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Learning activity 10.

24 Feature Process of acquisition Classical Conditioning Acquisition is the overall process during which an organism learns to associate two events (the CS and the UCS). During acquisition, the presentations of the CS and the UCS occur close together in time and always in the same sequence. Extinction is the gradual decrease in the strength or rate of a CR that occurs when the UCS is no longer presented. There i some variation between individuals in the rate at which extinction of the same conditioned response will occur. Stimulus generalisation is the tendency for another stimulus one that is similar to the original CS to produce a response that is similar but not necessarily identical to the CR. Stimulus generalisation is evident in various aspects of everyday life and is rarely intentional or even a conscious process. Stimulus discrimination occurs when a person or animal responds to the CS only, but not to any other stimulus that is similar to the CS. Operant Conditioning Acquisition is the establishment of a response through reinforcement. The speed with which the response is established depends on which schedule of reinforcement is used.

Extinction

Extinction is the gradual decrease in the strength or rate of a conditioned (learned) response following consistent non-reinforcement of the response. Occurs over time, but after reinforcement is no longer given.

Stimulus generalisation

Stimulus generalisation occurs when the correct response is made to another stimulus that is similar to the stimulus that was present when the conditioned response was reinforced. This response usually occurs at a reduced level (frequency or strength), as illustrated by the following experiment. Stimulus discrimination occurs when an organism makes the correct response to a stimulus and is reinforced, but does not respond to any other stimulus, even when stimuli are similar. Spontaneous recovery is when the organism will once again show the response in the absence of any reinforcement. The response is likely to be weaker and will probably not last very long.

Stimulus discrimination

Spontaneous recovery

Spontaneous recovery is the reappearance of a CR when the CS is presented, following a rest period after the CR appears to have been extinguished. Spontaneous recovery doesnt always occur, and when it does it is often short-lived.

Role of learner

The learner is a passive participant in the conditioning process, they have no control over the learning process The response depends on the presentation of the UCS occurring firsts. Must occur immediately after.

The learner is an active participant in the learning process, the learner must operate on the environment. The presentation of the punisher or reinforcement depends on the response occurring first. Can occur a while later (especially with humans) A voluntary response

Timing of stimulus and response

Nature of response

A reflexive involuntary response

Learning activity 10.25 1. Classical conditioning, because sally has learnt to associate the sound of a barking dog with being bitten. 2. Classical conditioning, because Hamish has learned to associate the smell of musk perfume with his girlfriend. 3. Operant conditioning, because the repeated behaviour of his daughter using all the petrol has resulted in the dad to not allow her to use it. 4. Classical conditioning, because Momin has learned to associate the smell of oysters with being sick. 5. Operant conditioning, because Emilia comes home on time because she was grounded the last time she came home late.

Learning Activity 10.27 1. One-trial learning is a type of learning involving a relatively permanent change in behaviour that occurs as a result of one experience only. 2. A taste aversion is a conditioned response that results from a person or animal establishing an association between a particular food and being or feeling ill after having consumed it at some time in the past. 3. The association is usually the result of a single experience, and the particular food will be avoided in the future that is why it is acquired through one-trail learning rather than classical conditioning. 4. Classical conditioning and one-trial learning both involve automatic involuntary responses that are acquired in a passive manner. 5. The difference between classical conditioning and one-trial learning is the number of trials and the inability to generalise one-trial learning. 6. Worksheet.

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