Fully Compiled

A COMPREHENSIVE ASSESSMENT
OF THE ENVIRONMENTAL and THERMAL COMFORT
OF OKE-OLA NEIGHBOURHOOD
in
ILE-IFE, OSUN STATE.
Course:
ARC 308 (climate and architecture)

Compiled:
PART 3, GROUP3 MEMBERS OF THE DEPARTMENT OF ARCHITECTURE,OBAFEMI AWOLOWO UNIVERSITY, ILE-IFE.
Submitted:
ARC A.O. ODUNOLA

November 2011
LIST OF GROUP MEMBERS

NAME UDEZE ONYEMA D. ARANSI IDRIS ADERINKOLA SAHEED O. OSUMAH MARTINS ADENIJI MODUPEOLUWA K. AKEJU OLUWAYEMISI G. UKATTAH EMEKA OGUNTOKE PETER A. OLAGUNJU TOLULOPE F. REG. NO ARC/2008/053 ARC/2009/017 ARC/2009/007 ARC/2009/051 ARC/2009/005 ARC/2009/014 ARC/2009/059 ARC/2009/040 ARC/2008/039
DEDICATION
This project is dedicated to our heavenly father, who gave us unending help, from the start to the finish of this project
ii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Written words can never be enough to express our heartfelt gratitude. Our immeasurable gratitude goes to our lecturers, thank you sir for having been there for us patiently, all through our effort to make this project a reality. Our profound gratitude goes to our parents; we really appreciate all your support, of all kinds. Our special appreciation goes to our supervisor: Arc Odunola. Thank you sir for your commitment and hard work in all you do. Our endless appreciation goes to all others who made this project easier for us, especially the residents in Oke-Ola neighbourhood.
iii
TABLE OF CONTENT
PAGE PROJECT TITLE LIST OF GROUP MEMBERS DEDICATION iv ACKNOWLEDGEMENT TABLE OF CONTENT v i ii iii
vi
CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION
1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 BACKGROUND TO THE STUDY THE STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM JUSTIFICATION FOR THE STUDY AIMS AND OBJECTIVES SCOPE OF THE STUDY METHODOLOGY LIMITATION
1
2 2
3
3 4
CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 2.2 2.3 THERMAL COMFORT IMPORTANCE OF THERMAL COMFORT FACTORS DETERMINING THERMAL COMFORT 6 6
7
iv
2.4 2.5 2.6 2.7 2.8 2.9 2.10 2.11 2.12 2.13 2.14 2.15 2.16 2.17 2.18 2.19 2.20 2.21
ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS PERSONAL FACTORS OPERATIVE TEMPERATURE THERMAL SENSITIVITY OF INDIVIDUALS MODELS OF THERMAL COMFORT THERMAL COMFORT IN DIFFERENT REGIONS THERMAL COMFORT OF LIVESTOCKS RESEARCH THERMAL COMFORT EQUATIONS THERMOREGULATION VASOMOTOR SWEATING SHIVERING THERMAL ADJUSTMENT SYSTEMS CONCEPT OF HEAT TRANSFER PROCESSES OF HEAT TRANSFER THERMAL RESISTANCE THERMAL BALANCE
10
12 13 14 14 16 16 16 19
19
20 20 20 21 22 23
24
v
2.22 EQUATION OF HEAT BALANCE 2.23 2.24 2.25 2.26 THERMAL PROPERTIES OF BUILDING MATERIALS THERMAL COMFORT IN ARCHITECTURE PROBLEMS ARCHITECTS FACE DESIGNING AND BUILDING FOR THE WARM HUMID CLIMATE
25 25 28 28 32
CHAPTER 3: THERMAL COMFORT AND THE CONTEXT OF THE AREA

3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 3.6 LOCATION OF STUDY AREA THE STORY OF OKE-OLA DESCRIPTION OF ACCOMODATION OF THE STREET THE CLIMATE OF ILE-IFE AND ITS EFFECTS ON THERMAL COMFORT ANALYSIS OF CLIMATE OF ILE-IFE USING EFFECTIVE TEMPERATURE PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF THE BUILDINGS 33 35 35 36
38
40
CHAPTER 4 : ANALYSIS OF THE RESULT AND GENERAL DISCUSSION

4.1

CLIMATIC SITUATION IN THE MORNING IN THE AFTERNOON IN THE EVENING AT NIGHT
46 46 47 48
49
43
vi
4.2
IMPACT OF CLIMATIC ELMENTS ON WEATHER AND CLIMATE FEELINGS IN THE ROOM DURING RAINFALL ODOUR DURING RAINFALL INDOOR FEELINGS DURING SUNSHINE DISTURBANCE BY THE WIND DISTURBANCE BY THE FLOOD
50
50
51 52 53 54 55 55 56 57 58 59 59 60 61 62 63 63 64 65 66 67 67
IN THE MORNING WINDOW OPENING CURTAIN DRAWING PUTTING ON THE FAN FEELING INDOORS IN THE AFTERNOON WINDOW OPENING CURTAIN DRAWING PUTTING ON THE FAN FEELING INDOORS IN THE EVENING WINDOW OPENING CURTAIN DRAWING PUTTING ON THE FAN FEELING INDOORS AT NIGHT WINDOW OPENING
vii
CURTAIN DRAWING PUTTING ON THE FAN FEELING INDOORS
68 69 70
4.3
OUTDOOR ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS 70 LADSCAPE SATISFACTION REFUSE DISPOSAL SATISFACTION WITH THE REFUSE DISPOSAL SATISFACTION WITH IMMEDIATE OUTDOOR DRAINAGE QUALITY OF AIR LEVEL OF NOISE SOURCE OF NOISE 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 78 79 80 81 82 83
4.4
SERVICE AVAILABILITY OF ELECTRIC SUPPLY FREQUENCY OF ELECTRIC SUPPLY TYPE OF WATER SUPPLY FREQUENCY OF PIPE-BORNE WATER SUPPLY CONDITION OF ROAD NETWORK FORMS OF TELECOMMUNICATION DEVICES IN USE SATISFACTION LEVEL WITH THE TELECOMMUNIOCATION SERVICE FORMS OF SEWAGE DISPOSAL IN USE
84
85
4.5
ENERGY USE APPLIANCES AVAILABLE IN THE HOUSE
86 86
viii
4.6
ASSESSMENT
86
ON-THE-SPOT ASSESSMENT PHYSICAL ACTIVITY IN THE LAST ONE HOUR TIME OF LAST MEAL TYPE OF CLOTH WORN FEELING OF AIR MOVEMENT FEELING IN THE BOBY RATING OF COMFORT LEVEL ALTERNATIVE TO THE USE OF FAN FEELING OUTSIDE THE ROOM LEVEL OF SWEATING PREFERENCE TIME FOR THE LIVING ROOM ASSESSMENT OF THERMAL CONDITION WITH TIME TYPE OF CLOTH PUT ON THERMAL CONDITIONS o 6-9.00AM o 9-12.00NOON o 12-3.00PM o 3-6.00PM o 6-9.00PM
86
86 87 88 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95
95
96 96
97
98 99
100
CHAPTER 5
5.1 CONCLUSION
101
ix
5.2
RECOMMENDATION
102
REFERENCES QUESTIONNARE APPENDICES
103
106 113 88
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
1.1 BACKGROUND TO THE STUDY Thermal comfort is an important consideration in determining the functionality and utility value of a building. This makes architects relate very closely with climate in providing buildings that satisfy the physical and emotional needs of occupants of these buildings. Their aim is to provide maximum and total comfort which could mean a complete feeling of physical and mental well-being by the occupants of the building. Amongst other functional requirements of a building, thermal comfort is the primary requirement of the interior environment of non- air conditioned buildings or naturallyventilated buildings like residential buildings, educational buildings, and public buildings. Some other functional requirements are the support of the physiological state and social activities of each occupant; ability to resist natural forces that act against it like force of gravity, seismic loads, weather and so on. The present day energy crisis has made it more important to passively control thermal conditions within buildings. This involves the control of various factors playing decisive role in general atmospheric comfort. The building envelope separating the indoor space from the outdoor environment has an important role in this passive control because it modifies the direct effect of climate variables like humidity, outdoor temperature, wind, rain and
Page
solar radiation. The orientation of the building, the building form, the optical thermo-
physical properties of the building envelope, all also play important role in affecting the thermal conditions within the building. Parameters of building envelope also affect the external environment. For instance, in cities, where tall building density is in high rate, the abuse of high albedo faade material can cause reflection of heat. This can aggregate the effect of urban heat island and make it difficult to attain thermal comfort in the city area eventually. 1.2 THE STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM Research work has shown some violations of design principles in the design of buildings in regions of warm humid climate. These violations are deign-based and/or material-based. They include: Poor or no cross-ventilation, caused by provision of windows to only one side or inappropriate sides of habitable rooms, Inadequate or no analysis of climate data to determine various design modes including window size and location, use of shading devices, building orientation with respect to air movement, solar radiation and so on. The use of improper building envelope, not suitable for the climate zone. Improper zoning of residential districts in terms of bulk and height ratio. Inadequate spaces between buildings.
1.3 JUSTIFICATION FOR THE STUDY Majority of the buildings in the warm humid zones are free-running ones, its therefore important to know the thermal conditions within the buildings; determine the factors that
Page
influence these conditions, correct or control (if possible) these factors; hence the
2
conditions; make them known and available to the people in these areas and to the architects for better design and provision of better thermal conditions in the future. 1.4 AIMS AND OBJECTIVES This project is aimed at assessing the thermal comfort of residents of Oke-Ola, Ile-Ife. The objectives are: To assess the physical characteristics of interior spaces in the study area To assess thermal comfort in these interior spaces To identify factors affecting thermal comfort of the interior spaces To analyse the climatic condition of the study area in relation to thermal comfort To analyse and determine various thermal conditions experienced by the occupants of the study area 1.5 SCOPE OF STUDY The study is about thermal comfort of the interior spaces of living rooms at a free-running state of buildings. The buildings in Oke-Ola are physical, hence a building was used and the living room concentrated on. The buildings are constructed of 225mm sandcrete block walls, plastered on both sides and having asbestos ceiling boards and asbestos roofing sheet, louvered windows. 1.6 METHODOLOGY In this study of thermal comfort in Oke-Ola, the framework used is stated below:
Page
The climate data of Ile-Ife which shows air temperature (DBT), relative humidity, precipitation, and other relevant climatic elements was obtained from the meteorological station and past research works. This treated and analysed. Corresponding values of the wet bulb temperature (WBT) is obtained. The comfort equation, one of the thermal comfort equations formulated by Fanger in 1970, was used to show that there are some factors that affect thermal comfort (climatic and personal factors) Detailed description the buildings assessed was given. The description includes site orientation of the building, dimensions, physical characteristics, pictures of the building, and so on. A comparison is done between these parameters, like material, orientation etc.; and the accepted standards for good building practices, established from the recommendations obtained from the analysis and the use of Mahoney table. Mathematical models were also used to compensate for lack of equipment to take direct measurements. These models include Givonis, Borda-Daiz et als and Chands mathematical models and principles. Finally, a set of questionnaire, assessing general conditions, immediate/on-the-spot conditions, level of thermal comfort of the occupants at different times of the day, was administered to the residents of the estate. This was used to study and determine the comfort conditions of the occupants/residents of the estate. 1.7 LIMITATION
Page
Due to lack of equipment to carry out direct measurements, climatic data of Ile-Ife for the year 2009 was obtained from a meteorological station; hence, the study was based on monthly measurements as against daily measurements. Readers, at the end of this design work, should be able to, through the documented work, know the various factors that affect the thermal comfort and also the building practices that can influence thermal comfort in residential buildings in warm-humid regions.
Page
CHAPTER 2
LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 THERMAL COMFORT Human thermal comfort is defined by ASHRAE as the state of mind that expresses satisfaction with the surrounding environment (ASHRAE Standard 55). Maintaining thermal comfort for occupants of buildings or other enclosures is one of the important goals of HVAC design engineers. Thermal comfort is affected by heat conduction, convection, radiation and evaporative heat loss. Thermal comfort is maintained when the heat generated by human metabolism is allowed to dissipate, thus maintaining thermal equilibrium with the surroundings. Any heat gain or loss beyond this generates a sensation of discomfort. It has been long recognised that the sensation of feeling hot or cold is not just dependent on air temperature alone. 2.2 IMPORTANCE OF THERMAL COMFORT Thermal comfort is very important; it can affect the distraction levels of people, and in turn disturb their performance and productivity. Also, thermal discomfort has been known to lead to Sick Building Syndrome symptoms. The US EPA BASE study found that higher indoor temperatures, even within the recommended thermal comfort range, increased worker symptoms. The occurrence of symptoms increased much more with raised indoor
indoor and outdoor temperatures.

6
Page
temperatures in the winter than in the summer due to larger difference created between
2.3 FACTORS DETERMINING THERMAL COMFORT The most commonly used indicator of thermal comfort is air temperature its easy to use and most people can relate to it. But although its an important indicator to take into account, air temperature alone is neither a valid nor an accurate indicator of thermal comfort or thermal stress. Air temperature should always be considered in relation to other environmental and personal factors. The six factors affecting thermal comfort are both environmental and personal. These factors may be independent of each other, but together contribute to thermal comfort. Environmental factors: Air temperature Radiant temperature Air velocity or air movement Humidity
Personal factors: Clothing insulation Metabolic heat Acclimatization
Page
Air velocity Humidity

Air velocity
Radiant temperature
Air velocity
Humidity
Metabolic heat
Clothing insulation
2.4 ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS Air temperature This is the temperature of the air surrounding the body. Its usually given in degrees Celsius (0C) or degrees Fahrenheit (0F). Radiant temperature Thermal radiation is the heat that radiates from a warm object. Radiant heat may be present if there are heat sources in an environment. Radiant temperature has a greater influence than air temperature on how we lose or gain heat to the environment. Our body absorbs almost as much radiant as a matt black object,
Page
although this may be reduced by wearing reflective clothing.
Examples of radiant heat sources include: the sun, fire, electric fires, furnaces, steam rollers, ovens, walls in kiln, cookers, dryers, hot surfaces and machinery, molten metals etc. Air velocity or air movement This describes the speed of air moving across the worker and may help cool the worker if it is cooler than the environment. Air velocity is an important factor in thermal comfort, because people are sensitive to it. Still or stagnant air in indoor environments that are artificially heated may cause people to feel stuffy. It may also lead to a build-up in odour. Moving air in warm or humid conditions can increase heat loss through convection, without any change in air temperature. Small air movement in cool or cold environments may be perceived as draught. If the air temperature is less than skin temperature, it will significantly increase convective heat loss. Physical activity also increases air movement, so air velocity may be corrected to account for a persons level of physical activity. Humidity If water is heated and it evaporates to the surrounding environment, the resulting amount of water in the air will provide humidity. Relative humidity is the ratio between the actual amount of water vapour in the air and the maximum amount of water vapour that the air can hold at that temperature.
Page
Relative humidity between 40% and 70% does not have a major impact on thermal comfort. In some offices, humidity is usually kept between 40-70% because of computers. However, in work places which are not air-conditioned, or where the climatic conditions outdoors may influence the indoor thermal environment, relative humidity may be higher than 70% on warm or hot humid days. Humidity in indoor environments can vary greatly, and may be dependent on whether there are drying processes (paper mills, laundry etc.) where steam is given off. High humidity environments have a lot of vapour in the air, which prevents evaporation of sweat from the skin. In hot environments, humidity is important because less sweat evaporates when humidity is high (80%+). The evaporation of sweat is the main source of heat loss in humans. When vapour impermeable PPE is worn, the humidity inside the garment increases as the wearer sweats because the sweat cannot evaporate. If an employee is wearing this type of PPE (e.g. asbestos or chemical protection suits etc.) the humidity within the microclimate of the garment may be high. 2.5 PERSONAL FACTORS Clothing insulation Clothing, by its very nature, interferes with our ability to lose heat to the environment. Thermal comfort is very much dependent on the insulating effect of clothing on the wearer. Wearing too much cloth or too much protective equipment (PPE) may be a primary cause of heat stress even if the environment is not considered warm or hot. If clothing does not
10
Page
10
provide enough insulation, the wearer may be at risk from cold injuries as frost bite or hypothermia, in cold conditions. Clothing is both a potential cause of thermal discomfort as well as a control for it as we adapt to the climate in which we live and play. You may add layers of clothing if you feel cold, or remove layers of clothing if you feel warm. It is important to identify how the clothing may contribute to thermal comfort or discomfort. It may also be necessary to evaluate the level of protection that any PPE is providing can or other PPE be used? The amount of clothing is measured against a standard amount that is roughly equivalent to a typical business suit, shirt, and undergarments. Activity level is compared to being seated quietly, such as in a classroom. This standard amount of insulation required to keep a resting person warm in a windless room at 700F (21.10C) is equal to one Clo. Clo units can be converted to R-value in SI units (K/(W/m2) or RSI) by multiplying Clo by 0.155 (1 Clo = 0.155 RSI). (In imperial units, 1 Clo corresponds to an R-value of 0.88 0F ft2hr/Btu). Work rate/ metabolic heat The work or metabolic rate is essential for a thermal heat assessment. It describes the heat that we produce inside our bodies as we carry out physical activity. The more physical work we do, the more heat we produce; the more heat produced, the more heat needs to be lost, so we dont overheat. The impact of metabolic rate on thermal comfort is critical.
11
Page
11
When considering these factors, it is also essential to consider a persons own physical characteristics. A persons physical characteristics should always be borne in mind when considering their thermal comfort, as factors such as their size and weight, age, fitness level and sex can an impact on how they feel, even if other factors, such as air temperature, humidity and air velocity are all constant. 2.6 OPERATIVE TEMPERATURE The ideal standard for thermal comfort can be defined by the operative temperature. This is the average of the air dry-bulb temperature and of the mean radiant temperature at the given place in a room. In addition, there should be low air velocities and no drafts, little variation in the radiant temperatures from different directions in the room, and humidity within a comfortable range. The operative temperature intervals vary by the type of indoor location. They also vary by the time of the year. ASHRAE has listings for suggested temperature and air flow rates in different types of buildings and different environmental circumstances. For example, a single office in a building has an occupancy ratio per meter square of 0.1. In the summer, the suggested temperature is between 23.5 and 25.5 0C, and air flow velocity of 1.8m/s. in the winter, the recommended temperature is between 21.0 and 23.0 0C with an air flow velocity of 0.15m/s. 2.7 THERMAL SENSITIVITY OF INDIVIDUALS The thermal sensitivity of an individual is quantified by the descriptor F S which takes on higher values for individuals with lower tolerance to non-ideal thermal conditions. This
12
Page
12
group includes pregnant women, the disabled, as well as individuals whose age is below 14 or above 60 which is considered the adult range. Existing literature provides consistent evidence that sensitivity to hot and cold surface declines with age and that there is also a gradual reduction in the effectiveness of the body in the thermoregulation after the age of 60. This is mainly due to more sluggish response of the counteraction mechanisms in the body that are used to maintain the core temperature of the body at ideal values. Situational factors include the health, psychological, sociological and vocational activities of the persons. Restaurant employees often have the air-conditioner temperature to suit themselves, rather than the resting clients or incoming new customers from the temperature outside the building. Gender differences While thermal comfort preferences between genders seem to be small, there are some differences. Females are much more likely to be sensitive to thermal conditions. Females are also more likely to be uncomfortable with the room temperature, and will find the temperature too hot or too cold before many men would. Many times, females will prefer higher temperatures. But while females were more sensitive to temperatures, males tend to be more sensitive to relative humidity levels. 2.8 MODELS OF THERMAL COMFORT When discussing thermal comfort, there are two different models that can be used: these are the static model and the adaptive model.
13
Page
13
The adaptive model states that there is an optimal temperature for a given indoor environment, depending on the outdoor air temperature. It takes into account that humans can adapt and tolerate different temperatures during different times of the year. The optimal temperature for a given time is determined by looking at the mean outdoor temperatures of each month of the year. Also, field studies are performed in these areas to see what the majority of people would prefer as their set-point temperature indoors at different times of the year. On the other side, the static model states that the indoor temperature should not change as the seasons do; rather, there should be one set temperature year-round. This is taking a more passive stand that humans do not have to adapt to different temperatures since it will always be constant. 2.9 THERMAL COMFORT IN DIFFERENT REGIONS In different areas of the world, thermal comfort needs may vary based on climate. In China, there are hot humid summers and cold winters, causing a need for efficient thermal comfort. Energy conservation, in relation to thermal comfort has become a large issue in China in the last several decades due to rapid economic and population growth. Researchers are now looking into ways to heat and cool buildings in China for lower costs and also with less harm to the environment. In tropical areas of Brazil, urbanisation is causing a phenomenon called urban heat islands (UHI). These are urban areas which have risen over the thermal comfort limits due to a large influx of people and only drop within the comfortable range during the rainy season. UHIs
14
Page
14
are caused by surface and atmospheric modifications from the overcrowding of people in an already-hot climate. In the hot humid regions of Saudi Arabia, the issue of thermal comfort has been important in mosques where people go to pray. They are very large open buildings which are used only intermittently making it hard to ventilate them properly. The large size requires a large amount of ventilation but this requires a lot of energy, since the buildings are used only for short periods of time. Some mosques have the issue of being too cold from their HVAC systems running for too long and others remain too hot. The stack effects also come into play due to their large layer of hot air above the people in the mosque. New designs have placed the ventilation system lower in the buildings to provide more temperature control at ground level. Also new monitoring steps are being taken to improve the efficiency. 2.10 THERMAL COMFORT OF LIVESTOCK
Although thermal comfort of humans is the main focus of thermal comfort studies, the needs of livestock must be met, as well as for better living and production. The Department of Animal Production in Italy produced a study on ewes, which tested rumen functions and diet digestibility of ewes chronically-exposed to a hot environment. These two bodily functions were reduced by the hot temperatures offering insight that thermal comfort levels are important to livestock productivity. 2.11 RESEARCH
These factors were explored experimentally in 1970s. Many of these studies led to the
15
Page
University by Ole Fanger and others. Perceived comfort was found to be a complex
15
development and refinement of ASHRAE Standard 55 and were performed at Kansas State
interaction of these variables. It was found that the majority of individuals would be satisfied by an ideal set of values. As the range of values deviated progressively from the ideal, fewer and fewer people were satisfied. This observation could be expressed statistically as the % of individuals who expressed satisfaction by the comfort conditions and the predicted mean vote (PMV) This research is applied to create Building Energy Stimulation (BES) programs for residential buildings. Residential buildings can vary much more in thermal comfort than public and commercial buildings. This is due to their smaller size, the variations in clothing worn, and different uses of each room. The main rooms of concern are bathrooms and bedrooms. Bathrooms need to be at a temperature comfortable for a human with or without clothing. Bedrooms are of importance because they need to accommodate different levels of clothing and also different metabolic rates of people asleep or awake. Thermal comfort research in clothing is currently being done by the military. New airventilated garments are being researched to improve evaporative cooling in military settings. Some models are being created and tested based on the amount of cooling they provide. 2.12 THERMAL COMFORT EQUATIONS
Over the last 50 years, much research effort has been devoted to developing indices predicting thermal comfort. Three main indices are currently used.
16
Page
16
FANGERS COMFORT EQUATION Thermal comfort (according to Fangers basic assumption) is defined in terms of the physical state of the body, rather than that of the environment i.e. what we actually sense is skin temperature and not air temperature. For thermal comfort need: Thermal balance Rate of heat loss = Rate of heat production Mean skin temperature - should be at appropriate level of comfort. Sweating comfort is a function of a preferred sweating rate, which is also a function of activity and metabolic rate. The Fangers comfort equation contains terms which relate to: Functions of clothing: 1clo = clothing insulation in clothes Fcr = ratio of clothed/nude surface area Functions of activity: H = metabolic heat production (w/m2) M = metabolic free energy production [external work] (w/m2) Environmental variables: Ta = Air temperature (0C) Tr = Mean radiant temperature (0C) V = Relative air speed (m/s)
17
Page
17
Pa = Vapour pressure of water vapour (mb) H 0.31 (57.4-0.07H- Pa)- 0.42 (H - 58) 0.0017M (58.7 - Pa) 0.0014M (34 - Ta) = 3.9 x 10 8 Fcl [(TCL + 273) 4 (Tr + 273) 4 FclHc (Tcl Ta)] Where the clothing surface temperature, Tcl, is given by Tcl = 35.7 0.0275H 0.1551clo [H 0.31 (57.4 0.074 Pa) 0.42(H 58) 0.0017M (58.7 Pa) 0.0014M (34 Ta)] The problem with Fangers equation is that when people are not satisfied, this is not a measure of how uncomfortable deviation is. Therefore, Fanger developed PMV = mean vote, on ASHRAE scale. PMV can be predicted from Fangers equation thus: PMV = 4 + (0.303 exp (-0.036H) + 0.0275) x [6.57 + 0.461 + 0.31 Pa + 0.0017HPa + 0.0014HTa 4.13Fcl (1 + 0.01dT) Tcl Tr) HcFcl (Tcl Ta)] SKIN WETTEDNESS EQUATION W = (H 58)/(4.6Hc (57.4 0.07H Pa)] + 0.06 When W is too high, leading to discomfort. However, upper limits of W depend on metabolic rate and therefore limit is estimated using W: 00012m + 0.15 Subjective temperature (SUBT)
18
Page
18
The problem with Fangers equation and SET is that both are complex and have to be evaluated by computer. Consequently, a simpler, practical index based on physical variables which gives a good approximation of comfort has enormous value. This is McIntyres SUBT: SUBT = temperature of a uniform enclosure with Ta = Tr, V = 0.1m/s and RH = 50% Based on this, its possible to simplify Fangers equation: SUBT = 0.44 Tr + 0.56 (5 (square root of 10v) (5 Ta)) 0.44 + 0.56 (square of 10v) 2.13 THERMOREGULATION Thermoregulation is the process through which human body tries to maintain its body temperature (usually 36.70C). If there is a change in environmental temperature that may necessitate change in body temperature, the body tries to maintain the temperature by trying to revert to the temperature of about 36.70C. There are various modes of thermoregulation, they are: 2.14 VASOMOTOR All skin needs some blood supply to make it alive, but skin blood flow can be increased many times above this basic level. Increasing skin blood flow raises skin temperature and
19
Page
19
increases heat transfer to the environment and cools the core.
Decreasing skin blood flow cools the skin and reduces heat transfer to the environment and warms the core. Changes in skin blood flow are most marked at the extremities of limbs (hands and feet) and less marked in the trunk and head. This is why hands and feet frequently feel cold first. 2.15 SWEATING As skin temperature approaches core temperature, transferring heat from the core to the skin becomes increasingly difficult in hot environments; the evaporation of sweat from the skin surface cools this, thereby improving heat from the core. Max. continued total sweat rate = 1 litre/hour; max. short-term = 10 15 litres per 6 hours; always 650ml/day. There are basically two types of sweat Apocrine: forehead, back, palms of hands, armpits protein-containing sweat. Eccrine: water sweat from all other skin areas (latent heat of water is 600cal/gm.). 2.16 SHIVERING When skin blood flow is minimal, there may be excessive heat loss from the core by conduction through cell tissues. Maintenance of core temperature requires an increase in heat production, and shivering is disorganised muscular activity which has this effect, and increases heat production (300-400%). 2.17 THERMAL ADJUSTMENT SYSTEMS
20
Page
20
When the body changes from one thermal environment to another, the following mechanisms are brought into operation: a) Changing from a warm to a cold environment entails the following: Skin becomes cool Blood is routed away from the skin to the core, where it is warmed before flowing back to the skin. Core temperature rises slightly, and then falls with prolonged exposure. Shivering and goose flesh may occur if the body stabilizes, then large areas of the skin will receive little blood. If cooling continues, then eventually, core temperature falls, producing hypothermia which may result to death. b) Changing from a cold environment to a warm one entails the following: More blood is rooted from the core to the skin surface thereby raising the skin temperature. Core temperature falls but with continued exposure, rises again. Sweating begins.
If the body stabilizes, then large areas of the skin will receive blood and sweating will occur. If warming of the body continues eventually, core temperature rises, producing hypothermia (heat stroke). 2.18 CONCEPT OF HEAT TRANSFER Heat will flow in a solid object, in liquid or gas or between them, until the temperature is equal. Transfer of heat can be by conduction, convection, or radiation (Peter Burberry
Page
1979).
21
21
2.19 PROCESSES OF HEAT TRANSFER Conduction This is the direct transmission of heat through a material. The rate of conduction, that is, conductivity depends partly upon the material. Metals have a high conductivity; wood has low and gases have less conductivity. The conductivity (k) is the amount of heat in wall that passes through 1m2 of the material of 1m thickness for 10C difference in temperature of inner and outer surface. Convection Convection is the transmission of heat in fluids and gases by circulation. When a liquid or gas is heated, its displaced by the colder, more dense liquid or gas round it and tends to rise. In doing so, it will impart some of its heat to anything on its path. The greater the movement, the greater the speed of transfer. For this reason, air movement in insulating cavities must be avoided. Radiation Radiation is the transference of heat from one body of radiant energy, through space, to another. All bodies emit radiant energy; the temperature of the body defines the wavelength and rate of emission depends upon the temperature and the nature of the surface. When radiant energy reaches an opaque body, part of it is reflected and the remainder absorbed and converted into heat. Meanwhile, when heat is passed out of a building through a structure, all three methods of transference are used. Heat is conducted through the solids part of the wall, floor, or roof. It
22
Page
22
is radiated across cavities and from the outside surface; its also convected from the outside surface by wind passing across that surface. 2.20 THERMAL RESISTANCE Building materials present resistance to the flow of heat. The sensitivity (r, m 0C/w) of a given thickness of the material is the inverse of the conductivity, this is 1/1c and the resistance (R, m20Cw) of a given thickness of the material is the product of its resistivity and the thickness in meter. The overall resistance of an element of construction is composed not only of the sum of the resistance of the materials, but also of the resistances to heat flow of the external surfaces and any cavity in the construction. At normal temperature, the emissivity and the absorptivity of a surface are the same and the surface the same amount of absorbed heat. Surfaces can lose heat by convection, so the resistance of the outside surfaces is governed by climate, (temperature and wind speed). The main effects of these factors on the resistance of a surface are therefore (Peter Burberry 1979): a) Cooling wind across external surface will reduce its resistance. b) The resistance of a corrugated surface can be about 20% less than a plain surface of the same material because of its larger area. c) Surfaces of low emissivity, i.e. bright metallic surfaces will have a high resistance, but this may be nullified if convection takes place as (a) above. d) When surface is radiating to an area of very low temperature, as to clear sky in very cold, calm weather, the resistance of the surface can be decreased considerably.
23
Page
23
e) The surface of a horizontal surface will depend upon whether the transfer of heat is upwards or downwards, as convection will assist to take the heat away above and to keep it near the surface below. 2.21 THERMAL BALANCE A human being carrying out his habitual activities will tend to arrive at an overall dynamic balance with his surroundings. The term dynamic being used as emphasis that a steady is not being normally achieved. A healthy human continuously produced waste heat, this needs to be dissipated to maintain the body temperature, this heat gives rise to thermal exchange between the human body and thermal environment. Components of thermal balance The two groups of thermal balance are: Heat gain and heat loss Heat gain Heat is gained by human body through some or all of the following means: Direct solar radiation Metabolism or body processes Conduction from warmer air assisted by air flow and convection. Reflected radiation from the sky Reflected radiation from surfaces Conduction from warmer surfaces
24
Page
24
Radiation from surfaces
Heat loss To attain thermal balance, heat gained must be dissipated to the surrounding (Peter Burberry, 1979). Heat is lost to the surrounding through the following processes: Conduction to cooler surfaces Conduction to cooler air assisted by air flow and convection Radiation to surfaces Radiation to spaces Perspiration Respiration
2.22 EQUATION OF HEAT BALANCE The equation of heat balance is given by the formula: M + Cd + Cv + R E = 0 Where M = metabolism rate Cd = conductive heat gain or loss Cv = convective heat gain or loss R = Radiative heat gain or loss E = Evaporative heat loss
25
Page
25
2.23 THERMAL PROPERTIES OF BUILDING MATERIALS The interaction of building and thermal conditions is complex, apart from the fact that several factors are involved, the fabric of the building itself reacts to thermal changes and does so over a period of time. This contrasts the behaviour of the building in relation to wind or light. The cooling effects of on occupants, of wind and radiation to the cold night sky are clearly reduced inside building during winter; solar radiation will contribute to a general rising of internal temperatures. The interiors of the buildings in temperate zones in the winter therefore provide without any heat input, improved thermal conditions. Although the main function of the building envelope is to protect the interior from external conditions, it cannot avoid contributing to the interior conditions. In admitting radiant energy and allowing the transmission of conducted heat one way or the other, the building envelope plays a part in establishing the thermal environment, particularly for occupants near the external walls, or in the store immediately under the roof. The design of the interior environment of a building should be related to the requirements of the occupants and the functions they have to perform in the building. The means of achieving the interior conditions include the active building services and the active and passive role of the building envelope. The envelope acts passively when it separates the interior from external environment by insulation against heat or sound, by its opacity and providing shelter against the wind and rain. The active role of the envelope occurs when it allows light and ventilation to enter in a controlled way and when it interacts with changing heat loads to provide a reduced and delayed heat input.
26
Page
26
The thermal properties of the building materials are described by the following terms: Thermal conductivity: this determines the heat flow in unit time by conduction through unit thickness of a unit area of the material across a unit temperature gradient. Its represented by k and its unit is w/m20C/m. Thermal resistivity: this is the reciprocal of thermal conductivity; its independent of the size and thickness of the building element. Absorptivity (a): this is the rate at which a surface or building material absorbs radiant heat that is incident on the surface. Reflectivity (r): this is the rate at which a surface reflects incident radiant heat. Emissivity: this is the relative power of the material to emit radiant heat. Hence, absorptivity, reflectivity and emissivity are the three properties that determine the behaviour of an opaque material, with respect to radiant heat exchange. Heat capacity: heat capacity of a wall refers to the amount of heat required to elevate the temperature of a unit area of the surface by one degree. It can be expressed in terms of volumetric heat capacity of the material or heat capacity of the wall. Thermal diffusion (): this is the ratio between the thermal conductivity and the volumetric heat capacity. Time constant: this is the product of the thermal resistance and capacity of the wall. It is one of the factors that affect the relationship between the outdoor and indoor conditions
27
Page
27
when the external factors like air temperature and solar radiation are only directly operating in the external surfaces. 2.24 THERMAL COMFORT IN ARCHITECTURE There is no hard and fast rule of design process. Below is a table that shows steps in design process in architecture: In this process, climate studies are the first in which the architect needs to study the climate of the area using mostly meteorological data outside or inside the boundaries of the city. Almost the information is the average monthly data. Usually, daily or hourly data is not used because of very much time they need to be processed. Then climate-responsive architects analyse this data using some approximate comfort data (winter and summer zones). At the same time, looking at the passive heating/cooling strategies, they combine these strategies to design in sketch and other steps, if other issues such as economical and/or aesthetical considerations allow them. 2.25 PROBLEMS ARCHITECTS FACE Some problems architects face in comfort and climate study are: Undefined conditions of buildings This can be expressed in terms of human factors, climatic factors and building factors Human factors In many cases, architects cant come to an appropriate assumption of clothing, activities, behaviours, cultures and other human factors.
28
Page
28
Climatic factors Still in many countries, getting correct climatic data of a region is not easy. As an example, unless in a developing country, there are many cities without meteorological stations. In such condition, one might use nearer station, sometimes 100km away. Even if there is a station, most of the time, the station is in different microclimate from the design site (open space vs. urban design space). As Givoni in his book, climatic considerations in buildings and urban design mentioned, there are many factors affecting urban climate such as urban density, streets, parks, traffic and so on, which are not countable yet. Also, surrounding elements of a building such as materials, colours, water surfaces, green spaces etc. could have considerable effect, creating small special microclimates, hard to define. So, its not easy to obtain climatic conditions near the building. Building factors Although in developed countries, architects could have access to building materials characteristically easily or producers give the information, but in many cases, there is no exact data about materials, properties such as U-value. So these prophecies gained from some reference books like ASHRAE or CIBSE; but is the U-value for brick mentioned in these books the same with bricks produced in other countries? The above points show a story about the approximate data available for architects and building designers. So if a comfort or climatic model wants to be useful for architects, then it might consider these facts.
29
Page
29
Some points which help comfort models to achieve architects needs are mentioned below: a) Easy process (comfort zone + climatic analysis) b) No long calculation c) Giving direct design guidelines for different steps of design, instead of numbers. d) Giving knowledge instead of just data. Understanding the above points, simplifies design, together with looking to most known comfort models, its tried in the following parts to find a solution. Simplified design procedure To define climatic design process according to comfort zone, it could be divided to four main parts: a) Study of the design subject (Climate-activities-clothing etc.) b) Defining the comfort zone (monthly-daily) c) Gathering the climate design advices (shading-thermal mass-evaporative coolingthermal insulation-suitable orientation) d) Designing the project (a climatic building). In part A, designer should be able to fully understand the climate and comfort needs as well as all architectural main issues related to the project. In part B, according to information of 1st part, the monthly or daily comfort zone should be defined, and then C, some clear design advices could be derived from previous studies to give directions for each issue in building, such as site design, form, ventilation, solar gains, window sizing, thermal mass, passive heating and cooling materials etc.
30
Page
30
Finally D, an architect can be able to form a climate responsive building. The figure below shows the process.
Defining of design subject
Definition of comfort zone
Climatic design advices
Final design
Procedures for climate-responsive buildings
Parts A and D would be done by an architect, B and C can be covered with good climatic design model. Up to now, many scientists worked on different models such as Fanger, Humphreys, Nicol, Olgay, Givoni, and so on. Some of them - Fanger, Humphreys, Nicol mostly aimed at part B (i.e. defining comfort zone), while others tried to cover parts B and C (climate design advices). 2.26 DESIGNING AND BUILDING FOR THE WARM HUMID CLIMATE The warm-humid climate is a composite of three related climatic types: tropical wet (Ar),
occur on either sides of the equator and extend outward from the equator about 200 North
31
Page
31
tropical wet and dry (Aw), and subtropical humid (Cf).The Ar and Aw climatic types generally
or South. Alternatively, the subtropical humid climate is found in the latitude of 25 0 to 400 North and South. The fundamental characteristics of these climatic types are that they offer warm air temperatures, high humidity and extensive rainfall, a substantial cloud cover, slight air movement, and frequent periods of fog and heavy dew. The major challenge faced in maintaining thermally comfortable conditions is the overheated, quite humid natural environment.
32
Page
32
CHAPTER 3
THERMAL COMFORT AND THE CONTEXT OF THE AREA
3.1 LOCATION OF STUDY AREA Oke-Ola is located off ondo road in Ife central local government. It is bounded by Omole estate and Modakeke.
Map of osun state showing the study area

33
Page
33
Map of Nigeria state showing the various states
Map of Nigeria state showing Osun state in relation to other states
34
Page
34
3.2 THE STORY OF OKE-OLA According to Mr Adeyemi, a civil servant and a resident of Oke-Ola, the area was formerly occupied by mixed ethnic groups from Modakeke and Ife; but as a result of the IfeModakeke war, the occupants were forced to flee the area for the fear of being killed. After a long time, most of the occupants sold out their landed properties, while some came back to stay in their respective buildings. Most of them that came back accommodated both the students of Obafemi Awolowo University and the polytechnic of Ife. They did this because they had the feeling that the students were severely affected during the warring times as most of them are from far (and nearby) ethnic societies. From that time on, land-buildings are still being sold and rented out. Most of the occupants in that area now are the students of the educational institutions nearby; thus, the area presently gains from the security provided for the Omole estate because of its nearness to the estate. 3.3 DESCRIPTION OF THE ACCOMODATION OF THE ESTATE The building typology or structures found in Oke-Ola are mainly storeys and bungalows. There are situations where you find 4-5 bungalows in between two storeys; there are other cases where you find 2-3 storeys alongside each other
Plate1: Bungalow(s) in between storeys
35
Page
35
Plate 2: Storeys alongside each other
3.4 THE CLIMATE OF ILE-IFE AND ITS EFFECTS ON THERMAL COMFORT The temperature of Ile-Ife varies only slightly, as the city has been experiencing consistent moderate temperature. Hence, rainfall distribution over space and time becomes the most important factor differentiating the seasons. Ile-Ife is located between Latitude 70N 285N and Longitude 40355E covering an area of about 1846km2. It falls within the zone of warm-humid climate. The four seasons which influence thermal comfort perceptions are: The long varying season This begins in March and ends at the end of July with peak period in June. It is characterized by thick cloud and excessive heat. Humidity is 85%. The short dry season This occurs for 3 to 4 weeks in August. The real period known as August break is generally observed in the last two weeks of August. The short rainy season
Page
36
36
This has its peak period at the end of September. It is the period that follows the August break, from September to mid-October. The rainfalls are not usually as heavy as those in the long rainy season. The two periods of rainy intensity in Ile-Ife gives the double-maxima phenomenon of the rainy season characteristics of tropical Nigerian climate. The long dry season Begins in late-October and lasts till early March, with its peak period between early December and late February. This is the period when the harmattan occurs.
Climate data obtained over a long period of time Dry bulb temperature (DBT): Usually at maximum during the day: 270-370C, though it may exceed 370C. At night, it ranges between 210 and 270C. Humidity This is high, and it is most times about 75%, but could also range between 55 and 100% Precipitation This is relatively high throughout the year. Annual rainfall varies between 2000-5000mm, but fairly-distributed daily rainfall is about 130-300mm. It has intense solar radiation of about 1.97cal cm2 min; fairly cloudy throughout the year, with a cover of about 60-90%. It is
37
Page
temperature of about 26.680C, an average maximum temperature of about 32.70C.
37
also characterised by light wind and long period of still air (1.5-5m/s). It also has an average
Jan Feb Air Temp Air Max. temp Air Min. temp Avg. Raining days 0 0 76 75 82 89 83 92
Mar 85 92
Apr 83 89
May 82 88
Jun 79 85
Jul 77 82
Aug 77 82
Sep 78 83
Oct 79 85
Nov 81 89
Dec 81 90
79
77
75
74
73
73
73
74
75
75
The climatic data
3.5 ANALYSIS OF THE CLIMATE OF ILE-IFE USING EFFECTIVE TEMPERATURE As part of the analysis of Ile-Ife climate, effective temperature values were computed for the year 2007. From the climate data obtained from the meteorological station (see appendix I), the value of wet bulb temperature (WBT) was obtained using the psychometric chart. The obtained values for the effective temperature, for the year 2007 (for both minimum and maximum value) are tabulated below:
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
DBT (max) RH (min) WBT ET (min)
33 49 24.50 27.25
33.5 49 24.75 27.50
33 58 26.00 28.00
32.5 72.5 28.25 29.00
31.5 80 28.75 28.75
30.5 90 29.25 28.50
30 82 27.25 27.50
29.5 88 28.00 27.50
28.5 82 26.00 26.25
30.5 68 25.75 27.00
32.5 71 28.00 29.00
28 54 25.25 27.50
38
Page
38
Jan DBT (max) RH (min) WBT 19.2 5 ET (min) 19.7 5 82 21.5
Feb 28
Mar 23
Apr 22.5
May 22.0
Jun 22.0
Jul 21.0
Aug 21.0
Sep 20.5
Oct 25.5
Nov 22.5
Dec 18
75
86
88
86
84
84
88
86
86
85
69
24.5 0 25.0 0
21.5 0 21.5 0
21.2 5 21.0 0
20.5 0 20.2 5
20.2 5 20.0 0
19.2 5 19.0 0
19.7 5 19.5 0
19.0 0 19.0 0
22.2 5 23.0 0
20.7 5 21.0 0
14.0 0 16.0 0
DBT (max) = maximum dry bulb temperature RH (min) = minimum relative humidity WBT = wet bulb temperature ET (max) = maximum effective temperature According to the meteorological station, the velocity of air for Ile-Ife could be taken as 0.6m/s. As such, the velocities of air along with the given value of DBT, as well as the determined WBT were used to determine the above values of the effective temperature.
39
Page
39
The effective temperature varies between 25.50C and 29.00C throughout the year; it has the least value in December, followed by September (26.250C) with its greatest value (29.00C) in April. The minimum effective temperature (night value) varies between 16.00C (in December) and 25.00C (in February). The range of effective temperature shows slight differences in temperature throughout the year. 3.6 PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF THE BUILDINGS The buildings in the street vary; but most are oriented on the East-West axis. They are constructed of 225 sandcrete block walls plastered on both sides with some painted (white on the outside and cream on the inside). Each building is far enough from the other such that a vehicle can conveniently pass through and also allows for enough ventilation. Each living room is rectangular in shape. Two walls are completely on the external wall of the building, and part of a third wall is also on the external wall of the building (making cross ventilation and natural lighting in the room convenient). The approach and rear of the buildings are well-spaced. The pictures below highlight on the remaining notable points about the neighbourhood:
40
Page
40
Plate 1: They employ transparent fencing method
41
Page
Plate 2: The frontages are not well-landscaped
41
Plate 3: There is no well-maintained road networks
42
Page
Plate 4: Theres no adequate setback for their buildings
42
Plate 5: One access road serves the neighbourhood
43
Page
Plate 6: An optimal drainage system in the neighbourhood
43
Plate 7: Entrance to the neighbourhoods hospital
44
Page
Plate 8: An aerial view showing a part of the neighbourhood
44
Plate 9: Interior of a bedroom
Plate 10: Interior of a living room
45
Page
45
CHAPTER 4
ANALYSIS OF RESULT AND GENERAL DISCUSSION
1. CLIMATIC SITUATION (Feelings in the outdoor environment)
A. In the morning
climatic situation hot warm slightly warm slightly cool neutral cool cold number 0 0 4 3 1 8 1 percentage (%) 0.0 0.0 23.5 17.6 5.9 47.1 5.9
In the morning
50.0 40.0 30.0 20.0 10.0 0.0 percentage (%)
Comment: from observation, habitats of the area do not feel hot nor warm, 23.5% feel slightly warm, 17.6% feel slightly cool, 5.9% feel neutral, 47.1% feel cool, 5.9% feel cold
46
B. In the afternoon
climatic situation hot warm slightly warm slightly cool neutral cool cold percentage (%) 42.1 42.1 5.3 5.3 5.3 0.0 0.0
number 8 8 1 1 1 0 0
In the afternoon
50.0 40.0 30.0 20.0 10.0 0.0 hot warm slightly slightlyneutral cool warm cool
percentage (%)
cold
Comment: from observation, 42.1% feel hot, 42.1% feel warm, 5.3% feel slightly warm, 5.3% feel slighhly cold, none neither feel cold nor cool.
47
C. In the evening
climatic situation hot warm slightly warm slightly cool neutral cool cold number 0 3 3 3 3 3 1 percentage (%) 0.0 18.8 18.8 18.8 18.8 18.8 6.3
In the evening
20.0 15.0 10.0 5.0 0.0 percentage (%)
Comment: from observation, none feel hot; both for warm, slightly warm, slightly cool,neutra, and cool, 18.8% feel so for each, 6.3% feel cold.
48
D. At night
climatic situation hot warm slightly warm slightly cool neutral cool cold percentage (%) 0.0 15.8 0.0 21.1 5.3 26.3 31.6
number 0 3 0 4 1 5 6
At night
35.0 30.0 25.0 20.0 15.0 10.0 5.0 0.0
percentage (%)
Comment: from observation, no one feels hot, 15.8% feel warm, no one feels slightly warm, 21.1% feel slightly cool, 5.3% feel neutral, 26.3% feel cool, 31.6% feel cold.
49
2. IMPACT OF WEATHER AND CLIMATIC ELEMENTS ON THE INDOOR ENVIRONMENT A. Feelings in the room during rainfall
Indoor environment cold cool warm slightly cool percentage (%) 64.7 29.4 5.9 0.0
number 11 5 1 0
Indoor feelings
70.0 60.0 50.0 40.0 30.0 20.0 10.0 0.0 cold cool warm slightly cool
percentage (%)
Comment: from observation, 64.7% feel cold, 29.4% feel cool, 5.9% feel warm, no one feel slightly cool.
50
B. Odour during rainfall

odour during rainfall yes no percentage (%) 36.8 63.2
number 7 12
rainfall odour
yes 37% no 63%
Comment: 36.8% perceive odour when raining, while 63.2% do not.
51
C. Indoor feelings during sunshine

Indoor environment cool slightly warm warm hot percentage (%) 15.8 15.8 10.5 57.9
number 3 3 2 11
Feelings for sunshine

60.0 50.0 40.0 30.0 20.0 10.0 0.0 cool slightly warm warm percentage (%)
hot
Comment: from observation, 15.8% feel cool, 15.8% feel slightly ,warm, 10.5% feel warm, 57.9% feel hot
52
D. Disturbance by the wind

disturbance by the wind yes no number 0 19 percentage (%) 0.0 100.0
wind disturbance
no 100%
From observation, all the inhabitants are not affected by the wind.
53
D. Disturbance by the flood

disturbance by the wind yes no percentage (%) 5.3 94.7
number 1 18
flood disturbance
yes 5%
no 95%
From observation, 5.3% of the inhabitants are disturbed by the flood, 94.7% of the inhabitants are not.
54
2A. In the morning I. window opening

window opening fully partly not opened percentage (%) 36.8 47.4 15.8
number 7 9 3
window opening
not opened 16% fully 37%
partly 47%
Comment: from observation, 36.8% fully open their windows, 47.4% partly, 15.8%% don't.
55
II. Curtain drawing

window opening fully partly not drawn percentage (%) 26.3 68.4 5.3
number 5 13 1
Curtain drawing
not drawn 5% fully 26%
partly 69%
Comment: from observation,26.3% fully draw their curtain, 68.4% partly draw their curtain, 5.3% don't draw their curtain
56
III. Putting on the fan

window opening always frequently sometimes seldom never percentage (%) 26.3 15.8 42.1 15.8 0.0
number 5 3 8 3 0
use of fan
50.0 40.0 30.0 20.0 10.0 0.0 percentage (%)
Comment: from observation, 26.3% always, 15.8% frequently, 42.1% sometimes, 15.8% seldom, none never make use of fan
57
IV. Feeling indoors

window opening hot warm slightly warm slightly cool neutral cool cold percentage (%) 0.0 5.3 5.3 15.8 15.8 36.8 21.1
number 0 1 1 3 3 7 4
Feelings in space
40.0 30.0 20.0 10.0 0.0 percentage (%)
Comment: from observation, none feel hot, 5.3% feel warm, 5.3% feel slightly warm, 15.8% feel slightly cool, 15.8% feel neutral, 36.8% feel cool, 21.1% feel cold.
58
2B. In the afternoon I. Window opening

window opening fully partly not opened number 11 8 0 percentage (%) 57.9 42.1 0.0
Window opening
not opened 0% partly 42% fully 58%
Comment: from observation, 57.9% fully, 42.1% partly, none doesn't open their window
59
II. curtain drawing

number 4 14 1
Curtain drawing
partly 74%
Comment: from observation, 21.1% fully, 73.3% partly, 5.3% draw their window
60

use of the fan always frequently sometimes seldom never percentage (%) 36.8 21.1 26.3 5.3 10.5
number 7 4 5 1 2
Use of fan
40.0 35.0 30.0 25.0 20.0 15.0 10.0 5.0 0.0
percentage (%)
Comment: from observation, 36.8% always, 21.1% frequently, 26.3% sometimes, 5.3% seldom, 10.5% never make use of fan
61
IV. Feeling indoors

feeling in space hot warm slightly warm slightly cool neutral cool cold percentage (%) 36.8 36.8 10.5 0.0 0.0 15.8 0.0
number 7 7 2 0 0 3 0
feelings in space
40.0 30.0 20.0 10.0 0.0 percentage (%)
Comment: from observation, 36.8% feel hot, 36.8% feel warm, 10.5% feel slightly warm, none feel neutral and slightly cool, 15.8% feel cool, and none feel cold.
62
2C. In the evening I. Window opening

window opening fully partly not opened percentage number (%) 5 26.3 11 57.9 3 15.8
not opened 16%
Window opening
fully 26%
partly 58%
Comment: from observation, 26.3% fully, 57.9% partly, and 15.8% don't open their windows
63
II. Curtain drawing

number 3 11 5
Curtain drawing
partly 58%
Comment: from observation, 15.8% fully, 57.9% partly, and 26.3% don't draw their curtains
64

use of the fan always frequently sometimes seldom never number 5 3 6 3 1 percentage (%) 26.3 15.8 31.6 15.8 5.3
Use of fan
35.0 30.0 25.0 20.0 15.0 10.0 5.0 0.0
percentage (%)
Comment: from observation, 26.3% always, 15.8% frequently, 31.6% sometimes,15.8% seldom, and 5.3% never make use of fan
65
IV. Feeling in space

number 0 4 3 4 1 6 1
feelings in space
35.0 30.0 25.0 20.0 15.0 10.0 5.0 0.0
percentage (%)
Comment: from observation, none feel hot, 21.1% feel warm, 15.8% feel slightly warm, 21.1% feel slightly cool, 5.3% feel neutral, 31.6% feel cool, and 5.3% feel cold
66
2D. At night I. Window opening

window opening fully partly not opened percentage (%) 15.8 47.4 36.8
number 3 9 7
window opening
not opened 37% fully 16%
partly 47%
Comment: from observation, 15.8% fully, 47.4% partly, 36.8% don't open their windows
67
II. Curtain drawing

window opening fully partly not drawn percentage number (%) 1 5.3 10 52.6 8 42.1
curtain drawing
fully 5% not drawn 42% partly 53%
Comment: from observation, 5.3% fully,52.6% partly, 42.1% don't draw their curtains
68

use of the fan always frequently sometimes seldom never number 3 5 6 4 1 percentage (%) 15.8 26.3 31.6 21.1 5.3
use of fan
35.0 30.0 25.0 20.0 15.0 10.0 5.0 0.0
percentage (%)
Comment: from observation, 15.8% always, 26.3% frequently, 31.6% sometimes, 21.1% seldom, 5.3% never make use of fan
69
IV. Feeling indoors

number 5 5 2 3 0 2 2
feelings in space
30.0 25.0 20.0 15.0 10.0 5.0 0.0 percentage (%)
Comment: from observation, 26.3% feel hot, 26.3% feel warm, 10.5% feel slightly warm, 15.8% feel slightly cool, none feel neutral, 10.5% feel cool, and 10.5% feel cold
70
3. OUTDOOR ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS I. Landscape satisfaction

landscape satisfaction yes no percentage (%) 78.9 21.1
number 15 4
satisfaction with landscape

no 21%
yes 79%
Comment: from observation, 78.9% are satisfied with the landscape, while 21.1% are not.
71
II. Refuse disposal

refuse disposal in the gutter dustbin public refuse collector free range percentage (%) 0.0 52.6
number 0 10
8 1
42.1 5.3
refuse disposal
60.0 50.0 40.0 30.0 20.0 10.0 0.0 in the dustbin public gutter refuse collector free range
percentage (%)
Comment: from observation, none dispose in the gutter, 52.6% dispose in the dustbin, 42.1% dispose in the public refuse collector, and 5.3% dispose free range
72
III. Satisfaction with the refuse disposal

percentage number (%) 8 42.1
satisfacton satisfactory fairly satisfactory not satisfactory
10.5
47.4
satisfaction with refuse disposal
not satisfactory 47%
satisfactory 42%
fairly satisfactory 11%
Comment: from observation, 42.1% are satisfied, 10.5 % are fairly satisfied, while 47.4% are not satisfied
73
IV. Satisfaction with immediate outdoor drainage

satisfacton satisfactory fairly satisfactory not satisfactory number 6 7 6 percentage (%) 31.6 36.8 31.6
satisfaction with drainage system

not satisfactory 32% satisfactory 31%
fairly satisfactory 37%
Comment: from observation, 31.6% are satisfied, 136.8% are fairly satisfied, while 31.6% % are not satisfied
74
V. Quality of air
quality offensive neutral pleasant percentage number (%) 2 13 4 10.5 68.4 21.1
air quality
offensive 11% pleasant 21%
neutral 68%
Comment: from observation, 10.5% find the air offensive, 68.4% find it neutral, while 21.1% find it pleasant.
75
VI. Level of noise

percentage (%) 0.0 31.6 57.9 10.5
classification very noisy noisy silent very silent
number 0 6 11 2
noise level
60.0 50.0 40.0 30.0 20.0 10.0 0.0 very noisy noisy silent percentage (%)
very silent
Comment: from observation, none classify it as very noisy, 31.6% classify it as noisy, 57.9% as silent, 2% as very pleasant
76
VII. Source of noise

source traffic generating plants/ machines others number 0 percentage (%) 0.0
4 8
33.3 66.7
noise source
traffic 0%
generating plants/ machines 33%
others 67%
Comment: from observation, none chose traffic, 33.3% chose generating plants/ machines, while 66.7% chose other sources.
77
4. SERVICE I. Availability of electric supply

percentage (%) 100.0 0.0
availability yes no
number 19 0
availabilty of alectric supply

no 0%
yes 100%
Comment: from observation, they all have electric supply.
78
II. frequency of electric supply

frequency very stable stable erratic not erratic number 4 11 2 1 percentage (%) 21.1 57.9 10.5 5.3
frequency of electric su[pply

60.0 50.0 40.0 30.0 20.0 10.0 0.0 very stable stable erratic percentage (%)
not erratic
Comment: from observation, 21.1% have very stable supply, 57.9% stable, 10.5% erratic, 5.3% not erratic
79
III. Type of water supply

percentage (%)
type pipe-borne water well water bore-hole water spring water
number
4 13
21.1 68.4
2 0
10.5 0.0
water supply
70.0 60.0 50.0 40.0 30.0 20.0 10.0 0.0 pipe-borne water well water bore-hole water
percentage (%)
spring water
Comment: from observation, 21.1% have pipe-borne water, 68.4% have well water, 10.5% have bore-hole water, but none has spring water
80
IV. Frequency of pipe-borne water supply
Frequency frequently fairly erratic bad
percentage number (%) 6 75.0 1 12.5 1 12.5 0 0.0
pipe-borne water supply

80.0 60.0 40.0 20.0 0.0 frequently fairly erratic
percentage (%)
bad
Comment: from observation, 75% has frequent pipe-borne water supply, 12.5% has fairly, 12.5% has erratic, and none has bad supply.
81
V. Condition of road network
condition very good good fair bad
number 3 2 7 7
percentage (%) 15.8 10.5 36.8 36.8
road network
40.0 30.0 20.0 10.0 0.0 very good good fair percentage (%)
bad
Comment: from observation, 15.8% have very good road, 10.5% good, 36.5% fair, and 36.8% bad roads
82
VI. Forms of telecommunication devices in use

device mobile gsm phone
number 14 5
telecommunication devices
phone 26%
mobile gsm 74%
Comment: from observation, 73.7% use mobile gsm, while 26.3% use phone
83
VII. satisfaction level with the telecommunication service

satisfaction yes no
number 18 1
satisfaction with telecommunication service

no 5%
yes 95%
Comment: from observation, 94.7% are satisfied, while 5.3% are not.
84
VIII. Forms of sewage disposal in use

percentage (%) 57.9 21.1 21.1
form gutter on the floor along the road
number 11 4 4
forms of sewage disposal

along the road 21%
on the floor 21%
gutter 58%
Comment: from observation, 57.9% use gutter, 21.1% dispose on the floor, while 21.1% dispose along the road
85
5. ENERGY USE Appliances available in the house:

Electric cooker, Iron, Microwave, Boiling ring, Blender, Stove, Computer, Radio, Tv, Fan, Bulb, Others 6A. ON-THE-SPOT ASSESSMENT I. Physical activities in the last one hour
percentage (%) 26.3 52.6 21.1 0.0
type rest light work moderate work hard work
number 5 10 4 0
physical activities in the last one hour

60.0 50.0 40.0 30.0 20.0 10.0 0.0 rest light work moderate work
percentage (%)
hard work
Comment: from observation, 26.3% rested, 52.6% did light work, 21.1% did moderate work, and none did hard work
86
II. Time of last meal

time less than 30 mins ago more than 30 mins ago number 5 14 percentage (%) 26.3 73.7
time of last meal

less than 30 mins ago 26%
more than 30 mins ago 74%
Comment: from observation, 26.3% ate less than 30 mins ago, while 73.7% ate more than 30 mins ago
87
III. Type of cloth worn:

Skirts, trousers, shirts, boxers, singlet, naked, to mention but a few. IV. Feeling of air movement
air movement none slight moderate strong percentage (%) 10.5 31.6 57.9 0.0
number 2 6 11 0
air movement
60.0 50.0 40.0 30.0 20.0 10.0 0.0 none slight moderate percentage (%)
strong
Comment: from observation, 10.5% feel nothing, 31.6% feel slight movement, 57.9% feel mderate movement, while none feel strong movement
88
V. Feeling in the body

body feeling hot warm slightly warm slightly cool neutral cool cold number 1 9 5 2 0 2 0 percentage (%) 5.3 47.4 26.3 10.5 0.0 10.5 0.0
body feeling
50.0 40.0 30.0 20.0 10.0 0.0 percentage (%)
Comment: from observation, 5.3% feel hot, 47.4% warm, 26.3% slightly warm, 10.5% slightly cool, none feel neutral, 10.5% cool and none feel cold
89
VI. Rating of comfort level

comfort level very comfortable comfortable uncomfortable very uncomfrtable percentage number (%) 2 5 12 0 10.5 26.3 63.2 0.0
comfort level
70.0 60.0 50.0 40.0 30.0 20.0 10.0 0.0
Series1
Comment: from observation, 10.5% feel very comfortable, 26.3% feel comfortable, 63.2% feel uncomfortable, while none feel very uncomfortable.
90
VII. Alternative to the use of fan

alternative yes no number 11 8 percentage (%) 57.9 42.1
Alternative to the use of fan
no 42% yes 58%
Comment: from observation, 57.9% can do without a fan, while 42.1% cannot.
91
VIII. Feelings outside the room

percentage number (%) 2 6 7 4 0 10.5 31.6 36.8 21.1 0.0
feeling very comfortable more comfortable indifferent uncomfortable very uncomfortable
outdoor feeling
40.0 30.0 20.0 10.0 0.0 percentage (%)
Comment: from observation, 10.5% will feel very comfortable, 31.6% more comfortable, 36.8% indifferent, 21.1% uncomfortable, but none very uncomfortable
92
IX. Level of sweating

level of sweating no sweat on face only on body clothing wet with sweat percentage (%) 63.2 31.6 5.3 0.0
number 12 6 1 0
sweating level
70.0 60.0 50.0 40.0 30.0 20.0 10.0 0.0 no sweat on face only on body clothing wet with sweat
percentage (%)
Comment: from observation, 63.2% were not sweating, 31.6% were sweating only on face, 5.3% were sweating on body, were none's clothing was wet with sweat.
93
X. Prefence time for the living room
time range morning afternoon evening night none of the above
percentage number (%) 2 6 4 2 5 10.5 31.6 21.1 10.5 26.3
Time preference for the living room

35.0 30.0 25.0 20.0 15.0 10.0 5.0 0.0
percentage (%)
Comment: from observation, 10.5% prefer morning, 31.6% prefer afternoon, 21.1% prefernight, while 26.5% none.
94
6B. ASSESSMENT OF THERMAL CONDITION WITH TIME

I. Type of cloth put on
clothing type underwear light clothing thick clothing
percentage number (%) 3 15 1 15.8 78.9 5.3
clothing type
thick clothing 5% underwear 16%
light clothing 79%
Comment: from observation, 15.8% are putting on underwear, 78.9% light clothing, and 5.3% thick clothing.
95
II.A. 6-9.00am
climatic situation hot warm slightly warm slightly cool neutral cool cold
number 0 4 0 3 6 6 7
percentage (%) 0.0 15.4 0.0 11.5 23.1 23.1 26.9
Thermal condition: 6-9.00am

30.0 25.0 20.0 15.0 10.0 5.0 0.0
percentage (%)
Comment: from observation, none feel hot, 15.4% feel warm, none feel slightly warm, 11.5% feel slightly cool, 23.1% feel neutral, 23.1% feel cool, 26.9% feel cold
96
II.B. 9-12.00noon
number 2 5 8 2 1 1 0
percentage (%) 10.5 26.3 42.1 10.5 5.3 5.3 0.0
Thermal condition: 9-12.00pm

50.0 40.0 30.0 20.0 10.0 0.0 percentage (%)
Comment: from observation, 10.5% feel hot, 26.3% feel warm, 42.1% feel slightly warm, 10.5% feel slightly cool, 5.3% feel neutral, 5.3% feel cool, none feel cold
97
II.C. 12-3.00pm
number 12 4 1 2 0 1 0
percentage (%) 60.0 20.0 5.0 10.0 0.0 5.0 0.0

60.0 50.0 40.0 30.0 20.0 10.0 0.0
Comment: from observation, 60.0% feel hot, 20.0% feel warm, 5.0% feel slightly warm, 10.0% feel slightly cool, none feel neutral, 5.0% feel cool, none feel cold
98
II.D. 3-6.00pm
percentage number (%) 13 76.5 3 17.6 1 0 0 0 0 5.9 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

80.0 60.0 40.0 20.0 0.0 percentage (%)
Comment: from observation, 76.5% feel hot, 17.6% feel warm, 5.9% feel slightly warm, while none felt cool, neutral, cool, and cold respectively
99
II.E. 6-9.00pm
number 0 1 2 4 2 7 2
percentage (%) 0.0 5.6 11.1 22.2 11.1 38.9 11.1
Title
40.0 30.0 20.0 10.0 0.0 percentage (%)
Comment: from observation, none feel hot, 5.6% feel warm, 11.1% feel slightly warm, 22.2% feel slightly cool, 11.1% feel neutral, 38.9% feel cool, and 11.1% feel cold.
100
CHAPTER 5
5.1 CONCLUSION
This study of residential buildings in Oke-Ola neighbourhood has helped us observe the factors important to obtaining thermal comfort in the design of residential buildings in the warm-humid climatic regions. Physical and climatic factors like mean radiant temperature, relative humidity, air movement, window/wall ratio, window/floor ratio, air velocity and so on; personal and psychological factors like colour, sizes of space, activities, clothing and so on, are some of these factors. These factors, if well integrated into the design of buildings in these regions, will help reduce the need for artificial means for thermal comfort. For functional and economic reasons, it is highly important to use passive controls and rely less on energy-based installations for thermal comfort. From the study, it can be seen that the buildings fall within the specification for thermal comfort in warm-humid climate zone. It can also be seen that occupants expressed optimal satisfaction with their thermal environment. Hence, it is safe to conclude that the residential buildings in Oke-Ola neighbourhood, especially when considering the living rooms, are thermally comfortable.
101
5.2 RECOMMENDATION
For designs in warm-humid climatic regions, the following are recommended: Heavy external and internal walls should be used for thermal storage. Buildings should be oriented in such a way to prevent exposure to East-west sun path. Buildings should be single-banked. Light insulated roofing should be used. Cross-ventilation should be encouraged, to ensure high air exchange rate per unit time. Windows that allow for 100% ventilation should be used to allow for maximum ventilation. Passive building techniques, like use of materials that can store large amount of thermal energy (concrete) should be encouraged. Use of well-ventilated ceiling spaces to extract heat built up within ceiling spaces by the effect of solar radiation can also be adopted.
102
REFERENCES
Givoni B. (1963): Estimation of the Effects of Climate on man: developing a new thermal index. Teknion, Haifa. Givoni B. (1976): Man, Climate and Architecture. Applied Science Publishers. Humphreys M.A. (1975): Field studies of thermal comfort compared and applied symposium on physiological requirement of the micro climate, Sept. 1975: Prague BRE. Koenisberger, O.H. Ingersoll T.G., Mayhew A. and Szokolay S.V. (1973): Manual of Tropical Housing and Building Climatic Design, Longman Inc. London UK. Leong G.C. (1971): Certificate of Physical and Human Geography, Oxford University Press, Kuala Lumpur. Markus M.A. and Morris E.N. (1980): Building, Climate and Energy. Pitman publishing Ltd., London UK. P.O. Fanger (1972): Thermal comfort, McGraw Hill, Georgia U.S.A. Fergus Nicole (2001): Journal architectural research, Pitman publishing Ltd., Singapore, Asia. Richard O. (1972): Obafemi Awolowo University Ile-Ife, Nigeria: A University on the move, BGA Communications, Lagos, Nigeria. Nicol J.F. and Humphrey M.A. (1998): Understanding the Adaptive Approach to thermal comfort, ASHRAE Transaction 104 (1) pp. 991- 1004 Olygay V. (1963): Design with climate. Princeton University press, New Jersey, USA.
103
Olygay (1976): Comfort in Endoclimate, OPI printing press, Technical University of Denmark. Tromp S.W. (1980): Human comfort Indices. Biometeorology Hayden International, London. Webb C.G. (1964): Thermal discomfort in a tropical environment. Nature vol. 202, pp. 11931194. R. Thomas (1978): ventilation of buildings, Morris group, Great Britain, U.K. Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 56th ed. (Cleveland: Chemical Rubber Publ. Co. 1975). Pp. E-204 to E-208 and E-247. F.A. Jenkins and H.E. White: Fundamentals of Optics, 2nd ed. (New York: McGraw Hill, 1950), pp. 104-111 National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) and Ozone ACTION. Lawrence E. Armstrong, Ph.D. Department of Sports, Leisure, and Exercise Science University of Connecticut Storrs, CT 06269-111 USA Armstrong L.E., J.P. De Luca, and R.W. Hubbard: Time course of recovery and heat acclimation ability of prior exertional heat stroke patients. Med. Sci. Sports Exerc. 22: 36-48, 1990. Armstrong L.E. and C.M. Maresh: The induction and decay of heat acclimation in trained athletes. Sports Med. 12: 302-312, 1991.
104
Armstrong L.E. and K.B. Pandolf: Physical training, cardiorespiratory physical fitness, and exercise-heat tolerance in: Human Performance Physiology and Environmental Medicine at Terrestrial Extremes, K.B. Pandolf, M.N. Sawka, and R.R. Gonzalez (eds.). Indianapolis: Benchmark press, 1998, pp. 199-226 Francesconi, R.P., L.E. Armstrong, N.M. Leva, R.J. Moore, P.C. Szlyk, W.T. Mathew, W.C. Curtis, R.W. Hubbard, and E.W. Askew: endocrinological responses to dietary salt restriction during heat acclimation in: Nutritional Needs in Hot Environments. B.M. Marriott (Ed.). Washington D.C.: National Academy Press, 1993, pp. 259-276.
105
QUESTIONNARE
DEPARTMENT OF ARCHITECTURE
Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Osun State.
Assessment of Environmental and Thermal Comfort in core Ife town This research is being conducted to study the factors affecting thermal comfort in your immediate environment both internal and external. Thank you. Introduction: Please, fill in or tick as appropriate. GENERAL INFORMATION Questionnaire number: Date of interview: PERSONAL INFORMATION Age of respondent (1) 16-20 (2) 21-25 (3) 26-30 (4) 31 and above
Respondents Address: Building type: Floor type: (1) basement (2) Ground floor (3) First floor (4) Second floor (5) Third floor
How many people in a room: Occupation:
1.
CLIMATIC SITUATION How do you feel in the outdoor of this environment? In the morning (a)Hot (b) Warm (c) Slightly warm (d) Slightly cool (e) Neutral (f) Cool (g) Cold In the afternoon
106
(a)Hot (b) Warm (c) Slightly warm (d) Slightly cool (e) Neutral (f) Cool (g) Cold In the evening (a)Hot (b) Warm (c) Slightly warm (d) Slightly cool (e) Neutral (f) Cool (g) Cold At night (a)Hot (b) Warm (c) Slightly warm (d) Slightly cool (e) Neutral (f) Cool (g) Cold
2.
IMPACT OF WEATHER AND CLIMATIC ELEMENT OF THE INDOOR
ENVIRONMENT During the rainfall, how do you feel in your room? (a) Cold (b) Cool (c) Warm (d) Slightly cool Does your outdoor environment smell during rainfall? Yes or No How do you feel in the environment when it is sunny? (a) Cool (b) Slightly warm (c) Warm (d) Hot Are you disturbed by the wind? Are you disturbed by flood? Yes or No
Yes or No
[A] In the morning i. ii. iii. How do you open the window? (1) Fully (2) Partly (3) Not opened. How do you draw your curtains? (1) Fully (2) Partly (3) Not drawn How often do you put on the fan? (1) Always (2) Frequently (3) Sometimes (4) Seldom(5) Never iv. How do you usually feel in your room in the morning? (1)Hot (2) Warm (3) Slightly warm (4) Slightly cool (5) Neutral (6) Cool (7) Cold [B] In the Afternoon i. How do you open the window?
107
ii. iii.
How do you draw your curtains? (1) Fully (2) partly (3) not drawn How often do you put on the fan? (1) Always (2) frequently (3) sometimes (4)
seldom (5) never v. How do you usually feel in your room in the afternoon? (a)Hot (b) Warm (c) Slightly warm (d) Slightly cool (e) Neutral (f) Cool (g) Cold
(C) In the Evening i. ii. iii. How do you open the window? (1) Fully (2) Partly (3) Not opened. How do you draw your curtains? (1) fully (2) partly (3) not drawn How often do you put on the fan? (1)always (2) frequently (3) sometimes (4) seldom (5) never iv. How do you usually feel in your room in the evening (a)Hot (b) Warm (c) Slightly warm (d) Slightly cool (e) Neutral (f) Cool (g) Cold (D) In the Night i. ii. iii. How do you open the window? (1) Fully (2) Partly (3) Not opened. How do you draw your curtains? (1) fully (2) partly (3) not drawn How often do you put on the fan? (1)always (2) frequently (3) sometimes (4) seldom (5)Never iv. How do you usually feel in your room in the afternoon? (a)Hot (b) Warm (c) Slightly warm (d) Slightly cool (e) Neutral (f) Cool (g) Cold (3) i. ii. OUTDOOR ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS Are you satisfied with the landscape feature of this area? Yes or No How do you dispose your refuse? (a) In gutter (b) Dustbin (c) Public refuse collector (d) Free range
108
iii.
How satisfied are you with the available refuse disposal? (a) Satisfactory (b) fairly satisfactory (c) not satisfactory
iv.
What do you feel about your immediate outdoor drainage system (a) Satisfactory (b) fairly satisfactory (c) not satisfactory
v. Neutral
What is the quality of air in your immediate outdoor environment? (a) Offensive (b)
(c) Pleasant. vi. How do you classify the noise level in your immediate outdoor environment? (a) Very vii. noisy (b) Noisy (c) Silent (d) Very silent
If (a) or (b) above is your option, what then is the source. (a) Traffic (b) Generating plants/machines (c) Others, specify_________________
(4) i. ii. erratic iii.
SERVICE Do you have electricity supply? Yes or No How stable is your electricity supply? (a) Very stable (b) Stable (c) Erratic (d) Not
Which type of water supply is available in this area? (a) Pipe borne water (b) well water (c) Bore-hole water (d) spring water
iv.
If pipe borne water supply, how often is it being supplied? (a) Frequently (b) Fairly
(c) Erratic (d) Bad v. vi. vii. What is the condition of the road network? (a) Very good (b) Good (c) Fair (d) Bad Which form of telecommunication devices do you use? Mobile GSM ( ) Phone ( ) Are you satisfied with the telecommunication service? Yes or No
109
viii. road (5)
Which form of sewage disposal do you use? (a) Gutter (b) On the floor (c) Along the
ENERGY USE
Tick appropriately the appliances you have in your house Electric cooker ( ) Iron ( ) Microwave ( ) Boiling ring ( ) Blender ( ) Stove ( ) Computer ( ) Radio ( ) TV ( ) Fan ( ) Bulb ( ) Others ( ) (6) (a) ON THE SPOT ASSESSMENT i. Physical activities in the last one hour: Rest ( ) Light work ( ) Moderate ( ) Hard
work ( ) ii. ago ( ) iii. What type of clothing are you wearing now? What time did you have your last meal? Less than 30 min. ago ( ) More than 30 min
__________________________________ iv. ( ) v. How do you feel in your body now? Hot ( ) warm ( ) Neutral ( ) slightly cool ( ) Cool ( ) Cold ( ) slightly warm ( ) Do you feel any air movement now? None ( ) Slight ( ) moderate ( ) Strong
vi.
How do you rate the level of your comfort now? Very comfortable ( ) Comfortable ( ) uncomfortable ( ) Very uncomfortable ( )
vii. viii.
Can you do without a fan in this space? Yes ( ) or No ( ) How will you feel the outdoor if you go out of this room? Very comfortable ( ) More comfortable ( ) Indifferent ( ) uncomfortable ( ) Very uncomfortable ( )
110
ix.
Indicate the level of your sweating now: body ( ) Clothing wet with sweat ( )
No sweat ( ) on face only ( ) on
x.
When do you prefer most to be in the sitting room? Morning ( ) Afternoon ( ) Evening ( ) Night ( ) none of the above ( )
(b)
ASSESSMENT OF THERMAL CONDITION WITH TIME Please indicate the type of the clothing you are putting on? Underwear ( ) Light clothing ( ) Thick clothing ( )
Thermal Conditions Hot Warm Slightly warm Neutral Slightly cool Cool Cold
6-9.00am 9-12noon 123.00pm
123.00pm
6-9.00pm
Comment by the Respondent
111
General comment ____________________________________________________________
112
APPNDIX I: CLIMATE DATA OF ILE-IFE

Monthly Weather data for Ile-Ife (2007) Minimum temperature (0C) 21.5 28.0 23.0 22.5 22.0 22.0 21.0 21.0 20.5 25.5 22.5 18.0 22.54 Maximum temperature (0C) 33.0 33.5 33.0 32.5 31.5 30.5 30.0 29.5 28.5 30.5 32.5 31.5 31.38
Month JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC Annual value
Rainfall (min) 0.0 3.5 70.0 190.5 165.0 317.5 368.0 195.0 24.3 137.0 2.5 0.1 1473.40
Minimum RH (%) 49.0 49.0 58.0 72.5 80.0 90.0 82.0 88.0 86.0 86.0 85.0 69.0 69.21
Maximum RH (%) 82.0 75.0 86.0 88.0 86.0 84.0 84.0 88.0 86.0 86.0 85.0 69.0 83.25
Irradiation Watt/m2 4417 4862 4862 4862 4834 4230 3750 3667 3750 4417 4695 4417 4397
113
APPENDIX II: MAHONEY TABLE

Table 1: Air temperature Monthly mean max (0C) 33.0 33.5 33.0 32.5 31.5 30.5 30.0 29.5 28.5 30.5 32.5 31.5 Monthly mean min (0C) 21.5 28.0 23.0 22.5 22.0 22.0 21.0 21.0 20.5 25.5 22.5 18.0 Monthly mean range (0C) 11.5 5.5 10.0 10.0 9.5 8.5 9.0 8.5 8.0 5.0 10.0 13.5
Month JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC
114
APPENDIX III
Table 2: Humidity, Rain and Wind
Month
JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC
Monthly mean max (0C) 82.0 5.0 86.0 88.0 86.0 84.0 84.0 88.0 86.0 86.0 85.0 69.0
Monthly mean Avg 49.0 49.0 58.0 72.5 80.0 90.0 82.0 88.0 82.0 68.0 71.0 41.0 65.5 62.0 72.0 80.3 83.0 87.0 83.0 88.0 84.0 77.0 78.0 55.0
Humidity
Rainfall (mm) 0.0 3.5 70.0 190.5 165.0 317.5 368.0 195.0 24.3 137.0 2.5 0.1
Wind Primary Secondary
3 3 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 3
115
APPENDIX IV
Table 3: Diagnosis
Month JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC
Humidity group 3 3 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 3
Temp 0 ( C)
Monthly mean max 33.0 33.5 33.0 32.5 31.5 30.5 30.0 29.5 28.5 30.5 32.5 31.5
Day comfort min. max. 29 23.0 29 23.0 27 21.0 27 21.0 27 21.0 27 21.0 27 21.0 27 21.0 27 21.0 27 21.0 27 21.0 29 23.0
Monthly mean min. 21.5 28.0 23.0 22.5 22.0 22.0 21.0 21.0 20.5 25.5 22.5 18.0
Night comfort max. min. 23.0 17.0 23.0 17.0 21.0 17.0 21.0 17.0 21.0 17.0 21.0 17.0 21.0 17.0 21.0 17.0 21.0 17.0 21.0 17.0 21.0 17.0 23.0 17.0
Thermal stress Day Night H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H
116
APPENDIX V
Table 4: Indicator
Month JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC Totals
humid
H1 Air movement (essential)
H2 Air movement (desirable)
H3 Arid (rain protection)
A1 (thermal stage) / /
A2 (outdoor sleeping)
A3 (cold season probable)
/ / / / / / / / /
/ /
117

Fully Compiled

Transféré par

Informations du document

Description originale:

Copyright

Formats disponibles

Partager ce document

Partager ou intégrer le document

Options de partage

Avez-vous trouvé ce document utile ?

Ce contenu est-il inapproprié ?

Droits d'auteur :

Formats disponibles

Fully Compiled

Transféré par

Droits d'auteur :

Formats disponibles

A COMPREHENSIVE ASSESSMENT

OF THE ENVIRONMENTAL and THERMAL COMFORT

ILE-IFE, OSUN STATE.

ARC 308 (climate and architecture)

ARC A.O. ODUNOLA

LIST OF GROUP MEMBERS

CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW

CHAPTER 3: THERMAL COMFORT AND THE CONTEXT OF THE AREA

CHAPTER 4 : ANALYSIS OF THE RESULT AND GENERAL DISCUSSION

CLIMATIC SITUATION IN THE MORNING IN THE AFTERNOON IN THE EVENING AT NIGHT

CURTAIN DRAWING PUTTING ON THE FAN FEELING INDOORS

ENERGY USE APPLIANCES AVAILABLE IN THE HOUSE

REFERENCES QUESTIONNARE APPENDICES

indoor and outdoor temperatures.

Personal factors: Clothing insulation Metabolic heat Acclimatization

Air velocity Humidity

although this may be reduced by wearing reflective clothing.

increases heat transfer to the environment and cools the core.

Radiation from surfaces

Defining of design subject

Definition of comfort zone

Climatic design advices

Procedures for climate-responsive buildings

Map of osun state showing the study area

Map of Nigeria state showing the various states

Map of Nigeria state showing Osun state in relation to other states

Plate1: Bungalow(s) in between storeys

Plate 2: Storeys alongside each other

temperature of about 26.680C, an average maximum temperature of about 32.70C.

The climatic data

DBT (max) RH (min) WBT ET (min)

33.5 49 24.75 27.50

32.5 72.5 28.25 29.00

31.5 80 28.75 28.75

30.5 90 29.25 28.50

29.5 88 28.00 27.50

28.5 82 26.00 26.25

30.5 68 25.75 27.00

32.5 71 28.00 29.00

Jan DBT (max) RH (min) WBT 19.2 5 ET (min) 19.7 5 82 21.5

Plate 1: They employ transparent fencing method

Plate 2: The frontages are not well-landscaped

Plate 3: There is no well-maintained road networks

Plate 4: Theres no adequate setback for their buildings

Plate 5: One access road serves the neighbourhood

Plate 6: An optimal drainage system in the neighbourhood

Plate 7: Entrance to the neighbourhoods hospital

Plate 8: An aerial view showing a part of the neighbourhood

Plate 9: Interior of a bedroom

Plate 10: Interior of a living room

B. Odour during rainfall

Comment: 36.8% perceive odour when raining, while 63.2% do not.

C. Indoor feelings during sunshine

Feelings for sunshine

D. Disturbance by the wind

D. Disturbance by the flood

2A. In the morning I. window opening

II. Curtain drawing

III. Putting on the fan

IV. Feeling indoors

2B. In the afternoon I. Window opening

II. curtain drawing

III. Putting on the fan