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The average U.S. citizen gets hit with nearly 5,000 commercial messages per day
(Mehall, 2002). Our brains are always under assault. We are marinated in marketing all
the time. And no one wants marketers to target their children towards a product that
gives ladders to opportunistic harm. What marketers do to our kids today isn’t far from
what spy-ware companies try and do with your computer. Firearms are marketed through
many different canvases exposed to youth: from innocent gun replica toys to video
games; from PG-13 or R-rated films marketed toward youth; as well as participating in
sports such as hunting as a part of the American culture. Last year, firearms killed no
children in Japan, 19 in Britain, 57 in Germany, 109 in France, 153 in Canada, and 5,285
in America (VPC, 2006). Call me Tipper Gore if you will, but putting similar restrictions
preventing one of the most preventable kinds of deaths. The marketing practice of
firearm industries in question harms the general public in terms of safety. Whether or not
will present an in-depth report that provides the strategic mechanisms involved in the
marketing of firearms toward youth; (II) I will give a report in defense of the firearm
marketing industry; (III) I will provide reasons through philosophical analysis that will
both defend and refute the opposing viewpoints of marketing firearms to children.
I.
Numerically, firearm related statistics are presently hitting high notes. The results
of the firearm marketing industry has yielded troubling results; from school and mass
public shootings to lonely suicides, and most notably, accidental deaths (Knickerbocker,
1998). The alarming rates of school shootings have shifted many parents’, legislators’,
and safety advocacy organizations’ attentions to open up their eyes and notice the
marketing schemes of the firearm industry beaming everywhere. With school shootings
dating back as far as 1979, the alarming rate of occurrences didn’t peak in the U.S. until
the late 1990’s into the early 21st century (Indianapolis Star, 2006). In spite of the recent
shooting at Virginia Tech, school shooting occurrences in the U.S. have been on the
decline in the past 6 years (Exhibit A). Most of this is attributed from the efforts of Bill
from keeping handguns in their homes. Very recently, a federal appeals court struck
down the renewal of such a legislation, founded upon a Second Amendment grounds that
However, gun control laws are only part of the answer. They may help hinder
situations like school shootings by reducing the accessibility of firearms to youth, but the
real answer lies within the messages we send to our children through a culture that
glorifies violence and guns in countless ways. Glorifying firearms and violence in our
youth through movies and music. Music and movies that are R-rated or marked with a
“Parental Advisory: Explicit Content” label are still being marketed toward youth
(Kleining, 2001). For example, R-rated movies are being reportedly marketed to
children under 17, and 80 percent of violence-ridden movies that feature the use of
firearms are promoted on television shows and websites followed by teens (Kleining,
violence through the media, it is an assumed public responsibility to market such content
to only a mature group of audience. Through the media and entertainment, common
themes used as vehicles for marketing firearms to youth include: Patriotism (associated
with patriotism, nationalism, and “being American”); Power (the firearm is portrayed as
(associated with innuendo and/or imagery) (Saylor, Vittes, & Sorenson, 2004). If firearm
marketing is indeed done in ways touching on other themes such as “defense” and
“hunting” as they claim to, statistics show that 59% of men do not own a gun for self-
defense purposes (Saylor, Vittes, & Sorenson, 420). The negative outcomes of gun
violence far exceeds allowing and trusting a society for “defensive gun use” (Kleining,
certain type of action (violence via guns), this can lead to misdirected fatal actions of
youth, such as school shootings (Saylor, Vittes, & Sorenson, 2004). Attorney General J.
Joseph Curran Jr. of Maryland and other politicians have been taking steps toward
Congress that will allow the FTC to charge entertainment companies with “unfair trade
practice” when marketing products to children that would be illegal for them to buy
(Murphy, 2003). For example, when a child wants to purchase a CD labeled, “Parental
Advisory: Explicit Content,” the sale of this music album shouldn’t be purchased by a
child, as most of the time it is (Saylor, Vittes, & Sorenson, 2004). Neither is it realistic or
reasonable to assume that parents have full-control in knowing what they’re child will
buy without their presence (Kleining, 2001). Similarly, R-rated box-office movie tickets
are sold to only those who provide identification proving they are 18 and older; however,
video/DVD rental stores do not check for age verification as do the movie theatres
(Murphy, 2003). The marketing industry as a whole has been actively marketing adult
Additionally, the firearm marketing industry has its direct methods of marketing
without using entertainment and NRA. It has funneled marketing messages directly
toward children in many forms: toys, video and computer games, as well as “youth gun
safety programs” such as the ones offered by the National Rifle Association (NRA)
(Mehall, 2002). Exposing children to guns is as essential for hunting’s future as it is for
the gun industry (LaFollette, 2000). It is not a coincidence, that when the sales of guns
and hunting licenses in the mid-1980’s slumped nationwide, that camps provided by the
NRA for Youth Hunting began to increase recruitment in order to reverse dwindling
public support for blood sports and guns (LaFollette, 2000). Examples of firearm
marketing toward children is alarming. The firearm marketing industry uses video games
to reach children since the other ways would not be traditional means of marketing or
socially accepted by society. In a sense, they are using child consumer products as a
vehicle to disguise their messages (VPC, 2006). In some of the most widely played
computer games among youth, “Remington Top Shots” and “Colt’s Wild West Shootout,”
these two games allow players to select from a collection of realistic firearms with the
manufacturing brand printed on these guns as well (Seligman, 2000). Also seen in an
array of video system games, having the role of firearms present in a child’s leisure by
offering virtual versions of their deadly products, and introducing them to brand name
firearms that in turn engenders brand loyalty in future customers. Since the days of Joe
Camel and Spuds McKenzie, such flagrant marketing of a deadly product to children has
been unseen. Like these, other notable mainstream computer games such as “Quake,”
“Unreal,” “Marathon,” or “Duke Nukem,” allow players to act out in various forms of
violence towards virtual human beings. Scott Farrell, editor of Guns Magazine and
seemingly strong activate of the firearm marketing industry outlined his proposed ideas
about marketing firearm to children. He expressed ideas about creating some “state-of-
the-art” computer and video games that combine the use of real brand name guns,
exciting stories and scenarios – along with graphic, real life images of the story plots that
explosive surge in the sales of video and computer games containing firearms holds their
desired target demography: 39 percent being under the age of 18 (VPC, 2006). What
makes this more troubling is the fact that the video game industry holds the top spot as
the fastest growing segment in the entertainment industry. In the span of four years, the
sales of video games purchased by this desired demography went from $3.2 billion to
$6.1 billion from 1995 to 1999 (Farrell, 2001). The danger in employing video and
computer games as the instruments for the firearm industry is twofold: they are putting
real life, brand name purchasable firearms into the hands of children, which then
approximates the real life experience of shooting and killing with the graphic
For example, they have “youth model” firearms designed in ways that are smaller,
lighter versions for children (VPC, 2006). Further, with the firearm marketing industry
trying to put the hunting age as low as 8-years-old, it’s no wonder a firearm store in
Dallas recently opened up a “Kids Corner” gun section (Kleining, 2001). When
questioned about the responsibility of this action, shop owner Beverly Melton
emphasized that parents must emphasize safety when buying their child a gun since
they’re “dangerous.” No amount of training or even experience has been proven to make
a child safe with a gun (Glick & Sugarmann, 1997). If we continue in this same direction
of marketing strategies, we can soon expect a kids’ section in the liquor store as well,
Marketing firearms to children through toy replicas have caused tragedies when
the toy was mistaken for a real gun, and vise versa. For example, there have been
instances where children have gotten killed by real guns they thought were toys; or police
offers having mistaken the toy gun replicas aimed towards them by children as real
weapons, consequently causing police offers to act quickly and fire at children (Tait, 33).
It is not fair to say these accidents were intended by firearm marketers; however, these
type of sequence of scenarios could have been foreseeable as potential reasonable human
errors. Further, these children’s toys have no restraints on marketing messages and
(Seligman, 2000). Marketing toy gun replicas through children does not have any
benefits whatsoever that yields to overweigh the negative costs it has incurred. If toy
manufacturers want to market firearms toward children, most U.S. states have enacted
legislations that require the manufacture of firearm replicas in ways where it’s obviously
recognizable as a toy gun (e.g. using colors like neon green or orange, made out of
plastic, etc.) (Tait 33). The bottom-line is: marketing guns to youth through toy replicas
Most parents who purchase firearm replica toys do so for their sons. Buying such
replicas steer male children towards violence (Tait, 32). You are in a corporate toy store,
noticing how shelves are stocked with firearm replicas of every shape and size: shotguns,
rifles, handguns. One would feel as if their inside of an NRA convention’s exhibit hall.
However, the question begs: are we socializing our children to become violent when we
encourage them with firearm replicas? While it is fair to hold that a scheme of this is
American culture), this is irrelevant since every toy we give our children carries the
message that we approve of that toy - which leads to bigger things down the road. It is
important to keep in mind that children use toys to rehearse for real life because they’re
trying on roles and practice being an adult by using the tools that adults use (Tait, 32).
Would we want them practicing using guns? When adults provide children with toys that
suggest real weaponry, children become infected with the message that we are
encouraging them to play at violence (Tait, 32). It most instances, it is not the firearm
industries marketing these replicas to children - but its done off the foundations of being
part of a culture that glorifies guns and violence. This form of glorification, even when
not intended, is still marketing firearms to children - and should be regulated more closer.
Like the way the tobacco industry has been held liable, legislating a policy that
hold these marketing companies liable can help prevent one of the most preventable
kinds of deaths (Belluck, 12). In wake of the recent Virginia Tech shooting, the incident
has prompted to spark many flames among gun-control advocates as well as surviving
parents; Virginia is the most lax state in the U.S. concerning gun control, manufacturing,
sales, and the marketing of firearms (BBC, 2007). It proved gun control advocates
otherwise when Virginia maintained itself as the leading state with the lowest gun-related
fatalities (BBC, 2007). However, we’ve learned there is a tragic trade-off with allowing
this much room for freedom and trust. Had children of the 1980’s-1990’s generation not
been exposed with too much instances of the glorification of firearms, the perpetrator at
Like tobacco, firearm related fatalities remains one of the most preventable cause
of death in the U.S. (Workman, 1997). As a result, the federal government made it
mandatory law stating the absence of smoking is required in media marketed toward
youth, many filmmakers have on their own increasingly eliminated any form of tobacco
presence marketing toward children in order to avoid public scrutiny from advocacy
groups (Workman, 1997). This is because when having such federal laws as strict on
becomes an image that no one wants to be associated with - especially when trying to
make a profit (Workman, 1997). Many hotels and restaurant across the country have on
their own chosen to go “smoke free” through promotional discounts provided by their
Supporting a legislation that would give the Food & Drug Administration (FDA)
full authority to regulate the manufacture, distribution, sale, labeling, advertising and
promotion of firearm products to protect the public safety - especially the elimination of
advertising, marketing, or availability of firearm products for children - can help make
miraculous changes of reducing the attractiveness of firearms in the hands of youth, and
even reduce the amount of school shootings overtime. Like tobacco, the FDA should not
ban marketing firearm products to adults who choose to use them. Such forceful laws
have helped save many lives of have-been tobacco users, and this is because habits we
develop into adulthood is usually the result of being exposed to them as youths (e.g. most
smokers start as adolescents) (Workman, 1997). Similarly, most gun owners today have
had more exposures to a firearm growing up through the many mechanisms of firearm
marketing mentioned. Gun marketers have been negligent in marketing its handguns to
the general public which includes youth (LaFollette, 2000). The firearms that are being
marketed to the general public [including children] are firearms that fail to disclose the
dangers inherent in firearms use and from misuse, assuming that its consumers already
know how to operate these devices (LaFollette, 2000). What is more ridiculous, a child’s
teddy bear is subject to more safety regulations than handguns that kill children
(Knickerbocker, 4). Furthermore, such radicalism in policy reform has caused a large
It could be time for radical change similarly seen toward in tobacco industry.
Federal gun-control efforts should mandate the media and youth hunting groups for
checks on the marketing of firearms toward youth. It would take an intellectual jujitsu to
explain why the First Amendment is worthy of improvement (having flag burning
severed from free speech), but the Second Amendment remain questionably unrevised -
in spite of recent youth-related firearm fatalities. Waiting periods do not solve the larger
problem of too many unstable individuals shooting first and then asking questions later
<insert Dick Cheney reference here>. There have been lots of other causes that went from
the radical to the routine. Not only a decade ago did the idea of a civil union for gay
couples seemed to be a laughable matter. However, times have changed, and the issue of
civil unions for gays have become the bipartisan middle-ground position for both parties
II.
Gun-control and other safety orientated advocacy groups have noble intentions in
limiting firearm marketing, however, most of their arguments could possibly be the result
of overblown rhetoric. The marketing of firearms has 13 justifications for this belief. (1)
It is difficult to prove that simply marketing firearms is an illegal action (Belluck, 13).
According to legal experts, having a certain ban or legislation enacted that limits firearms
commerce laws that prevent one jurisdiction from telling another what to do (Belluck,
13). (2) Among the business ethics seen in their retailers, the firearm marketing industry
is also proud to point out their recent marketing of safety locks on guns. The National
Shooting Sports Foundation (NSSF) routinely hosts a trigger lock giveaway in Fairfax
each year to promote the availability of safer options (Murphy, 2003). (3) The firearm
marketing industry argues that gun-owning homes have dropped 20 percent in accidental
deaths since the 1970’s; therefore the accusation that firearm marketing has intensified
does not hold valid (Wheeler, 2001). Moreover, the safety programs for youth such as
those offered by NRA credit themselves for this drop (Glick & Sugarmann, 1997). (4)
Marketing musicians that rap about killing cops and beating women are among the most
seldom does anything to stop the marketing of such entertainment, which has much affect
on a minor’s choice to harm than does organizations like NRA (Wheeler, 2001). Instead
of stopping these musicians’ message to reach children, we lavish them with money,
fame, and awards. (5) The firearm marketing industry also argues that what they market
does not kill people; people kill people (Murphy, 2003). (6) Another important argument
of the firearm marketing industry is their defiance of legal limitations often threatened by
the VPC. They argue that if we put too much restraints on the gun industry’s business
practices, or if we outlaw the marketing and sales of guns, only outlaws will have guns
(accessed through black markets, stealing, etc.) (Wheeler, 2001). (7) The firearm
marketing industry does not take blame to the fact America has the highest rates of gun
deaths in the world. They argue that most gun owners are typically in the bottom range
This is due to the disparity of income and wealth, where America displays the greatest
disparity of incomes between the top and bottom 10 percents of the population (Wheeler,
2001). These homicides are occurring from our country’s severe but ineffective drug
laws, which has created a violence-regulated industry (Wheeler, 2001). (8) Saying that
we live in a culture that glorifies too much violence in general, and implying a reform for
such a culture - would be implicit that classic stories such as Hansel and Gretel should be
discontinued since the story carries themes of violence, and books by Mark Twain should
be banned from schools since his stories also feature much offensive and violent content
containing firearms (Wheeler, 2001). However, stories like Hansel and Gretel may be
violent, but still carry important valuable lessons passed on to children - so much to the
point that any “violence” in the story becomes irrelevant. Pieces by Mark Twain and
other great American authors are studied closely because of the saturation of intellect
carried in the writing for youth to learn from, even when containing violent content that
feature firearms. (9) Most notably, firearm marketing industry also advocates the main
argument of a gun owner: the right to gun ownership is implied in the Second
Amendment, and trying to stop the marketing and sales of the firearm industry is also
breaking the fundamental right of noninterference (Murphy, 2003). Within this right also
comes the one’s right to self-defense, which in turn cuts crimes. (10) Marketing firearms
directly to children is not the case; the effectiveness of advertising firearms through
public is unseen since U.S. firearm manufacturing companies are privately held (Saylor,
Vittes, & Sorenson, 421). The only kind of direct marketing a firearm manufacturer can
do is through consumer gun magazines, which aim toward readers over 25 years of age
(Saylor, Vittes, & Sorenson, 421). Of these, the most reoccurring theme of these ads
were for lifestyle and self-protection; the only attributes of the gun “glorified” in these
ads were the technological advancements noted (Saylor, Vittes, & Sorenson, 421). (11)
If higher authority like government should help legislate barring the marketing of
firearms to children (even through means of media and entertainment), this very idea that
must let business be free to promote its products in the most profitable way - unless,
however, we are prepared to introduce a totalitarian state that has the power to approve
and disapprove each cultural message that hits us. In a free society, it is the job of parents
(not politicians or regulators) to be in charge of what influences their child (Dicks, 2007).
Further, it would also be hypocritical to have such an expectation when considering the
government’s own advertisements to join the military. The ads feature young men and
(Dicks, 2007). (12) It is also absurd to assume that the marketing plans of ad agencies
always work. While marketing can be a great way in getting the word out, deterministic
relationships between promotion and sales do not always prove to exist in human affairs
(Dicks, 2007). (13) The firearm marketing industry is actually not creating an artificial
demand for its products, but rather catering to an existential demand (Dicks, 2007).
and further apply similar marketing restrictions seen in tobacco to the marketing of
firearms. It would be just like saying McDonald’s shouldn’t be allowed to market to fat
III.
According to the Narrow View of Milton Friedman, we should not try and divert
corporations that make profit helps keep our economy efficient. So long the marketing of
firearms is socially responsible in making profit within the rules of the game - it has not
broken any explicit laws. Further, because the firearm industry as well as Hollywood are
that would properly belong to the government. The role of the entertainment, media, and
firearm industries are solely economic and should not be expected to play “moral agents.”
However, on the flipside, because any profitable entity like the aforementioned
have a strong appetite for profit, the government should be allowed to step in and regulate
anything gone out of line to preserve the well-being of the general public. It is
reasonable to still expect corporations to have a moral agency because of their great
social and economic powers. The entertainment, media, and firearm marketing industries
are governed by an “implicit” social contract that requires them to operate in ways that
benefit society. This means that these marketers must take responsibility for unintended
side effects of externalities (accidental shootings, toy gun replicas, school shootings);
these marketers need to weigh out the full social cost of their outcomes, and obviously
have not done so. When entertainment, media, and firearm marketers make rational moral
decisions - such as deciding if a message containing firearms are sent through youth
audiences (which in turn influences youth action and behavior), it is not unreasonable that
corporations should be held blameworthy for such negative outcomes to some extent.
Moreover, such consequential-based arguments are made since the marketing industry is
not acting in ways that promotes the best interest (well-being) of everyone in society.
causes great amounts of deaths. Killing is breaking this categorical imperative, since
marketing firearms is ultimately minimizing such universal laws. The solutions sought
by anti-gun activists toward the marketing industry are based upon Utilitarian standards
individuals working in these particular areas of marketing must not realize what it’s like
to lose a loved one, and certainly it has never happened to any of them yet [in the result
of a firearm] – otherwise they would surely leave their irresponsible careers. None of
them would want a close loved one killed as a result of a firearm – which came into the
hands of one as a result of firearm marketing messages. If this is the case, marketing
firearms is also breaking the grounds that such universal acceptability is built upon. The
act of marketing firearms fails the dignity test as well. The market firearms is using
people’s lives as a further end to attain their means – profit. No amount of money is
equal to the amount of lives sacrificed as a result of their marketing strategies. Doing so
* * * * * * *
directly toward children - refuting the initial held belief. However, limits should be
placed on the marketing schemes of the entertainment industry and media when targeting
children. As mentioned in Report III, violent language, behavior, and imagery expressed
through children’s toys, video games, movies and music that are marketed toward
children should be a job of the government to regulate because the industry’s ultimate
interest is profitability, making marketers more susceptible in blurring the moral lines.
That being said, the marketers of the entertainment and media groups should be more
careful in what they market to children when knowing they have a strong influence on the
general public. After all, with all the profits these industries rake in as a result of their
marketing schemes, they should thank their consumers by providing them entertainment
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