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Mech 346: Heat Transfer

Chapter 6: Introduction to Convection

J.G. Pharoah
214 – McLaughlin Hall
533-6579

Department of Mechanical Engineering

Queen's University
Kingston, Ontario,
Canada, K7L 3N6

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Overview

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The Cylinder (Remember the Golf Ball)

From: F White, Fluid

Mechanics – 4th Edition

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The Governing Equations

• Conservation of Mass
• Conservation of Momentum
• Conservation of Energy

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Conservation of Mass
∂ρ ∂ρu ∂ρv
+ + =0
∂t ∂x ∂y

∂u ∂v
Or, with constant + =0
density ∂x ∂y

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Conservation of Momentum
r
r r DV r
ma = F m =F
Dt
r
DV r
ρ = −∇P + ∇ • τ ij + B
Dt

Newtonian Fluid – Linear Stress Strain

⎛ ∂u ∂u ⎞ ∂p ⎛ ∂ 2u ∂ 2u ⎞
ρ ⎜⎜ u + v ⎟⎟ = − + µ ⎜⎜ 2 + 2 ⎟⎟ + ρg x
∂ ∂ ∂ ∂ ∂ {
1⎝442443⎠ Pr{ ⎝442443⎠ Body
x y x x y
essure
1 Forces
Acceleration Forces ViscousForces

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Conservation of Momentum

Steady, Constant Properties, Newtonian Fluid

⎛ ∂u ∂u ⎞ ∂p ⎛ ∂ u ∂ u⎞
2 2
ρ ⎜⎜ u + v ⎟⎟ = − + µ ⎜⎜ 2 + 2 ⎟⎟ + ρg x
⎝ ∂x ∂y ⎠ ∂x ⎝ ∂x ∂y ⎠
⎛ ∂v ∂v ⎞ ∂p ⎛ ∂ 2v ∂ 2v ⎞
ρ ⎜⎜ u + v ⎟⎟ = − + µ ⎜⎜ 2 + 2 ⎟⎟ + ρg y
⎝ ∂x ∂y ⎠ ∂y ⎝ ∂x ∂y ⎠

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Conservation of Energy
Steady, Constant Properties, Newtonian Fluid

⎛ ∂T ∂T ⎞ ⎛ ∂ 2T ∂ 2T ⎞
ρc p ⎜⎜ u +v ⎟⎟ = k ⎜⎜ 2 + 2 ⎟⎟ + µ { Φ + &
q
{
∂ ∂ ∂ ∂
14⎝ 4 3⎠ 1 ⎝ 44244 3⎠ Viscous
x y x y
42444 Dissipation
Volumetric
Generation
Convection Conduction

⎧⎪⎛ ∂u ∂v ⎞ 2 ⎡⎛ ∂u ⎞ 2 ⎛ ∂u ⎞ 2 ⎤ ⎫⎪
µΦ = µ ⎨⎜⎜ + ⎟⎟ + 2⎢⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ + ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ ⎥ ⎬
⎪⎩⎝ ∂y ∂x ⎠ ⎢⎣⎝ ∂y ⎠ ⎝ ∂y ⎠ ⎥⎦ ⎪⎭

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The Complete Set

2D, Steady, Constant
∂u ∂v
Properties, Newtownian + =0
Fluid ∂x ∂y
⎛ ∂u ∂u ⎞ ∂p ⎛ ∂ 2u ∂ 2u ⎞
ρ ⎜⎜ u + v ⎟⎟ = − + µ ⎜⎜ 2 + 2 ⎟⎟ + ρg x
⎝ ∂x ∂y ⎠ ∂x ⎝ ∂x ∂y ⎠
⎛ ∂v ∂v ⎞ ∂p ⎛ ∂ 2v ∂ 2v ⎞
ρ ⎜⎜ u + v ⎟⎟ = − + µ ⎜⎜ 2 + 2 ⎟⎟ + ρg y
⎝ ∂x ∂y ⎠ ∂y ⎝ ∂x ∂y ⎠

⎛ ∂T ∂T ⎞ ⎛ ∂ 2T ∂ 2T ⎞
ρc p ⎜⎜ u +v ⎟⎟ = k ⎜⎜ 2 + 2 ⎟⎟ + µΦ + q&
⎝ ∂x ∂y ⎠ ⎝ ∂x ∂y ⎠

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Notes on the governing Equations

• To solve the energy equation we must first
solve conservation of mass and
conservation of momentum.
• Conservation of Energy can be decoupled
from these equations in many instances
(i.e. it can be solved after the fact).
• This set is difficult in practice, but
conceptually quite simple.

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The Boundary Layer Assumptions

u >> v
∂u ∂u ∂v ∂v ∂T ∂T
>> , , >>
∂y ∂x ∂y ∂x ∂y ∂x

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The Boundary Layer Assumptions

Shear Stress

∂u
τ =µ
∂y y =0

Heat Transfer

∂T
q ′′ = − k
∂y y =0

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Conservation of Mass/Continuity is unchanged

X-momentum Or, neglecting body forces

∂u ∂u 1 ∂p ∂ 2u ∂u ∂u 1 ∂p ∂ 2u
u +v =− +ν 2 + g x u +v =− +ν 2
∂x ∂y ρ ∂x ∂y ∂x ∂y ρ ∂x ∂y

Y-momentum Or, neglecting body forces

∂p ∂p
= ρg y =0
∂y ∂y
Conservation of Energy
2
∂T ∂T ∂ T µ2
⎛ ∂u ⎞ q&
u +v =α 2 + ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ +
∂x ∂y ∂y ρc p ⎝ ∂y ⎠ ρc p

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Boundary Layer Equations

• These equations are much easier to solve
• Y-momentum is trivial
– The pressure comes from the flow external to the boundary
layer. Can solve potential/inviscid flow (mech 341?) equations
and impose the external pressure on the boundary layer
– dp/dx arises form geometric considerations (think of an airfoil or
a golf ball)
• Viscous dissipation can be ignored in MANY situations
– Except in high speed flow
– And in highly (non-convective) viscous flow (i.e. couette flow in a
ball bearing)

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Compare Energy and Momentum

∂u ∂u 1 ∂p ∂ 2u •2D,
u +v =− +ν 2
∂x ∂y ρ ∂x ∂y •constant property,
2
∂T ∂T ∂ T µ 2
⎛ ∂u ⎞ • Newtonian Fluid,
u +v =α 2 + ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟
∂x ∂y ∂y ρc p ⎝ ∂y ⎠ • boundary layer assumptions

In the absence of pressure gradient and viscous dissipation, the equations

are of exactly the same form
∂u ∂u ∂ 2u
u +v =ν 2
∂x ∂y ∂y
14243 123
Advection Diffusion

∂T ∂T ∂ 2T
u +v =α 2
∂x ∂y ∂y
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