SQUARE ROOTS In mathematics, a square root of a number a is a number y such that y2 = a, or, in other words, a number y whose square

(the result of multiplying the number by itself, or y y) is a.[1] For example, 4 is a square root of 16 because 42 = 16. Every non-negative real number a has a unique non-negative square root, called the principal square root, which is denoted by , where is called radical sign. For example, the principal square root of 9 is 3, denoted , because 32 = 3 3 = 9 and 3 is non-negative. The term whose root is being considered is known as the radicand. The radicand is the number or expression underneath the radical sign, in this example 9. Every positive number a has two square roots: , which is positive, and , which is negative. Together, these two roots are denoted (see shorthand). Although the principal square root of a positive number is only one of its two square roots, the designation "the square root" is often used to refer to the principal square root. For positive a, the principal square root can also be written in exponent notation, as a1/2. Square roots of negative numbers can be discussed within the framework of complex numbers. More generally, square roots can be considered in any context in which a notion of "squaring" of some mathematical objects is defined (including algebras of matrices, endomorphism rings, etc.) Square roots of positive whole numbers that are not perfect squares are always irrational numbers: numbers not expressible as a ratio of two integers (that is to say they cannot be written exactly as m/n, where m and n are integers). This is the theorem Euclid X, 9 almost certainly due to Theaetetus dating back to circa 380 BC.[2] The particular case is assumed to date back earlier to the Pythagoreans and is traditionally attributed to Hippasus. It is exactly the length of the diagonal of a square with side length 1.

Square root 1 =1x1 22=2x2 32 =3x3 42 = 4x4 52 = 5x5 62 = 6x6 72 = 7x7

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Cube root 1 = 1x1x1 23 = 2x2x2 33 = 3x3x3 43 = 4x4x4 53 = 5x5x5 63 = 6x6x6 73 = 7x7x7

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In mathematics, a cube root of a number, denoted or x1/3, is a number a such that a3 = x. All real numbers (except zero) have exactly one real cube root and a pair of complex conjugate roots, and all nonzero complex numbers have three distinct complex cube roots. For example, the real cube root of 8 is 2, because 23 = 8. All the cube roots of 27i are

The cube root operation is not associative or distributive with addition or subtraction. The cube root operation is associative with exponentiation and distributive with multiplication and division if considering only real numbers, but not always if considering complex numbers, for example:

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