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Constraining seeds

Unconstrained This is the default setting. The number of elements along an edge can either increase or decrease so that the mesh can become denser or coarser than is specified by the seeds. Unconstrained seeds appear as open circles. Partially constrained The number of elements along an edge may be increased during mesh generation but cannot be decreased. This constraint allows the mesh to become denser than is specified by the seeds but no coarser. Partially constrained seeds appear as upward-pointing triangles. Fully constrained The number of elements specified by constrained seeds along an edge cannot be altered by the mesh generation process. When the seeds are fully constrained, the mesh generation will attempt to allow the location of the nodes to correspond exactly to the location of the seeds. However, an exact match between the seeds and the nodal positions is not guaranteed. Fully constrained seeds appear as squares. Abaqus/CAE always creates a fully constrained seed at each geometric vertex of a region to indicate that a finite element node will be positioned at each vertex. In many cases the mesh generator must redistribute elements (and deviate from the number and location of the seeds) to generate a mesh successfully. For the greatest likelihood of meshing success, leave seeds unconstrained or at least avoid fully constraining large numbers of seeds in a given part or part instance so that the mesh generator has as much freedom to redistribute seeds as possible.

Why partition in the Mesh module?


You can use the Partition toolset to divide parts or independent part instances into smaller regions. There are three reasons to create partitions in the Mesh module:

To divide a complex, three-dimensional part or instance into simpler regions that Abaqus/CAE can mesh using primarily hexahedral elements with the structured or swept meshing techniques. (Almost all three-dimensional parts are meshable using the free meshing technique, but three-dimensional free meshes can include only tetrahedral elements.) To gain more control over mesh generation. To obtain regions to which you can assign different element types.

You can partition only parts or independent part instances. For solid regions, you can use the bottom-up meshing technique in place of the automated top-down meshing techniques to generate a hexahedral mesh. Bottom-up meshing is a manual, incremental meshing process that builds up a three-dimensional mesh from two-dimensional entities.

What is a mesh transition?


A mesh transition is an area where a mesh transitions from coarse (large elements) to fine (small elements), Abaqus/CAE provides mesh transition controls for the following types of meshes:

A two-dimensional, quadrilateral-only mesh that is created using the structured meshing technique or the free meshing technique with the medial axis algorithm. A three-dimensional, hexahedral-only mesh that is created by sweeping a twodimensional mesh

What is structured meshing


You can apply the structured meshing technique to simple two-dimensional regions (planar or curved) or to simple three-dimensional regions that have been assigned the Hex or Hex-dominated element shape option. If the region contains virtual topology, you can mesh the region using the structured meshing technique only if the region is bounded by four sides. You cannot use structured meshing to mesh three- or five-sided regions that contain virtual topology. A face must have at least three sides to be meshed using the structured meshing technique.)

Three-dimensional structured meshing


Meshing more complex regions with this technique may require manual partitioning. If you do not partition a complex region, your only meshing option may be the free meshing technique with tetrahedral elements. Meshes constructed using the structured meshing technique consist of hexahedral elements, which are preferred over tetrahedral elements. If a region contains virtual topology, the region must be bounded by six sides. If a region cannot be meshed using the structured meshing technique, you can use virtual topology to combine faces until the region is bounded by six sides. how you can use virtual topology to create a sixsided region that can be meshed using the structured meshing technique.

What is swept meshing?


Abaqus/CAE uses swept meshing to mesh complex solid and surface regions. The swept meshing technique involves two phases:

Abaqus/CAE creates a mesh on one side of the region, known as the source side. Abaqus/CAE copies the nodes of that mesh, one element layer at a time, until the final side, known as the target side, is reached. Abaqus/CAE copies the nodes along an edge, and this edge is called the sweep path. The sweep path can be any type of edgea straight edge, a circular edge, or a spline. If the sweep path is a straight edge or a spline, the resulting mesh is called an extruded swept mesh. If the sweep path is a circular edge, the resulting mesh is called a revolved swept mesh.

In addition, the sweep path controls the default orientation of hexahedral and wedge elements that are used to model gaskets, continuum shells, cylindrical regions using cylindrical elements, and adhesive joints using cohesive elements. For more information, see Assigning gasket elements to a region, Section 32.3; Meshing parts with continuum shell elements, Section 25.2; Swept meshing of cylindrical solids, Section 17.9.4; and Creating a model with cohesive elements using geometry and mesh tools, Section 21.3. if the region to be meshed contains virtual topology, you can use only the advancing front algorithm to generate the swept mesh If you select the advancing front algorithm, Abaqus/CAE will use mapped meshing, if it is appropriate, to improve the mesh for some regions. (Mapped meshing is the same as structured meshing but applies only to four-sided regions. Abaqus/CAE cannot mesh a region with hexahedral or wedge elements if one or more edges lie along the axis of revolution, Abaqus/CAE can mesh the region with hexahedral-dominated elements by generating layers of wedge elements along the axis,

You should use the Query toolset in the Part module or the Mesh module to check the geometry of the parts or of the assembly before you try to generate a free mesh with tetrahedral elements. You should check the following:

****To view the internal tetrahedral elements generated by Abaqus/CAE, you can create a new orphan mesh part from the meshed part and use display groups to remove selected elements. You can also view the internal elements after the analysis is complete by using view cuts in the Visualization module. For more information, see Chapter 78, Using display groups to display subsets of your model, and Chapter 80, Cutting through a model

You can use display groups to display only the faces in the set. For more information, see Plotting display groups, Section 78.2.4.

If tiny edges or faces prevent Abaqus/CAE from generating an acceptable tetrahedral mesh, you can try the following:

Use the geometry diagnostics tool to find small entities such as short edges, small faces, and faces with small face corner angles that can affect the mesh quality. You can create a set containing these small entities. For more information, see Using the geometry diagnostic tools, Section 71.2.4. Use the Geometry Edit toolset to remove redundant edges and vertices. You can also remove a face and stitch over the resulting gap. For more information, see An overview of editing techniques, Section 69.2. Use the Virtual Topology toolset to ignore tiny edges or faces. For more information, see What can I do with the Virtual Topology toolset?, Section 75.2. Add partitions to reduce the aspect ratio of long, narrow faces or cells. For more information, see Chapter 70, The Partition toolset. Use the Edit Mesh toolset to modify the preview mesh. You can do the following in the Mesh module: Edit nodes Collapse element edges Swap the diagonal of a pair of adjacent triangular elements Split element edges For more information, see What can I do with the Edit Mesh toolset?, Section 64.1.

In some cases you will not be able to mesh an imported solid part with tetrahedral elements because of very thin triangular elements in the surface mesh or because some sliver faces cannot be meshed with triangles. Using a combination of tools to mesh an imported solid part with tetrahedral elements, Section 64.3.6, describes how you can use the Edit Mesh toolset and other tools in the Mesh module to mesh the part successfully.

Abaqus tries to merge meshes that are associated with the same geometric entities. Unassociated meshes may require you to merge nodes along mesh boundaries using the Edit Mesh toolset.

You should always check that a bottom-up mesh is correctly associated with the geometry. Abaqus/CAE will issue an error in the Job module if you submit a job and attributes are applied to geometry with no associated mesh You can use the mesh-geometry association tool in the Mesh module toolbox to view or edit the mesh-geometry associations for a bottom-up mesh. For detailed instructions, see Viewing and editing mesh-geometry associativity, Section 17.11.9.

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To improve the boundary meshes for a bottom-up region, you can try the following:

Modify the mesh controls for the faces of a bottom-up region. For more information, see Assigning mesh controls, Section 17.17.1. Use the geometry diagnostics tool to find small entities such as short edges, small faces, and faces with small face corner angles that can affect the mesh quality. You can create a set containing these small entities. For more information, see Using the geometry diagnostic tools, Section 71.2.4. Use the Geometry Edit toolset to remove redundant edges and vertices. You can also remove a face and stitch over the resulting gap. For more information, see An overview of editing techniques, Section 69.2. Use the Virtual Topology toolset to ignore tiny edges or faces. For more information, see What can I do with the Virtual Topology toolset?, Section 75.2. Add partitions to reduce the aspect ratio of long, narrow faces or cells. For more information, see Chapter 70, The Partition toolset. Use the Edit Mesh toolset to modify the boundary mesh. You can do the following in the Mesh module: Edit nodes Collapse element edges Swap the diagonal of a pair of adjacent triangular elements Split element edges For more information, see What can I do with the Edit Mesh toolset?, Section 64.1.

****Bottom-up meshing is a manual process that may be time consuming and require some trial and
error to produce an acceptable mesh. Bottom-up meshing is intended for use primarily when you need hexahedral elements for an analysis and you cannot generate them using top-down meshing techniques. You can also use bottom-up meshing in cases where extensive partitioning would be required to create a high-quality top-down mesh on geometry or where you want to extend an orphan mesh. The following procedure includes the basic steps for creating a bottom-up mesh. To create a bottom-up mesh, you must first have either an orphan mesh or a solid region with the bottom-up meshing technique assigned (for more information, see Assigning mesh controls, Section 17.17.1). You may also create a bottom-up mesh on an assembly containing independent instances of native parts or dependent instances of orphan mesh parts.

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