Study Blocks

(Based upon the 7th edition of the text book Introductory Chemistry A Foundation by S. S. Zumdahl and D. J. DeCoste)
Note: For each Study Block, the recommended Practice Problems are those given at the end of each Chapter of the textbook in the Questions and Problems part of the Chapter Review.

STUDY BLOCK 1
Read CHAPTER 1 OF THE TEXTBOOK because it gives you an interesting overview of the subject of Chemistry. Remember that this unit is based very closely on the textbook. MEASUREMENTS AND CALCULATIONS (CHAPTER 2) 2.1 Scientific Notation 2.2 Units 2.3 Measurements of Length, Volume, and Mass 2.4 Uncertainty in Measurement 2.5 Significant Figures* 2.6 Problem Solving and Dimensional Analysis 2.7 Temperature Conversions: An Approach to Problem Solving 2.8 Density Note: 1. *It is important to read the footnote on p.26 and remember that although the workout examples in the textbook do not, you must follow Rules 2 for all your calculations. 2. Conversions between metric and non-metric units are not required; metric (SI) units will be used throughout. Practice Problems: 2.12, 2.18, 2.30, 2.36, 2.44, 2.52, 2.78, 2.88. MATTER (CHAPTER 3) 3.1 Matter 3.2 Physical and Chemical Properties and Changes 3.3 Elements and Compounds 3.4 Mixtures and Pure Substances 3.5 Separation of Mixtures Practice Problems: 3.10, 3.18, 3.24, 3.30, 3.32, 3.36. ENERGY (CHAPTER 10) 10.1 The Nature of Energy 10.2 Temperature and Heat 10.3 Exothermic and Endothermic Processes 10.5 Measuring Energy Changes 10.6 Thermochemistry (Enthalpy)* Note: *Omit Self-Check Exercise 10.5. Practice Problems: 10.32, 10.70, 10.72.

STUDY BLOCK 2
CHEMICAL FOUNDATIONS: ELEMENTS, ATOMS AND IONS (CHAPTER 4) 4.1 The Elements 4.2 Symbols for the Elements 4.3 Dalton's Atomic Theory 4.4 Formulas of Compounds 4.5 The Structure of the Atom 4.6 Introduction to the Modern Concept of Atomic Structure 4.7 Isotopes 4.8 Introduction to the Periodic Table 4.9 Natural State of the Elements 4.10 Ions 4.11 Compounds That Contain Ions Practice Problems: 4.10, 4.16, 4.20, 4.22, 4.28, 4.38, 4.40, 4.54, 4.60, 4.76, 4.84. NOMENCLATURE (CHAPTER 5) 5.1 Naming Compounds 5.2 Naming Binary Compounds That Contain a Metal and a Nonmetal (Type I and II)* 5.3 Naming Binary Compounds That Contain Only Nonmetals (Type III) 5.4 Naming Binary Compounds: A Review 5.5 Naming Compounds That Contain Polyatomic Ions 5.6 Naming Acids 5.7 Writing Formulas from Names Note: *Although this unit does not cover the old naming system for Type II Binary Ionic Compounds, you are encouraged to know the older names for the cations of the transition metals (as given in Table 5.2 of the textbook). Practice Problems: 5.10, 5.12, 5.14, 5.18, 5.20, 5.30, 5.34, 5.40, 5.42(not b, c, e and f)*, 5.44, 5.46(not b)*, 5.48, 5.50(not d and l)*, 5.58, 5.62, 5.80(not d and l)*, 5.92.

STUDY BLOCK 3
CHEMICAL REACTIONS (CHAPTER 6) 6.1 Evidence for a Chemical Reaction 6.2 Chemical Equations 6.3 Balancing Chemical Equations Practice Problems: 6.8, 6.10, 6.12, 6.22, 6.34, 6.38, 6.44, 6.54, 6.58. REACTIONS IN AQUEOUS SOLUTIONS (CHAPTER 7) 7.1 Predicting Whether a Reaction Will Occur 7.2 Reactions in Which a Solid Forms 7.3 Describing Reactions in Aqueous Solutions 7.4 Reactions That Forms Water: Acids and Bases 7.5 Reactions of Metals with Nonmetals (OxidationReduction) 7.6 Ways to Classify Reactions 7.7 Other Ways to Classify Reactions Note: OxidationReduction will be covered in Study Block 10.

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Practice Problems: 7.12, 7.24, 7.26, 7.36, 7.54, 7.60. CHEMICAL COMPOSITION (CHAPTER 8) 8.1 Counting by Weighing 8.2 Atomic Masses: Counting Atoms by Weighing 8.3 The Mole 8.4 Learning to Solve Problems 8.5 Molar Mass 8.6 Percent Composition of Compounds 8.7 Formulas of Compounds 8.8 Calculation of Empirical Formulas 8.9 Calculation of Molecular Formulas Practice Problems: 8.20, 8.22, 8.32, 8.40, 8.52, 8.56, 8.60, 8.78, 8.118

STUDY BLOCK 4
CHEMICAL QUANTITIES (CHAPTER 9) 9.1 Information Given by Chemical Equations 9.2 MoleMole Relationship 9.3 Mass Calculations 9.4 The Concept of Limiting Reactants 9.5 Calculations Involving a Limiting Reactant 9.6 Percent Yield Practice Problems: 9.30, 9.32, 9.34, 9.44, 9.52, 9.62, 9.64, 9.90, 9.92.

STUDY BLOCK 5
MODERN ATOMIC THEORY (CHAPER 11) 11.4 The Energy Levels of Hydrogen 11.5 The Bohr Model of the Atom 11.6 The Wave Mechanical Model of the Atom 11.7 The Hydrogen Orbitals 11.8 The Wave Mechanical Model: Further Development 11.9 Electron Arrangements in the First Eighteen Atoms on the Periodic Table 11.10 Electron Configurations and the Periodic Table 11.11 Atomic Properties and the Periodic Table Practice Problems: 11.26, 11.46, 11.48, 11.50, 11.56, 11.60, 11.68, 11.80, 11.108, 11.114, 11.118.

STUDY BLOCK 6
CHEMICAL BONDING (CHAPTER 12) 12.1 Types of Chemical Bonds 12.2 Electronegativity 12.3 Bond Polarity and Dipole Moments 12.4 Stable Electron Configuration and Charges on Ions
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12.5 Ionic Bondings and Structures of Ionic Compounds 12.6 Lewis Structures 12.7 Lewis Structures of Molecules with Multiple Bonds 12.8 Molecular Structures 12.9 Molecular Structures: The VSEPR Model 12.10 Molecular Structures: Molecules with Double Bonds Practice Problems: 12.14, 12.20, 12.24, 12.26, 12.38, 12.40, 12.46, 12.60, 12.68, 12.70, 12.82, 12.84, 12.118.

STUDY BLOCK 7
GASES (CHAPTER 13) 13.1 Pressure 13.2 Pressure and Volume: Boyle's Law 13.3 Volume and Temperature: Charles's Law 13.4 Volume and Moles: Avogadro's Law 13.5 The Ideal Gas Law 13.6 Dalton's Law of Partial Pressure 13.7 Laws and Models: A Review 13.8 The Kinetic Molecular Theory of Gases 13.9 The Implication of the Kinetic Molecular Theory 13.10 Gas Stoichiometry Practice Problems: 13.8, 13.12, 13.22, 13.24, 13.36, 13.42, 13.44, 13.54, 13.62, 13.64, 13.68, 13.84, 13.88, 13.90, 13.102, 13.114, 13.142.

STUDY BLOCK 8
LIQUIDS AND SOLIDS (CHAPTER 14) 14.1 Water and Its Phase Changes 14.2 Energy Requirements for the Changes of State 14.3 Intermolecular Forces 14.4 Evaporation and Vapor Pressure 14.5 The Solid State: Types of Solids 14.6 Bonding in Solids Practice Problems: 14.26, 14.38, 14.46, 14.64, 14.80. SOLUTIONS (CHAPTER 15) 15.1 Solubility 15.2 Solution Composition: An Introduction 15.3 Solution Composition: Mass Percent 15.4 Solution Composition: Molarity 15.5 Dilution 15.6 Stoichiometry of Solution Reactions 15.7 Neutralization Reactions Note: Omit Normality Practice Problems: 15.18, 15.26, 15.38, 15.44, 15.60, 15.62, 15.66, 15.68, 15.74, 15.126.

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STUDY BLOCK 9
EQUILIBRIUM (CHAPTER 17) 17.1 How Chemical Reactions Occur 17.2 Conditions That Affect Reaction Rates 17.3 The Equilibrium Condition 17.4 Chemical Equilibrium: A Dynamic Condition 17.5 The Equilibrium Constant: An Introduction 17.6 Heterogenous Equilibria 17.7 Le Chtelier's Principle 17.9 Solubility Equilibria Note: Equilibrium Calculations (Chapter 17.8 and part of Chapter 17.9 of textbook) are not required. Practice Problems: 17.16, 17.18, 17.26, 17.34, 17.36, 17.40, 17.56, 17.58.

STUDY BLOCK 10
ACIDS AND BASES (CHAPTER 16) 16.1 Acids and Bases 16.2 Acid Strength 16.3 Water as an Acid and a Base 16.4 The pH Scale 16.5 Calculating the pH of Strong Acid Solutions 16.6 Buffered Solutions Practice Problems: 16.2, 16.10, 16.12, 16.14, 16.16, 16.18, 16.26, 16.32, 16.42, 16.44, 16.50, 16.52, 16.58, 16.63, 16.68, 16.100. OXIDATIONREDUCTION REACTIONS AND ELECTROCHEMISTRY (CHAPTER 18) 18.1 OxidationReduction Reactions 18.2 Oxidation States 18.3 OxidationReduction Reactions Between Nonmetals 18.4 Balancing OxidationReduction Reactions by the HalfReaction Method Practice Problems: 18.6, 18.14, 18.22, 18.30, 18.34, 18.44, 18.46, 18.100.

STUDY BLOCK 11 AND 12

ORGANIC CHEMISTRY (CHAPTER 20) 20.1 Carbon Bondings 20.2 Alkanes 20.3 Structural Formulas and Isomerism 20.4 Naming Alkanes 20.6 Reactions of Alkanes 20.7 Alkenes and Alkynes 20.10 Functional Groups 20.11 Alcohols
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20.12 20.13 20.14 20.15 Note:

Properties and Uses of Alcohols Aldehydes and Ketones Naming Aldehydes and Ketones Carboxylic Acids and Esters The textbook's coverage of organic chemistry is not adequate for the present unit and you are expected to read Supplementary Notes on Organic Chemistry given in the Essential Readings part of the Learning guide page of the unit homepage. Practice Problems: 20.2, 20.6, 20.10, 20.18, 20.26, 20.28, 20.38, 20.46, 20.58(b), 20.61, 20.70, 20.74(a, b, c), 20.78, 20.82(a, b, d), 20.118, Additional Notes on Organic Chemistry given in the Additional Readings for Study Blocks 11-12 part of the Learning guide page of the unit homepage. FURTHER READING should be concentrated on the following important topics.

1. 2.

Structural Representation Classes of Organic Compounds Functional groups, primary, secondary and tertiary amines and alcohols, quaternary ammonium salts.

You must be able to recognise that all of the following structures represent the same compound:
CH3CH2OCCH3 O CH3C O OCH2CH3 CH3COCH2CH3 O

O
CH3CO2CH2CH3 CH3CH2O.CO.CH3 You will be expected to be able to give IUPAC names for: 1. Straight and branched-chain alkanes, alkenes, alkynes. 2. All of the above (1) with one functional group from the following: alcohols, amines, aldehydes, ketones, carboxylic acids, halides. 3. Simple esters and ethers. 4. Polyhalogenated alkanes. 5. Primary, secondary, tertiary and quaternary amines. 6. Salts of carboxylic acids.

O O

CHEMICAL AND PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS

Important reaction types which must be studied are: 1. Addition reactions: (a) Halogen + alkene dihalide (b) Water + alkene alcohol (c) Hydrogen + alkene alkane (d) Hydrogen halide + alkene alkyl halide

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2.

Substitution reactions: (a) Halogen + light + alkane alkyl halide (b) Alkyl halide + NH3 amine + OH alcohol Oxidation reactions: (a) Aldehyde + dichromate carboxylic acid (b) Ketone + dichromate no reaction (c) Alcohols (d) Alkenes Esterification Acid-base equilibria of carboxylic acids and amines

3.

4. 5.

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