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chapter
lntroduction:
ln the modern life, no one can think without computer. Computer has become very essentialthing in
our life. Todiy computer is used not only for calculating but for many other activities. For example computerized telephone, switching centre's control traffic of millions of calls and keep line of communication untangled, super market scanner that calculates the bill and keep the inventory qorrect, Automatic teller machines ( ATM) that controls the bank transaction anywhere in the world.
From where this technology has come from? So it is important to understand their growth. The development of computer from early device to latest computer is classified in to the below category
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Electronic computer
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with number of rods. There are 17 rods in abacus. The horizontal line is called bar. Above the bar there is one bead and below the bar there are 4 beads.
On the bar there are 5 points. From middle to left side called positive side and middle to right side is
called negative side. When the beads touch the baronly, it has value. The middle point is called unit
pointorone'srods. lnone'srod,fromdownif onebeadtouchesthebar,thentheanswerisone. touches the bar, then the value is two. The upper bead has the value 5.
Next to one's rod is ten's rod in the left side. Then 100's rod, 1"000's rod.
lf two
We can calculate addition, subtraction, multiplication, division and square root easily using abacus
b. The Napier bones:
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lt is used in 17th century We can calculate multiplication, division even square rooJ and power. lt has rectangular strip of wood or bones with figures marked on one side.
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The top square was a digit from O to 9 The square below has multiple of digits
Thesedevicescoulddomostofthecalculationsbyitself
(automatic)
Pa sca
First semiautomatic mechanical device developed by Braise pascal and known as pascal,s line
Blaise Pascal is the son of a French tax collector invented this to help his father. He invented this called as numeric wheel calculator. He used g movable dials to calculate g digit numbers. The wheel is numbered from o to 9 and they are arranged in rows as 1,s L0,s L00,s , ect. , rf one's wheer compretes one revorution, 10,s wheer The disadvantage in this machine is there is rimitation to addition
b.Leibnitz Machine;
This was invented in 1673 by a German mathematician and philosopherGottfried wilhem von
Leibn itz
This was developed for addition multiplication, , division and subtr-action Multiplication and division was done by shift mechanism brought about by series of slides. ln the base -ten system, when a digit is multiplied with r.0, shifts:one place to left and dividing digit with 10 , shifts one place to right. j '
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This is used for controiling the weaving to make the comprex pattern easy He used punched card to control the movement of threads by prese4ce or absence of hole in the cards
Punched card stored the instruction on the punched card. The presence and absence of holes are like
binary system
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charles Babbage proposed a machine to compile mathematicaltable called difference engine. lt was powered by steam and was long as locomotive rt courd have stored program and carcurate and print resurt
The machine was never compreted due to mechanicar difricurties
automaticaily
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After working on difference engine for 10 years, the Babbage inspired to begin work on first general purpose computer which is called analytical engine. It is a steam powered engine.
It consists of 5O,O0O components rt's basic design is input, process, store and finaty wit get the output. we can store memory numbers up to 50 decimar digits rong. lt contained a millwith 'o0o control unit that allowed processing instruction in any sequence and output device to produce printed output.
He barrowed idea of punched card to encode the machine instruction from theJacquard loom lt does not perform one mathematicaltask. But difterent kinds of calculation
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the
ln 1990, it took 7 years to complete the US census. Due to increase in population, the Bureau feared that it would take more than 10 years to count the latest population Herman used punched card to calculate the US census an& completed within years. 3 on a card represented one number and combination ottwo prn.r,u, represent
US census
i"T:r:'nch
on
80 characters can be stores in a single card. : He brought this punched in to the business world and found Tabulaiing machine company in 1896 and rater it became rnternationar Business machine ( rBM)in;;;i,.0'"'"'
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Howard H'Aiken a Harvard engineer working with IBM , developed an all electronic calculator by 1944
The purpose of the computer is to create batistic chart for US navy lt was about half as long s footballfield and contains about 500 miles of wires. lt was commonly referred was, an electronic relay computer. rt used electromagnetic signar to move the mechanicar parts. lt was slow ( it took 3 to 5 seconds for one calculation) rt is infrexibre but it perform basic arithmetic and more complex equation
5. Technological Advancement
ln 1898 Valdemer Paulson developed recording devices consisting of tapes ' and drums that stored electrical info rmation
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signal electronically Alan Turning a British mathematician established theoretically that a complex problem having
logical solution can be split in to a set of simple steps and can be solved easily. All modern computers works on this principle.
Claude Shannon, en electrical engineer showed an electronic switching circuit could be used to
perform logical and arithmetic operation. He used Boolean algebra for the first time.
7. Electronic computer: classified in to various generation on the basis of technical development
a.ABC { 1937
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This is the first electronic computer used vacuum tubes in the place of electromechanical relays
lt was special purpose computer. During Second World War, they planned todevelopthe computerto help in designing and coding/ decoding of rnessages.
By 1941, German Engineer Konared zuse had developed a computer called Z3 TO DESIGN Aero
ln 1943 , the British completed a secret code breaking computer called colossus
- 195.8)
- 1946) : Electronic
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.Thiswasconsideredasthefirstelectronicgeneralpurposecomputer
This can add two large number in 200 Micro seconds where as MARK lcan calculate in 5 seconds
John Von Neumann a mathematician at Princeton University suggested a distinct improvement in 1945
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Use
of binary number system to store data and instruction in the computer memory to process both data and instructions so that execution will be automatic
Use a program
EDSAC (1947
lt was designed by professor M.Wilkes of Cambridge University and was completed in 1949 ln this, the program was fed into the storage unit by means of paper tape
lt uses vacuum tubes and was slightly faster than ENIAC. lt was not binary but was the first stored - program electric computer.
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Von Neumann designed in 1949 with a memory to hold both a stored program as well as data. The key element in this computer was control processing unit which allows all the computer
r r . . .
ltwas built by Rernington Rand, became one of the commercially available computers.
US census Bureau and
Operating lnstructions were made for a specific task for which the computer was used. Each machine has separate binary code program called machine language
ll,
MARK
ilt,
UNTVAC
il,
BURROUGHS
19631
This computer used transistor and Magnetic core memory. So this computer was smafler, faster, more
1. 2. 3.
They used machine language with assembly language allowed abbreviated programming codes to replace long, difficult binary codes. They also contained all the components like printers, tape storage, memory, operating systems, and stored programs The high Sophisticated language COBOL and FORTAN came into common use during this period
1604
- 1971)
as
integrated circuit in 1-958 which consists of three electronic components. Laterthey fixed more components in the chip and called semiconductor.
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2' 3. 4'
used and as result the computer became small Operating system was used to run the machine with different proBrams at one time with central program that monitored and coordinated the computer's memory
lmprovement in magnetic core and magnetic disks and main memory enlarged Output and input device come to the market. optical scanner, magnetic ink character tape video display , and graph plotter came to the market
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lntegrated circuit (lC)are mostly used in this and the size of the computerwas reduced LSI - Large Scale lntegration could fit hundreds of components onto one chip. ln 1980 a very large scale integration (VLSI)squeezed hundreds of thousands of components in one chip
Ultra large scale integration (ULSI) squeezed millions of components into one chip This helps to reduce the size as well the cost of the computer
lntel 4004 chip was developed and all the components of a computer (CpU, Memory & lnput/output control) were assembled on one chip and it is called as Microprocessor. Due to this greater computing power, large memory was developed. personal and home computers
are the
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examples
;l
Thiscomputer is more powerful and useci to link into the network and share memory, software, information and communicate with each otherthrough localarea network (LAN) or telephone line. lnternet can connect all the computer through worldwide into a single network of information
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Fourth generation computers mainly focused on changing the values to transistor and then it to lC which made the computer smaller and high speed. But this cannot think Fifth generation computers are expected to fulfillthis requirement and it is called as super
com puter.
This will have high storage capacity & high speed and can do decision making like human being This new development of implementing the human thought process is called "artificial
lntellige nce" There will be new style of programming and hardware for it.
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