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5, 2012
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Characterization of Trees with Equal Total Edge Domination and Double Edge Domination Numbers
M.H.Muddebihal A.R.Sedamkar*
Department of Mathematics, Gulbarga University, Gulbarga-585106, Karnataka, INDIA E-mail of the corresponding author: mhmuddebihal@yahoo.co.in Abstract A total edge dominating set of a graph G is a set D of edges of G such that the sub graph
'
D has no isolated
edges. The total edge domination number of G denoted by t (G ) , is the minimum cardinality of a total edge dominating set of G . Further, the set D is said to be double edge dominating set of graph G . If every edge of G is dominated by at least two edges of D . The double edge domination number of G , denoted by,
' d (G ) ,
is the
minimum cardinality of a double edge dominating set of G . In this paper, we provide a constructive characterization of trees with equal total edge domination and double edge domination numbers.
Key words: Trees, Total edge domination number, Double edge domination number. 1. Introduction: In this paper, we follow the notations of [2]. All the graphs considered here are simple, finite, non-trivial, undirected and connected graph. As usual graph G , respectively. In general, we use
N ( v ) and
e of degree one is called end edge and neighbor is called support edge of G .
A strong support edge is adjacent to at least two end edges. A star is a tree with exactly one vertex of degree greater than one. A double star is a tree with exactly one support edge.
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For an edge
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e is a rooted tree T , let C ( e ) and S ( e ) denote the set of childrens and descendants of e e is the sub tree of T induced
respectively. Further we define S [e] = S (e) U {e} . The maximal sub tree at by S
D E is said to be total edge dominating set of G , if the sub graph D has no isolated edges. The
'
of G . Total edge domination in graphs was introduced by S.Arumugam and S.Velammal [1]. A set
vertices of S . The double domination number of G , denoted by d (G ) , is the minimum cardinality of a double dominating set of G . Double domination is a graph was introduced by F. Harary and T. W. Haynes [3]. The concept of domination parameters is now well studied in graph theory (see [4] and [5]). Analogously, a set
by at least two edges of D . The double edge domination number of G , denoted by d cardinality of a double edge dominating set of G .
(G ) , is the minimum
In this paper, we provide a constructive characterization of trees with equal total edge domination and double edge domination numbers.
2.
Results:
t' (G ) set.
Observation 2.2: Suppose every non end edge is adjacent to exactly two end edge, then every end edge of a graph
' G is in every d (G ) set.
Observation 2.3: Suppose the support edges of a graph G are at distance at least three in G , then every support edge of a graph G is in every
' d (G ) .
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3.
Main Results:
' d (T ) t' (T ) .
Proof: Let q be the number of edges in tree T . We proceed by induction on q . If a star or a double star and d
'
every tree
T ' with q ' < q . First assume that some support edge of T , say ex is strong. Let ey and ez be the end
' ex and T ' = T e . Let D ' be any d (T ' ) - set. Clearly ex D ' , where D ' is a total edge
edges adjacent to
be any
' d (T )
Clearly,
a contradiction.
T is weak. r which is incident with edge er of the diam (T ) . Let et be the end
Let T be a rooted tree at vertex edge at maximum distance from er , rooted tree. Let
Tex denotes the sub tree induced by an edge ex and its descendents in the rooted tree.
degT (eu ) 3 and eu is adjacent to an end edge ex . Let T ' = T e and D ' be the
is a total edge dominating set of tree T . Thus
Assume that
t' (T ' ) - set. By Observation 1, we have eu D ' . Clearly, D ' U {e} t' (T ) t' (T ' ) + 1 .
Now let S be any
' d (T ) -
It follows that
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Now assume that among the decedents of
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T ' = T e and D ' be the t' (T ' ) - set containing no end edges. Since ex must have a neighbor in D ' , thus eu D ' . Clearly D ' U {e} is a total edge dominating set of tree T and hence t' (T ) t' (T ' ) + 1 . Now let S be
any
' d (T ) - set. By Observations 2 and 3, we have et , e, e x S . If eu S , then S {e, et } is the double edge '
dominating set of tree T . Further assume that eu S . Then S U {eu } {e, et } is a double edge dominating set of tree T . Therefore
' ' d (T ' ) d (T ) 1 .
Therefore, we obtain
' d (T ) t' (T ) .
To obtain the characterization, we introduce six types of operations that we use to construct trees with equal total edge domination and double edge domination numbers. Type 1: Attach a path
P to two vertices u and w which are incident with eu and ew respectively of T where 1
' ' eu , ew located at the component of T ex ey such that either ex is in d set of T or ey is in d - set of T .
P3 to the vertex v which is incident with an edge e of T where e is an P2 or T e has two components P2 and P4 , and one end of P4 is
e is T . P3 to a vertex v which is incident with e of tree T by joining its support vertex to v , such
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Type 6: Attach a path
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P5 to a vertex v incident with e of tree T by joining one of its support to v such that
Now we define the following families of trees Let be the family of trees with equal total edge domination number and double edge domination number. That is
' = {T / T is a tree satisfying t' (T ) = d ( T )} .
1 i 5} .
'
Proof: Since T
'
' ' , we have t' (T ' ) = d (T ' ) . By Theorem 1, t' (T ) d (T ) , we only need to prove that
is obtained from
incident with
' ' ' eu and ew as eu and ew respectively. Then there is a path ex ey in T ' such that either ex is in d ' T ' ex ey has a component P5 = eu eew ex or ey is in d - set of T ' and T ' ex ey has a
set of T and
Suppose and
' T ' ex ey contains a path P5 = eu eew ex then S ' be the d - set of T ' containing ex . From Observation 2 ' d
by the
definition
of
set,
we
have
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' ' ' S = ( S ' {eu , e , ew }) U {eu , e, ew } is a double edge dominating set of T with S = S ' + 1 = d (T ') + 1 .
' ' t' (T ) = t' (T ' ) + 1 = d (T ' ) + 1 = S > d (T ) .
Clearly,
Now, if and
' ' T ' ex ey contains a path P6 = eu e ew ex ex . Then S ' be the d - set of T ' containing ey . By Observation 2 ' d
by
definition
of
set,
we
have S I { eu , e, ew , ex , ex } = { eu , ew , ex } .
' ' '
Therefore
' ' ' S = ( S ' {eu , ew }) U {eu , e, ew } is a double edge dominating set of T with S = S ' + 1 = d (T ' ) + 1 .
' ' t' (T ) = t' (T ') + 1 = d (T ' ) +1 = S d (T ) .
Clearly,
Lemma 3.3: If
e of T ' where T ' e has a component P3 = ewex . We can easily show that t' (T ) = t' (T ' ) + 1 . Now by
definition of
' d
' d
- set,
' D ' of T ' containing the edge e . Then D ' U {eu } forms a double
'
' ' , we have t' (T ' ) = d (T ') . By Theorem 1, t' (T ) d (T ) , hence we only need to prove
is obtained from
t' -
set and
' d -
' ' ' (T ' ) = d (T ') , it follows that t' (T ) t' (T ') + 2m = d (T ') + 2m d (T ) .
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Lemma 3.5: If
'
' ' (T ' ) = d (T ') . By Theorem 1, t' (T ) d (T ) , hence we only need to prove
is obtained from
' T ' such that e is not contained in any t' -set of T ' and T ' e has a component P4 . For any d - set, S ' of T ' , ' ' S ' U {ex , ez } is a double edge dominating set of T . Hence d (T ' ) + 2 d (T ) . Let D be any t' - set of
it
follows
that t (T ) t
'
'
(T ') + 2
If
eD ,
since
' ' D I E (T ') is a total edge dominating set of T ' . Suppose t' (T ) d (T ) 1 , then by d (T ' ) = t' (T ') , it ' ' ' d (T ) t' (T ) + 1 t' (T ') + 2 = d (T ') + 2 d (T ') . '
follows
that
Clearly, containing e .
'
D I E (T ') = t' (T ) 1 = t' (T ') and D I E (T ') is a total edge dominating set of T
Therefore, it gives a contradiction to the fact that hence t
' ' (T ) d (T ) .
and
'
' ' , we have t' (T ' ) = d (T ') . By Theorem 1, t' (T ) d (T ) , hence we only need to prove
is obtained from
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with
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' e in T ' such that e is in d - set for n = 1 . Clearly, t' (T ) t' (T ' ) + 2 n . If n 2 , then by
' ' ' t' (T ' ) = d (T ') , it is obvious that t' (T ) t' (T ') + 2n = d (T ') + 2 n d (T ) ' d
. If n = 1 , then
D ' be a
- set of
T ' containing e . Thus D ' U {ez , e x } is a double edge dominating set of T . Hence
'
' ' , we have t' (T ' ) = d (T ') . By Theorem 1, t' (T ) d (T ) , hence we only need to prove
' t' (T ) d (T ) .
E (T ) as
t' - set of
D I E (T ') is a total edge dominating set of T ' and D I E (T ') t' (T ') . By the definition of double
' ' d (T ') + 3 d (T )
Now we define one more family as Let T be the rooted tree. For any edge e E (T ) , let descendent edges of
C ' (e) into C1' (e) , C2' (e) and C3' (e) such that every edge of Ci ' (e) has edge
i = 1, 2 and 3 .
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Mathematical Theory and Modeling ISSN 2224-5804 (Paper) ISSN 2225-0522 (Online) Vol.2, No.5, 2012
Lemma 3.8: Let T be a rooted tree satisfying conditions:
' t' (T ) = d (T )
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and
ew E (T ) . We have the
following
1. 2. 3.
Proof: Let
If C3 (ew ) , then
'
If C (ew ) = C
'
and
C3' (ew ) =
{ez1 , ez2 ,...........ezn } such that C1' (ew ) = l , C2' (ew ) = m and C3' (ew ) = n . For every i = 1, 2,..., n , let
eu be the end edge adjacent to e z in T and T ' = T {ex1 , ex2 ,..., exl , eu1 , eu2 , ..., eun } . i i
For (1): We prove that if m 1 , then l + n = 0 . Assume l + n 1 . Since m 1 , we can have a such that double
' d
- set S of T
ew S
edge
and a
t'
- set D of set of
'
T ' such that ew D . Clearly S {ex1 , ex2 ,..., exl , eu1 , eu2 , ..., eun } is a
'
dominating
T'
and
1
T . Hence
' ' t' (T ' ) = D ' t' (T ) = d (T ) = S > S {ex , ex ,..., ex , eu , eu , , eu } d (T ' ) , it gives a contradiction
n
C3' (ew ) or if C (ew ) = C ' (ew ) C1' (ew ) . Then for both cases, m + n 1 . Now T ' such that ew D . Then D ' is also a total edge dominating set of T . Hence
'
' d
t' -
set D of
'
. Further by definition of
' d
-set S of T
' S I {ey1 , ey2 ,..., eym , ez1 , ez2 ,..., ezn } = . Then ( S I E (T ' )) U {ew } is a d -set of T ' . Hence
If n 1 , then and
' ' d (T ') t' (T ) t' (T ' ) d (T ' ) , the last inequality is by Theorem 1. It follows that l + n = 1
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Mathematical Theory and Modeling ISSN 2224-5804 (Paper) ISSN 2225-0522 (Online) Vol.2, No.5, 2012
If C (ew ) = C
'
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and deg (ew ) = 2 , for double edge domination, ew, ez S , a contradiction to the selection of S .
T.
' (T ) = d (T ) . If diam (T ) 3 , then T is either a star or a
q= E(T)
'
. Since T , we have t
'
' (T ) = 2 = d (T ) . Therefore T . If diam (T ) 4 , assume that the result is true for all
We prove the following Claim to prove above Lemma. Claim 3.9.1: If there is an edge ea E(T) such that Proof: Assume that P 3 denote the
' ' = eb eb and ec ec are two components of T ea . If T =T {eb , eb}, then use D ' and S to
t' -set of
' T ' containing ea and d - set of T , respectively. Since ea D ' , D ' U {eb } is a total edge
'
is a
' d
- set of T ,
by the definition of
' d
- set. Clearly, S I E (T
' ' t' (T) 1= d (T) 1= S I E(T ') d (T ') . By using Theorem 1, we get t' (T ' ) = d' (T ')
T ' .
By induction on
T ' , T ' . Now, since T is obtained from T ' by type - 2 operation, T . T ea has exactly one component P3 . Let
By above claim, we only need to consider the case that, for the edge ea ,
3 of Lemma 6,
component of T
Mathematical Theory and Modeling ISSN 2224-5804 (Paper) ISSN 2225-0522 (Online) Vol.2, No.5, 2012
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P4 is adjacent to ex . Suppose S ( ex ) in T has a component P4 with its support edge is adjacent to ex . Then it
consists of
Denoting the
n components P4 of the sub graph S ( ex ) in T with one of its end edges is adjacent to an edge
j = k =0.
'
Then
S ( ex ) = P4 ( n ) , n 1
' t
in
T.
Further
assume
that
T ' = T S [ ex ] , then 2 E (T
) < q . Clearly,
contains as minimum number of edges of the sub graph by the definition of hence t
'
' d
- set. Clearly
and
S I E (T ' ) is a double edge dominating set of T ' . Hence T ' . By applying the inductive hypothesis to T ' ,
T ' .
If
n 2 , then it is obvious that T is obtained from T ' by type - 5 operation and hence T .
n = 1 . Then
If
S ( ex ) = P4 = eu e ew in T
x of an edge ex and
' ey is in some d - set of T ' . Hence T is obtained from T ' by type-5 operation and T .
Case 2: Suppose m 0 and by the proof of Lemma 6, m = 1 and j = k = 0 . Denote the component
P4 of
3 E (T
'
) q . Let S be a
' d
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Now we claim that by D , then
'
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ex is not in any t' - set of T ' . Suppose that T ' has a t' - set containing ex which is denoted
D ' U {eb } is a total edge dominating set of T . Clearly, t' (T ' ) t' (T ) 1 . Since eb S then
a double edge dominating set of
S I E (T ' ) is
T '.
Hence
' ' t' (T ' ) t' (T ) 1 = d (T ) 1 = S I E (T ' ) + 1 d (T ' ) + 1 , ' t' (T ' ) d (T ' ) . This holds the claim and therefore T
T ' . Let D ' be any t' - set of T ' . By above claim, ex D ' . Since D ' U {ex , eb } is a total
'
(T ) (T ) 2 . Further since e
' ' t
T .
Case 3: Suppose
j 0
} . Clearly,
( { })
T
'
Since
T ex has a
-
S E(T)
as a
' d (T ) = S = 2n +
' ' t' (T ' ) d (T ' ) . Therefore, by Theorem 1, we get, t' (T ' ) = d (T ' ) and hence T ' . Applying the inductive
hypothesis on
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Case 4: Suppose k 0 . Then by Lemma 6, k {1,2} and so m = j = 0 . We claim k = 1 . If not, then k = 2 . We denote the two components be a edge
' d ' '' '' P2 of S ( ex ) by ex and ex in T . Let T ' = T ex . Clearly, t' (T ' ) = t' (T ) . Let S
{e
w1
' '' , ew2 ,..., ewn . By Observation 2, {ex , ex } S . Since S I E(T ) is a double
'
set
of
T'
with
we
have
' ' ' ' t' (T ' ) = t' (T ) = d (T ) > d (T ) 1 d (T ' ) , which is a contradiction to the fact that t' (T ' ) d (T ' ) .
'
'
by type - 3 operation.
t'
) + 2 (n 1) = t' (T ) and
T ',
set,
For any
t'
T ',
' ' D ' U {e , ew , ex } is a total edge dominating set of T . Clearly, t' (T ' ) t' (T ) 3 = d (T ) 3 = d (T ' ) . By ' t' (T ' ) = d (T ' ) and T ' .
Theorem 1, we get
T .
Now if the sub graph of
'
Hence
g 1. 84
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Suppose
' T ' = T {eu , ex } . Here we can easily check that t' (T ' ) + 1 = t' (T ) . Let S
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be a
' d - set of
' T such that S contains as minimum edges of S ey as possible and S I S [ex ] = {eu , ew ex } . Then ' S ' = ( S {eu , ew ex }) U {e, ex }
is
double
edge
dominating
set
of
T '.
Therefore t
'
' ' ' (T ' ) = t' (T ) 1 = d (T ) 1 = S ' d (T ' ) , which implies that t' (T ' ) = d (T ' ) where S ' is a
ey is in the double edge dominating set D ' of T ' . Hence T is obtained from T ' by type-1 operation. Thus
T .
If g = 1 , then
and
ez S ,
'
By above all the Lemmas, finally we are now in a position to give the following main characterization.
Theorem 3.10: References
= U { P3}
S. Arumugan and S. Velammal, (1997), Total edge domination in graphs, Ph.D Thesis, Manonmaniam Sundarnar University, Tirunelveli, India. F. Harary, (1969), Graph theory, Adison-wesley, Reading mass. F. Harary and T. W. Haynes, (2000), Double domination in graph, Ars combinatorics, 55, pp. 201-213. T.W. Haynes, S. T. Hedetniemi and P. J. Slater, (1998), Fundamentals of domination in graph, Marcel Dekker, New York. T. W. Haynes, S. T. Hedetniemi and P. J. Slater, (1998), Domination in graph, Advanced topics, Marcel Dekker, New York.
Biography
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Completed Ph.D. education in the field of Graph Theory from Karnataka. Currently working as a Professor in Gulbarga University, Gulbarga-585 106 bearing research experience of 25 years. I had published over 50 research papers in national and international Journals / Conferences and I am authoring two text books of GRAPH THEORY. B. A.R.Sedamkar born at: Gulbarga district of Karnataka state in 16-09-1984. Completed PG education in Karnataka. Currently working as a Lecturer in Government Polytechnic Lingasugur, Raichur Dist. from 04 years. I had published 10 papers in International Journals in the field of Graph Theory.
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