Lecture 5C For Section-C

11/2/2011
Announcements for section C

1. Lab 2 on Friday Nov 04, 2011 2. Quiz 2 on Friday Nov 04, 2011 3. Teaching Assistants (TAs) for class 1) Abdur Rehman: Phone No 0334-471-4413 Email: maani1pk@gmail.com 2) Fazalur Rehman Sharif: Phone No 0334-324-8611 Email:fuzyfuzi17@gmail.com
4. Home work Grader: Rehan Afzal <umt_edu_pk@yahoo.com> Phone No 0345-451-3577
CS141-Programming Fundamentals-Jameel Ahmad
CS-141 Programming Fundamentals Lecture-5C Counter-Controlled Repetition Sentinel-Controlled Repetition Nested Control Structures
Jameel Ahmad Assistant Professor Jameel.ahmad@umt.edu.pk Department of Electrical Engineering University of Management and Technology
C How to Program, 6/e
11/2/2011
Chapter 3 - Structured Program Development
Outline
3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 3.6 3.7 3.8 3.9 3.10 3.11 3.12 C Data Types Algorithms Pseudocode Control Structures The If Selection Statement The IfElse Selection Statement The While Repetition Statement Formulating Algorithms: Case Study 1 (Counter-Controlled Repetition) Formulating Algorithms with Top-down, Stepwise Refinement: Case Study 2 (Sentinel-Controlled Repetition) Formulating Algorithms with Top-down, Stepwise Refinement: Case Study 3 (Nested Control Structures) Assignment Operators Increment and Decrement Operators
CS141-Programming FundamentalsJameel Ahmad
While Repetition structure
while ( expression or condition) { Single statement or Block of statements; }
CS141 Programming Fundamentals
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The while Repetition Statement Example:

int product = 2; while ( product <= 1000 ) product = 2 * product;
The while Loop The general form of the while statement is:
while (expression) statement
while is a reserved word Statement can be simple or compound Expression acts as a decision maker and is usually a logical expression Statement is called the body of the loop The parentheses are part of the syntax
true product <= 1000 product = 2 * product
false
Copyright 19922004 by Deitel & Associates, Inc. and Pearson Education Inc. All Rights Reserved.
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Why Is Repetition Needed? Repetition allows you to efficiently use variables Can input, add, and average multiple numbers using a limited number of variables For example, to add five numbers:
Declare a variable for each number, input the numbers and add the variables together Create a loop that reads a number into a variable and adds it to a variable that contains the sum of the numbers
The while Loop (continued)
Expression provides an entry condition Statement executes if the expression initially evaluates to true Loop condition is then reevaluated Statement continues to execute until the expression is no longer true
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The while Loop (continued) Infinite loop: continues to execute endlessly Can be avoided by including statements in the loop body that assure exit condition will eventually be false
One-Way (if) Selection (continued)

The expression is sometimes called a decision maker because it decides whether to execute the statement that follows it The statement following the expression is sometimes called the action statement The expression is usually a logical expression The statement is any C++ statement if is a reserved word
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One-Way (if) Selection

The syntax of one-way selection is:
if (expression) statement
Statement is executed if the value of the expression is true Statement is bypassed if the value is false; program goes to the next statement
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If structure: General Picture
Two-Way (ifelse) Selection

Two-way selection takes the form:
if (expression) statement1 else statement2
if (expression) statement; or if (expression) { Block of statements; } or if (expression) { Block of statements; } else { Block of statements; } or if (expression) { Block of statements; } else if(expression) { Block of statements; } else { Block of statements; }
If expression is true, statement1 is executed otherwise statement2 is executed statement1 and statement2 are any C statements else is a reserved word
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Summary
Control structures alter normal control flow Most common control structures are selection and repetition Relational operators: ==, <, <=, >, >=, != Logical expressions evaluate to 1 (true) or 0 (false)
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Summary (continued)
Two selection structures: one-way selection and two-way selection The expression in an if or if...else structure is usually a logical expression A sequence of statements enclosed between braces, { and }, is called a compound statement or block of statements
3.8 Formulating Algorithms (Counter-Controlled Repetition) Counter-controlled repetition using while( )

Loop repeated until counter reaches a certain value Definite repetition: number of repetitions is known Example: A class of ten students took a quiz. The grades (integers in the range 0 to 100) for this quiz are available to you. Determine the class average on the quiz Pseudocode: Set total to zero Set grade counter to one While grade counter is less than or equal to ten Input the next grade Add the grade into the total Add one to the grade counter Set the class average to the total divided by ten Print the class average
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/* Fig. 3.6: fig03_06.c counterClass average program with counter-controlled repetition */ #include <stdio.h> /* function main begins program execution */ int main() { entered int counter; /* number of grade to be entered next */ int grade; int total; /* grade value */ /* sum of grades input by user */
Outline
fig03_06.c (Part 1 of 2)
Lecture-5C
In this lecture, you will learn more about program control 3.8 3.9 3.10 Counter-Controlled while Repetition Sentinel-Controlled while Repetition Nested Control if-else and while Structures
int average; /* average of grades */ /* initialization phase */ total = 0; /* initialize total */ counter = 1; /* initialize loop counter */ /* processing phase */ while ( counter <= 10 ) { "%d", scanf( "%d", &grade ); total = total + grade; counter = counter + 1; } /* end while */ /* loop 10 times */ grade /* read grade from user */ /* add grade to total */ /* increment counter */ printf( "Enter grade: " ); /* prompt for input */
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Algorithm for Two real-life programming Examples

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/* termination phase */ 10; average = total / 10; /* display result */ %d\n", printf( "Class average is %d\n", average ); return 0; /* indicate program ended successfully */ /* integer division */
Outline
Another Example (contd.)

/* if current number input is greater than largest number, update largest */ if ( number > largest ) { largest = number; } /* end if */ counter++; } /* end while */ printf( "Largest is %d\n", largest ); /* display largest number */ return 0; /* indicate successful termination */ } /* end main */
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33 } /* end function main */
Enter Enter Enter Enter Enter Enter Enter Enter Enter Enter Class
grade: 98 grade: 76 grade: 71 grade: 87 grade: 83 grade: 90 grade: 57 grade: 79 grade: 82 grade: 94 average is 81
Program Output
Copyright 19922004 by Deitel & Associates, Inc. and Pearson Education Inc. All Rights Reserved. Copyright 19922004 by Deitel & Associates, Inc. and Pearson Education Inc. All Rights Reserved.
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Another example

#include <stdio.h> int main( void ) { int counter; /* counter for 10 repetitions */ int number; /* current number input */ int largest; /* largest number found so far */ /* get first number */ printf( "Enter the first number: " ); scanf( "%d", &largest ); counter = 2; /* loop 9 more times */ while ( counter <= 10 ) { printf( "Enter next number: " ); /* get next number */ scanf( "%d", &number );
Formulating Algorithms with TopDown, Stepwise Refinement Problem becomes:

Develop a class-averaging program that will process an arbitrary number of grades each time the program is run. Unknown number of students How will the program know to end?
3.9
Use sentinel value

Also called signal value, dummy value, or flag value Indicates end of data entry. Loop ends when user inputs the sentinel value Sentinel value chosen so it cannot be confused with a regular input (such as -1 in this case)
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3.9
Formulating Algorithms with TopDown, Stepwise Refinement
Top-down, stepwise refinement

Begin with a pseudocode representation of the top: Determine the class average for the quiz Divide top into smaller tasks and list them in order: Initialize variables Input, sum and count the quiz grades Calculate and print the class average
Formulating Algorithms with TopDown, Stepwise Refinement Refine Calculate and print the class average to
If the counter is not equal to zero Set the average to the total divided by the counter Print the average else Print No grades were entered
3.9
Many programs have three phases:

Initialization: initializes the program variables Processing: inputs data values and adjusts program variables accordingly Termination: calculates and prints the final results
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Formulating Algorithms with TopDown, Stepwise Refinement Refine the initialization phase from Initialize variables to:
Initialize total to zero Initialize counter to zero
3.9
3.9
Formulating Algorithms with TopDown, Stepwise Refinement
Initialize total to zero Initialize counter to zero Input the first grade While the user has not as yet entered the sentinel Add this grade into the running total Add one to the grade counter Input the next grade (possibly the sentinel) If the counter is not equal to zero Set the average to the total divided by the counter Print the average else Print No grades were entered
Refine Input, sum and count the quiz grades to

Input the first grade (possibly the sentinel) While the user has not as yet entered the sentinel Add this grade into the running total Add one to the grade counter Input the next grade (possibly the sentinel)
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/* Fig. 3.8: fig03_08.c sentinelClass average program with sentinel-controlled repetition */ #include <stdio.h> /* function main begins program execution */ int main() { int counter; int grade; int total; entered /* number of grades entered */ /* grade value */ /* sum of grades */
Outline
Enter Enter Enter Enter Enter Enter Enter Enter Enter Class
grade, -1 to end: grade, -1 to end: grade, -1 to end: grade, -1 to end: grade, -1 to end: grade, -1 to end: grade, -1 to end: grade, -1 to end: grade, -1 to end: average is 82.50
75 94 97 88 70 64 83 89 -1
Outline
Program Output
Enter grade, -1 to end: -1 No grades were entered
float average; /* number with decimal point for average */ /* initialization phase */ total = 0; counter = 0; /* initialize total */ /* initialize loop counter */
/* processing phase */ /* get first grade from user */ printf( "Enter grade, -1 to end: " ); "%d", scanf( "%d", &grade ); /* prompt for input */ /* read grade from user */
/* loop while sentinel value not yet read from user */ while ( grade != -1 ) { total = total + grade; counter = counter + 1; /* add grade to total */ /* increment counter */
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printf( "Enter grade, -1 to end: " ); /* prompt for input */ scanf("%d", scanf( "%d", &grade); "%d" } /* end while */ /* termination phase */ grade /* if user entered at least one grade */ if ( counter != 0 ) { /* calculate average of all grades entered */ average = ( float ) total / counter; /* display average with two digits of precision */ is %.2f\n", printf( "Class average i s %.2f\ n", average ); } /* end if */ else { /* if no grades were entered, output message */ entered\ printf( "No grades were entered\ n" ); } /* end else */ return 0 ; /* indicate program ended successfully */ /* read next grade */
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Outline
3.10 Nested control structures

Problem
A college has a list of test results (1 = pass, 2 = fail) for 10 students Write a program that analyzes the results
If more than 8 students pass, print "Raise Tuition"
Notice that
The program must process 10 test results
Counter-controlled loop will be used
Two counters can be used

One for number of passes, one for number of fails
Each test result is a numbereither a 1 or a 2

If the number is not a 1, we assume that it is a 2
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3.10 Nested control structures Top level outline

Analyze exam results and decide if tuition should be raised
3.10 Nested control structures

Initialize passes to zero Initialize failures to zero Initialize student to one While student counter is less than or equal to ten Input the next exam result If the student passed Add one to passes else Add one to failures Add one to student counter Print the number of passes Print the number of failures If more than eight students passed Print Raise tuition
First Refinement
Initialize variables Input the ten quiz grades and count passes and failures Print a summary of the exam results and decide if tuition should be raised
Refine Initialize variables to

Initialize passes to zero Initialize failures to zero Initialize student counter to one
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/* Fig. 3.10: fig03_10.c Analysis of examination results */ #include <stdio.h> /* function main begins program execution */ int main() { /* initialize variables in definitions */ int passes = 0; int student = 1; int result; /* number of passes */ /* student counter */ /* one exam result */ int failures = 0; /* number of failures */
Outline
3.10 Nested control structures Refine Input the ten quiz grades and count passes and failures to
While student counter is less than or equal to ten Input the next exam result If the student passed Add one to passes else Add one to failures Add one to student counter
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/* process 10 students using counter-controlled loop */ counterwhile ( student <= 10 ) { /* prompt user for input and obtain value from user */ printf( "Enter result ( 1=pass,2=fail ): " ); scanf( "%d", &result ); "%d", /* if result 1, increment passes */ if ( result == 1 ) { passes = passes + 1; } /* end if */
Refine Print a summary of the exam results and decide if tuition should be raised to
Print the number of passes Print the number of failures If more than eight students passed Print Raise tuition
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else { /* otherwise, increment failures */ failures = failures + 1 ; } /* end else */ student = student + 1 ; /* increment student counter */ } /* end while */ /* termination phase; display number of passes and failures */ printf( "Passed %d \n" , passes ); printf( "Failed %d \n" , failures ); /* if more than eight students passed, print "raise tuition" */ if ( passes > 8 ) { p rintf( "Raise tuition \n" ); } /* end if */ return 0; /* indicate program ended successfully */
Outline
Programming Example: Customer Bill for a Local Cable Company

This programming example calculates a customers bill for a local cable company There are two types of customers:
Programming Example-1
Residential Business
Two rates for calculating a cable bill:

One for residential customers One for business customers
Test your Understanding of C language
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Enter Result Enter Result Enter Result Enter Result Enter Result Enter Result Enter Result Enter Result Enter Result Enter Result Passed 6 Failed 4
(1=pass,2=fail): (1=pass,2=fail): (1=pass,2=fail): (1=pass,2=fail): (1=pass,2=fail): (1=pass,2=fail): (1=pass,2=fail): (1=pass,2=fail): (1=pass,2=fail): (1=pass,2=fail):
1 2 2 1 1 1 2 1 1 2
Outline
Program Output
Rates
For residential customer:
Enter Result (1=pass,2=fail): Enter Result (1=pass,2=fail): Enter Result (1=pass,2=fail): Enter Result (1=pass,2=fail): Enter Result (1=pass,2=fail): Enter Result (1=pass,2=fail): Enter Result (1=pass,2=fail): Enter Result (1=pass,2=fail): Enter Result (1=pass,2=fail): Enter Result (1=pass,2=fail): Passed 9 Failed 1 Raise tuition
Bill processing fee: $15.00 Basic service fee: $75.00 for first 10 connections and $5.00 for each additional connection Premium channel cost: $50.00 per channel for any number of connections
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Bill processing fee: $4.50 Basic service fee: $20.50 Premium channel: $7.50 per channel
For business customer:
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Requirements
Ask user for account number and customer code Assume R or r stands for residential customer and B or b stands for business customer
Program Analysis
The purpose of the program is to calculate and print billing amount Calculating the billing amount requires:
Customer for whom the billing amount is calculated (residential or business) Number of premium channels to which the customer subscribes
For a business customer, you need:

Number of basic service connections Number of premium channels
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Input and Output
Program Analysis (continued)

Data needed to calculate the bill, such as bill processing fees and the cost of a premium channel, are known quantities The program should print the billing amount to two decimal places
Input:
Customer account number Customer code Number of premium channels For business customers, number of basic service connections
Output:
Customers account number Billing amount
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Algorithm Design
Named Constants
Set precision to two decimal places Prompt user for account number and customer type If customer type is R or r
Programming Example-1 Programming Example-1
Prompt user for number of premium channels Compute and print the bill
If customer type is B or b
Prompt user for number of basic service connections and number of premium channels Compute and print the bill
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Variables
Formulas
Billing for residential customers:
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amountDue = RES_BILL_PROC_FEES + RES_BASIC_SERV_COST + numOfPremChannels * RES_COST_PREM_CHANNEL;
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Formulas (continued)
Billing for business customers: if (numOfBasicServConn <= 10) amountDue = BUS_BILL_PROC_FEES + BUS_BASIC_SERV_COST + numOfPremChannels * BUS_COST_PREM_CHANNEL; else amountDue = BUS_BILL_PROC_FEES + BUS_BASIC_SERV_COST + (numOfBasicServConn - 10) * BUS_BASIC_CONN_COST + numOfPremChannels * BUS_COST_PREM_CHANNEL;
Main Algorithm (continued)

6. If the customer code is r or R,

Prompt user to enter number of premium channels Get the number of premium channels Calculate the billing amount Print account number and billing amount
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Main Algorithm
1.
Output floating-point numbers in fixed decimal with decimal point and trailing zeros
Output floating-point numbers with two decimal places, set the precision to two decimal places
7.
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2. 3. 4. 5.
Prompt user to enter account number Get customer account number Prompt user to enter customer code Get customer code
If customer code is b or B, Prompt user to enter number of basic service connections Get number of basic service connections Prompt user to enter number of premium channels Get number of premium channels Calculate billing amount Print account number and billing amount 8. If customer code is other than r, R, b, or B, output an error message
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A local bank in your town needs a program to calculate a customers checking account balance at the end of each month Data are stored in a file in the following form:
Programming Example (continued)

Program updates balance after each transaction During the month, if at any time the balance goes below $1000.00, a $25.00 service fee is charged
467343 23750.40 W 250.00 D 1200 W 75.00 I 120.74
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Programming Example-2 (continued)

The first line of data shows the account number followed by the account balance at the beginning of the month Thereafter each line has two entries:
Programming Example (continued)

Program prints the following information:
Transaction codes
W or w means withdrawal D or d means deposit I or i means interest paid by the bank
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Transaction code Transaction amount
Account number Balance at the beginning of the month Balance at the end of the month Interest paid by the bank Total amount of deposit Number of deposits Total amount of withdrawal Number of withdrawals Service charge if any
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Input and Output

Input: file consisting of data in the previous format Output is of the following form: Account Number: 467343 Beginning Balance: $23750.40 Ending Balance: $24611.49 Interest Paid: $366.24 Amount Deposited: $2230.50 Number of Deposits: 3 Amount Withdrawn: $1735.65 Number of Withdrawals: 6
Program Analysis (continued)

Begin with starting balance and then update the account balance after processing each entry If the transaction code is D, d, I, or i transaction amount is added to the account balance If the transaction code is W or w the transaction amount is subtracted from the balance Keep separate counts of withdrawals and deposits
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Program Analysis
The first entry in the input file is the account number and the beginning balance Program first reads account number and beginning balance Thereafter, each entry in the file is of the following form:
Analysis Algorithm
This discussion translates into the following algorithm:
To determine account balance, process each entry that contains transaction code and transaction amount
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transactionCode transactionAmount
1. 2. 3. 4. 5.
Declare the variables Initialize the variables Get the account number and beginning balance Get transaction code and transaction amount Analyze transaction code and update the appropriate variables 6. Repeat Steps 4 and 5 for all data 7. Print the result
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Variables
Steps
1. Declare variables as discussed previously 2. Initialize variables
Read the beginning balance in the variable beginningBalance from the file and initialize the variable accountBalance to the value of the variable beginningBalance Since the data will be read from a file, you need to open input file
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Named Constants
Steps (continued)
3. Get account number and starting balance
infile >> acctNumber >> beginningBalance;
Programming Example-2 Programming Example-2
4. Get transaction code and transaction amount

infile >> transactionCode >> transactionAmount;
5. Analyze transaction code and update appropriate variables
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isServicedCharged is initialized to false
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Steps (continued)
6. Repeat Steps 4 and 5 until there is no more data
Since the number of entries in the input file is not known, use an EOF-controlled while loop

7. Set accountBalance to beginningBalance 8. Read transactionCode and transactionAmount 9. while (not end of input file)
i. Add transactionAmount to
if transactionCode is 'D' or 'd'
7.
Print the result
accountBalance ii. Increment numberOfDeposits

i. Add transactionAmount to accountBalance ii. Add transactionAmount to interestPaid
if transactionCode is 'I' or 'i'

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Main Algorithm
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Declare and initialize variables Open input file If input file does not exist, exit

If transactionCode is 'W' or 'w' i. Subtract transactionAmount from accountBalance ii. Increment numberOfWithdrawals iii. if (accountBalance < MINIMUM_BALANCE && !isServicedCharged)
1. Subtract SERVICE_CHARGE from accountBalance 2. Set isServiceCharged to true
Output numbers in appropriate formats Read accountNumber and beginningBalance
If transactionCode is other than 'D', 'd', 'I', 'i', 'W', or 'w', output an error message
10. Output the results

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Open output file
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Write C code for two programming Examples

Will be discussed in next lectures
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11/2/2011

Announcements for section C

CS141-Programming Fundamentals-Jameel Ahmad

CS141-Programming Fundamentals-Jameel Ahmad

C How to Program, 6/e

CS141-Programming Fundamentals-Jameel Ahmad

Chapter 3 - Structured Program Development

CS141-Programming FundamentalsJameel Ahmad

CS141-Programming FundamentalsJameel Ahmad

While Repetition structure

while ( expression or condition) { Single statement or Block of statements; }

CS141-Programming FundamentalsJameel Ahmad

CS141 Programming Fundamentals

The while Repetition Statement Example:

true product <= 1000 product = 2 * product

CS141 Programming Fundamentals

The while Loop (continued)

CS141 Programming Fundamentals

CS141 Programming Fundamentals

One-Way (if) Selection (continued)

CS141 Programming Fundamentals

CS141-Programming Fundamentals-Jameel Ahmad

One-Way (if) Selection

CS141-Programming Fundamentals-Jameel Ahmad

CS141-Programming Fundamentals-Jameel Ahmad

If structure: General Picture

Two-Way (ifelse) Selection

CS141-Programming Fundamentals-Jameel Ahmad

CS141-Programming Fundamentals-Jameel Ahmad

CS141-Programming Fundamentals-Jameel Ahmad

CS141-Programming Fundamentals-Jameel Ahmad

3.8 Formulating Algorithms (Counter-Controlled Repetition) Counter-controlled repetition using while( )

CS141-Programming Fundamentals-Jameel Ahmad

Algorithm for Two real-life programming Examples

Another Example (contd.)

33 } /* end function main */

Formulating Algorithms with TopDown, Stepwise Refinement Problem becomes:

Use sentinel value

Formulating Algorithms with TopDown, Stepwise Refinement

Top-down, stepwise refinement

Many programs have three phases:

Formulating Algorithms with TopDown, Stepwise Refinement

Refine Input, sum and count the quiz grades to

Enter grade, -1 to end: -1 No grades were entered

3.10 Nested control structures

48 } /* end function main */

Two counters can be used

Each test result is a numbereither a 1 or a 2

3.10 Nested control structures Top level outline

3.10 Nested control structures

Refine Initialize variables to

Programming Example: Customer Bill for a Local Cable Company

Two rates for calculating a cable bill:

Test your Understanding of C language

43 } /* end function main */

For a business customer, you need:

Input and Output

Program Analysis (continued)

Billing for residential customers:

amountDue = RES_BILL_PROC_FEES + RES_BASIC_SERV_COST + numOfPremChannels * RES_COST_PREM_CHANNEL;

Main Algorithm (continued)

Main Algorithm (continued)

Programming Example (continued)