3 310 12 11 28 8 44 127 1.64 FS-181A paleosome 72.27 0.504 13.17 4.2 0.133 1.07 3.03 3.44 1.32 0.11 0.41 99.7 504 54 16 12 18 23 15 29 13 13 78 3 126 7 2 53 45 78 226 MMC 11 andesite 54.77 0.939 14.8 8.19 0.17 4.13 5.78 3.14 1.32 0.245 7.4 100.1 393 57 115 11 18 27 13 34 8 23 53 312 9 3 197 29 103 164 6.54 MMC 41 andesite 61.93 0.789 15.45 7.93 0.102 4.63 0.8 3.39 1.74 0.175 3 100 468 22 101 51 22 12 10 12 74 6 48 64 8 4 169 31 129 138 1.80 MMC 199 dacite 70.3 0.624 13.42 4.81 0.059 2.3 0.28 3.69 1.57 0.141 2 99.2 339 25 78 28 13 17 6 10 50 3 46 118 4 2 99 23 75 122 MMC 315 S.Negra 71.33 0.363 14.15 3.2 0.043 0.41 1.79 2.67 5.55 0.14 0.4 100 878 122 20 8 20 56 16 57 27 193 7 119 16 3 19 23 51 246 MMC 317 S.Negra 68.85 0.226 16.33 2.36 0.027 0.95 0.63 6.11 3 0.046 1.1 99.6 125 133 11 6 24 61 23 42 2 31 239 5 29 35 6 10 72 51 172 2.47 Canind domain FS-141-C Garrote 77.32 0.071 12.27 0.61 0.131 0.03 0.39 3.29 5.39 0.016 0.22 99.7 14 25 25 3 26 25 85 12 6 56 641 6 11 12 49 <3 29 15 46 FS-173 Garrote 63.15 0.938 16.44 3.72 0.118 1.04 1.64 5.78 5.37 0.349 0.55 99.1 1133 185 14 5 25 112 46 63 22 18 117 3 299 12 3 30 45 70 603 CRN-279 B.Esperanca 72.14 0.246 14.58 1.48 0.019 0.41 1.26 4.09 5.25 0.108 0.56 100.14 838 87 18 5 27 50 7 39 3 53 178 8 345 10 4 18 4 43 159 CRN-254b B.Esperanca 66.3 0.663 15.03 3.87 0.068 1.11 2.18 3.91 5.22 0.31 1 99.66 1585 122 17 10 27 64 33 58 6 30 179 9 474 16 7 51 42 49 563 1.68 CRN-109A Lajedinho 71.43 0.121 14.03 1.87 0.08 1.1 1.18 3.91 5.21 0.33 0.23 99.49 1862 142 55 15 24 68 17 54 54 20 79 10 599 24 3 82 38 78 553 0.02 FS-168 Lajedinho 58.39 1.086 17.27 7.26 0.118 2.33 4.97 4.14 2.92 0.398 0.52 99.40 1547 115 21 14 24 48 18 45 31 16 81 4 510 7 1 102 42 94 382 JS-18A Curralinho 63.15 0.887 14.26 5.53 0.106 2.34 4.44 3.92 2.35 0.194 2.15 99.33 573 78 65 20 18 32 21 39 32 13 41 3 211 2 <2 89 46 86 310 JS-05A Curralinho 57.10 1.557 16.17 8.52 0.147 1.98 4.12 4.15 3.74 0.399 1.41 99.29 1009 127 24 20 25 55 37 72 14 17 48 4 224 3 <2 134 71 121 566
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The Neoproterozoic Sergipano Orogenic Belt, NE Brazil - A Complete Plate Tectonic Cycle in Western Gondwana

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E.P. Oliveira et al. / Precambrian Research 181 (2010) 6484

E.P. Oliveira et al. / Precambrian Research 181 (2010) 6484

E.P. Oliveira et al. / Precambrian Research 181 (2010) 6484

E.P. Oliveira et al. / Precambrian Research 181 (2010) 6484

E.P. Oliveira et al. / Precambrian Research 181 (2010) 6484

E.P. Oliveira et al. / Precambrian Research 181 (2010) 6484

E.P. Oliveira et al. / Precambrian Research 181 (2010) 6484

E.P. Oliveira et al. / Precambrian Research 181 (2010) 6484

E.P. Oliveira et al. / Precambrian Research 181 (2010) 6484

E.P. Oliveira et al. / Precambrian Research 181 (2010) 6484

E.P. Oliveira et al. / Precambrian Research 181 (2010) 6484

E.P. Oliveira et al. / Precambrian Research 181 (2010) 6484

E.P. Oliveira et al. / Precambrian Research 181 (2010) 6484

E.P. Oliveira et al. / Precambrian Research 181 (2010) 6484

E.P. Oliveira et al. / Precambrian Research 181 (2010) 6484

E.P. Oliveira et al. / Precambrian Research 181 (2010) 6484

0.13784 0.11769 0.05419 0.19640 0.00000 0.14781 1.61253 0.00000 0.00000

E.P. Oliveira et al. / Precambrian Research 181 (2010) 6484

E.P. Oliveira et al. / Precambrian Research 181 (2010) 6484 83

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