Siglas Acronym (An acronym that stands for) Abreviatura Abbreviation ST Source text SLT Source language text

text TT Target text TLT Target language text Bubu = mistake (more acceptable) = error Accent mark Tilde To get the gist of something = To get the general idea Skopos: The function of the text Loss Prdida Prose translation Traduccin inversa Register: Field, mode and tenor. A bolt of lightning Bobs father = SI The father of Bob = NO The leg of the table = SI

Berenjena, calabacn (USA zucchini, UK) (diferencia nombre UK, USA French fries (USA) / Chips (UK)

TRANSLATION RESTAURANT MENUS: POINT TO KEEP IN MIND

1. Have excellent knowledge of both (local) source and target culture (broad). 2. Use a full range of resources: bilingual and monolingual dictionaries, glossaries, specialized lexical databases, thesauri, parallel and comparable texts, cookbooks, the restaurant owner, butcher, etc. 3. Anticipate the customer. What type of information might a native/non-native need? 4. Adapt menu to the target culture: give explanations, specify information, use euphemisms where the literal translation might be offensive. 5. Use ethnic names where appropriate to give an exotic flavor to the menu. 6. Keep descriptions short and simple, but enticing and interesting enough to make a customer want to order the dish. Always explain the main ingredients of the dish. 7. Think about the pragmatics surrounding the event (ordering food/taking an order). 8. Simplify the task of taking orders/explaining dishes for non-English speaking food servers. 9. Change the layout of the menu if necessary (adding numbers).

10. Use the strategies proposed by Mona Baker to carry out the task.

LEXICAL ITEMS IN A TEXT

1) 2) 3) 4) 5) False friends Word order (syntax) SUBJECT + VERB + COMPLEMENT Prepositional phrases Noun phrase Active vs Passive voice Conventions - 0,5 (spa) 0.5 (eng) - 10.000 unidades (spa) 10,000 units (eng) 6) Lack of coherency in ST 7) Mistake/error in the text By + V ing gerundio (sin abuser) mediante + N

E. g.: by using usando mediante el uso

CULTURAL ISSUES IN TRANSLATION Cultural transposition occurs along a continuum: ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Exoticism Cultural borrowing Calque Communicative Cultural translation transplantation

Exoticism. This is an extreme option in signalling cultural foreignness in the TT. A TT translated in a deliberately exotic manner is one which constantly resorts to linguistic and cultural features from the ST into the TT with minimal adaptation. Translators must be careful when using exoticisms as they can actually be bothersome to the reader or unintelligible. In this last case, the translator must make use of glosses, footnotes and explanations, thus making the translation dense and difficult to read. A ST with many exotic features presents a serious dilemma for the translator. Cultural borrowing. Cultural borrowing refers to the transfer of an ST expression verbatim into the TT. The difference between a cultural borrowing and an exoticism lies in the fact that exoticism will be a salient feature of the entire text, whereas a cultural borrowing may refer to a single word. Although the translator must resort to cultural borrowing when it is not possible to find a suitable expression in the TL, many of these terms have become common usage in English, while others have become new synonyms or equivalents that already existed in English. The terms, guerrilla, glasnost and junta (as in military junta not Junta de Andaluca), for example, are now fully recognised by native English speakers, while the word tapa is becoming increasingly common in English, although there were already standard equivalents such as appetizer or hors doeuvres (in turn borrowed from the French). Obviously, the translators choice here will depend on the cultural context of the ST. If the ST deals with cuisine in general, or is a restaurant menu, the translator may prefer a more standard term such as appetizers. However, if the ST is about one of Ferrn Adris new cookbooks, tapas would most likely be more appropriate. Cultural borrowing will be most frequent in texts on history, philosophy or social, political or anthropological topics, where the simplest solution is to give a definition of the foreign word or phrase and then to continue to use the original SL word in the TT. To provide a definition in the text we can resort to different alternatives. The translator can italicise the word verbatim in the text the first time it appears and provide an explanation in parenthesis immediately following the word. Once the word is introduced in the text and defined or explained, it should not be italicized in subsequent references. Another alternative is to define the word within the context of the TT . This can be done directly or by setting off the definition with the conjunction or or between commas. Calque A calque is an expression that consists of TL words and TL syntax, but is unidiomatic in the TL because it is modelled on the structure of a SL expression. In essence, a calque is a form of literal translation. A bad calque imitates ST structure to the point of being ungrammatical and even unintelligible in the SL, while a good calque manages to compromise between imitating a ST structure and not offending the TL grammar. Calquing may also be seen as a form of cultural borrowing although instead of a verbatim borrowing of expressions, only the SL grammatical structure is borrowed. For example, if Santa Teresa del Nio Jess is rendered in the TT as Santa Teresa del Nio Jess this is a cultural borrowing proper, whereas Saint Teresa of the Child Jesus would be a calque. Clearly, there are certain dangers in using calques as a translation

device. The major one is that they may not be clear in the TT and may have to be signalled in the text to clarify their meaning. Communicative Translation In this case, the translator makes use of communicative equivalents in the TL to translate conventional formulas in the SL. Indeed, many clichs, proverbs or idioms in the SL already have a standard translation in the TL which should not be overlooked by the translator. Moreover, the fact that the ST uses a set phrase or idiom is an essential part of the stylistic effect of the ST. If the TT does not use corresponding TL set phrases or idioms this stylistic effect will be lost. This is also true of stock institutionalized phrases such as Prohibido el paso/No entry; Rebajas/Sales; Sentido nico/One way. Cultural transplantation Cultural transplantation falls at the opposite end of the cultural transposition scale. Although cultural transplantation involves translation, it is more an adaptation of a SL text to the cultural reality or setting of the TL text. Film adaptations of well-known literary works such as Romeo and Juliet into the musical West Side Story or the modern film version Educating Rita of George Bernard Shaws Pygmalion are but a few examples. Localization is a formal transplantion