ENERGY SAVING WITH INVERTER DRIVE

Introduce Inverter or AC drive Drive is device that convert frequency and voltage

Configuration of Inverter Main Circuit

The rectifier circuit section is composed of 6 pairs of diodes, and the smoothing section (or DC bus) uses electrolytic capacitors. The inverter conversion section is composed of 6 pairs of transistors (IGBTs are often used for these transistors).

Principle of AC Voltage Generation

S1 through S6 are IGBTs that switch according to the switching pattern shown below. This switching generates 3-phase voltage between U and V, V and W, and W and U. Current flows between Section a and Section b in the figure below.

Actual Output Voltage Waveform

The waveform created in the switching patterns on the previous page is a square wave. A sine wave, however, is more preferable for accurate motor control. In the diagram below, IGBT switching creates the waveform, a technique called, pulse width modulation (PWM). PWM is capable of creating a waveform very similar to a sine wave.

Example of Actual Inverter Main Circuit and Control Circuit

In addition to the main circuit described in the previous slides, inverters also have various I/O terminals to send commands and connect various devices to the inverter. The next slide shows input terminals on the left side of the drive. The input terminals are made up of contact relays that switch on and off, instructing the drive to execute a certain command (such as Reverse run, Stop, and so on). In addition to contact relays, analog inputs and a pulse train input are also available to control the speed. Some inverter drives also come with inputs for serial communications, allowing the drive to be controlled by a PLC or connect to network. The right side of the diagram on the following slide shows the output terminals for other devices that are activated by drive output. Various functions can be set up to these outputs terminals, so that the user can check the output frequency and output current the drive is sending to the motor. Contact relays are also found among the output terminals that can be set up to switch when a fault occurs, when the speed reference and actual motor speed match, or a multitude of other functions. Drives also come with an output terminal that sends a series of pulses to control the speed of another drives. The digital operator keypad used to program the drive can also be used to display information regarding the operating status (output current, output frequency).

Concept of Energy Saving

APPLICATION
Fans,

HOW DRIVES SAVE ENERGY

blowers, Flow rate and air flow quantityReplacing with motors of better efficiency

constant pumps Flow rate and quantity variable Speed variable Speed constant air flow

Collecting energy for excess facility capability (inverter application) Recovering throttling loss of valves or dampers (inverter application) Using an inverter drive makes an overall more efficient application (Eddy-current coupling drive Inverter drive) Replacing with motors of better efficiency Inverter power supply regenerative regenerative energy at lowering. function collects the

Extruders, conveyors

Lifting machines such as cranes Unwinders Descaling pumps

Re-use regenerative energy created by the unwinder. Stores up energy for starting torque

Fans: Energy Saving with Variable Speed Control Fan shaft power
Fan shaft power P is in proportional to the product of the air flow quantity q and pressure h.

q: Air flow quantity (m3/minute) h: Pressure (kPa) : Fan efficiency

Partial Load: Energy Saving

At partial load means operation at less than full load (rated air flow quantity). With a commercial power supply, at partial load indicates the status at which operation is performed when the air flow quantity is reduced by damper.There are mainly two types of dampers: a suction damper provided at the fan inlet, and a discharge damper provided at the fan outlet.

Characteristics of Fan Air Flow Quantity and Pressure, and Principle of Energy Saving
H stands for the fan characteristic and R for air flow resistance at rated number of revolutions N. A, the intersection point of H and R, is the rated operation point of the fan. At point A, the air flow quantity and pressure is 1.0 of the rating. When the damper is throttled in order to reduce the air flow quantity to 50%, the curve of air flow resistance changes from R to R0.5. The power at that point is expressed with the area of HoQ0.5AdHd. Because controlling the speed reduces airflow by 50%, if we assume the change in speed from N to be N0.5, and the change in fan characteristics from H to be H0.5, then the amount of energy saved is found be calculating the area HoQ0.5AiHi .

Formula of shaft power P:

Unit of Q, H: p.u. (per unit)

P=

QH Qo Ho (kW) 60 f

Fan characteristic H is approximated at the following formula: = 1.03N2 + 0.56NQ - 0.59Q2, Air flow resistance R is approximated at the following formula: R = Q2 , Rated air volume Qo: 1000 m3/minutes, Rated pressure: 5kPa, Fan efficiency at rated air flow quantity: 0.7, Fan efficiency at 50% air flow quantity = 0.54 Inverter Energy-saving Effect When applied to a fan with air flow quantity 50% Power at damper control [Pd] H = 1.03N2 + 0.56NQ - 0.59Q2 Air flow pressure at air flow quantity 50% is: Hd = 1.03 x 1 + 0.56 x 1 x 0.5 0.59 x 0.52 = 1.16 Power: QH 0.5 1.16

PD =

m = 0.9: Motor efficiency Power at inverter control [Pi] R=Q2 Air flow pressure at air flow quantity 50% is: Hi=0.52=0.25 Q 0.5 0.25 Power:

60 fm

Q oHo =

60 0.54 0.9

1000 5 = 99.5kW

Pi =

i = 0.95: Inverter efficiency

60 fmi

Q oHo =

60 0.7 0.9 0.95

1000 5 = 17.4kW

Power saving amount [Ps] Ps = PD Pi = 99.5 - 17.4 = 82.1 k Assuming that power unit price is 15 yen/kWh and the fan runs continuously for one year (8,000 per year), then cost savings can be expressed as 82.1 kW x 15 yen x 8000 hrs = 9,852,000 yen per year! Characteristic of Power Consumption for Air Flow Quantity
When using an inverter, power consumption is either greater or equivalent to the inverter loss at 100% air flow quantity than when using damper control. However, as soon as the air flow quantity is reduced, the power consumption is rapidly reduced at inverter control.

Energy-saving Effect at Full Load

When installing a fan, the fan capacity written in the fan specifications usually includes allowances for performance deterioration due to aging. In this case, the air flow quantity is set to the required value by installing the fixed throttle for the air tunnel. By removing this fixed throttle and setting so as to obtain required air flow quantity by using rotational speed control, the power indicated in the shaded section can be saved as well.

Shaft Power of Pump

Pump shaft power P is in proportion to the product of flow rate and pump head. q : Flow rate (m3/minute) h : Pump head (m) p: Pump efficiency Actual Pump Head

In pump applications, the value for the actual pump head is normally provided. Actual pump head is the difference of height <ha> between the water level of the discharge tank and the suction tank as shown in Fig. (a). In fan applications, the air flow pressure is 0 when the air flow quantity is 0. However, in pump applications, the pressure that is always applied to the actual pump head is added to the pump even if the flow rate is 0. Since actual pump head becomes 0 for a circulation pump as shown in Fig. (b), a circulation pump can be regarded in the same way as a fan.

Characteristics of Pump Flow Rate and Pump Head Calculating Inverter Energy-saving When applied to pump at flow rate 50% Power at valve control [P B ] H=1.25N 2 0.25Q 2 Pump head at flow rate 50%: HB = 1.25 x 12 - 0.25 x 0.52 = 1.188 QH 0.5 1.188 Power: P = Q H = 24 25 = 115.5kW
B

m = 0.9: Motor efficiency Power at inverter control [P i ] R =0.7+0.1Q 2

6.12 pm

6.12 0.56 0.9

Pump head at flow rate 50%: = 0.7 + 0.1 x 0.52 = 0.725 QH 0.5 0.725 Power:

Pi =

6.12pmi

Q oHo =

6.12 0.76 0.9 0.95

24 25 = 54.7kW

= 0.95: Inverter efficiency Saved power [P s ] Ps = PB Pi = 115.5 54.7 = 60.8 kW Assuming that power unit price is 15 yen/kWh and the pump runs continuously for one year (8,000 per year), then cost savings can be expressed as 60.8 kW x 15 yen x 8000 hrs = 7,296,000 yen can be saved. Characteristics of Flow Rate and Efficiency The following shows the characteristics of the pump efficiency for the flow rate. The 100% speed characteristics show the efficiency characteristics when using valve control. It can be seen that the efficiency decreases due to reduction of the flow rate. Efficiency decrease when the flow rate is reduced by rotational speed control at the peak point of the pump efficiency characteristics at each speed. We can see that there is no efficiency reduction up to 50% speed. Although the efficiency is reduced to 0.88 at 20% speed, the reduction is very slight compared to the efficiency reduction 0.35 in case of valve control. The relation between the fan air quantity and efficiency is almost the same what we see for pumps. Relation between Flow Rate and Rotational Speed Pump characteristic H and piping resistance R0 are calculated as follows in the example shown on the previous page: H = 1.25N2 - 0.25Q2 , R = 0.7 + 0.1Q2 By replacing 1.25 with a , 0.25 with b , 0.7 with ha and 0.1 with c , the above formula can be expressed as follows: H = a N2 - b Q2, R0 = ha + c Q2 Since the pump operating point is where H and R0 intersect, H equals R0. In other words, a N2-b Q2=ha+c Q2 Therefore, rotational speed N is: ha + (b + c)Q 2 N= Accordingly, the flow rate is not proportion to the rotational speed.

Then formula (1) becomes as follows when actual pump head is 0:

N=

b+c Q a

Only when the actual pump head is 0, the rotational speed is in proportion to the flow rate. Since there is no actual pump head in case of fans, it is always in proportion to the flow rate. Energy Saving by Replacing Variable Speed Drive System Other AC variable systems other than inverter drive include VS motors (motor with eddy-current coupling) as well as the winding motor secondary resistance control method. The figure below shows the configuration of a VS motor. The motor to be driven is always turning at a constant speed. Eddy-current coupling is composed of the drum connected directly to the motor and the magnetic coil connected directly to the load side. By applying the DC current to the magnetic coil, eddy current is generated in the drum. Torque is generated by this eddy current and by the excited current flowing in the coil. Load shaft connected directly to the coil rotates at the slip almost in proportion to the torque. Since the slip can be adjusted by controlling the current flowing in the coil, the load shaft speed can be adjusted, too. Principle of Speed Control The following graph shows the characteristics of rotational speed and torque of an eddy-current coupling. In the graph below, a is the torque characteristics when excitation current is large. The operating point is the point of intersection Pa with load torque T . Thus the rotational speed is Na. When the excited current is reduced and the torque characteristic becomes b, the point of intersection with T is Pb, and the rotational speed is reduced to Nb. In this way, adjusting excitation current can control the speed of the load shaft.

Mechanical Specifications To calculate torque T L relative to output P and rotational speed N,

TL =

60P 1000 (Nm) 2N

Motor rated speed 1750min-1 VS motor output shaft rated speed 1500min-1 Motor input power at 1750min-1 37kW Motor efficiency 91% Load torque TL at 37kW input and 1750min-1 is calculated based on the above specifications:

1000 = 183.5 Nm Constant Torque Load TL = 2 1750 To calculate power P relative to torque T L and number of revolutions N, P=
-3 2TL N 10 (kW) 60

60 0.91 37

(1) Calculating energy saving when operating with constant torque With a VS motor or secondary resistance control, reducing the speed reduces the motor shaft output in proportion to the speed. However, because this reduction in output is essentially a loss, the motor input power is almost the same. Using an inverter to adjust the speed can eliminate this loss. Output power when using a VS motor 37 kW. This is because the motor input power does not change even if the speed is reduced. Output power when using an inverter drive Assuming that the motor efficiency is 87% and inverter efficiency is 95% at 750min-1, inverter input power will be:

2 183.5 750 10 -3 = 17.4 kW 60 0.87 0.95

 Amount of energy saving 37 kW17.4 kW 19.6 kW If the pump operates for 6000 hours a year with power unit price 15 yen/kWh, then: 19.6 kW 15 yen 6000 hrs 1,764,000 yen saved! (2) Calculating energy saving at square reduction torque load Torque is reduced in proportion to the square of the speed. Power when VS motor used 183.5 0.25 = 45.9 Nm since torque becomes 25% of that at rated speed. Calculate the motor input as follows. Assume that the motor efficiency is 83% at 1750min-1 with a load ratio of 25%. Power when inverter used Inverter input power is calculated as follows assuming that the motor efficiency is 82% and the inverter efficiency is 95% at 750min-1 and load ratio 25%.

2 45.9 1750 10 - 3 = 10.1kW 60 0.83

Energy saving amount 10.1 kW4.73 kW 5.37 kW If the pump operates for 6000 hours a year with power unit price of 15 yen/kWh, then: 5.37 kW 15 yen 6000 hrs = 483,300 yen saved! Energy Saving by Power Regeneration of Mechanical Energy How a load creates regeneration When a crane is lowering a load or when winder is unwinding a load, the motor acts like a generator, creating energy as the load pulls against the rotation of the motor. This is considered the regenerative status.

2 45.9 750 10 -3 = 4.73 kW 60 0.82 0.93

Regenerative Energy Processing by Braking Resistor Regenerative energy flows into the inverter from the motor when the motor enters into regenerative status. This regenerative energy increases the voltage in the DC bus, and can trigger the overvoltage protection function (thus causing the drive to stop). In order to prevent this, a braking unit and a braking resistor are added in a generalpurpose inverter drives to absorb regenerative energy and dissipate it as heat. Using Regenerative Energy in an Inverter Drive Typical Calculation for Energy Saving The following example shows an inverter with a regenerative function used to operate a crane application. Crane specifications Rated load :10t Rated hoisting speed :22 m/min Applicable motor capacity :45 kW Motor speed :1150 min-1 Machine efficiency:87% Using the specifications listed above, rated motor torque T is calculated as follows:

T=

60 45 = 374 Nm 2 1150

Operation Pattern

Calculating Energy Saving Required power:

PL =

W V 10 22 = = 41.3kW 6.12 6.12 0.87

Load torque:

TL =

60 PL 60 41.3 10 3 = 10 3 = 342.9Nm(91 .7%) 2 2 1150

2

Load inertia:

Assuming that the motor inertia is 0.49 kg m and machine inertia is 0.75 kg m, the total inertia is: 0.49 + 0.75 + 2J N 2 1.333 1150 0.0927 = 1.333 kgm T = = = 107.0 Nm(28.7%) Acceleration torque: 60t 60 1.5 Acceleration torque when lowering :91.70.87228.740.7 Constant speed torque when lowering :91.70.87269.4 Deceleration torque when lowering :69.428.798.1 Regenerative power is calculated as follows when the motor efficiency is 90% and inverter efficiency is 95%: P = 450.407/21.5 + 0.69415 + 0.981/21.5)/760.950.9 = 5.8 kW If the crane operates for 3600 hours with power unit price of 15 yen/kWh, then cost savings becomes: 5.8 kW 15 yen 3600 hrs = 313,200 yen saved!

W V 2 10 10 3 22 = JL = = 0.0927kgm 4 N 4 1150

Energy Saving by Motor Operation with High Efficiency Inverter drives control frequency and voltage. This explains how inverter drives are used to achieve higher efficiency from the motor. The graph below shows the motor slip-torque and efficiency characteristics. Imagine a case where the load of the machine is being driven at rated load T L1 is reduced to TL2. When the load is TL1, the motor is running at slip S1 determined by P1 (the intersection of motor torque characteristics TM1 and load torque TL1). The efficiency at that point is 90%. When the load is reduced to TL2, slip S2 is determined by point P2 (the intersection of TM1 and TL2). The efficiency is reduced to 72%, lower than the efficiency at rated load. However, the efficiency becomes 90% since the slip is changed again from S2 to S1 when voltage is reduced so that the torque characteristics will be TM2. In this way, by controlling the voltage according to the load, the motor can always be driven with greater efficiency. Yaskawa calls this the Energy Saving Control function. We offer this function in most of our drives. Energy Saving Control Block Diagram A block diagram illustrating Energy Saving control appears below. During acceleration, switch SW closes on side 1 to output voltage as determined by the standard V/f pattern. Once acceleration is complete, SW then switches over to side 2, and outputs voltage at the maximum efficiency as calculated by the load conditions and the frequency at that point. Typical Calculation of Energy Saving Energy Saving in centrifugal separator Although a great deal of power is required to accelerate the load in a centrifugal separator due to the large inertia, it becomes relatively light when operating at a constant speed. The figure on the left shows the operation cycle. Even if the Energy Saving control is available, it is not active during acceleration (i.e., the power required to use

Energy Saving is equal to that when Energy Saving control is disabled). We should therefore compare the power required with a light load after acceleration. Specifications of centrifugal separator Applicable motor : 400 V 75 kW 4PYearly operation time: 8000 hours Inverter efficiency : 95%Power unit price: 15 yen/kWh Calculating Energy Saving Inverter operation without energy-saving control 2 40 1790 Motor output power at constant speed: P10 = 10 3 Inverter input power: 60

= 7.5kW

P1i =

7.5 = 10.4kW 0.76 0.95

Average power in one cycle: 1 = 10.41800/2340 = 8.00 kW Energy-saving control inverter operation Motor output power at constant speed: 2 40 1790

P20 =

Inverter input power:

P2i =

Average power in one cycle: 2 = 9.181800/2340 = 7.06 According to the above calculations: Electrical charge of 8.00 - 7.06800015 = 112,800 yen can be saved. New Motor and Inverter Technologies New motor technology Motor loss must be reduced in order to improve the motor efficiency. There are 4 types of motor loss: stator copper loss, rotor copper loss, iron loss, and mechanical loss. Reducing these four types of loss improves motor efficiency.

7.5 0.86 0.95

60 = 9.18kW

10

= 7.5kW

P motors are designed to 10 = 7.5kW and minimize loss types Motors called high-efficiency motors or power-saving 20 = 60 . To reduce stator copper loss (), increase the size of copper wire used in the motor windings. For , iron core material is upgraded to minimize the loss. Unlike induction motors, synchronous motors use permanent magnets for 7.5 P2i = the rotors, and consequently have hardly any rotor copper = 9.18kW loss. This makes synchronous motors capable of even 0.86 0.95 greater efficiency.
Cross Section of a Motor For greater efficiency Yaskawa has designed synchronous motors using permanent magnets with the product name Super Energy Saving Motor, and super econo motor. The figures below illustrate how each motor is built. Fig. (a) is an induction motor where the magnetic flux is generated in the stator winding. Fig. (b) is a Super Energy Saving Motor where the magnetic flux is generated by permanent magnet implanted in the rotor. Fig. (c) is a super econo motor which has a permanent magnet implanted in the rotor of an induction motor. This motor can be driven by standard line power while the Super Energy Saving Motor cannot be driven by line power. At start, it generates torque as an induction motor using current flowing in the rotor conductor, then operates as a synchronous motor when the speed is close to the synchronous speed.

2 40 1790

Principle of Super Energy Saving Motor Rotation

New Inverter Technology The diagram below illustrates five steps that can be taken to improve motor control and inverter drive performance: Reducing the loss generated in the inverter unit; and concern circuitry and the control method used for high-efficiency performance; covers improvements to drives power supply side; involves a new approach to power conversion.

Reducing Inverter Component Loss One way to improve inverter efficiency is to reduce loss from various components. The circle graphs below show the amount of loss generated from each component in the drive. About 10 years ago, the loss generated from IGBT (Insulated Gate Bipolar Transistor) switching in the main circuit exceeded 60% of all loss. Recent improvements in switching technology have now minimized loss from IGBTs down to 40%. Improving the switching characteristics of the IGBT device has reduced the power loss to the half of what it was 10 years ago. In addition to reducing power consumption for the control power supply and control circuit, inverter efficiency is 9o% better than in the past. Improvements with PWM Control The high carrier frequency used in PWM (pulse width modulation) increases the amount of IGBT switching loss. Yaskawa has created a 2-phase modulation method to minimize this switching loss. As shown below, the 2-phase modulation method stops switching when current is large. This way, one of the 3 phases is always in the stopped status. Using this 2-phase PWM control method can reduce the switching loss by approx. 30%. Employing 2-phase modulation can reduce IBGT switching loss by approximately 30%. Improving the Output Voltage Waveform Although high carrier PWM control makes the output current waveform very close to sinusoidal, the actual voltage waveform created is still a group of square waves. The surge voltage generated at rising and falling edges of this square waves causes trouble. A surge suppression filter is normally attached between the inverter and the motor in order to prevent the motor insulation from being damaged by surge voltage. This filter is called RLC filter, and is is composed of a resistor, reactor, and a capacitor. A large filter is not needed if the inverter and motor are close together. If they are far apart, however, a large capacity filter is needed. For example, with the motor capacity of 75 kW, the filter consumed power is 0.3 kW, 1.4 kW and 12.6 kW when the wiring length is 30 m, 100 m and 300 m, respectively. As the distance gets longer, the required capacity is sharply increased. Additionally, the size of the filter also becomes larger, it will be necessary to examine where to install. To omit this filter, 3-level control inverters have been devised. Using these inverters can solve the problem of . Furthermore, this control method can reduce the remaining 3 failures (, and ) at the same time. Common Problems Motor insulation damaged by surge voltage Peripheral devices malfunctioning due to noise generated by the inverter Earth leakage breaker malfunctioning due to leakage current Motor bearings corroded by shaft current What Is 3-Level Control? Principle of 3-Level Control Method In conventional 2-level control, 2 transistors are used for each phase, making a total of 6 transistors for 3 phases to switch DC bus bar voltage VPN. Phase voltage turns ON and OFF depending on the size of VPN, and changes according to it. In the 3-level control, 4 transistors are used per phase, for a total of 12 transistors for 3 phases. The illustrations below shows how transistors switching works during one phase. In this figure, voltage P appears in phase U when transistors A and B turn ON. Then O appears in phase U through diodes E and F when transistors B and C turn ON. N appears when transistors C and D turn ON. It means that phase U can take three states: P, N, and O. This is how 3-level control was named.

While voltage fluctuates between P and N in 2-level control, it fluctuates between P & O, and between O & N in 3-level control. Therefore, phase voltage turns ON and OFF depending on the size of VPN/2, which is half of VPN during 2-level control. This creates an output waveform very close to a perfect sine wave. Surge voltage is cut in half when voltage fluctuation becomes half, which means that noise and leakage current is also cut in half, resulting in reduction of shaft current.

Comparison of Surge Voltage Waveform in 3-level Control Method The following figures show the output voltage waveforms of 400 V class inverter 2-level control and 3-level control, respectively. In the 2-level control method, the peak value of the waveform is almost 1200 V, while it is limited to 770 V in the 3-level control method. Since this value is lower than the insulation voltage of the 400 V class motor, the existing motors can be driven by an inverter without using surge suppression filters.

Comparison of Radiation Noise in 3-level Control Method These graphs show noise levels. In the frequency bandwidth between 30 MHz and 300 MHz, the noise level is limited to 20 dB at the maximum. This reduces the effects on surrounding peripheral devices caused by noise. Comparison of Leakage Current in 3-level Control Method The graphs below compare leakage current in 2-level and 3-level control. Leakage current in the 3-level control method is almost the half of that in the 2-level control method. Less leakage current means fewer faults with the leakage breaker.

No Surge Suppression Filter Needed Because of Surge Reduction 3-level control contributes to energy saving because there is no need for a surge suppression filter that would otherwise consume power. Consumed power WR of the resistor is calculated as follows: WR = CfE2fi2 Cf: Capacitor size is determined by cable type or wiring length E: DC bus bar voltage (600 V at 440 Vac input) fi: Inverter carrier frequency2: Multiplied by 2 for charging and discharging of capacitor Power Consumption of Surge Suppression Filter Energy saved because no filter is used

Improvement of Inverter Input Power Factor Power factor is approx. 0.65 when the inverter is connected directly to the power supply. However, it can be increased to approx. 0.9 by connecting a DC reactor, and to up to approx. 0.95 with a 12-pulse rectifier. Since improving the power factor decreases the input current needed, this in turn reduces the wiring loss, therefore saving more energy for the entire system. New Power Conversion Unit (Matrix Converter) Just to review, an inverter drive is used to convert line power to supply to some desired frequency and voltage. It changes AC into DC in the rectifier circuit, then adjusts the voltage and frequency to the desired level. Because a voltage ripple is created when converting AC into DC, a smoothing capacitor is needed between the inverter and the power supply to even out this ripple. These capacitors take up space, making it difficult to design compact

inverter drives and also limiting the lifespan of the unit. A new design called the matrix converter offers a new environmentally friendly approach to power conversion.

Features of eco-friendly matrix converters No capacitors in the main circuit: Smaller size, longer life Free from power supply harmonics: Input current a near-perfect sine wave (distortion ratio: 5%) Power supply regenerative function: No braking resistor is needed, which contributes to space and energy saving. High conversion efficiency: Greater energy saving.

Matrix Converter and Inverter Main Circuit Configuration The diagrams below compare the designs of a matrix converter main circuit and the inverter main circuit. The matrix converter has a simple configuration. It is composed of 9 bi-directional switching elements, and does not have the converter and DC bus sections which are needed for inverters. However, the controlling procedure is complicated and needs high-speed calculation and two-directional switching elements. Since the two-directional element is composed of 2 transistors in the reverse parallel, the actual number of transistors is 18.

Comparison of I/O Waveform I/O waveforms for an inverter drive and the matrix converter appear below. There is a fair amount of distortion generated in the input current for an inverter drive, while matrix converter has a near-perfect sine wave. Since the distortion ratio for the matrix is 5% or less, there is no need take extra steps to prevent harmonic distortion (otherwise necessary in an inverter drive).

Power Supply Regeneration: Matrix Converters vs. Inverter Drives Matrix converters dont need capacitors in the main circuit, so they can be built much smaller Space saving Simple main circuit configuration without excessive loss High efficiency Total 6 cables of main circuit wiring (3 at power supply side and 3 for motor side) Reduction of wiring and labor Type Matrix converter Power supply regenerative PWM converter + inverter Inverter with regenerative function

Drive main circuit configuration

Input current waveform

Similar to sinusoidal wave Not needed (therefore longer lifespan) Possible 0.201

Similar to sinusoidal wave

Distorted wave

Smoothing capacitor 100% load continuous operation at low speed Mounting direction (m2)

Necessary

Necessary

Current reduction needed 0.364

Current reduction needed 0.252

Loss (W) Number of main circuit wiring cables Weight (kg)

930 6 45

2200 20 118

1400 6 59

BY: Marketing Suport Yaskawa PT.INDOSERAKO SEJAHTERA