Abigail Stinson Block B 5 June 2010

FINAL STUDY GUIDE (EEK!)

Decline of the Middle Ages
Great Schism: Split in the Church over the use of iconsRoman Catholic said Yes! while Eastern Orthodox said NO WAY! (plus some other reasons, too). The Great Papal Schism (Pope Urban VI vs. Pope Clement VII): King Philip IV of France vs. Pope Boniface VIIIPhilip claims the right to tax clergy. Pope says he cant do that. Philip attempts to capture Pope. Pope escapes, dies from shock. To ensure French toehold in the papacy, Clement V is elected Pope, moves to Avignon. Papacy in France leads to the decline of papal prestige. Pope Gregory XI moves the papacy back to Rome. When he dies, College of Cardinals meet. Angry Italian mob (oh, those Italians) tells them that they (that is, the Cardinals) must elect an Italian Pope or die. Cardinals wisely choose to elect Pope Urban VI. Cardinals in France, irked at this twist in events, elect a new, French Pope 5 months later. This Pope (Robert of Geneva, a.k.a. Clement VII) lives in Avignon. To solve this issue of two Popes, a third is elected. This doesnt solve anything, and now there are three Popes. All three Popes were forced to resign in Switzerland. As a result, the Pope did not seem as holy. Multiple Popes weakened the Popes image. There was a decline in religion. John Wycliffe: taught that Jesus Christ, not the Pope, was the head of the Church. Taught that the Bible was the supreme authority on Christian life. English translation of the New Testament. Jan Hus: inspired by Wycliffe. Taught that the Bible was higher than the Pope. Excommunicated, tried as a heretic, and burned at the stake (thats not very nice). The Bubonic Plague: Pulled society apart. Most catastrophes bring people together. Origin: From Asia, travelled along trade routes. In 1347, arrived in Sicily and Genoa on boats. On the boats were rats, and the rats had the plague. From there, spread to France, Spain, Germany, Europe, and N. Africa. Took only 4 years to reach all of Europe. Some communities escaped entirely; in others, almost everyone died. The plague killed 1/3 of the European population (25 million). Impact: o Town populations declined o Trade declined; prices rose o Serfs left manors for better wages o Nobles resisted demands for higher wagespeasant revolts o Jews blamed for the plague. They were exiled and sometimes massacred. o Church lost prestige when prayers seemed to have little or no effect. Hundred Years War: **actually lasted for 119 years** When the last Capetian king died w/o a successor, England tried to seize Frances throne. Land and power struggle from 1337-1453. Between 1421 and 1453, the French drove the English out of France, except for Calais. Long bows: England introduced these weapons, used them to great effect in several battles (they won these particular battles spectacularly). Joan of Arc: a French peasant girl. Saw visions, was moved by God to rescue France, ensure that Charles VII was crowned after the French Charles VI (instead of the English king Henry V). J. served as a figurehead as well as a soldier. She helped to win the siege of Orleans. J. managed to persuade Charles VII to go to Reims to be crowned. Unfortunately, she was captured by the Burgundians (allies of the English). They gave her to the English, who gave her to the Church, who treated her as a heretic and had her burned at the stake. Charles VII did nothing, of course.

Impact of the 100 Years War: o Nationalism: more of a patriotic spirit began to emerge within the populations of countries (esp. England and France) o Power of the French monarch increased o England suffered turmoil (Wars of the Rosestwo noble houses fighting for the throne) o 1453, the end of the 100 Yrs War, is regarded by some historians as the end of the Middle Ages; the two main glues of society (religious devotion and chivalry) crumbled. Vernacular: local languages (English, French, Spanish, etc.) developing from other, older languages (Latin, Greek, etc.) Gothic Cathedrals: Abbot Suger wanted his church to be more inspirational, awe-inspiring. Changed the church of St. Denis. This was what he included: Heightwanted people to feel like they were reaching up to God Translucency (light)wanted heaven/God to come down Mathematical proportions and measurements (like the Muslims) Lots of symmetry, exact proportions God is mathematical Pointed archesallowed for more pressure Ribbed vaulting of ceiling to support weight Flying buttressessupport when theres a lot of wind Stained glass windowstold stories to illiterate peasants (icons) EXAMPLES: Notre Dame, Notre Dame de Chartres, Sainte Chapelle. Synthesis of secular and spiritual elements Architects develop new and innovative techniques to impress man and glorify God. Bayeux Tapestry: Tells the story of the Battle of Hastings (William the Conqueror, etc.) on a very long piece of embroidered linen fabric. Was made about 100 years after the actual battle took place in 1066.

China
Diversity of Chinas Geography: Chinas diverse geography has led to an equally rich culture Ancient Chinese Dynasties: 1. Xia 2. Shang 3. Zhou 4. Qin 5. Han Ancient Chinese Ideas: Middle Kingdom: The idea that China is the middle of the world, and therefore the center of the universe (a lot of civilizations had this idea, actually) Mandate of Heaven: the idea that kings were granted their power by Heaven, had to follow the Way. If a king was overthrown, it was because heaven had ordained it. ***This is crucial because it guarantees the people the right to rebellion*** Dynastic Cycle (this pattern is seen throughout Chinese history): o New dynasty gains power, restores peace and order, claims to have Mandate of Heaven o Strong dynasty establishes peace and prosperity, is considered to have M. of H. o Over time, dynasty declines and becomes corrupt. Taxes are raised, power grows weaker o Disasters such as floods, famines, peasant revolts, invasions occur o Old dynasty is seen as having lost Mandate of Heaven; rebellion is justified o Dynasty is overthrown through rebellion and bloodshed; new dynasty emerges (see top) Confucianism: Founded by Confucius o Based off of 5 essential relationshipsif they were maintained and honored, then the world and government would be good and harmonious Ruler and subject Father and son

 Husband and wife Older brother and younger brother Friend and friend o Filial piety=respect for parents and elders o Education was highly valued o Confucius laid out the groundwork for bureaucracy. His teachings are recorded in the Analects. Daoism (Laozi): Founded (allegedly) by a sixth century man named Laozi. o The Way guides all things o Only humans fail to follow the Way o Communion w/ nature=goodif everyone did it, there would be less political chaos. o Arguments about good/bad, right/wrong, are pointless o Government should do as little as possible b/c nature=the supreme authority o People can do little/nothing to influence the outcome of events o Teachings recorded in the Dao de Jing Legalism: o Man=evil o Government should be very powerful and strict, use law to restore order o Rewards for good citizens, while bad citizens should be punished. Punishment=more important than rewards (MWAHAHAHA) o Control ideas as well as actions Sui Dynasty: Implemented legalismfor this reason, not very popular. (It was overthrown after only 2 emperors). Sui Wendi Sui Yangdi o Established peace o Built the Grand Canal, which connected Beijing to Hangzhou/Yellow R. to Yangtze R. o Rebuilt Great Wall People revolted, annoyed at strict govt control and being constantly forced to work on state projects. Tang Dynasty: Tang Taizong: o Expanded empire north and west o Rebuilt/expanded roads and canals o Promoted internal trade and foreign trade o Strong central govt o Brought back civil service exam from Han dynasty (see below) Wu Zhao (the baby killer): o Wed to Tang Taizong and to Tang Taizongs son (not her child). Managed to become empress by killing her baby and blaming it on the current empress. Eventually, she was the sole ruler of ChinaChinas first official female sovereign However, rule by a woman went against Confucian tradition (oooh) o Invaded Korea o Introduced Buddhism to China (mainly because it helped her politically) Buddhism: religion founded by Prince Siddhartha Gautama. He went out and sat under a tree for forty days to figure out the meaning of life. After those forty days were up, he got up and shouted Eureka! (not really). Here are his Four Noble Truths: o Life is full of suffering and sorrow. o Life is full of suffering and sorrow because people are full of material desires and greed. o To stop suffering, it is necessary to stop being greedy. o The eightfold path is the way to the cessation of suffering. *No, you do not have to know the eightfold path.* Civil Service examination: this was an examination to ensure that only the best and the brightest became a part of the government. In theory, anyone could take it and become a scholar official/member of the gentry class. (In

practice, however, only the wealthy could afford the education necessary to pass.) Participants were given little shack-cell-type rooms where they stayed for three days, the duration of the exam. They were tested on their knowledge of political practices and important Confucian ideals and texts. Role of women: Not so good. The status of women was especially low during the Tang and Song dynasties. o Womens low social status was manifested in the practice of foot binding, wherein the feet of young girls were bent back under to form a lotus shape. These women were crippled for life, but the ideals of the culture of the time made them amenable to such a brutal practice. o Confucian beliefs contributed in part to the low social rank of women. Confucius believed that women were subject to the will of their husbands in a husband to wife relationship, and since all women were expected to marry, women in general were inferior. o Small happiness: One Chinese saying says that when a boy is born, it is a big happiness, but when a girl I born, it is a small happiness. Girls, it was thought, were incapable of performing the same vital tasks as boys. Their role in society was such that they could not inherit property. This, in the eyes of many, made them less valuable. (Except without women there would be no life, you sillies. How do you expect to populate a planet with a nation of men?) o Open the door: another Chinese saying. Although women were thought to be inferior in almost every other respect, it was acknowledged that they were somewhat better at bearing children than their male counterparts. Open the door, was something said to husbands when they were newly married, telling them to have lots of children with their wife, opening the door to prosperity. Fall of the Tang dynasty: The Tang rulers had hired a northern tribe, the Uighurs, to be their mercenaries. Instead, the Uighurs turned on the Tang rulers and overthrew the government. Song Dynasty: Cultural and educational achievement: More trade and commercialization began to take place. New rice came into China from Vietnam and agriculture exploded. Many revolutionary inventions and traditions traditionally recognized as Chinese today emerged during this period. Among other things, the Chinese invented: o Paper money o The mechanical clock o The compass o Moveable type o Gunpowder o Bombs o Porcelain o Advances in sailing Landscape painting: flourished. Scholar officials typically became paintersnot professionals, but they used it as a form of deep expression. Chinese paintings=different from Western paintingsdo not depict depth (close objects @ bottom, farther ones @ the top). Do not fill entire page. Fewer colors usedDaoist influence. Lots of nature paintings. Inspired people would write poetry on the paintings. Poetry: highly valued, widely used. Sent in place of letters and could be found on the civil service examination. Famous Chinese poets: 1. Li Bo: carefree, breezy, sometimes homesick. He loved pleasure and was inspired to write about it in his poems. His lifestyle was also careless and luxurious. 2. Du Fu: Solemn and serious, never got past the disappointment of failing the civil service examination. His poetry was darkerreflected more suffering and evil. Buddhism: grew in popularity @ this time Uighurs: Song had problems with them from the start, lost control of lands such as Tibet. Jurchen: a northern tribe who forced the Song to pay tribute. The Song decided it would be wiser to move their capital from Changan in the north further south to Hangzhou. Fall of the Song Dynasty: Mongol invasion Mongols: northern tribe from the steppe. The Song attempted to form an alliance with them, but instead the Mongols invaded (of course). Genghis Khan (also known as Temujin): unified the Mongols under his leadership. Accepted the title Genghis Khan or universal ruler from the Mongols. Came to control much of central Asia through his brilliant fighting tactics, which included superb organization, good strategy, and the use of fear as a weapon.

Khanates: after Genghis death, his sons and grandsons continued the conquest. They divided their conquered lands into four regions (khanates). These were: 1. Khanate of the Great Khan (Mongolia and China) 2. Khanate of Chagatai (Central Asia) 3. Ilkhanate (Persia) 4. Khanate of the Golden Horde (Russia) Kublai Khan: a descendant of Genghis who ruled over China. Rather than imposing Mongolian traditions upon the Chinese, he kept many of their traditions and ideas. He liked the way the government worked, especially Mandate of Heavenfor when he had arrived, the Chinese hadnt put up a fight, convinced that if he had made it that far, then he was destined to conquer China. Yuan Dynasty: the name for the Mongol dynasty in China. Khanbaliq was the capital (now Beijing). Marco Polo: visited China when Kublai Khan was emperor, brought news of Chinese culture and tradition back to the West. There is some doubt as to whether he actually made it to China, however. Ming Dynasty: Yuanzhang (later known as Ming Hongwu) led a peasant revolt against the Mongols, founded the Ming dynasty Yongle, a Ming emperor, initiated the Treasure Ship Voyages. These voyages were initiated for exploration purposes and so that the emperor could legitimize his rule (he had seized the throne by force). Medical knowledge was also a motivation, as China had recently seen several horrible epidemics. The Chinese also wished to exact tribute from other nations. They believed that no country should have trouble paying tribute to China, who was obviously infinitely superior. Trade was another incentive. Admiral Zhenghe was a friend and servant of Yongle. He led the treasure ship voyages. Reasons voyages ended: o Expensive o Confucian scholars opposedviolated ruler-subject relationship, filial piety to be so far from home o Once tribute had been established, why continue to travel? o Warships unnecessary b/c the Grand Canal protected shipments from pirates.

Japan
Role of Geography in Japan: Japan is a chain of 3,000+ islands cut off from mainland Asia by more than 120 miles of ocean. Temperate climate Many volcanic mountainsonly 20% of the total land area can be farmed. **Because of geographical isolation (island nation), the Japanese developed a number of unique qualities, all of which contributed to their belief that they had a separate destiny from the peoples on the continent. Japans beautiful setting=nature worship (Shintoism and kami) YAMATO PERIOD: people of Japan are divided, all live on different islands. Prince Shotoku Taishi begins to unify people for fear of Chinese attack o Holds off invaders o Sends people (missionaries) to China to study the Chinese way of life Political system Civil service exam Emperor=favored by heaven ***political inspirations led to the creation of a 17 article constitution for Japan*** Buddhism Writing system NARA PERIOD: begins with the death of Prince Shotoku Taishi. Fujiwara clan grew in power, while the emperor lost power. The city of Nara was the capital. HEIAN PERIOD: Emperor moves capital to Heian in an attempt to gain power (doesnt really work). Court etiquette=fussy and hopelessly complicatedrules for dress, colors, etc. The nobles had way too much money and were wrapped up on their own little worlds where nothing is of any concern unless it affects them. Writing, poetry, music, fashion, painting=most important. Role of women and the importance of literature: women are not allowed to write in Chinese, so they develop the Japanese written language. They are responsible for most of the great literature of this period. The first

novel in the world was written by a Heian Japanese woman of the imperial court, Lady Murasaki, who wrote The Tale of Genji. Another influential author of this period was Lady Shonagon, whose own memoir/diary The Pillow Book was published (without her consent) The Fujiwara clan was more powerful than the central government. The countryside was very dangerous highwaymen and bandits. Pirates ruled the seas. Large landowners began to recruit private armies. Smaller landowners traded in parts of their land in exchange for protection by warlords. As a result, feudalism. Samurai/Bushido: A samurai was a guard/warrior whose primary duty was to protect his lord. Samurai means one who serves. Bushido was the unwritten code of conduct by which samurai were expected to abide. It meant the way of the warrior. Seppuku: ritual suicide. Samurai would commit this act for several reasons, the chief being personal dishonor or dishonor to ones lord because of ones conduct. Samurai would thrust their swords through their stomachs. If they were lucky, someone else would be nearby to cut off their heads so that they died quickly (nice stuff, right?) Lords would sometimes order samurai to commit seppuku. Some houses even had special seppuku pavilions or courts in the event of capture. Comparison between samurai and knights: Samurai Knights Code of conduct Bushido Chivalry Loyalty Solely to ones lord Ones God, ones lord, and ones lady Weapons Sword, funky little armor thingies Sword, lance, gauntlet Horses? Yes Yes Find more info Daimyo: name for warlords w/ armies of samurai (served the same role as the lords of medieval Europe) KAMAKURA SHOGUNATE: Shogun=general in command of the emperors armies. The emperor ruled in name only; it was the shogun who held the real power Minamoto Yoritomo: powerful noble who defeated rivals, set up his power base on the Kamakura peninsula (south of modern Tokyo). Tried to strengthen the state by creating a more centralized govt under a powerful military leader. Mongol invasion: those stupid Mongols againafter conquering China and most of the rest of the world (I think) the Mongols set their greedy little eyes on Japan. However, their entire fleet was destroyed by a typhoon on the way. Coincidence? We think NOT! said the grateful Japanese. They were convinced that the typhoon had been from heaven, so they called it kamikaze, or divine wind. SENGOKU: A chaotic and dark period occurring after the death of Minamoto Yoritomo (hey, Japan, dont feel badevery country has one). The Ashikaga clan became powerful during this time. Onin Wara 10 year civil war/struggle for power which occurred during Sengoku Firearmscame into play at this time. Introduced by Westerners (Portuguese sailorssee below) Shipwrecked Portuguese: washed up on the shore of Japan, began a relationship with the Japanese which would continue until Japan closed its borders. Spread of Christianity: In addition to being merchants and traders, the Portuguese were missionaries. They saw it as their duty to spread their religion, Catholicism, to the primarily Shinto and Buddhist Japanese. Jesuit missionaries such as Francis Xavier (who was the first missionary) gained many converts. In fact, Francis Xavier was able to convert some 300,000 Japanese in 50 years. However, Christianity was later seen as a problem which was causing disobedience and disloyalty, so Christians were persecuted (see Closed Country policy) THREE UNIFIERS: Oda Nobunaga o Defeated rival daimyo o Captured the imperial capital of Kyoto, tried to consolidate rule o Introduced the use of firearms in battle o Committed seppuku/was killed by a general Toyotomi Hideyoshi

A former farmers son, he became a military commanderconquered most of Japan, destroyed remaining hostile daimyo o Invaded Korea (troops withdrew after his death) o Forbade peasants from possessing weaponswanted to define classes Tokugawa Ieyasu o Completed the unification of Japan o Defeated rivals @ the Battle of Sekigahara o Founded the Tokugawa shogunate in Edo o Sankin Kotai, or Alternate Attendance System: required that daimyo leave families behind in Edo and spend every other year in the capital (this left them no time to plot) march of the daimyo to Edo TOKUGAWA SHOGUNATE: Edo: now Tokyo, the capital during the Tokugawa shogunate Changing role of the samurai: they werent required to fight as much, but they were still restricted to their class. They couldnt be merchants and earn money that way. Many were ronin, or masterless samurai. As a result of all these factors, the samurai became bored and spent a lot of money. Confucian societal roles: Confucianism, originally a Chinese philosophy, provided order in Japanese society. The samurai were at the top of the period, but they were bound by a Confucian value of a ruler-subject relationship. Their code, Bushido, held them accountable for their actions. Merchants were seen as violating many of the relationships, because they made money off of the labors of others, but gave nothing back. Farmers were seen as honorable, though they were poor, because they gave their time and strength to feed the people. This honored their ruler-subject relationship and their other relationships, as well. Closed country policy and the Dutch: the shogun, Toyotomi Hideyoshi, began to persecute Christians (they were seen as holding too much power, and the Japanese aristocrats thought that Christian ideals might lead to disloyalty). Christian missionaries and those associated with them were kicked out of the country or executed. The Japanese, having had enough of this and other such new ideas, sought to completely isolate themselves from the rest of the world. Shipbuilding was made illegal, as was travel outside of Japan. The Dutch, because they did not seek to convert the Japanese, were grudgingly allowed inbut only at very specific times, and only under strict conditions.

Renaissance and Reformation

Renaissance: A term meaning rebirth (en franais, of course). Refers to the time period which ended the Middle Ages and ushered in a new era of art, literature, and education. Also known as the Age of Recoverypopulations and nations were recovering from the Black Death, political disorder, economic recession Began in Italythe Italians between 1350 and 1550 believed they had witnessed a rebirth of classical antiquity. o Italy was a largely urban society made up of powerful city-states Themes of Renaissance: Educationmore schools being built, higher value placed on learning Human achievementmany Renaissance works glorify the works and the form of man Secular focusSecular means worldly. Religion=still important, but not necessarily the main focus of peoples lives. People allowed themselves to branch out, have different, non-religious experiences. Renaissance art reflects this spirit Renaissance politics (Italy): during the Middle Ages, Italy failed to develop a centralized monarchical state. As a result, city states develop. The three strongest were: MILAN: Ruled by the Dukes of Milan (the Visconti family) until a rebellious commandiere, Francesco Sforza, overthrew that govt and took over the city-state FLORENCE: In theory, a republic; in reality, ruled by the illustrious Medici familythey, not democracy, were the ones who chose public officials, etc. VENICE: Oligarchy (ruled by a small number of nobles/people of rank)

Humanism: an intellectual movement that focused on human potential and achievement. This philosophy came about because people were studying classical texts. Humanists influenced artists, architects to carry on classical traditions, popularized the study of the humanities (history, literature, philosophy). Renaissance writers: Giovanni Boccaccio o Decameron o First writer in Italian prosenarrative style served as a model Niccolo Machiavelli o The Prince= handbook for rulers o Political philosopher Goal of the ruler is to maintain states power End justifies the means Baldassare Castiglione o The Book of the Courtier=guide book to Renaissance manners o Renaissance man=witty, courteous, brave, fit, educated Miguel Cervantes o Don Quixote mocked medieval ideas of chivalry o Spains leading writer William Shakespeare o Hamlet (as well as many other tragedies, comedies) o Englands leading writer Desiderius Erasmus o The Praise of the Folly mocked stupidity and corruption among Christians, in the Church o Dutch priest Sir Thomas More o Utopia (meaning no place or perfect world) criticized injustices Renaissance art: contrasting w/ its medieval counterpart, Renaissance paintings: Made use of more colors Used linear perspective to show depth, 3D Had secular as well as religious elementsextreme detail on secular items such as dress, hair, jewelry Showcased Greek and Roman architecture and ideals Showed more emotion and movement Used light and shadow Had naked people (going back to classical styles) Used naturalism Frescoes=painting on wet plaster. Patrons: wealthy people who supported the arts, commissioned works from artists they liked Sfumato: using different shades of colors to show depth. Also used blurriness and unclear, undefined lines Chiaroscuro: use of light and shadow in paintings Renaissance Artists: Da Vinci: o Mona Lisa: sfumato, individualism (celebration of this womans life) o The Last Supper: combines human drama with divine mysteryvery religious, yet embodying a lot of human emotion Raphael: o School of Athens: Emphasis on education, emphasis on Greece and Rome, celebration of education and human ability o Transfiguration: contrast between the bottom half (motion, human emotion) and the top half (calm, serene, religious) Michelangelo: o The Creation of Adam (on the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel): celebration of the human form, makes use of shading

o David (sculpture): human body, celebration of human achievement o The Pieta (sculpture): emotionsee Marys face, attention and detail to Marys dress, movement Northern Renaissance: by 1450, Europes population had mostly recovered from the Black Death, Hundred Years War. Rulers and urban merchants had enough$ to support artists. At the end of the 15th century, France invaded ItalyItalian artists fled to N. Europe for safety, brought their ideas and techniques with them. Artists who had studied in Italy also helped with the diffusion of ideas. Renaissance ideals merged with northern traditions. Johann Gutenberg and the printing press: in 1450, Johann Gutenberg invented the printing press. This was highly significant because it led to a much quicker distribution of ideas throughout Europe. Reformation: A period influenced by Renaissance ideals, during which criticism and complaints about the Catholic Church led to several new Christian sects and a number of long, bloody religious wars. Why criticism of the Church developed: Leaders were corruptPopes during the Renaissance patronized arts, spent on personal luxuries, fathered children, fought wars o There was a period during which a number of popes perpetrated such practices. They were dubbed Renaissance Popes. o One infamous Renaissance Pope=Julius II, The Warrior Pope. He kept his own army and fought a number of religious wars. Focus on worldly affairs drew Popes and church officials away from spiritual duties In lower clergy, poorly educated priests and monks could barely read, let alone teach. Some broke priestly vows (married, gambled, drank) Some priests turned to pluralism (taking a job in more than one parish in order to secure more money), which led to absenteeism (being absent from ones parish) Sale of indulgences, relics: In order to secure more money to build luxurious churches, the Church condoned the sale of indulgences (pardons for sins) and relics (pieces of saints) Christian Humanists: combined humanism with Christian beliefs. Goal: reform of the church. Christian humanists believed that this goal could only be obtained through personal improvement among church membersif people read classics and basic Christian texts, then they would be more pious. Inner piety as a means of reform Philosophy of Christ: a Christian humanist belief taught by famous Christian humanist Desiderius Erasmus (who wrote The Praise of the Folly). Christianity ought to show people how to live good lives on a daily basis. Inward feelings of religion=more important than external. Christian humanists stressed the importance of education. As a result, many schools were opened. Martin Luther: A priest and monk in Germany. In his theological studies, he noticed that the teachings of the Bible didnt always coincide with the teachings of the Catholic Church where they ought. Troubled by this, he composed a list of 95 Theses attacking the sale of indulgences. He posted these on the door of a church in Wittenberg. His controversial ideas had almost immediate effects. Differences between Lutheranism and Catholicism: Catholic ism Lutheranism Path to Salvation Faith and good works Faith alone Source of Truth Pope and clergy; Bible Bible Sacraments Seven Two (Baptism and communion) Design and Architecture of Churches Gothic cathedrals: large, dramatic, art Simple, basic Marriage of Priests No (decreed by the Pope in the 1000s) Yes (M.L. married Katerina, a former nun) Church Services Masses in Latin; focus on ritual Worship consisted of Bible readings, preaching the word of God, song. Common languages were used. Spread of Luthers Ideas: M.L.s ideas spread FAST, thanks to the printing press. They were very divisive. Many people took sides. Germany:

German princes convert: some actually believed in Lutheranism, but many took it as an excuse to assert their independence from Charles V, seize Church property, not pay taxes to the Church Peace of Augsburg: Charles V and princes supporting Mr. Pope banded together, fought Protestant princes. Catholics won, but by then Charlie was so fed up that he agreed to sign the Peace of Augsburg, which allowed each prince to choose the state religion. (It didnt really last, thoughsee Thirty Years War.) Important b/c it legitimized Lutheranismrecognized it as a genuine alternative to Catholicism. Peasant RevoltPeasants applied Lutheran ideals to society, revolted. M.L. did NOT support. Wrote a pamphlet urging German princes to show no mercy. Princes killed a lot of peasants. Peasants rejected M.L.s leadership. England: Henry VIII was an avid supporter of the Catholic Church, at least until they got in his way. Henry VIII wanted a son. Since he didnt seem to be having any luck with his current wife, Catherine of Aragon (she had only given him one daughter, Mary), he asked the Pope for an annulment. Pope would normally have agreed, but b/c Catherine was related to Charles V (an avid supporter of the Pope who was at that time crushing Protestantism within his lands), the Pope said no. Henry, seriously annoyed, called Parliament together. Parliament annulled his marriage to Catherine of Aragon, allowed him to marry Anne Boleyn. They also passed the Act of Supremacy, which made him the head of the Church of England. Englands split with the Catholic Church was not popular with all of Henrys subjects, least of all his daughter, Mary. After her Protestant half-brother Edward died in 1553 at the age of 15, she ascended the throne and made everyone become Catholic. She persecuted known Protestants and had hundreds executed. (For this reason, she is known as Bloody Mary.) Elizabeth I of England ascended the throne in 1558 at the age of 25. She realized that neither drastic reform nor a return to strict Catholic values would ensure peace in her country; to the contrary, it would be very divisive and leave her with many enemies. She herself was Protestant, and so was her country, but she attempted to compromise a little bit for the sake of her Catholic subjects. She, like her father, passed an Act of Supremacy which made her the head of the Church of England. Her rule met with opposition from strong Catholics and Protestantsmost notably, the Catholic Philip II of Spain. In 1588, he attempted to invade England with his Spanish armada (which was at the time the most powerful maritime force in the world). He failed, and England gained new status as a naval superpower. Switzerland: Ulrich Zwingli called for a return to personal faith. Wanted to have plain houses of worship with no ornamentations and relics, and he wished to do away with Catholic traditions such as pilgrimages and monasticism. He thought that believers should have control over the Church. Unlike Martin Luther, he did not take Jesus words This is my bodythis is my blood, literally John Calvin believed in the absolute power and sovereignty of God. He thought that human works made no difference, because men and women were sinful by nature. **Predestination: elect had been chosen by God to go to heaven, while the reprobate had been chosen to go to hell.** Ideal govt was controlled by religious leaders (theocracy). Calvin established very strict societies (Geneva)no bright colors, no dancing, etc. Scotland: John Knox went to Geneva and was inspired by Calvin. Calvinism, later known as Presbyterianism, became Scotlands official religion. Knox deposed Mary, Queen of Scots. He put her infant son on the throne and tried to mold him into a Protestant. Anabaptists: Christian Church is a voluntary community of people who have undergone rebirth. As such, all believers are equalany male member could be a minister Pacifists Adult baptism Separation of Church and state State shouldnt have political authority over true Christians; refused to hold office Catholic Reformation: Council of Trent: Church officials met off and on for 14 years to decide what the Catholic Church needed to do to reform. In the end, they only thing they really changed was the sale of indulgences, which was banned. (The Churchs interpretation of the Bible was still final, faith and good works were still both required for salvation, and the Bible and the Church were still equal authorities of truth.)

Ignatius Loyola and the Jesuits: ran into the same difficulties as Martin Luther, but he solved his problems differently; instead of breaking from the Church and its traditions, he adhered to them more than ever: What seems to me white I believe black if the Church so defines. The sect he founded was called the Jesuits. They believed in complete submission and obedience to the Church and the Pope. They focused on founding schools throughout Europe, converting non-Christians to Catholicism, and stopping the spread of Protestantism. They also went to Japan (see Japan unit and shipwrecked Portuguese).

Age of Exploration and the Americas

Aztecs: Political structure: King at the topabsolute power, descendant of a god. Assisted by a small council of lords. Underneath the king, nobles, then commoners. Merchants were high-class commoners, other groups included artisans, soldiers, and farmers. At the very bottom were the slaves, who were captured prisoners. The Aztec state was authoritarian, but outside states had considerable independence. Capital city: Tenochtitlan Religion and reason for human sacrifice: Polytheistic, with over 1000 gods o Main deities: Quetzalcoatlcreation, virtue, learning. Supposedly exiled; Tlalocrain; Huitzilopochtli war, sun). o 5th sunAztecs believed that their world was the fifth such world, and that the other worlds had perished because they had failed to fulfill their duties of human sacrifice (esp. the fire ceremony) Cortes and the conquest of Aztecs: Cortes marched into Tenochtitlan with 500 soldiers and 16 horses. As he went, made alliances with disgruntled people chafing under Aztec rule. Warm welcome from Montezuma, who thought they were the heralds of the god Quetzalcoatls return (he was depicted as having pale skin and a beard). Cortes held Montezuma hostage and pillaged the city. In 1520, locals revolted and drove Spanish away. Cortez received fresh soldiers, took down Aztecs. Malinche was an Aztec woman who helped translate. Incas: Political structure: Govt had many unifying policies, complete control over economic and social life. Very centralized govt, divided into 4 quarters, then provinces, etc. Kings=descendants of sun god. Ayllu system ayllu=family unit that accomplished tasks. Divided using the decimal system. Capital city: Cuzco Military achievements: conquest was accomplished through diplomacy; force only used when necessary. Practices to ensure loyaltylocal rulers could keep positions, children of local rulers were taken hostage. Under the leadership of Pachacuti, huge campaign of conquest. Incan state built on warall young men were required to serve in the 200,000 man army. 24,800 miles of roads Quechuanational language w/in the Incan state Quipu: knotted strings used to keep records (Incans had no written language) Pizarro and Incan Conquest: Dec. 1530, Francisco Pizarro landed w/ 180 men and firearms. Immediately, Incans began to die off of smallpox. When the emperor died, his two sons claimed the thronecivil war. Atahualpa won; Pizarro captured and eventually killed Atahualpa. Spain in the Americas: Christopher Columbus (Italian sailing for Spain): discovered islands in the Caribbean, believing it was the West Indies. Thought he had found a new trade route to India. Amerigo Vespucci (Italian sailing for Portugal): explored the eastern coast of S. America, realized that the land Columbus had discovered was in fact a new world. Claimed land for Europe. Ferdinand Magellan (Spanish, sailing for Portugal): sailed around S. America, into Pacific Ocean. Explored Guam and Philippines. Crew sailed around the world; Magellan himself was killed. Ponce de Leon: discovered Florida, claimed Puerto Rico Coronado: explored Arizona, New Mexico, Texas, Oklahoma, Kansas. Conquistador: Spanish term for a conqueror

Smallpox: one of the many lovely diseases imported from Europe to the Americas, killing off countless natives Mestizo: a person of native and European descent (Spanish) Encomienda: the system in which natives were forced to labor underneath Spanish landlords. Had certain rights, in theory, but were treated brutally in practice. Portugal: a country next to Spain. Led the way in exploring Henry the Navigator: a prince of Portugal. Established a maritime school which combined knowledge from Arabia, East Africa, etc. Founded several trading posts (?) on the West African coast Bartholomew Dias: First man to sail around the Cape of Good Hope. Wanted to explore the African coast, spread Christianity, make trading partners for Portugal. Vasco de Gama: made it around the Cape of Good Hope to India and to the East Asian Islands. Wanted to spread Christianity and make trading partners. Came home with a LOT of treasure (6x the cost of the voyage!!) Italy suffersthey have now lost their monopoly on trade Cabral: claimed Brazil for his homeland of Portugal *line of Demarcation was moved b/c of this Brazil: highly lucrative for Portugal b/c of sugar. Needed a lot of forced labor (slaves) to keep it going Spain: strongest navy until 1588 (defeated by English under Elizabeth I) Treaty of Tordesillas: moved the line of Demarcation to satisfy Portugal , who had already discovered Brazil. Spain got the west; Portugal got the east. *How to remember?*

European Nations Settle North America: France: a country in Europe where they speak French and eat snails. They also settled almost the entire eastern half of North America before the English came and snatched it all up. Jaques Cartier: Gulf of Canada, St. Lawrence River, Mont Real (Montreal) New France (Quebec): Samuel de Champlain came along one day, decided to sail up the St. Lawrence River with 32 colonists. He founded the settlement of Quebec. Sieur La Salle: explored the lower Mississippi, claimed the entire river valley for France (Louisiana). England: decided to found its own set of colonies, hoping to create lucrative enterprises similar to those of Spain, Portugal, France. Jamestown: funded by London investors and chartered by the King of England. Mostly single males. @ first, disastrous resultsnearly 7 in 10 died of disease. Later on, things got better and Jamestown became Englands first permanent N. American settlement. Plymouth: Pilgrims founded seeking religious freedom Massachusetts Bay Colony: founded 10 yrs later by Puritans for a similar reason. Took holdlots of families Dutch: also wanted a cut of the profits from N. America. Henry Hudson (English sailing for Dutch): was trying to find a trade route. Instead, found 3 waterways that are now named for him: River, Strait, Bay. Dutch claimed this region. Established fur trade w/ Iroquois Indians. Trading posts along Hudson R. and @ Manhattan. **the French and the Dutch had better relations with the Indiansless settling, more trading** English kicked out the Dutch. Duke of York received permission from his brother the king to attack Dutch settlements and CONQUER!!! (mwahahaha) however, the Dutch didnt fire a shot and no bloodshed was required. Renamed the Dutch settlement New York French and Indian War: England and France fought over the Ohio River valley. Indians sided w/ the French. (This was part of a larger continental conflict, the 7 Years War. ) England won, forced the French to sign the Treaty of ParisFrance loses colonies in N. America and India King Phillips War: Metacom got mad at the English settlers and attacked them. English got mad at Metacom and attacked him back. Lots of pointless bloodshed and massacres (right in my backyard, too!) Slavery:

Africa/Muslim slave trade: Africans thought it was perfectly cool to trade non-Muslims as slaves. However, they did treat their slaves much more nicely (even letting them achieve positions of power) and it wasnt hereditary. Eventually, though, money became a big enough incentive to trade Muslims as well. People began to sell off their neighbors to the Portuguese.

Spain, Portugal, and Englands role: Spain wanted slaves to work in Mexico and Central America, Portugal needed even more to harvest sugar in Brazil, and England eventually outstripped them all. Bought TONS of slaves to work on cotton plantations in Virginia, Maryland, etc. Trans-Atlantic Slavery/Triangular Trade: trade route that went from Africa to the Americas, where it dropped off slaves and picked up raw materials. Then, went to Europe to process those goods into products. Back to Africa to trade those goods for slaves, etc. Middle Passage: the horrific middle leg of the journey (Africa to the Americas) where hundreds of slaves were thrust into the belly of a ship and chained together. Sometimes 20% diedsick or thrown overboard. Disease spread quickly, rape and abuse was common.

Columbian Exchange: Columbian Exchange: global transfer of food, plants, and animals during the colonization of the Americas o Americas to Europe: tomatoes, squash, pineapples, tobacco, cacao beans, turkey, corn, potatoes o Europe to Americas: horses, cattle, sheep, pigs, wheat, rice, barley, oats, disease (typhus, malaria, smallpox, influenza, whooping cough, diphtheria) Commercial revolution: dramatic change in Europes economy influenced by capitalism, mercantilism, etc. really only affected the merchants and the nations as wholesmost of the population remained poor and rural. Capitalism: economic system based on private ownership (vs. ownership by the govt) and the investment of resources (such as money) for profit Joint-stock company: a company in which people combined their wealth for a common purpose by buying stock. This way, if the investment failed, the stockholders would only lose a small share. Mercantilism: theory that a nations power depended on its wealth. o Two ways to obtain wealth: colonize other lands o Create a favorable balance of trade Favorable balance of trade: selling more goods than you buy

Absolutism
Philip II and his accomplishments: son of Charles V (Holy Roman Emperor). Inherited Spain, the Spanish Netherlands, and the American colonies. Seized Portugal after the king of Portugal died w/o an heir; in doing so, took charge of Portugals foreign coloniesempire spanned most of the globe Incredibly wealthy (HUGE amounts of gold and silver). However, this caused problems such as inflation when gold and silver lost their value. Large standing army of about 50,000 soldiers Devoutly Catholicfought several religious wars, including an attempt to invade England w/ his huge armada, which FAILED in 1588 (ha ha ha) The Dutch Revolt: The Dutch had little in common with their overlords. They had a middle class; Spain did not. They were mostly Protestant; Spain was mostly Catholic. Philip raised taxes in the Netherlands, attempted to crush Protestantism. Angry Protestant mobs looted Catholic churches, so Philip sent an army (under the Duke of Alva) to crush the revoltkilled 1,500 Protestants and rebels in one day. Fighting continued for another 11 years. In 1579, 7 northern provinces of the Netherlands (mostly Protestant) united, declared independence from Spain. They became a republic. Absolute monarch: monarchs who held all the power within the boundaries of their state. They believed that they ruled by divine right, and so they could do whatever they wanted (namely, controlling every aspect of their peoples lives like some crazy obsessive-compulsive control freak sovereign person) CAUSES (of absolutism): o Religious and territorial conflicts=fear and uncertainty

Growth of armies to deal w/ conflicts forced rulers to raise taxes Heavy taxes made peasants mad. Uprisings and revolts EFFECTS (of absolutism): o Rulers regulated religion, social gatherings to control idea flow o Rulers increased the size of their courts to make themselves look more powerful o Rulers created bureaucracies to control their countries economies

Divine right: the idea that God created the monarchy and that the monarchy was Gods representative on Earth Henry Navarre: Inherited the throne of France in 1589, becoming Henry IV (founder of the Bourbon dynasty) For the sake of his embattled people, H. gave up Protestantism and became a Catholic Passed the Edict of Nantes (see below) Restored the French monarchy and did good things for France. However, had many fanatical enemiesstabbed to death in 1610. Edict of Nantes: declared that Huguenots (French Protestants) could live in peace in France, set up houses of worship in some cities. Significantly different from the Peace of Augsburg because it allowed individuals to choose their religion (rather than rulers/governors/sovereigns, etc.) Was later revoked by Louis XIV. Cardinal Richelieu: was an advisor of Louis XIII (the 13th)in reality, he did most of the actual ruling. To increase the power of the French monarchy, he: Made it illegal for Protestant cities to have walls (he feared the Protestants) Decreased the power of the nobilitynobles had to take down fortified castles. He increased the power of government agents who came from the middle class Attempted to limit Hapsburg power by involving France in the Thirty Years War Louis XIV and his accomplishments: Louis was v. young when he ascended the thronetrue ruler was Cardinal Mazarin (Cardinal Richelieus successor). o Mazarin was unpopular b/c he raised taxes and strengthened the central government o The Frondeviolent anti-Mazarin riots tore the country apart. Nobles threatened Louis life. Louis never forgot his fear and anger @ the nobility, tried to become so strong that they could never intimidate or hurt him again. Nobles rebellion failed After Cardinal Mazarins death, Louis took control of the govt Weakened nobles by excluding them from his councilsinstead, increased power of govt agents (intendants) who communicated regularly with him Was an absolute monarch, as he acknowledged himself : Ltat, cest moi. Controlled and manipulated his court by making himself into a celebrity and a commodity. Sun King: Louis XIVs epithet. Characterizes his role as an absolute ruler; shows that he essentially was the center of France. He saw himself as the source of light and culture. His daily routine began with an official Leve and ended with a Couche Jean Baptiste Colbert: One of Louis financial ministers. Implemented mercantilism, tried to make France self-sufficient. Encouraged the growth of the fur trade in Canada, expanded manufacturing, protected industry by placing a high tariff on foreign goods Versailles: Louis palace and a manifestation of his great power and wealth. Very expensive, so ornate as to be intimidating. War of Spanish Succession: In 1700, the King of Spain left his throne to Louis grandson. As a result, the 2 greatest powers in Europe (who were often enemies) were now under Bourbon control. Other countries did not like this England, Austria, the Dutch Republic, and several other German and Italian states joined to prevent the union of the French and Spanis thrones. War broke out, dragged on until 1714, when the Treaty of Utrecht was signed. Under this Treaty: Louis grandson could be king of Spain as long as France and Spain were not united Great Britain came out on toptook Gibraltar, was given all of Frances North American territories Hapsburgs (Austria) took Spanish Netherlands, Spanish lands in Italy Prussia and Savoy were recognized as kingdoms.

Thirty Years War: In Germany, the Peace of Augsburg was short-lived. Sides formed, waiting for a fight. o Lutherans Joined the Protestant Union o Catholics formed the Catholic League In the Czech kingdom of Bohemia, Ferdinand II (head of the Hapsburg family) ruled. Protestants of Bohemia did not trust Ferdinand because he was a Catholic and a foreigner (scandalous!) Ferdinand closed Protestant churches. Protestants revolted. Ferdinand sent in an army. German Protestant princes joined in the fight against Ferdinand The 30 Years War can be split into Hapsburg (Catholic) triumphs and Hapsburg defeats. They were winning for the 1st half and lost in the 2nd half France, a Catholic nation, joined on the side of the Protestants because they feared that the Hapsburgs were becoming too powerful. Peace of Westphalia: o Weakened Hapsburg states o Strengthened France o Allowed German princes to remain independent o **ended religious wars in Europe, which had gone on from 1517 (posting of 95 theses) to 1648 o **introduced a new method of peace negotiationseveryone (winners and losers) sits down and discusses what to do Ivan the Terrible: came to power @ age 3. For the next 13 years, boyars sought to control him. Finally, Ivan seized power, crowned himself czar Married Anastasia, a Romanov. 1547-1560=Ivans good period In 1560, Anastasia died. Ivan accused boyars of poisoning his wife. Turned against nobles, organized his own police force to kill people he didnt like (boyars, their families, and their peasantsland was then given to a new class of nobles who had to remain loyal to the czar) Eventually, Ivan killed his eldest son and heir. @ Ivans death, only the incapable second son was left. When he died, several years of turmoil. Finally, the boyars came together to select a new czar. They chose Michael Romanov, beginning the Romanov dynasty. Boyars: Russian nobles Peter the Great and his accomplishments: Peter=absolute ruler. Sought to westernize Russia, which was several years behind Western Europe because of the Mongolian occupation (Russia was cut off from the Renaissance and the Age of Exploration). Only one, icechoked seaport. Religious difference with Europeans (who were Protestants and Catholics. Russia was Eastern Orthodox). Peter was fascinated with foreigners. Believed Russia should have a warm-water port. Went on a Grand Embassy shortly after ascending the throne, during which he visited much of Western Europe. REFORMS: o Brought the Russian Orthodox Church under state control o Reduced power of great landowners, elevated men of lower rank o Modernized armyhired European soldiers to drill his soldiers in European tactics o Imposed heavy taxes to pay for his 200,000 man army WESTERNIZING RUSSIA: o Introduced the potato, which became a staple o Started Russias 1st newspaper (he edited the 1st edition) o Allowed women to attend social gatherings, raising their status o Ordered nobles to adopt Western fashions (including shaving off their beards) o Opened schools for navigation, arts, and sciences. ESTABLISHING ST. PETERSBURG: o Peter wanted a seaport for easy access to the West. Fought w/ Sweden to secure a piece of the Baltic coast. After 21 years of war, Russia won. o To build the city: army forced thousands of serfs to work on the swampy site under horrible conditions

When St. Petersburg was finished, Peter ordered nobles, artisans, and others to leave Moscow and settle there.

***Star Dates***
Heian period: 794-1185 Anno Domine Posting of 95 Theses: October 31, 1517 A.D. Invention of Printing Press: 1450 A.D. Defeat of the Spanish Armada: 1588 A.D.