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Profit = (Yield X Price) Costs High Profits Obtain the highest possible yield With the lowest possible costs Market at the best possible price
Yield =Genotype X Environment X Management Genotype Yield potential, disease resistance, lodging, Environment Rainfall, sunlight, temperature, day length, etc. Management Cropping system, Fertility, planting, pest
How to increase yield: Basic plant physiology Good stand establishment and early growth Vegetative growth (leaves and stems) foundation for grain growth Cool temperature favors vegetative growth : plant accordingly Highest yields w/ high biomass w/ optimum proportion of grain (Harvest Index ~45%) Balancing source (leaves) and sink (florets) Reproductive phase (4 leaf to anthesis) most critical in determining yield (seeds/area) Minimize stress during this stage
Sustainability: Rainfed and irrigated agriculture has contributed significantly toward increasing production but concern has been raised for their sustaiability and efficient use of water and land resources Declining return Degrading natural resources Polluting environment
Changing environment
Uncertain weather Very high or low precipitation Very high or low temperature Prolonged or shortened winter
All these issues can be addressed simultaneously by practising CA The global area currently under CA is reaching 120 M ha, corresponding to about 8.5% of arable cropped land, spread across all continents and agro-ecologies (Kassam et al., 2012).
Conservation Agriculture Comprises three basic component (1) Retaining full or as close as possible full ground cover No soil compacting and disturbance Maintaining diverse crop rotations.
(2) (3)
Implications for crops in conservation agriculture New diseases ( more soil borne diseases) More challenging seed bed Weed competition Changes in nitrogen dynamics Tillage x cultivar interaction
Breeding for cropping system and conservation agriculture To exploit genotype x tillage interaction for developing varieties for resource conservation agriculture. To exploit genotype x system interactions (G x S) for developing varieties for specific cropping system To insulate the varieties for biotic and abiotic stresses encountered in different wheat based cropping system To develop wheat varieties suppressing weeds via changed plant morphology. Integration of MAS in achieving the various breeding objectives
Composition of the material used for Genotype x Tillage interaction 72 top yielding genotypes from maize-wheat zero till raised bed. 115 top yielding genotypes from conventionally tilled maize wheat 102 top yielding lines from Zero tilled Bajrawheat 55 top yielding lines from rice-wheat
Maize-wheat
Maize-wheat
CSW02
178 UP 2425/ UP 2626 3.8 CL 1449/ HUW 272 585 3.9 HD 2687/ PBW 328 498 3.9 HW 4023/DW 774 1326 4 803 HW4023/HD 2824 3.7 Best plot of 3 Check checks 3.4
Flat bed
22
Bajra-wheat sowing
2096 Check
3.7 3.4
62.0389 57.00872
8.823529 0
BW
Entry No.
Pedigree
HD 2329/WR544//PBW 343/NW 5041 4.3 HD 2878/MC10 CL1579/HD 2329 UP2425/CL1482 HD 2878/HD 29 IBYT(2006-07) Best plot 4 4 3.8 3.8 4 3.8
MW ZT MW ZT CT MW ZT MW ZT CT
3.3 3.2
CSW15 CSW16 CSW18 CSW1 DBW 17 PBW 343 HD 2967 PBW 550 Sarpat Rubi Munal
5753 5760 5938 5470 5513 5750 5780 4913 6163 6471
5410 6330 6170 5440 4215 5550 4250 3669 3740 3747 6451
6245 5864 6183 6027 5182 4934 6108 5164 5125 5508 5552
4075
5818 5925 6009 5719 5043 5411 5425 3907 4592 5256 5809
Hybrids adapted to CT
Name of Plot yield the entry in Kg CT 503 CT 234 CT 217 CT 606 CT 246 6 5.5 5.5 5.5 5.5 Yield ( q/ha) 42.8 39.2 39.2 39.2 39.2 Cob length 19 18 17 20 16 No of rows 13.3 12.7 12.3 13.3 13.0 Kernels per row 36.3 39.3 38.3 39.3 42.7
Exploring possibility of CSW 18 by early sowing HD 2329 vrn A1 Vrn B1 and VRN D1 CSW 18: vrnA1, VrnB1 and vrn D1
Rice-wheat field
No of replications
30
30
30
1910 -2600
772-1880
1160-2350
2156.66
1256.56
1862.66
Standard error
224.86
275.25
275.35
Conclusion: Selection under maize-wheat (PB) were also good for CT (FB) also but not vice-versa Selection under Bajra-wheat were also good for maize-wheat. Selection under RW were equally good for MW and CT(FB) Strong Genotype x System interaction in bad years. Is it consistent over the years Can we go varietal release: No harm
According to Sayre and Trethowann Crosses among lines with contrasting responses under zerotillage Always selected under zero-tillage alternating between rainfed and irrigated conditions Always selected under conventional tillage alternating between rainfed and irrigated conditions Advanced lines from both selection regimes evaluated under both zero and conventional tillage