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Energies not of any amounts however but quantized energies, (energy levels) . ) 1 K ) 2 L ) 3 M ) 4 N ) 5 O ) 6 P ) 7 Q
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4 ..
Electrons tend to occupy energy level of low energy state 2n2 = maximum number of electrons in an energy level . 2) 8) 18) 32) 50) 72) 98)
SUBLEVELS OF ENERGY Electrons are not only restricted to certain energy levels, 1.7 but they are also restricted to certain sublevels of energy called orbitals.
Kinds of orbitals
Kinds s p d f
Types 1 3 5 7
Designations s Px Py Pz D d d d d
Maximum number of es 2 6 10 14
F f f f f f f
S orbital starts on the 1st and present at all higher energy levels P orbital starts on the 2nd and present at all higher energy levels D orbital starts on the 3rd and at all higher energy levels F orbital starts on the 4th and present at all higher energy levels. . s) s p) s, p, d) s, p, d, f ) ..
Ca 20 s2)
s2 p6)
s2p6)
s2)
Properties of an Electron
ELECTRON charged repel each other maximally to be stable spins around produces magnetic field whose polarity depends upon direction of spin; thus as they spin in opposite directions, they atrract each other
ELECTRONIC CONFIGURATION Distribution of the electrons of a given atom into their respective energy levels and orbitals.
electron
n l
energy level
type of orbital
1s 2s 2p 3s 3p 4s 3d 4p 5s 4d 5p 6s 4f 5d 6p 7s 5f 6d 7p Electrons tend to occupy energy level and orbital of low energy states. 2. Pauli Exclusion Principle Two electrons can occupy a given orbital at the same time provided they are of opposite spins. 3. Hunds Rule Degenerated orbitals (types of orbitals) within the same energy level are of equal energies. Electrons occupy them one at a time before they would pair. Example: Ca 20 1s2 2s2 2px2 2py2 2pz2 3s2 3px2 3py2 3pz2 4s2
QUANTUM NUMBERS An electron of a given atom can be described by four quantum numbers 1. Principal Quantum Number (n)- describes the relative distance of the electron from the nucleus N= 1,2,3,4.,5,6,7, 2. Azimuthal Quantum Number (l)- describes the kind of orbital where the electron occupies L= 0..(n-1) 3. Magnetic Quantum Number (m)= describes the type of orbital where the electron is. M= l (l-1) 0.(l-1) l 4. Spin Quantum number (s)= describes the direction of the spin of an electron S= +1/2 = clockwise direction -1/2=counterclockwise direction