Grammar: Basic sentence structure Relationship of the subject, verb, object & particles: Particle Function -ga -o -ni

-mo -kara -made -de -to -wa subject marker object marker toward; in (existence marker) also from up to; until by means of; in; at (activity marker) together with topic marker

Subject marker: -ga

1. Identification of doer: By doer, I mean a person who causes something to happen. If John throws the ball toTom, John is the doer (or subject), so John would get the subject marker -ga, as in John-ga. Lets consider a simpler sentence. The sentence John cried would be JoN-ga naki-mashita. John cried. Look at another example: JoN-ga tabe-mashita. John ate. John is the doer of crying in the first example, and of eating in the second example. Therefore, we attach -ga to it. 2. Someone/Something exist in a certain location: There is existing verbi-mashu(for animate) or ari-mashu(Inanimate) Ex. JoN-ga i-masu. John is there. Piza-ga ari-masu. There is pizza. 3. Description of unexpected event/surprising event: Unexpected event/surprising event + (-ga)

Ex. 1. Here comes bus! (When bus is before tym) Basu-ga ki mashita (The bus came) 2. The light went out Raito-ga kie mashita 4. Piza-ga taka-idesu! Pizza is expensive!

Object Marker: -o
Piza-o tabe-te! Eat pizza! JoN-ga Tomu-o shikari-mashita. John scolded Tom.

Towards & in: -ni

Destination towards Ex. JoN-ga Pari-ni iki-masu. John will go to Paris. JoN-ni piza-o age-te! Give the pizza to John! Location someone/something exist (Equivalent to in) Ex. JoN-ga kicchiN-ni i-masu. John is in the kitchen. Piza-ga fur- z-a-ni ari-masu. There is pizza in the freezer.

Also: -mo
Subject -ga replaced with mo JoN-ga ki-mashita. Tomu-mo ki-mashita. John came. Tom also came. Object o with -mo Piza-o tanoN-de! Furaido chikiN-mo tanoN-de! Order pizza! Order fried chicken, too!

From: -kara , i-made- upto & until: JoN-ga Kurisumasu-kara BareNtaiNde-made Hawai-ni i-masu. John will be in Hawaii from Christmas to Valentines Day. By mean of,at : -de
By mean of : JoN-ga basu-de BosutoN-ni iki-masu. John will go to Boston by bus. At: KicchiN-de beNkyo shi-te! Study in the kitchen.

Together with: -to

JoN-ga Tomu-to Pari-ni iki-masu. John will go to Paris with Tom.

Topic marker: wa
When you talk with someone in Japanese, you provide the listener with the topic of the dialog by marking it with wa. The topic has the following two functions: Topic lets the listener know that you are going to talk about X. Topic assures the listener that you and heare still talking about X. Japanese Sentence = TOPIC + COMMENT Ex. 1. JoN-wa Kurisumasu-ni k-eki-o tabe-mashita. Talking about john and continue to talk about john 2. Kurisumasu-ni-wa JoN-ga keki-o tabe-mashita. Talking about charistmas and continue to..... 3. Keki-wa JoN-ga Kurisumasu-ni tabe-mashita.

Talking about cake and continue......

Note:-o & -ga will be replaced with wa but other will be combined with wa like in cake.