Lecture 4a - 2@page

Machine Design
Lecture 4A: direct construtcion of Mohrs circle.
Machine Design Unit 2 Lecture 1 State of stress and strain
State of stress and strain State of stress in one and two dimensions Algebraic definition of the state of stress Mohrs circles - advanced Bi-vectorial relationship and quadratic form State of strain Relationship between stress and strain
2011 Politecnico di Torino
Page 1
Machine Design
State of stress and strain
State of stress in one and two dimensions
State of stress in one and two dimensions Normal stress on a surface at a point One-dimensional (uniaxial) state of stress Mohrs circle I Two-dimensional (plane) state of stress Mohrs circle II Mohrs circles in three-dimensional state of stress
Page 2
Machine Design
Normal stress on a surface at a point
Normal stress on a surface at a point (1/4)

In the tensile test the average normal stress has been defined as the ratio of the tensile force acting along the axis of the specimen to the area of the cross section whose normal unit vector is parallel to the specimen axis (right cross-section).
Page 3
Machine Design

A specimen (prismatic or cylindrical) may be seen as a sheaf of specimens with infinitesimal crosssection
They all elongate in the same way; They do not transmit to each other any force through the lateral surfaces;

Because of the uniform stress on the right crosssection we can deal with either the whole specimen - A is the area of its cross section - or the infinitesimal cross-section specimen with infinitesimally small area dA. dA dF F A
8
dF F
Page 4
Machine Design

Then forces and stresses on the right cross-section are known Even if this is a simple case it could be useful to answer the following question:
what are the forces and the stresses on an inclined face? namely, what is the state of stress on the inclined face?
State of stress in one dimension
Page 5
Machine Design
State of stress in one dimension (1/6)

Cut the body by a plane that passes through point P. We want to find the state of stress at an arbitrary point P, which generally will be inside the body
dF dF
n
P
dF
11

The body is divided into two. Retain one portion and discard the other.
2
1 3
n
P
dF
dF
12
Page 6
Machine Design

To restore equilibrium we must replace the discarded portion by the internal forces it had exerted on the kept portion. n
dF
2 1
dF
13

The force dF has two components: a normal component, aligned with the cut-plane normal n, and a tangential component, lying on the cut plane, t-direction.
t n
dF
2 1 3
dF
14
Page 7
Machine Design

The force equilibrium is given by the triangle of forces
dT
dN
dF
15

n= normal stress n = shear stress 1= normal stress on the inclined area on the inclined area on the area of the right crosssection
dA cos
dT = n
dA cos
dN = n
dA cos
dA
dF = 1dA
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Page 8
Machine Design
Mohrs circle I
Mohrs circle I (1/5)

Any right triangle is inscribed in a half-circle whose diameter is the hypotenuse of the triangle. C 90- O
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Page 9
Machine Design

C 90- O
Given: ACB with right angle at C Taking the point O on AB such that: OCB = ABC = , then OCB is isosceles OC = OB moreover: ACO = ACB-OCB=90- CAB, then OCA is isosceles OC = OA It follows that OC = OA = OB: radius of the circle with center O
19

Then: d F, d N , dT are inscribed in the half-circle whose diameter is d F
dT = n
dA cos
dN = n
dA cos
dF = 1dA
20
Page 10
Machine Design

Dividing all the segments (forces) by the infinitesimal area dA and projecting on the vertical and horizontal direction
cos = n dA
dT
dN cos = n dA
21
dF = 1 dA

With this geometrical representation the stress components n and n on the inclined surface, for any angle , are determined once the principal stress 1 is given The geometrical representation holds only for onedimensional state of stress and it is possible because: the force d F has been decomposed in two orthogonal components d N and dT A right triangle is inscribed in a half-circle
22
Page 11
Machine Design
State of stress in two dimensions
State of stress in two dimensions (1/10)

Two-dimensional state of stress Preliminary remark 1:
Reference cross-section: its normal n outward the N infinitesimal prism; Moreover the areas are: _ _ dAn= NLLL _ _ dA1= NMLL _ _ dA2= MLLL
N
2
L L
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Page 12
Machine Design

Preliminary remark 2:
Value of the projected areas: _ _ dAn= NLLL _ _ _ _ dA1= NMLL= NL cosLL _ _ _ _ dA2= MLLL= NL sin LL We think of the areas and their projections as vectors and vector components
M dAn
dA2
25
dA1

Preliminary remark 3:
Assumption (it will be verified later) any state of stress is equivalent to three normal stress 1, 2 and 3 acting on three orthogonal surface dA1, dA2 and dA3 This assumption also holds for the one-dimensional case where the two surfaces dA2 and dA3 are stress free If this assumption will not hold all our development falls down
26
Page 13
Machine Design

Within the Preliminary remark 3 the force 3dA3, orthogonal to the plane (1,2), has no component along directions 1 and 2.
2 dA 2
2 1 3
ds2
1dA1
3dA 3
ds1
ds3
27

Force equilibrium of an infinitesimally small prismatic body in plane (1,2):
2 dA 2
2 1
1dA1
dA 1 1
1dA1 2 dA 2 2 dA 2
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Page 14
Machine Design

The two-dimensional state of stress, from now on (A+B), can be seen as the superimposition of the onedimensional state of stress A and of the hydrostatic state of stress B
2
1
(1 2 )
(A+B)
One-dimensional (Already developed)
hydrostatic
29

State of stress B relationships among areas and equilibrium
2dA 2
2 dA1
2 dA1
dAn NL _ dA1 NM _ dA2 ML
M
2dA 2
L
30
Page 15
Machine Design

State of stress B relationships areas/forces R N 2dA 2 n
2 dA1
dA1:NM = dA2:ML
2dA1:NM = 2dA2:ML
PQ :NM = PR :ML MNL similar to PQR31

State of stress B hydrostatic state of stress R n dAn As QR is parallel to n, the stress acting on dAn is Q P perpendicular to the surface; PQ NM dA1 = = The equality n = 2 hold; QR NL dAn Then on any inclined cross2dA1 dA1 section the normal stress = ndAn dAn n equals 2 and the shear stress n is zero n = 2
32
Page 16
Machine Design

Closure:
The state of stress A is one-dimensional and gives the Mohrs circle developed in the previous section. The state of stress B is a hydrostatic state of stress that is for any surface, independently on the direction of its normal, 1) the shear stress is nil and 2) the normal stress has the same value. In the next section the original two-dimensional state of stress A+B will be join together again and the related Mohrs circle sketched.
33
Mohrs circle II
Page 17
Machine Design
Mohrs circle II (1/6)

Case A one-dimensional state of stress
nA
n A
(1- 2)A
35

Case B hydrostatic state of stress
nB =0
n B = 2
36
Page 18
Machine Design

Superposition A+B
n
1 dA1 2 dA2
nA+B
nA+B 1
2 nA+B = nA + nB = nA + 2
nA+B = nA +0
37

If the angle is clockwise:
1 nA+B
38
Page 19
Machine Design

As to asses the strength of the material is sufficient to known the modulus |n | and not the direction of the shear stress. Then we use only the upper half-circle: we take the direction through a counterclockwise angle || and determine |n | on the ordinate.
39
|| 2
1
40
Page 20
Machine Design
Mohrs circle in three dimensions
Mohrs circles in three dimensions (1/6)

If the three principal direction are given (the principal directions are orthogonal), for example 3= 0, 1 > 2
2 dA 2
2 1 3
ds
2
3dA 3
1dA1
ds1
ds3
42
Page 21
Machine Design

Stress on planes whose normal lies on coordinate principal plane (1;2), that is rotation 3 is about principal direction 3 2 n
1 3
n
3
3
n(3) 3
3 n(3)
1
43

Stress on planes whose normal lies on coordinate principal plane (2;3), that is rotation 1 is about principal direction 1
n
1
n 1
3
n(1) 3
1
44
n(1)
Page 22
Machine Design

Stress on planes whose normal lies on coordinate principal plane (1;3), that is rotation 2 is about principal direction 2
2 2
n
3
n
n(2) 3 2 2 1
45
n(2)

The Mohrs circle is a useful graphical tool to determine the normal n and shear n stresses, both in magnitude and direction, at a point on a surface for a given normal unit vector n. We developed the direct construction that is the normal n and shear n stresses are determinate once the principal stresses 1, 2 and 3 and the principal directions are given.
46
Page 23
Machine Design

3
2 3 2
3 2 1 3
1 3 2 1 2 2
2 2
47
Page 24

Lecture 4a - 2@page

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Machine Design

Lecture 4A: direct construtcion of Mohrs circle.

Machine Design Unit 2 Lecture 1 State of stress and strain

2011 Politecnico di Torino

Lecture 4A: direct construtcion of Mohrs circle.

State of stress and strain

State of stress in one and two dimensions

2011 Politecnico di Torino

Lecture 4A: direct construtcion of Mohrs circle.

State of stress in one and two dimensions

Normal stress on a surface at a point

Normal stress on a surface at a point (1/4)

2011 Politecnico di Torino

Lecture 4A: direct construtcion of Mohrs circle.

Normal stress on a surface at a point (2/4)

Normal stress on a surface at a point (3/4)

2011 Politecnico di Torino

Lecture 4A: direct construtcion of Mohrs circle.

Normal stress on a surface at a point (4/4)

State of stress in one and two dimensions

State of stress in one dimension

2011 Politecnico di Torino

Lecture 4A: direct construtcion of Mohrs circle.

State of stress in one dimension (1/6)

State of stress in one dimension (2/6)

2011 Politecnico di Torino

Lecture 4A: direct construtcion of Mohrs circle.

State of stress in one dimension (3/6)

State of stress in one dimension (4/6)

2011 Politecnico di Torino

Lecture 4A: direct construtcion of Mohrs circle.

State of stress in one dimension (5/6)

State of stress in one dimension (6/6)

2011 Politecnico di Torino

Lecture 4A: direct construtcion of Mohrs circle.

State of stress in one and two dimensions

Mohrs circle I (1/5)

2011 Politecnico di Torino

Lecture 4A: direct construtcion of Mohrs circle.

Mohrs circle I (2/5)

Mohrs circle I (3/5)

2011 Politecnico di Torino

Lecture 4A: direct construtcion of Mohrs circle.

Mohrs circle I (4/5)

Mohrs circle I (5/5)

2011 Politecnico di Torino

Lecture 4A: direct construtcion of Mohrs circle.

State of stress in one and two dimensions

State of stress in two dimensions

State of stress in two dimensions (1/10)

2011 Politecnico di Torino

Lecture 4A: direct construtcion of Mohrs circle.

State of stress in two dimensions (2/10)

State of stress in two dimensions (3/10)

2011 Politecnico di Torino

Lecture 4A: direct construtcion of Mohrs circle.

State of stress in two dimensions (4/10)

State of stress in two dimensions (5/10)

2011 Politecnico di Torino

Lecture 4A: direct construtcion of Mohrs circle.

State of stress in two dimensions (6/10)

One-dimensional (Already developed)