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ANDERSON WAWERU
DOREEN RUKARIA
FARIDA KARONEY
JOHN BUNDOTICH
STANDARD GROUP
JOSEPH ODINDO
JULIUS MAINA
LINUS GITAHI
MACHARIA GAITHO
MAINA MUIRURI
MEDIAMAX
MARTIN MASAI
MICHEAL MUMO
NJUKI GITHETWA
OMWA OMBARA
GHETTO RADIO
PATRICK KONGOTI
PAUL WANYAGAH
MEDIAMAX
WAITHAKA WAIHENYA
WILLIAM PIKE
RADIO AFRICA
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
We would like to thank the Editors Guild, Kenya Union of Journalists (KUJ), Kenya Correspondents Association, Media Owners Association (MOA) and the Independent Electoral and Boundaries Commission (IEBC), for their contribution in developing these election coverage guidelines. Special thanks goes to Internews for their support in publishing the guidelines. We would also like to acknowledge the contribution of the following Media houses and organisations in the development of the guidelines, particularly during the stakeholders forum: the Nation Media Group, the Standard Group, Article 19 and the National Cohesion and Integration Commission (NCIC). Finally, we wish to thank the following international organisations, from whose guidelines we have borrowed: the Commonwealth Broadcasting Association, African Centre for Media Excellence, International Centre for Journalists (ICJ) and Media Monitoring to promote democratic Elections (National Democratic Institute), International Media Support and UNESCO.
Preamble
We editors, journalists, practitioners, media owners and managers, Recognising the importance of general elections, Guided by the desire to facilitate a free, fair and democratic election
process,
Determined to assist voters make informed choices, Resolve to adopt and abide by the following guidelines
during the coverage of the General Election:
q q q q q q q q
Balance and fairness Corruption (as it affects journalists) Gender balance and diversity of voices Conflict-sensitive journalism Opinion polls Equitable coverage Voter education Phone-ins
The guidelines are aimed at helping journalists to provide comprehensive, accurate, impartial, balanced and fair coverage of the elections, thus enabling the voter to make informed choices. The guidelines will apply to all media houses whether private, or State-owned as well as the authorities involved in or policing the electoral process and, that have voluntarily adopted them.
EDITORIAL PRINCIPLES
At the heart of every election are three interlocking sets of rights:
q The right of the voters to make a fully informed choice; q The right of the candidates to put their policies across; and q The right of the media to freely report and express their views on
matters of public interest.
use the opportunity offered by the elections to work for unity and, prevent or reduce conflict and polarisation by promoting the rule of law. Similarly, the media should establish in-house structures and mechanisms of overcoming internal conflict that could negatively influence or compromise election coverage. The media has a duty to reflect a diversity of voice in its coverage, including minorities and marginalised communities. The reporting should be gender-balanced, treating women and men equally as news subjects and news sources.
4. Values
In covering the elections, the media must at all times observe the core values and principles of journalism: q Accuracy The media must ensure that their election reports are factual, accurate, well sourced and based on sound evidence. q Impartiality The media should produce fair and balanced reports, reflecting a breadth and diversity of opinion that ensures no significant strand of thought is missing or under-represented. q Sourcing The media have an obligation to the people they report about and to the society they report to. The journalist should, therefore, protect confidential sources of information. However, they must not use the cover of unnamed sources to hide personal opinions. q News coverage Editorial opinion must be clearly distinguished from news to avoid the danger of misleading audiences. q Right of reply A fair opportunity to reply to inaccuracies contained in a report that has been broadcast or published should be given to aggrieved individuals or organisations. The right of reply must be given within at least 24 hours in a programme of similar weight and audience or space of similar prominence.
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q Punish attacks against media personnel and property; q Take necessary measures to prevent electoral malpractice, fraud or q
ballot rigging; and Arrange fair, open counting and tallying of the vote and, timely release of the results. The media expect to have a good working relationship with the IEBC at this crucial stage in the process.
7. Safety
A journalist, like any other citizen, has the right to carry out his or her work without fear of intimidation, harassment or attacks. In recent times, there have been increased reports of cases of abduction and violence against journalists and media personnel in East Africa, a situation that gets worse during elections. Steps should be taken to minimise threats to and protect the safety of journalists. It is also expected that: q Journalists should receive safety training to enable to them carry out their work. q Before deploying to a hostile environment, journalists should always assess the risk and analyse threat management. q A journalist exposed to traumatic situations should be counseled. q The journalist should conduct his or her duties responsibly with due regard to his or her own safety and that of the people he is working with, such as interviewees or sources. q Media houses should maintain regular communication with journalists in tense or conflict areas and have a clear exit plan.
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Incitement doesnt always have to call people to take action q In the case of Prosecutor v Ferdinand Nahimana, JeanBosco Barayagwiza and Hassan Ngeze, the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda (ICTR) observed that speech constituting ethnic hatred resulted from stereotyping of ethnic groups, combined with denigration. After examining the tone of a broadcast that stated about the Tutsi that they are the ones with all the money, the court observed, inter alia, that while this broadcast did not call on listeners to take action of any kind, it demonstrated the progression from ethnic consciousness to harmful ethnic stereotyping.
Subtle or ambiguous messages can still be harmful q In the case of Prosecutor v Akayesu, the
court observed that: In light of the culture of Rwanda, acts of incitement can be viewed as direct or not, by focusing mainly on the issue of whether the
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persons for whom the message was intended immediately grasped the implication thereof. The ICTR further observed that culture, including the nuances of the Kinyarwanda language, were important in determining what constitutes direct and public incitement to commit genocide. The principal consideration is the meaning of the words used in a specific context: it does not matter that the message may appear ambiguous to another audience or in another context.
Identifying hate speech Hate crimes in Kenya tend to be fuelled by the following: q Stereotypes, particularly cultural; q Hate-filled speeches, especially at political rallies; and q Political advertisements. Main characteristics of hate speech
The statement should contain: q Threatening, abusive or insulting messages, sometimes using coded language. q Messages targeted at a group to stir hatred on the basis of race, colour, nationality, ethnicity or other national origin.
9. Language
Elections by their nature are polarising and the whole electioneering process is highly emotive. As a result, conflicts can and do arise and, the media are often blamed for fanning the flames through the language and images they choose to use. The media have a responsibility to their audiences and the society: the principles of conflictsensitive journalism should guide their reporting. In situations of social or violent conflict, the media should: q Engage in accurate and constructive reporting; q Be well informed about the conflict causes and dynamics; q Use language carefully and avoid emotional or imprecise words to help reduce tension between parties. Do not minimise suffering but choose words carefully; q Avoid making an opinion into a fact; q Help people make sense of events by providing context and impartial analysis, and by offering a wide range of views and opinions;
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q Not define the conflict by always quoting leaders who make familiar
demands. Go beyond the elites. Report the words of ordinary people who may voice the opinions shared by many;
q Be engaged in the search for solutions; q Avoid putting individuals at risk of unnecessary distress or harm; q Adopt a sensitive tone to the emotions and fears of the audience
on matters involving risk to and loss of life as well as human suffering or distress; q Respect human dignity without sanitising the realities of violent conflict. There must be clear editorial justification for the use of graphic images. A journalists work should be informed by ongoing reflection on how his or her reporting can impact positively or negatively on conflict. Talk show hosts need to pay particular attention to the import of their words. During election time, a presenters reference to our people or our community could send out a dangerous or unintended message to audiences who are not from the talk show hosts community. The presenter should also be ready to challenge or stop any contributor or caller who makes insensitive or inflammatory comments on the show.
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The rules of privacy apply to election coverage. The publics right to know is often weighed against the privacy of people in the news. A journalist must stick to the issues.
q Journalists and editors seek and use voices of both gender; q Data be disaggregated by sex; q Journalists and editors ensure background information (context) and
analysis reflect the perspectives of both women and men. When covering elections from a gender perspective, the media should:
q Ask the right questions that probe beyond what is taken for granted; q Check whether the nation is signatory to international and regional
instruments that commit it to increasing the percentage of women running for and holding political office. If not, why? If women are participating in large numbers, why? Ascertain if electoral system(s) for presidential, parliamentary and local government polls help or hinder womens entry into political office. Analyse trends (if any) in female candidates standing for elections and women holding political office, using accurate and verifiable data to support the analysis. Examine the factors that keep women from becoming candidates and/ or holding political office.
q q q
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q Does media coverage contain only the voices of men? q Do these men represent diversity in terms of status (race, class, etc.) q q
or are they primarily men in positions of prominence, power or formal authority? Have the views of women political candidates, women voters and women experts, been captured in news reports, news analyses and other forms of reporting on elections? Does the coverage rely on one sex or only a few voices based on the assumption that these speak on behalf of the majority?
Portrayal of women and the language used in the media are critical. In covering elections, journalists must answer the following questions:
q Your personal activity: Even though you act in your own private capacity
Online in your blog, Twitter or Facebook communication anyone seeing what you write will still identify you with your media house. Think carefully about what you publish. q Opinion: Make it very clear that the views you express are personal and not those of your media house. q Political stand: Dont state your political preferences as this could compromise your impartiality in your official reporting capacity q Twitter: a) Twits should be cleared as soon as they are received. This helps is controlling the snowballing of hate contributions. b) After giving a platform to users to twit, the media should take responsibility for the content posted on their platform. q Breaking news: Be clear what the policy of your media house is before you break news privately on the web ahead of your own media house. In summary, dont be seduced by the informality of social media to compromise your integrity as a professional journalist.
The programmes must be accurate and impartial and must effectively inform voters about the voting process, including how, when and where to vote, register to vote and verify proper registration, the secrecy of the ballot (and thus safety from retaliation) and, the importance of voting.
If editors fail to answer these 13 questions when analysing an opinion poll, then the methodology of this poll cannot be trusted. And if a poll appears to have been conducted using dubious methodology, its outcome should receive no mention in the media or should be seriously challenged.
q Make clear which group of voters is being measured: voters, registered voters, q In the case of voting intentions surveys, it must always be made clear if voting q q
percentages include any of these respondents who answered I dont know or I will not vote. They can significantly affect the findings. Always report polls within a context. Precisely when was the fieldwork conducted? If it was conducted before or after a significant event, that may affect the results. Beware of analysts who seek to predict the election based on a poll. A polls ability to predict is limited because 1) at least 10 per cent of all voters make up their mind on the voting day, 2) contemporary campaigns are designed to move voters late in the campaign. Distinguish between poll findings and a pollsters interpretation of poll results.
Guidelines for Election Coverage
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challenged. This includes hate speech, ethnic baiting, lies and propaganda, crude and vulgar language, incitement to violence, and unverified information. Guidelines to presenters and producers of phone-ins and talk shows q Journalistic principles must apply to the programme. q The presenter must understand the basic rudiments of journalism. q The presenter must be familiar with and abide by the Election Reporting Guidelines and relevant legal requirements. q The presenter or editor must be alert and prepared to challenge or cut off a caller who breaches the guidelines or the law, especially on hate speech. q Callers should not come on-air and expect to comment on a given topic unchallenged. q Presenters should prepare for the unexpected, such as a caller who comes on air and smears or libels someone. The caller should be challenged or stopped. q Treat your viewers, listeners and callers with respect, honesty and fairness. q Respect the privacy of callers and safeguard their personal information. q Install and use time-delay technology or other mechanism to filter out offensive content or calls prior to broadcast.
18. Complaints
During election periods, the need for quick resolution of complaints is pertinent. In addition to media houses established internal complaints handling procedures, the Complaints Commission of the Media Council of Kenya should give priority to elections-related complaints from the public. The resolutions should immediately be communicated to the media houses and network of other media stakeholders.
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REFERENCES
African Centre for Media Excellence: Guidelines for Media Coverage of Elections in Uganda, 2011 ARTICLE 19: Guidelines for Election Broadcasting in Transitional Democracies BBC Editorial Guidelines, 2010 Commonwealth Broadcasting Association: Commonwealth Election Broadcasting Guidelines Commonwealth Broadcasting Association and Mary Reine: Covering Elections in Small States Guidelines for Broadcasters, 2008 Constitution of Kenya: Laws of Kenya 2010 Governance Forum/Amkeni Wakenya: Media Checklist on Hate Speech, 2011 Guidelines for Election Coverage: MCK Stakeholders workshop, Naivasha, March 2012 Impacs: Media + Elections, An Election Reporting Handbook, 2004 International Centre for Journalists: Free and Fair A Journalists Guide to Improved Election Reporting in Ghana International Media Support/Ross Howard: Conflict Sensitive Journalism, 2003 Media Council of Kenya: Code of Conduct and Practice of Journalism in Kenya (2nd Edition), 2007 Media Council of Kenya: Guidelines for Election Coverage in Kenya, 2007 Media Council of Tanzania: Code of Ethics for Media Professionals UNESCO: Guidelines for Coverage of Elections in Lesotho, 2010
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